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| In ], '''chemical thermodynamics''' is a subject of study that deals with the interrelation of ] with ] or with a physical change of ] within the confines of the ]. Chemical thermodynamics can be generally thought of as the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions. | In ], '''chemical thermodynamics''' is a subject of study that deals with the interrelation of ] with ] or with a physical change of ] within the confines of the ]. Chemical thermodynamics can be generally thought of as the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions. | ||
| The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two ]. Starting from the first and second laws of thermodynamics, four equations called the "fundamental equations of Gibbs" can be derived. From these four, more than fifty million equations, relating the thermodynamic properties of the ] can be derived using relatively simple mathematics. This outlines the mathematical framework of chemical thermodynamics.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ott | first = Bevan J. | coauthors = Boerio-Goates, Juliana | title = Chemical Thermodynamics – Principles and Applications | publisher = Academic Press | year = 2000 | id = ISBN 012530992}}</ref> | The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two ]. Starting from the first and second laws of thermodynamics, four equations called the "fundamental equations of Gibbs" can be derived. From these four, more than fifty million equations, relating the thermodynamic properties of the ] can be derived using relatively simple mathematics. This outlines the mathematical framework of chemical thermodynamics.<ref name="Book1" >{{cite book | last = Ott | first = Bevan J. | coauthors = Boerio-Goates, Juliana | title = Chemical Thermodynamics – Principles and Applications | publisher = Academic Press | year = 2000 | id = ISBN 012530992}}</ref> | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| In 1865, the German physicist ], in his ''Mechanical Theory of Heat'', suggested that the principles of ], e.g. such as the ] evolved in ], could be applied to the principles of ]. Building on the work of Clausius, between the years 1873-76 the American mathematical physicist ] published a series of three papers, the most famous one being the paper ''On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances''. In these papers, Gibbs showed how the first two ] could be measured graphically and mathematically to determine both the ] of chemical reactions as well as their tendencies to occur or proceed. Gibbs’ collection of papers provided the first unified body of thermodynamic theorems from the principles developed by others, such as Clausius and ]. | In 1865, the German physicist ], in his ''Mechanical Theory of Heat'', suggested that the principles of ], e.g. such as the ] evolved in ], could be applied to the principles of ]. Building on the work of Clausius, between the years 1873-76 the American mathematical physicist ] published a series of three papers, the most famous one being the paper ''On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances''. In these papers, Gibbs showed how the first two ] could be measured graphically and mathematically to determine both the ] of chemical reactions as well as their tendencies to occur or proceed. Gibbs’ collection of papers provided the first unified body of thermodynamic theorems from the principles developed by others, such as Clausius and ]. | ||
| During the early 20th century, two major publications successfully applied the principles developed by Gibbs to chemical processes, and thus established the foundation of the science of chemical thermodynamics. The first was the 1923 textbook ''Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances'' by ] and ]. This book was responsible for supplanting the ] for the term ] in the English-speaking world. The second was the 1933 book ''Modern Thermodynamics by the methods of Willard Gibbs'' written by ]. In this manner, Lewis, Randall, and Guggenheim are considered as the founders of modern chemical thermodynamics because of the major contribution of these two books in unifying the application of ] to ].<ref |
During the early 20th century, two major publications successfully applied the principles developed by Gibbs to chemical processes, and thus established the foundation of the science of chemical thermodynamics. The first was the 1923 textbook ''Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances'' by ] and ]. This book was responsible for supplanting the ] for the term ] in the English-speaking world. The second was the 1933 book ''Modern Thermodynamics by the methods of Willard Gibbs'' written by ]. In this manner, Lewis, Randall, and Guggenheim are considered as the founders of modern chemical thermodynamics because of the major contribution of these two books in unifying the application of ] to ].<ref name="Book1" /> | ||
| == Overview == | == Overview == | ||
Revision as of 19:55, 8 August 2006
For other uses, see Thermochemistry.
In thermodynamics, chemical thermodynamics is a subject of study that deals with the interrelation of heat with chemical reactions or with a physical change of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. Chemical thermodynamics can be generally thought of as the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions.
The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics. Starting from the first and second laws of thermodynamics, four equations called the "fundamental equations of Gibbs" can be derived. From these four, more than fifty million equations, relating the thermodynamic properties of the thermodynamic system can be derived using relatively simple mathematics. This outlines the mathematical framework of chemical thermodynamics.
History
In 1865, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius, in his Mechanical Theory of Heat, suggested that the principles of thermochemistry, e.g. such as the heat evolved in combustion reactions, could be applied to the principles of thermodynamics. Building on the work of Clausius, between the years 1873-76 the American mathematical physicist Willard Gibbs published a series of three papers, the most famous one being the paper On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances. In these papers, Gibbs showed how the first two laws of thermodynamics could be measured graphically and mathematically to determine both the thermodynamic equilibrium of chemical reactions as well as their tendencies to occur or proceed. Gibbs’ collection of papers provided the first unified body of thermodynamic theorems from the principles developed by others, such as Clausius and Sadi Carnot.
During the early 20th century, two major publications successfully applied the principles developed by Gibbs to chemical processes, and thus established the foundation of the science of chemical thermodynamics. The first was the 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall. This book was responsible for supplanting the chemical affinity for the term free energy in the English-speaking world. The second was the 1933 book Modern Thermodynamics by the methods of Willard Gibbs written by E. A. Guggenheim. In this manner, Lewis, Randall, and Guggenheim are considered as the founders of modern chemical thermodynamics because of the major contribution of these two books in unifying the application of thermodynamics to chemistry.
Overview
The primary objective of chemical thermodynamics is the establishment of a criterion for the determination of the feasibility or spontaneity of a given transformation. In this manner, chemical thermodynamics is typically used to predict the energy exchanges that occur in the following processes:
- Chemical reactions
- Phase changes
- The formation of solutions
The following state functions are of primary concern in chemical thermodynamics:
- Internal energy (U)
- Enthalpy (H).
- Entropy (S)
- Gibbs free energy (G)
Most identities in chemical thermodynaimcs arise from application of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, particularly the law of conservation of energy, to these state functions.
Quote
In the preface section to popular book Basic Chemical Thermodynamics by physical chemist Brian Smith, originally published in 1973, and now in the 5th edition, we find the following overview of the subject as it is perceived in college:
The first time I heard about chemical thermodynamics was when a second-year undergraduate brought me the news early in my freshman year. He told me a spine-chilling story of endless lectures with almost three-hundred numbered equations, all of which, it appeared, had to be committed to memory and reproduced in exactly the same form in subsequent examinations. Not only did these equations contain all the normal algebraic symbols but in addition they were liberally sprinkled with stars, daggers, and circles so as to stretch even the most powerful of minds.
References
- ^ Ott, Bevan J. (2000). Chemical Thermodynamics – Principles and Applications. Academic Press. ISBN 012530992.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Klotz, I. (1950). Chemical Thermodynamics. New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
- Smith, Brian, E. (2004). Basic Chemical Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 1860944469.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
- Chemical Thermodynamics - University of North Carolina