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'''Imelda Romuáldez Marcos''' (] '''Imelda Remedios Visitación Romuáldez y Trinidad'''; July 2, 1929) is the widow of former Philippine ] ]. She served as ] from 1965 to 1986. Popularly known as '''Imelda''', she owned a collection of more than a thousand pairs of ]s. In the Philippines, she is a fashion and pop culture icon and is known as the "Steel Butterfly." She has worked as a ],<ref>http://fortune.com/2014/01/09/my-afternoon-with-imelda-marcos/</ref> beauty queen, diplomat, entrepreneur, fashion designer, model, politician, singer, and socialite. '''Imelda Romuáldez Marcos''' (] '''Imelda Remedios Visitación Romuáldez y Trinidad'''; July 2, 1929) is the widow of former Philippine ] ]. She served as ] from 1965 to 1986. Popularly known as '''Imelda''', she owned a collection of more than a thousand pairs of ]s. In the Philippines, she is a fashion and pop culture icon and is known as the "Steel Butterfly." Imelda has worked as a ],<ref>http://fortune.com/2014/01/09/my-afternoon-with-imelda-marcos/</ref> beauty queen, diplomat, entrepreneur, fashion designer, model, politician, singer, and socialite.


Imelda Marcos was born in Manila but later moved to Tacloban prior to World War II after the death of her mother during her childhood. She later returned to Manila in 1950 to pursue a career as a singer and as a beauty queen. In 1954, she married Ferdinand Marcos, who became President of the Philippines on November 9, 1965 and later declared ] on September 21, 1972. As First Lady, Marcos built architecture in and around the metropolis of Manila while spending her time abroad in shopping sprees and state visits. Imelda was born in Manila but later moved to Tacloban prior to World War II after the death of her mother during her childhood. She later returned to Manila in 1950 to pursue a career as a singer and as a beauty queen. In 1954, she married Ferdinand Marcos, who became President of the Philippines on November 9, 1965 and later declared ] on September 21, 1972. As First Lady, Imelda built architecture in and around the metropolis of Manila while spending her time abroad in shopping sprees and state visits.


The ] of opposition leader ] in 1983 caused mass protests that eventually led to the ]. Imelda Marcos's family were forced into exile, and Aquino's widow ] was installed into the presidency. After her husband's death, Marcos returned to the Philippines and was later elected to the ] as a congresswoman for ] in 1995 and for ] in 2010 and 2013. She remains one of the richest politicians in the country through her collection of clothing, artwork, and jewelry, along with the ] money she inherited from her husband in offshore bank accounts under the ] "Jane Ryan." The ] of opposition leader ] in 1983 caused mass protests that eventually led to the ]. Imelda's family were forced into exile, and Aquino's widow ] was installed into the presidency. After her husband's death, Imelda returned to the Philippines and was later elected to the ] as a congresswoman for ] in 1995 and for ] in 2010 and 2013. She remains one of the richest politicians in the country through her collection of clothing, artwork, and jewelry, along with the ] money she inherited from her husband in offshore bank accounts under the ] "Jane Ryan."


==Early life== ==Early life==
Imelda Marcos was born on July 2, 1929 in ], ] to Remedios Trinidad (died 1938) and Vicente Romuáldez,<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name = "Byrne's Love" >], ]. '']'', ]/]. April 6, 2010.</ref><ref name = "Lens" /> brother of ] Associate Justice ].<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name = "Byrne's Love" /> Her paternal ancestors were from a land-owning family in ] with mixed ] and ].<ref name="Imelda film" /> She has five other siblings: ] (1930–2012),<ref>. ''GMA''. February 2012.</ref> Alita, Alfredo, Armando, and Concepcion who spent their childhood in ].<ref name="Imelda film" /> After their mother died in 1938, the family moved to ],<ref name = "Byrne's Love" /> where they were raised by her servant Estrella Cumpas.<ref>{{cite news| last = Rowan| first = Roy Imelda was born on July 2, 1929 in ], ] to Remedios Trinidad (died 1938) and Vicente Romuáldez,<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name = "Byrne's Love" >], ]. '']'', ]/]. April 6, 2010.</ref><ref name = "Lens" /> brother of ] Associate Justice ].<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name = "Byrne's Love" /> Her paternal ancestors were from a land-owning family in ] with mixed ] and ].<ref name="Imelda film" /> She has five other siblings: ] (1930–2012),<ref>. ''GMA''. February 2012.</ref> Alita, Alfredo, Armando, and Concepcion who spent their childhood in ].<ref name="Imelda film" /> After their mother died in 1938, the family moved to ],<ref name = "Byrne's Love" /> where they were raised by her servant Estrella Cumpas.<ref>{{cite news| last = Rowan| first = Roy
| title = Orchid or Iron Butterfly, Imelda Marcos Is a Prime Mover in Manila| publisher = People Magazine| date = March 29, 1979 | url =http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20066297,00.html| accessdate =July 23, 2006 }}</ref> She claimed to have met ] when he landed in Tacloban at the end of ].<ref name = "SF" >. '']''. June 11, 2004.</ref><ref name = "Washington" >. '']''. July 16, 2004.</ref> She speaks ] and ], the languages of Manila, as well as ], the language of Tacloban.<ref name="Imelda film" /> She is Roman Catholic.<ref name = "Lens" /><ref>{{cite news| title = Former Philippine First Lady Imelda Marcos Attends Pope Francis' Mass| publisher = NBC News| date = January 17, 2015 | url =http://www.nbcnews.com/news/pope-francis/former-philippine-first-lady-imelda-marcos-attends-pope-francis-mass-n288296| accessdate =March 23, 2015 }}</ref><ref>Quah, John S. T. '''', Emerald Group Publishing, July 21, 2011, p. 111–112.</ref> | title = Orchid or Iron Butterfly, Imelda Marcos Is a Prime Mover in Manila| publisher = People Magazine| date = March 29, 1979 | url =http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20066297,00.html| accessdate =July 23, 2006 }}</ref> She claimed to have met ] when he landed in Tacloban at the end of ].<ref name = "SF" >. '']''. June 11, 2004.</ref><ref name = "Washington" >. '']''. July 16, 2004.</ref> She speaks ] and ], the languages of Manila, as well as ], the language of Tacloban.<ref name="Imelda film" /> She is Roman Catholic.<ref name = "Lens" /><ref>{{cite news| title = Former Philippine First Lady Imelda Marcos Attends Pope Francis' Mass| publisher = NBC News| date = January 17, 2015 | url =http://www.nbcnews.com/news/pope-francis/former-philippine-first-lady-imelda-marcos-attends-pope-francis-mass-n288296| accessdate =March 23, 2015 }}</ref><ref>Quah, John S. T. '''', Emerald Group Publishing, July 21, 2011, p. 111–112.</ref>


Marcos returned to Manila in 1950 at the request of her cousin ], where she worked in a music store on ] street as a singer to attract customers.<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name = "Byrne's Love" /> She took voice lessons at the music conservatory of the ],<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name="Byrne's Love" /> and later joined a beauty pageant known as Miss Manila where she placed second but was named the Muse of Manila after contesting the results.<ref name="Britannica">. '']''.</ref><ref name="Chic">. '']''. November 6, 2006.</ref> She briefly dated Benigno Aquino, Jr. in the early 1950s before she met her future husband.<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name="Byrne's Love" /> On May 1, 1954, Imelda married Ferdinand Marcos, a ] congressman from Ilocos Norte.<ref>. ]. January 6, 2014.</ref> The marriage resulted in four children:<ref>. '']''. November 24, 2012.</ref> ] (born on November 12, 1955), ] (born on September 13, 1957), and ] (born on September 16, 1960), and an adopted girl named Aimee.<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name="Lens" /><ref>. April 24, 2007.</ref> She is the aunt of politician ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/112070-binay-romualdez-cousins-yolanda|title=Romualdez cousins supporting Binay in 2016?|publisher='']''|date=December 7, 2015|accessdate=February 18, 2016}}</ref> Imelda returned to Manila in 1950 at the request of her cousin ], where she worked in a music store on ] street as a singer to attract customers.<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name = "Byrne's Love" /> She took voice lessons at the music conservatory of the ].<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name = "Byrne's Love" /> Imelda later joined a beauty pageant known as Miss Manila where she placed second but was named the Muse of Manila after contesting the results.<ref name = "Britannica" >. '']''.</ref><ref name = "Chic" >. '']''. November 6, 2006.</ref> She briefly dated Benigno Aquino, Jr. in the early 1950s before she met her future husband.<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name = "Byrne's Love" /> On May 1, 1954, Imelda married Ferdinand Marcos, a ] congressman from Ilocos Norte.<ref>. ]. January 6, 2014.</ref> The marriage resulted in four children:<ref>. '']''. November 24, 2012.</ref> ] (born on November 12, 1955), ] (born on September 13, 1957), and ] (born on September 16, 1960), and an adopted girl named Aimee.<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name = "Lens" /><ref>. April 24, 2007.</ref> She is the aunt of politician ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/112070-binay-romualdez-cousins-yolanda|title=Romualdez cousins supporting Binay in 2016?|publisher='']''|date=December 7, 2015|accessdate=February 18, 2016}}</ref>


==First Lady== ==First Lady==
{{Main|Conjugal dictatorship}} {{Main|Conjugal dictatorship}}
Imelda Marcos served as First Lady after Ferdinand Marcos was ] on November 9, 1965 as the ] President of the Philippines.<ref>. '']''. January 15, 2014</ref> Her role in the ] was controversial because she was involved in altercations, including one with ] when the band allegedly ] for a state dinner at the presidential palace,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EtZgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6G8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=4670,789400&dq=beatles+philippines&hl=en|title=Beatles to avoid Philippines|date=July 8, 1966|work=Saskatoon Star-Phoenix|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=May 22, 2012}}</ref> and another with ] for the actress' alleged relations with Ferdinand.<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name = "Byrne's Love" /><ref>. '']'', July 4, 2004.</ref> On September 23, 1972, Ferdinand ] and rewrote the Constitution of the country.<ref>], '''', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge England, 2000, p. 307. ISBN 0-521-66372-5</ref><ref>"". ''Country Studies: Philippines'', ].</ref> As First Lady, she became "the other half of the conjugal dictatorship."<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name="PhilStar2014">{{cite news|last1=Pineda|first1=DLS|title=So you think you love Marcos?|url=http://www.philstar.com/supreme/2014/02/22/1292975/so-you-think-you-love-marcos|accessdate=October 4, 2015|publisher='']''|date=February 22, 2014}}</ref> She stirred controversy after an assassination attempt against her occurred on December 7, 1972, when an assailant tried to stab her with a ] but was shot by the police.<ref name="Imelda film" /> The motive appeared to have been her role in her husband's presidency but human rights dissidents believed it was staged by the government.<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref>, '']''. March 29, 2016.</ref> Imelda served as First Lady after Ferdinand Marcos was ] on November 9, 1965 as the ] President of the Philippines.<ref>. '']''. January 15, 2014</ref> Her role in the ] was controversial because she was involved in altercations, including one with ] when the band allegedly ] for a state dinner at the presidential palace,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EtZgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6G8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=4670,789400&dq=beatles+philippines&hl=en|title=Beatles to avoid Philippines|date=July 8, 1966|work=Saskatoon Star-Phoenix|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=May 22, 2012}}</ref> and another with ] for the actress' alleged relations with Ferdinand.<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name = "Byrne's Love" /><ref>. '']'', July 4, 2004.</ref> On September 23, 1972, Ferdinand ] and rewrote the Constitution of the country.<ref>], '''', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge England, 2000, p. 307. ISBN 0-521-66372-5</ref><ref>"". ''Country Studies: Philippines'', ].</ref> As First Lady, she became "the other half of the conjugal dictatorship."<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref name="PhilStar2014">{{cite news|last1=Pineda|first1=DLS|title=So you think you love Marcos?|url=http://www.philstar.com/supreme/2014/02/22/1292975/so-you-think-you-love-marcos|accessdate=October 4, 2015|publisher='']''|date=February 22, 2014}}</ref> She stirred controversy after an assassination attempt against her occurred on December 7, 1972, when an assailant tried to stab her with a ] but was shot by the police.<ref name="Imelda film" /> The motive appeared to have been her role in her husband's presidency but human rights dissidents believed it was staged by the government.<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref>, '']''. March 29, 2016.</ref>


Marcos orchestrated public events using national funds to bolster her and her husband's image.<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref>"". '']''. April 9, 2013.</ref> She secured the ] pageant for Manila, which required the construction of the ] in less than three months.<ref name="Imelda film" /> She organized the ''Kasaysayan ng Lahi'', a festival showcasing Philippine history.<ref>Kasaysayan ng Lahi , Manila: National Media Production Board, 1974</ref> She also initiated social programs, such as the ], which was intended to address hunger by encouraging the people to plant produce in household gardens, and created a national family-planning program.<ref name="Imelda film" >Diaz, Ramona. '']''. Ramona Diaz-Independent Television Service, 2003.</ref> During the early 1970s, she took control of the distribution of bread called nutribun, which actually came from the ].<ref>. ]. September 20, 2012.</ref><ref>. ]. September 1979.</ref> She was ] as a member of the Interim ] (National Congress) representing ] and was also appointed as Ambassador Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary,<ref name="Canoe">. ]. December 1, 2004.</ref> allowing her to tour the United States,<ref name=":Deseret">. '']''. December 2, 2004.</ref> the ],<ref name="Phoenix">. ]. August 6–12, 2004.</ref> Libya,<ref name="CSM">. '']''. June 18, 2004.</ref> ],<ref name="Variety">. '']''. March 17, 2004.</ref> Iraq,<ref name="Boston">. '']''. August 6, 2004.</ref> and ].<ref>. ''Asian Journal''.</ref> Throughout her travels, she became friends with Richard Nixon, ],<ref name="NY Times">. '']''. June 9, 2004.</ref> ], Fidel Castro, and Joseph Tito.<ref name="Power">. '']''. ]. July 8, 2013.</ref> A '']'' diplomatic note "claims she was waiting for Spain's dictator ] to die so she could fly to Madrid for the funeral."<ref>. '']''. January 26, 1976.</ref> She claimed her travels were needed to secure oil from ] and ], which she also said was instrumental in the signing of a peace treaty with the ].<ref>"." '']''. January 30, 1986.</ref><ref>"."'']''. April 10, 1986.</ref><ref> '']''. December 23, 1976.</ref> Imelda orchestrated public events using national funds to bolster her and her husband's image.<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref>"". '']''. April 9, 2013.</ref> She secured the ] pageant for Manila, which required the construction of the ] in less than three months.<ref name="Imelda film" /> She organized the ''Kasaysayan ng Lahi'', a festival showcasing Philippine history.<ref>Kasaysayan ng Lahi , Manila: National Media Production Board, 1974</ref> She also initiated social programs, such as the ], which was intended to address hunger by encouraging the people to plant produce in household gardens, and created a national family-planning program.<ref name="Imelda film" >Diaz, Ramona. '']''. Ramona Diaz-Independent Television Service, 2003.</ref> During the early 1970s, she took control of the distribution of bread called nutribun, which actually came from the ].<ref>. ]. September 20, 2012.</ref><ref>. ]. September 1979.</ref>


Imelda was ] as a member of the Interim ] (National Congress) representing ] and was also appointed as Ambassador Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary,<ref name = "Canoe">. ]. December 1, 2004.</ref> allowing her to tour the United States,<ref name = ":Deseret" >. '']''. December 2, 2004.</ref> the ],<ref name = "Phoenix" >. ]. August 6–12, 2004.</ref> Libya,<ref name = "CSM" >. '']''. June 18, 2004.</ref> ],<ref name = "Variety" >. '']''. March 17, 2004.</ref> Iraq,<ref name = " Boston" >. '']''. August 6, 2004.</ref> and ].<ref>. ''Asian Journal''.</ref> Throughout her travels, she became friends with Richard Nixon, ],<ref name = "NY Times" >. '']''. June 9, 2004.</ref> ], Fidel Castro, and Joseph Tito.<ref name="Power" >. '']''. ]. July 8, 2013.</ref> A '']'' diplomatic note "claims she was waiting for Spain's dictator ] to die so she could fly to Madrid for the funeral."<ref>. '']''. January 26, 1976.</ref> She claimed her travels were needed to secure oil from ] and ], which she also said was instrumental in the signing of a peace treaty with the ].<ref>"." '']''. January 30, 1986.</ref><ref>"."'']''. April 10, 1986.</ref><ref> '']''. December 23, 1976.</ref>
⚫ Marcos held the position of Minister of Human Settlements,<ref name="Imelda film" /> allowing her to construct the ], the ], the Lung Center of the Philippines, the Philippine International Convention Center, the ], the Manila Film Center,<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref>, '']''. March 14, 2016.</ref> and the ].<ref>. '']''. December 3, 2013.</ref> She purchased property in ] in the 1980s, including the US$51 million Crown Building, the ] in ], and the US$60 million Herald Centre.<ref>"". '']''. February 28, 1986.</ref> She refused to buy the ] because she felt it was "too ostentatious."<ref>{{cite web|title=Bling Ring|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/05/13/bling-ring|work=]|accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Shopping">{{cite web|title=5 Shopping Sprees So Wild, They Made History|url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/04/5-shopping-sprees-so-wild-they-made-history.html#|work=]|accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref>

⚫ Imelda held the position of Minister of Human Settlements,<ref name="Imelda film" /> allowing her to construct the ], the ], the Lung Center of the Philippines, the Philippine International Convention Center, the ], the Manila Film Center,<ref name="Imelda film" /><ref>, '']''. March 14, 2016.</ref> and the ].<ref>. '']''. December 3, 2013.</ref> She purchased property in ] in the 1980s, including the US$51 million Crown Building, the ] in ], and the US$60 million Herald Centre.<ref>"". '']''. February 28, 1986.</ref> She refused to buy the ] because she felt it was "too ostentatious."<ref>{{cite web|title=Bling Ring|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/05/13/bling-ring|work=]|accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Shopping" >{{cite web|title=5 Shopping Sprees So Wild, They Made History|url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/04/5-shopping-sprees-so-wild-they-made-history.html#|work=]|accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref>


==Power struggle== ==Power struggle==
]'s 1944 landing at Red Beach.]] ]'s 1944 landing at Red Beach.]]
Imelda Marcos was instrumental in the 1980 exile of opposition leader ], who had suffered a ] during his imprisonment.<ref>. ]. January 24, 2007.</ref> ] was later lifted in 1981 but Ferdinand continued to be president.<ref name="Imelda film" /> While her husband began to suffer from ], she effectively ruled in his place.<ref name="Imelda film" /> Aquino returned in 1983 but was ] at the ] upon his arrival.<ref>"." '']''. October 28, 1983.</ref> With accusations against her beginning to rise, Ferdinand created the Agrava Commission, a fact-finding committee, to investigate her, ultimately finding her not guilty.<ref name = "The Steel Butterfly 2">. '']''. October 6, 2012.</ref><ref name=sandigan>{{cite journal|title=Sandiganbayan ruling on Ninoy assassination|url=http://pcij.org/blog/wp-docs/Sandiganbayan_ruling_on_Ninoy_assassination.pdf|accessdate=August 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Creating a Fact-Finding Board with Plenary Powers to Investigate the Tragedy Which Occurred on August 21, 1983|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno1886.html|work=Presidential Decree No. 1886|publisher=Malacanang Palace|accessdate=August 30, 2013}}</ref> Imelda was instrumental in the 1980 exile of opposition leader ], who had suffered a ] during his imprisonment.<ref>. ]. January 24, 2007.</ref> ] was later lifted in 1981 but Ferdinand continued to be president.<ref name="Imelda film" /> While her husband began to suffer from ], she effectively ruled in his place.<ref name="Imelda film" /> Aquino returned in 1983 but was ] at the ] upon his arrival.<ref>"." '']''. October 28, 1983.</ref> With accusations against her beginning to rise, Ferdinand created the Agrava Commission, a fact-finding committee, to investigate her, ultimately finding her not guilty.<ref name = "The Steel Butterfly 2">. '']''. October 6, 2012.</ref><ref name=sandigan>{{cite journal|title=Sandiganbayan ruling on Ninoy assassination|url=http://pcij.org/blog/wp-docs/Sandiganbayan_ruling_on_Ninoy_assassination.pdf|accessdate=August 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Creating a Fact-Finding Board with Plenary Powers to Investigate the Tragedy Which Occurred on August 21, 1983|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno1886.html|work=Presidential Decree No. 1886|publisher=Malacanang Palace|accessdate=August 30, 2013}}</ref>


On February 7, 1986, ] were held between Ferdinand Marcos and ], the widow of Benigno Aquino Jr.<ref name="Imelda film" /> Despite her husband claiming to have won the elections, allegations of vote rigging led to mass protests that would be later known as the ],<ref name="Imelda film" /> and on February 25, she and her family fled to ].<ref name="Imelda film" /> After they left Malacañang Palace, she was found to have left behind 15 mink coats, 508 gowns, 1,000 handbags,<ref name = "Imeldarabilla">{{cite news On February 7, 1986, ] were held between Ferdinand Marcos and ], the widow of Benigno Aquino Jr.<ref name="Imelda film" /> Despite her husband claiming to have won the elections, allegations of vote rigging led to mass protests that would be later known as the ].<ref name="Imelda film" /> On February 25, Imelda and her family fled to ].<ref name="Imelda film" /> After they left Malacañang Palace, she was found to have left behind 15 mink coats, 508 gowns, 1,000 handbags,<ref name = "Imeldarabilla">{{cite news
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963620,00.html |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963620,00.html
|title=Imeldarabilia: A Final Count |title=Imeldarabilia: A Final Count
Line 88: Line 92:
}}</ref> and pairs of shoes, the exact number of which varies with estimates of up to 7,500 pairs.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/07/day.numbers/index.html |publisher=CNN | title=The day in numbers: $100 | date=November 7, 2006}}</ref> However, '']'' reported that the final tally was only 1,060.<ref name = "Imeldarabilla" /> The location where her shoes and jewelry were kept was later destroyed and the contents stolen and a painting of her was destroyed outside the Palace.<ref></ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Morrow|first=Lance|title=Essay: The Shoes of Imelda Marcos|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961002,00.html|work=New York Times|date=March 31, 1986}}</ref><ref>. October 14, 1998.</ref> }}</ref> and pairs of shoes, the exact number of which varies with estimates of up to 7,500 pairs.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/07/day.numbers/index.html |publisher=CNN | title=The day in numbers: $100 | date=November 7, 2006}}</ref> However, '']'' reported that the final tally was only 1,060.<ref name = "Imeldarabilla" /> The location where her shoes and jewelry were kept was later destroyed and the contents stolen and a painting of her was destroyed outside the Palace.<ref></ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Morrow|first=Lance|title=Essay: The Shoes of Imelda Marcos|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961002,00.html|work=New York Times|date=March 31, 1986}}</ref><ref>. October 14, 1998.</ref>


In October 1988, Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, together with eight associates (including ], a Saudi Arabian businessman and weapons smuggler believed to have been involved with her husband's regime), were indicted by a ] in ] on charges of ], ], fraud and ].<ref>. '']''. October 28, 1988.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lubasch|first=Arnold|title=Marcos and wife, 8 others : Charged by US with fraud|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/22/world/marcos-and-wife-8-others-charged-by-us-with-fraud.html|accessdate= August 30, 2013|newspaper=]|date=October 22, 1988}}</ref> Tobacco heiress ] posted $5 million bail for the former First Lady.<ref>, Associated Press (November 2, 1988).</ref><ref>Celestine Bohlen, , ''New York Times'' (November 3, 1988).</ref> The Marcos couple's defense team was led by ] ].<ref>Craig Wolff, . '']. July 3, 1990.</ref><ref name="GuardianArchive">{{cite news|title=From the archive, 3 July 1990: Tears and cheers as Imelda cleared|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/03/imelda-marcos-fraud-cleared-philippines-1990|accessdate=September 11, 2015|newspaper=]|date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> Actor ], an ], testified at trial under a grant of ], acknowledging that he had received a $5.5-million loan from an associate of hers.<ref>William C. Rempel & Kristina M. Luz, , ''Los Angeles Times'' (May 16, 1990).</ref> In July 1990, following a three-month trial, she was acquitted of all charges.<ref name="GuardianArchive"/> By that time, Ferdinand had died in exile in Hawaii on September 28, 1989.<ref name = "The Steel Butterfly 2" /><ref>. '']''. March 4, 1996.</ref><ref>. ]. April 5, 2009.</ref> In October 1988, Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, together with eight associates (including ], a Saudi Arabian businessman and weapons smuggler believed to have been involved with her husband's regime), were indicted by a ] in ] on charges of ], ], fraud and ].<ref>. '']''. October 28, 1988.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lubasch|first=Arnold|title=Marcos and wife, 8 others : Charged by US with fraud|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/22/world/marcos-and-wife-8-others-charged-by-us-with-fraud.html|accessdate= August 30, 2013|newspaper=]|date=October 22, 1988}}</ref> Tobacco heiress ] posted $5 million bail for Imelda.<ref>, Associated Press (November 2, 1988).</ref><ref>Celestine Bohlen, , ''New York Times'' (November 3, 1988).</ref> The Marcos couple's defense team was led by ] ].<ref>Craig Wolff, . '']. July 3, 1990.</ref><ref name="GuardianArchive">{{cite news|title=From the archive, 3 July 1990: Tears and cheers as Imelda cleared|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/03/imelda-marcos-fraud-cleared-philippines-1990|accessdate=September 11, 2015|newspaper=]|date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> Actor ], an ], testified at trial under a grant of ], acknowledging that he had received a $5.5-million loan from an associate of hers.<ref>William C. Rempel & Kristina M. Luz, , ''Los Angeles Times'' (May 16, 1990).</ref> In July 1990, following a three-month trial, she was acquitted of all charges.<ref name="GuardianArchive"/> By that time, Ferdinand had died in exile in Hawaii on September 28, 1989.<ref name = "The Steel Butterfly 2" /><ref>. '']''. March 4, 1996.</ref><ref>. ]. April 5, 2009.</ref>


==Later years== ==Later years==
{{Main|Electoral history of Imelda Marcos}} {{Main|Electoral history of Imelda Marcos}}
], ] on February 22, 2006 in the aftermath of a ]]] ], ] on February 22, 2006 in the aftermath of a ]]]
Imelda Marcos was allowed to return to the Philippines by Corazon Aquino on November 4, 1991.<ref>. ]. October 10, 2015.</ref><ref>. '']. October 24, 2013.</ref> The following year, she ran for president in the ], finishing 5th out of 7 candidates.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anti-Corruption Campaigner and General Lead in Early Philippine Returns|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/13/world/anti-corruption-campaigner-and-general-lead-in-early-philippine-returns.html|accessdate=September 11, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 13, 1992}}</ref> ] as a congresswoman of Leyte, representing the ], despite facing a disqualification lawsuit in which the Supreme Court ruled in her favor.<ref>''.'' ]: ]. September 18, 1995.</ref> She sought the presidency again ] but later withdrew to support the eventual winner ] and she finished 9th among 11 candidates.<ref>"." ]. November 10, 2006.</ref><ref>Imelda Marcos vs. Sandiganbayan, GR. No. 126995 , dated October 6, 1998</ref><ref> BBC News, May 13, 2003</ref> In November 2006, she started her own business, a fashion label that included designing jewelry.<ref name="auto">. ]. November 7, 2006.</ref> She was acquitted in one of her graft charges on March 10, 2008 by the Manila Regional Trial Court due to reasonable doubt.<ref>. ]. September 21, 2007.</ref><ref>. ]. May 10, 2008.</ref> Imelda was allowed to return to the Philippines by Corazon Aquino on November 4, 1991.<ref>. ]. October 10, 2015.</ref><ref>. '']. October 24, 2013.</ref> The following year, she ran for president in the ], finishing 5th out of 7 candidates.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anti-Corruption Campaigner and General Lead in Early Philippine Returns|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/13/world/anti-corruption-campaigner-and-general-lead-in-early-philippine-returns.html|accessdate=September 11, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 13, 1992}}</ref> ] as a congresswoman of Leyte, representing the ], despite facing a disqualification lawsuit in which the Supreme Court ruled in her favor.<ref>''.'' ]: ]. September 18, 1995.</ref> She sought the presidency again ] but later withdrew to support the eventual winner ] and she finished 9th among 11 candidates.<ref>"." ]. November 10, 2006.</ref><ref>Imelda Marcos vs. Sandiganbayan, GR. No. 126995 , dated October 6, 1998</ref><ref> BBC News, May 13, 2003</ref> In November 2006, she started her own business, a fashion label that included designing jewelry.<ref name="auto">. ]. November 7, 2006.</ref> She was acquitted in one of her graft charges on March 10, 2008 by the Manila Regional Trial Court due to reasonable doubt.<ref>. ]. September 21, 2007.</ref><ref>. ]. May 10, 2008.</ref>


Marcos ran for the ] of Ilocos Norte in the ] to replace her son,<ref>"." ]. March 26, 2010.</ref> Ferdinand Jr., who was running for Senate under the Nacionalista Party.<ref>. ]. May 27, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/05/13/idINIndia-48461920100513 |title=INTREVIEW – Philippines' Marcos fights to get wealth back |agency=] |date=May 13, 2010}}</ref> During her term, she held the position of ] chairwoman in the Lower House.<ref>. ]. September 15, 2010.</ref> In 2011, the ]'s Fifth Division ordered her to return US$280,000 in government funds taken by her and her husband from the National Food Authority.<ref>. '']''. September 29, 2012.</ref><ref>. ]. September 28, 2012.</ref> She filed her certificate of candidacy on October 3, 2012 in a bid to renew her term as Ilocos Norte's second district representative.<ref>. ]. October 3, 2012.</ref><ref>. '']. January 23, 2014.</ref><ref>. ]. January 23, 2014</ref><ref>. ]. January 23, 2014</ref> She won re-election on May 14, 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hranjski|first1=Hrvoje|last2=Gomez|first2=Jim|title=Ex-Philippine president wins mayoral race in Manila, Imelda Marcos gets 2nd congressional term|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/05/14/ex-philippine-president-wins-mayoral-race-in-manila-imelda-marcos-gets-2nd.html|accessdate=February 16, 2016|work=]|publisher=Fox News Network, L.L.C.|date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> On October 16, 2015, she filed as a candidate for her third and final term.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Geronimo|first1=Jee|title=3 generations of Marcoses run for local posts in Ilocos Norte|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/109526-marcoses-run-local-posts-ilocos-norte|accessdate=February 16, 2016|work=]|date=October 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Moss|first1=Trefor|title=New Marcos Campaign Roils the Philippines|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/new-marcos-campaign-roils-the-philippines-1456391650|accessdate=March 25, 2016|work=]|date=February 25, 2016}}</ref> Imelda ran for the ] of Ilocos Norte in the ] to replace her son,<ref>"." ]. March 26, 2010.</ref> Ferdinand Jr., who was running for Senate under the Nacionalista Party.<ref>. ]. May 27, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/05/13/idINIndia-48461920100513 |title=INTREVIEW – Philippines' Marcos fights to get wealth back |agency=] |date=May 13, 2010}}</ref> During her term, she held the position of ] chairwoman in the Lower House.<ref>. ]. September 15, 2010.</ref> In 2011, the ]'s Fifth Division ordered her to return US$280,000 in government funds taken by her and her husband from the National Food Authority.<ref>. '']''. September 29, 2012.</ref><ref>. ]. September 28, 2012.</ref> She filed her certificate of candidacy on October 3, 2012 in a bid to renew her term as Ilocos Norte's second district representative.<ref>. ]. October 3, 2012.</ref><ref>. '']. January 23, 2014.</ref><ref>. ]. January 23, 2014</ref><ref>. ]. January 23, 2014</ref> She won re-election on May 14, 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hranjski|first1=Hrvoje|last2=Gomez|first2=Jim|title=Ex-Philippine president wins mayoral race in Manila, Imelda Marcos gets 2nd congressional term|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/05/14/ex-philippine-president-wins-mayoral-race-in-manila-imelda-marcos-gets-2nd.html|accessdate=February 16, 2016|work=]|publisher=Fox News Network, L.L.C.|date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> On October 16, 2015, she filed as a candidate for her third and final term.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Geronimo|first1=Jee|title=3 generations of Marcoses run for local posts in Ilocos Norte|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/109526-marcoses-run-local-posts-ilocos-norte|accessdate=February 16, 2016|work=]|date=October 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Moss|first1=Trefor|title=New Marcos Campaign Roils the Philippines|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/new-marcos-campaign-roils-the-philippines-1456391650|accessdate=March 25, 2016|work=]|date=February 25, 2016}}</ref>


==Wealth== ==Wealth==
During her time as First Lady, Imelda Marcos was seen as a "symbol of excess" due to her expensive shopping sprees.<ref name="Shopping" /><ref name="Daily Mail" /> On one occasion, she spent $2,000 on chewing gum at the ] and, on another, she forced a plane to do a ] mid-air just because she forgot to buy cheese in ].<ref name="Shopping" /> Her collection of shoes,<ref>. ]. February 16, 2001.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/content/download/4459/26786/file/Introduction_to_political_corruption.pdf |title=Global Corruption Report|publisher=] |date= |accessdate=August 6, 2009}}</ref> including by ], now lies partly in the ] and partly in a shoe museum in ].<ref name="Daily Mail" >{{cite news |last=Olivier|first=Amy |title=Imelda Marcos' famous collection of 3,000 shoes partly destroyed by termites and floods after lying in storage in the Philippines for 26 years since she exiled |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2207353/Imelda-Marcos-legendary-3-000-plus-shoe-collection-destroyed-termites-floods-neglect.html|accessdate=September 23, 2012|newspaper=The Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>"." ''Bulatlat''. September 17–23, 2006.</ref> ] damaged her ancestral home in Tacloban, which also serves as a museum,<ref>. ]. November 19, 2013.</ref> although she still retains homes in Ilocos Norte and Makati, where she resides.<ref>. '']''. January 9, 2014.</ref> She allegedly owns Swiss bank accounts under the pseudonym "]".<ref>, '']''. October 2. 1986.</ref><ref>. '']''. March 19, 1990.</ref><ref>, '']''. September 18, 2014.</ref><ref>, ''The Daily News'', April 19, 1990</ref> Switzerland's federal tribunal ruled in December 1990 that cash in Swiss banks would only be returned to the Philippine government if a Philippine court convicted her in a "fair trial."<ref>{{cite news|title=Marcos convicted of graft in Manila|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/24/world/marcos-convicted-of-graft-in-manila.html|accessdate=August 30, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 24, 1993}}</ref><ref>. ].</ref><ref>. July 1997.</ref> In March 2008, a judge in Manila in the Philippines acquitted her of 32 counts of illegal transfers of funds to Swiss bank accounts between 1968 and 1976, determining that the government had failed to prove its case.<ref>. '']''. March 11, 2008.</ref> In 2012, she declared her net worth to be US$22 million and she was listed as the second-richest Filipino politician behind boxer and politician ].<ref>. '']''. May 6, 2012.</ref><ref>. ]. April 6, 2009.</ref><ref>. ]. January 24, 2013.</ref> She claimed her fortune came from ], a semi-mythical treasure trove that is widely believed in the Philippines to be part of the Japanese loot in World War II.<ref>. ''The Bulletin. February 3, 1993.''</ref> Her property used to include jewels and a 175-piece art collection,<ref>. '']''. January 11, 1991.</ref> which included works by Michelangelo, ], ], Raphael,<ref>. '']''. January 12, 1991.</ref> as well as Monet's ''L'Église et La Seine à Vétheuil'' (1881), ]'s ''Langland Bay'' (1887), and ]'s ''Le Cyprès de Djenan Sidi Said'' (1946).<ref name="Vilma">{{cite news|last=Buettner|first=Russ|title=Imelda Marcos's Ex-Aide Charged in '80s Art Theft|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/nyregion/imelda-marcoss-ex-aide-charged-with-conspiracy.html?ref=imeldarmarcos|accessdate=August 30, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 20, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Shoes, Jewels, and Monets">. '']''. January 16, 2014.</ref> During her time as First Lady, Imelda was seen as a "symbol of excess" due to her expensive shopping sprees.<ref name="Shopping" /><ref name="Daily Mail" /> On one occasion, she spent $2,000 on chewing gum at the ] and, on another, she forced a plane to do a ] mid-air just because she forgot to buy cheese in ].<ref name="Shopping" /> Her collection of shoes,<ref>. ]. February 16, 2001.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/content/download/4459/26786/file/Introduction_to_political_corruption.pdf |title=Global Corruption Report|publisher=] |date= |accessdate=August 6, 2009}}</ref> including by ], now lies partly in the ] and partly in a shoe museum in ].<ref name="Daily Mail" >{{cite news |last=Olivier|first=Amy |title=Imelda Marcos' famous collection of 3,000 shoes partly destroyed by termites and floods after lying in storage in the Philippines for 26 years since she exiled |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2207353/Imelda-Marcos-legendary-3-000-plus-shoe-collection-destroyed-termites-floods-neglect.html|accessdate=September 23, 2012|newspaper=The Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>"." ''Bulatlat''. September 17–23, 2006.</ref> ] damaged her ancestral home in Tacloban, which also serves as a museum,<ref>. ]. November 19, 2013.</ref> although she still retains homes in Ilocos Norte and Makati, where she resides.<ref>. '']''. January 9, 2014.</ref>
Imelda allegedly owns Swiss bank accounts under the pseudonym "]".<ref>, '']''. October 2. 1986.</ref><ref>. '']''. March 19, 1990.</ref><ref>, '']''. September 18, 2014.</ref><ref>, ''The Daily News'', April 19, 1990</ref> Switzerland's federal tribunal ruled in December 1990 that cash in Swiss banks would only be returned to the Philippine government if a Philippine court convicted her in a "fair trial."<ref>{{cite news|title=Marcos convicted of graft in Manila|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/24/world/marcos-convicted-of-graft-in-manila.html|accessdate=August 30, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 24, 1993}}</ref><ref>. ].</ref><ref>. July 1997.</ref> In March 2008, a judge in Manila in the Philippines acquitted her of 32 counts of illegal transfers of funds to Swiss bank accounts between 1968 and 1976, determining that the government had failed to prove its case.<ref>. '']''. March 11, 2008.</ref> In 2012, she declared her net worth to be US$22 million and she was listed as the second-richest Filipino politician behind boxer and politician ].<ref>. '']''. May 6, 2012.</ref><ref>. ]. April 6, 2009.</ref><ref>. ]. January 24, 2013.</ref> She claimed her fortune came from ], a semi-mythical treasure trove that is widely believed in the Philippines to be part of the Japanese loot in World War II.<ref>. ''The Bulletin. February 3, 1993.</ref> Her property used to include jewels and a 175-piece art collection,<ref>. '']''. January 11, 1991.</ref> which included works by Michelangelo, ], ], Raphael,<ref>. '']''. January 12, 1991.</ref> as well as Monet's ''L'Église et La Seine à Vétheuil'' (1881), ]'s ''Langland Bay'' (1887), and ]'s ''Le Cyprès de Djenan Sidi Said'' (1946).<ref name = "Vilma" >{{cite news|last=Buettner|first=Russ|title=Imelda Marcos's Ex-Aide Charged in '80s Art Theft|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/nyregion/imelda-marcoss-ex-aide-charged-with-conspiracy.html?ref=imeldarmarcos|accessdate=August 30, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 20, 2012}}</ref><ref name = "Shoes, Jewels, and Monets" >. '']''. January 16, 2014.</ref>


Early in 2013, the ] exposed her daughter ] among people involved in ].<ref>. '']''. January 2, 2013.</ref><ref name="Suharto, Marcos and Mobutu">. '']. March 26, 2004.''</ref><ref>. ]. April 3, 2013.</ref> Imee was helping her mother hide their wealth in the ].<ref name="ICIJ Secret Files Expose">{{cite news|title=Secret Files Expose Offshore's Global Impact|url=http://www.icij.org/offshore/secret-files-expose-offshores-global-impact|accessdate=April 4, 2013|newspaper=ICIJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BIR chief ready to investigate Pinoys with offshore accounts|url=http://pcij.org/stories/bir-chief-ready-to-investigate-pinoys-with-offshore-accounts/}} June 15, 2013.</ref> In October 17, 2013, the sale of two ] paintings,<ref>. '']''. January 14, 2014</ref> ''L'Eglise de Vetheuil'' and '']'', became the subject of a legal case in New York against Vilma Bautista, a one-time aide to her.<ref>. '']''. October 17, 2013. Retrieved on October 17, 2013.</ref><ref>"." '']''. November 20, 2012.</ref><ref> '']''. July 21, 2013. Retrieved on October 17, 2013.</ref> Her secretary was sentenced in January 6, 2014.<ref>. ]. January 6, 2014.</ref><ref>. '']''. January 14, 2014.</ref><ref>. '']''. January 14, 2014.</ref> On January 13, 2014, three collections of her jewelry:<ref>. '']''. September 17, 2005.</ref> the Malacanang collection, the Roumeliotes collection, and the Hawaii collection; along with paintings of Claude Monet were seized by the Philippine government.<ref>. ]. January 14, 2014</ref><ref>. ]. January 14, 2014.</ref> In 2015, a rare pink diamond worth $5 million was discovered in her jewelry collection.<ref name="pink diamond">{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Philippines revalues jewellery seized from Imelda Marcos in 1986|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/24/philippines-revalues-jewellery-seized-from-imelda-marcos-in-1986|accessdate=December 17, 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|date=November 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name="pink diamonds">{{cite news|last=Plucinska|firstjoanna=|title=Rare 25-Carat Pink Diamond Discovered in Jewelry Once Owned by Imelda Marcos|url=http://time.com/4126841/pink-diamond-imelda-marcos/|accessdate=December 17, 2015|newspaper=Time magazine|date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> On February 16, 2016, the government of the Philippines announced that the three collections, valued at about $21 million, are to be auctioned off before the end of ]'s term on June 30, 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Juliet|title=Philippines to sell Imelda Marcos's 'ill-gotten' jewels, worth millions|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/luxury/imelda-marcos-jewelery-auction/index.html|accessdate=February 16, 2016|work=]|publisher=]|date=February 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Philippines to sell jewellery confiscated from Imelda Marcos|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/philippines/12159020/Philippines-to-sell-jewellery-confiscated-from-Imelda-Marcos.html|accessdate=March 27, 2016|work=|publisher='']''|date=February 16, 2016}}</ref> Early in 2013, the ] exposed her daughter ] among people involved in ].<ref>. '']''. January 2, 2013.</ref><ref name = "Suharto, Marcos and Mobutu" >. '']. March 26, 2004.</ref><ref>. ]. April 3, 2013.</ref> Imee was helping Imelda hide their wealth in the ].<ref name="ICIJ Secret Files Expose">{{cite news|title=Secret Files Expose Offshore's Global Impact|url=http://www.icij.org/offshore/secret-files-expose-offshores-global-impact|accessdate=April 4, 2013|newspaper=ICIJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BIR chief ready to investigate Pinoys with offshore accounts|url=http://pcij.org/stories/bir-chief-ready-to-investigate-pinoys-with-offshore-accounts/}} June 15, 2013.</ref> In October 17, 2013, the sale of two ] paintings,<ref>. '']''. January 14, 2014</ref> ''L'Eglise de Vetheuil'' and '']'', became the subject of a legal case in New York against Vilma Bautista, a one-time aide to her.<ref>. '']''. October 17, 2013. Retrieved on October 17, 2013.</ref><ref>"." '']''. November 20, 2012.</ref><ref> '']''. July 21, 2013. Retrieved on October 17, 2013.</ref> Her secretary was sentenced in January 6, 2014.<ref>. ]. January 6, 2014.</ref><ref>. '']''. January 14, 2014.</ref><ref>. '']''. January 14, 2014.</ref> On January 13, 2014, three collections of her jewelry:<ref>. '']''. September 17, 2005.</ref> the Malacanang collection, the Roumeliotes collection, and the Hawaii collection; along with paintings of Claude Monet were seized by the Philippine government.<ref>. ]. January 14, 2014</ref><ref>. ]. January 14, 2014.</ref> In 2015, a rare pink diamond worth $5 million was discovered in her jewelry collection.<ref name = "pink diamond" >{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Philippines revalues jewellery seized from Imelda Marcos in 1986|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/24/philippines-revalues-jewellery-seized-from-imelda-marcos-in-1986|accessdate=December 17, 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|date=November 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name = "pink diamonds" >{{cite news|last=Plucinska|firstjoanna=|title=Rare 25-Carat Pink Diamond Discovered in Jewelry Once Owned by Imelda Marcos|url=http://time.com/4126841/pink-diamond-imelda-marcos/|accessdate=December 17, 2015|newspaper=Time magazine|date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> On February 16, 2016, the government of the Philippines announced that the three collections, valued at about $21 million, are to be auctioned off before the end of ]'s term on June 30, 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Juliet|title=Philippines to sell Imelda Marcos's 'ill-gotten' jewels, worth millions|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/luxury/imelda-marcos-jewelery-auction/index.html|accessdate=February 16, 2016|work=]|publisher=]|date=February 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Philippines to sell jewellery confiscated from Imelda Marcos|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/philippines/12159020/Philippines-to-sell-jewellery-confiscated-from-Imelda-Marcos.html|accessdate=March 27, 2016|work=|publisher='']''|date=February 16, 2016}}</ref>


==Legacy== ==Legacy==
{{See also|List of awards and honors bestowed upon Imelda Marcos}} {{See also|List of awards and honors bestowed upon Imelda Marcos}}
] on March 14, 1979]] ] on March 14, 1979]]
Imelda Marcos is a fashion and pop culture icon in the Philippines.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news|title=A "Roller-Coaster" Life For One Of The World's Most Famous Women|agency=Associated Press |last=Reid|first=Robert H.|date=November 3, 1991}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| Imelda is a fashion and pop culture icon in the Philippines.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news|title=A "Roller-Coaster" Life For One Of The World's Most Famous Women|agency=Associated Press |last=Reid|first=Robert H.|date=November 3, 1991}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|
| title = Former Philippine First Lady Imelda Marcos Attends Pope Francis' Mass| publisher = NBC News| date = January 17, 2015 | url =http://www.nbcnews.com/news/pope-francis/former-philippine-first-lady-imelda-marcos-attends-pope-francis-mass-n288296| accessdate = March 23, 2015 }}</ref><ref>"." '']''. March 21, 2006.</ref><ref>"." '']''. September 17, 2013.</ref> She is also known by the nickname "Steel Butterfly."<ref name = "The Steel Butterfly 2" /> In her home country, she is a patroness of the arts and culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Imelda Marcos and the 'terno' of her affections|url =http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/207123/imelda-marcos-and-the-terno-of-her-affections|publisher = '']''|accessdate =November 19, 2015}}</ref> ] impersonated her on his 1988 album ''The Best of De Lima''.<ref>]. "Imelda." ''The Best of De Lima''. Pocholinga Productions, 1988.</ref> The second track on ]'s album '']'' was inspired by her.<ref>], . ]. March 26, 1996.</ref> She was the subject of the 2003 documentary film '']'',<ref>. ]. July 7, 2004.</ref><ref> Independent Lens</ref><ref>. '']'', July 5, 2004</ref> which is about her life as a First Lady.<ref name = "Lens" >. '']'', ].</ref><ref>. ]. October 31, 2000.</ref> On March 23, 2012, ] performed his ''Living La Vida Imelda'' in ].<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2012/10/15/travel/in-manila-livin-la-vida-imelda.html |title=In Manila, 'Livin' La Vida Imelda!' |first1=Floyd |last1=Whaley |language= |trans_title= |date=October 12, 2012 |work= |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=October 14, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Time 1">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1034818,00.html |title=Walk the Talk |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Liam |last2= |first2= |language= |trans_title= |date=March 7, 2005 |work=] |publisher=Time Inc. |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> | title = Former Philippine First Lady Imelda Marcos Attends Pope Francis' Mass| publisher = NBC News| date = January 17, 2015 | url =http://www.nbcnews.com/news/pope-francis/former-philippine-first-lady-imelda-marcos-attends-pope-francis-mass-n288296| accessdate = March 23, 2015 }}</ref><ref>"." '']''. March 21, 2006.</ref><ref>"." '']''. September 17, 2013.</ref> She is also known by the nickname "Steel Butterfly."<ref name = "The Steel Butterfly 2" /> In her home country, she is a patroness of the arts and culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Imelda Marcos and the 'terno' of her affections|url =http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/207123/imelda-marcos-and-the-terno-of-her-affections|publisher = '']''|accessdate =November 19, 2015}}</ref> ] impersonated her on his 1988 album ''The Best of De Lima''.<ref>]. "Imelda." ''The Best of De Lima''. Pocholinga Productions, 1988.</ref> The second track on ]'s album '']'' was inspired by her.<ref>], . ]. March 26, 1996.</ref> She was the subject of the 2003 documentary film '']'',<ref>. ]. July 7, 2004.</ref><ref> Independent Lens</ref><ref>. '']'', July 5, 2004</ref> which is about her life as a First Lady.<ref name = "Lens" >. '']'', ].</ref><ref>. ]. October 31, 2000.</ref> On March 23, 2012, ] performed his ''Living La Vida Imelda'' in ].<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2012/10/15/travel/in-manila-livin-la-vida-imelda.html |title=In Manila, 'Livin' La Vida Imelda!' |first1=Floyd |last1=Whaley |language= |trans_title= |date=October 12, 2012 |work= |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=October 14, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Time 1">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1034818,00.html |title=Walk the Talk |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Liam |last2= |first2= |language= |trans_title= |date=March 7, 2005 |work=] |publisher=Time Inc. |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref>


Revision as of 11:09, 1 June 2016

In this Philippine name for married women, the birth middle name or maternal family name is Trinidad, the birth surname or paternal family name is Romuáldez, and the marital name is Marcos.

Imelda Marcos
Imelda Marcos at the White House on September 14, 1966
First Lady of the Philippines
In office
December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986
PresidentFerdinand Marcos
Preceded byEva Macapagal
Succeeded byVacant (Ballsy Aquino-Cruz, de facto)
Governor of Metro Manila
In office
February 27, 1975 – February 25, 1986
PresidentFerdinand Marcos
Preceded byOffice created
Succeeded byJejomar Binay
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Leyte's First District
In office
June 30, 1995 – June 30, 1998
PresidentFidel V. Ramos
Preceded byCirilo Roy Montejo
Succeeded byAlfred Romuáldez
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's Second District
Incumbent
Assumed office
June 30, 2010
PresidentBenigno Aquino III
Preceded byFerdinand Marcos, Jr.
Personal details
BornImelda Remedios Visitación
Romuáldez y Trinidad
(1929-07-02) July 2, 1929 (age 95)
Manila, Philippine Islands
NationalityFilipino
Political partyNacionalista (1965–1978; 2009–present)
Other political
affiliations		Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (1978–2013)
SpouseFerdinand Marcos (m. 1954; d. 1989)
ChildrenImee
Ferdinand, Jr.
Irene
Aimee
Musical career
GenresKundiman
InstrumentVocals
Years active1950–present
Musical artist

Imelda Romuáldez Marcos (née Imelda Remedios Visitación Romuáldez y Trinidad; July 2, 1929) is the widow of former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos. She served as First Lady from 1965 to 1986. Popularly known as Imelda, she owned a collection of more than a thousand pairs of shoes. In the Philippines, she is a fashion and pop culture icon and is known as the "Steel Butterfly." Imelda has worked as a kleptocrat, beauty queen, diplomat, entrepreneur, fashion designer, model, politician, singer, and socialite.

Imelda was born in Manila but later moved to Tacloban prior to World War II after the death of her mother during her childhood. She later returned to Manila in 1950 to pursue a career as a singer and as a beauty queen. In 1954, she married Ferdinand Marcos, who became President of the Philippines on November 9, 1965 and later declared martial law on September 21, 1972. As First Lady, Imelda built architecture in and around the metropolis of Manila while spending her time abroad in shopping sprees and state visits.

The assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. in 1983 caused mass protests that eventually led to the People Power Revolution. Imelda's family were forced into exile, and Aquino's widow Corazon was installed into the presidency. After her husband's death, Imelda returned to the Philippines and was later elected to the House of Representatives as a congresswoman for Leyte in 1995 and for Ilocos Norte in 2010 and 2013. She remains one of the richest politicians in the country through her collection of clothing, artwork, and jewelry, along with the plundered money she inherited from her husband in offshore bank accounts under the pseudonym "Jane Ryan."

Early life

Imelda was born on July 2, 1929 in Manila, Philippines to Remedios Trinidad (died 1938) and Vicente Romuáldez, brother of Philippine Supreme Court Associate Justice Norberto Romuáldez. Her paternal ancestors were from a land-owning family in Tolosa, Leyte with mixed Visayan and Spanish ancestry. She has five other siblings: Benjamin (1930–2012), Alita, Alfredo, Armando, and Concepcion who spent their childhood in San Miguel. After their mother died in 1938, the family moved to Tacloban, where they were raised by her servant Estrella Cumpas. She claimed to have met Douglas MacArthur when he landed in Tacloban at the end of World War II. She speaks Tagalog and English, the languages of Manila, as well as Waray, the language of Tacloban. She is Roman Catholic.

Imelda returned to Manila in 1950 at the request of her cousin Daniel, where she worked in a music store on Escolta street as a singer to attract customers. She took voice lessons at the music conservatory of the University of Santo Tomas. Imelda later joined a beauty pageant known as Miss Manila where she placed second but was named the Muse of Manila after contesting the results. She briefly dated Benigno Aquino, Jr. in the early 1950s before she met her future husband. On May 1, 1954, Imelda married Ferdinand Marcos, a Nacionalista Party congressman from Ilocos Norte. The marriage resulted in four children: Imee (born on November 12, 1955), Ferdinand Jr., aka Bongbong (born on September 13, 1957), and Irene (born on September 16, 1960), and an adopted girl named Aimee. She is the aunt of politician Martin Romualdez.

First Lady

Main article: Conjugal dictatorship

Imelda served as First Lady after Ferdinand Marcos was elected on November 9, 1965 as the 10th President of the Philippines. Her role in the presidency was controversial because she was involved in altercations, including one with The Beatles when the band allegedly snubbed her invitation for a state dinner at the presidential palace, and another with Dovie Beams for the actress' alleged relations with Ferdinand. On September 23, 1972, Ferdinand declared martial law and rewrote the Constitution of the country. As First Lady, she became "the other half of the conjugal dictatorship." She stirred controversy after an assassination attempt against her occurred on December 7, 1972, when an assailant tried to stab her with a bolo knife but was shot by the police. The motive appeared to have been her role in her husband's presidency but human rights dissidents believed it was staged by the government.

Imelda orchestrated public events using national funds to bolster her and her husband's image. She secured the Miss Universe 1974 pageant for Manila, which required the construction of the Folk Arts Theater in less than three months. She organized the Kasaysayan ng Lahi, a festival showcasing Philippine history. She also initiated social programs, such as the Green Revolution, which was intended to address hunger by encouraging the people to plant produce in household gardens, and created a national family-planning program. During the early 1970s, she took control of the distribution of bread called nutribun, which actually came from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

Imelda was appointed in 1978 as a member of the Interim Batasang Pambansa (National Congress) representing Region IV-A and was also appointed as Ambassador Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary, allowing her to tour the United States, the Soviet Union, Libya, Yugoslavia, Iraq, and Cuba. Throughout her travels, she became friends with Richard Nixon, Muammar Gaddafi, Saddam Hussein, Fidel Castro, and Joseph Tito. A Wikileaks diplomatic note "claims she was waiting for Spain's dictator Franco to die so she could fly to Madrid for the funeral." She claimed her travels were needed to secure oil from Iraq and Libya, which she also said was instrumental in the signing of a peace treaty with the Moro National Liberation Front.

Imelda held the position of Minister of Human Settlements, allowing her to construct the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Philippine Heart Center, the Lung Center of the Philippines, the Philippine International Convention Center, the Coconut Palace, the Manila Film Center, and the Calauit Safari Park. She purchased property in Manhattan in the 1980s, including the US$51 million Crown Building, the Woolworth Building in 40 Wall Street, and the US$60 million Herald Centre. She refused to buy the Empire State Building because she felt it was "too ostentatious."

Power struggle

Imelda Marcos on October 20, 1984 during the reenactment of General Douglas MacArthur's 1944 landing at Red Beach.

Imelda was instrumental in the 1980 exile of opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr., who had suffered a heart attack during his imprisonment. Martial law in the Philippines was later lifted in 1981 but Ferdinand continued to be president. While her husband began to suffer from lupus erythematosus, she effectively ruled in his place. Aquino returned in 1983 but was assassinated at the Manila International Airport upon his arrival. With accusations against her beginning to rise, Ferdinand created the Agrava Commission, a fact-finding committee, to investigate her, ultimately finding her not guilty.

On February 7, 1986, snap elections were held between Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino, the widow of Benigno Aquino Jr. Despite her husband claiming to have won the elections, allegations of vote rigging led to mass protests that would be later known as the People Power Revolution. On February 25, Imelda and her family fled to Hawaii. After they left Malacañang Palace, she was found to have left behind 15 mink coats, 508 gowns, 1,000 handbags, and pairs of shoes, the exact number of which varies with estimates of up to 7,500 pairs. However, Time reported that the final tally was only 1,060. The location where her shoes and jewelry were kept was later destroyed and the contents stolen and a painting of her was destroyed outside the Palace.

In October 1988, Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, together with eight associates (including Adnan Khashoggi, a Saudi Arabian businessman and weapons smuggler believed to have been involved with her husband's regime), were indicted by a federal grand jury in Manhattan on charges of racketeering, conspiracy, fraud and obstruction of justice. Tobacco heiress Doris Duke posted $5 million bail for Imelda. The Marcos couple's defense team was led by criminal defense attorney Gerry Spence. Actor George Hamilton, an unindicted co-conspirator, testified at trial under a grant of immunity, acknowledging that he had received a $5.5-million loan from an associate of hers. In July 1990, following a three-month trial, she was acquitted of all charges. By that time, Ferdinand had died in exile in Hawaii on September 28, 1989.

Later years

Main article: Electoral history of Imelda Marcos
Imelda Marcos in Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte on February 22, 2006 in the aftermath of a landslide

Imelda was allowed to return to the Philippines by Corazon Aquino on November 4, 1991. The following year, she ran for president in the presidential elections on May 11, 1992, finishing 5th out of 7 candidates. On May 8, 1995, she was elected as a congresswoman of Leyte, representing the first district, despite facing a disqualification lawsuit in which the Supreme Court ruled in her favor. She sought the presidency again on May 11, 1998 but later withdrew to support the eventual winner Joseph Estrada and she finished 9th among 11 candidates. In November 2006, she started her own business, a fashion label that included designing jewelry. She was acquitted in one of her graft charges on March 10, 2008 by the Manila Regional Trial Court due to reasonable doubt.

Imelda ran for the second district of Ilocos Norte in the elections on May 10, 2010 to replace her son, Ferdinand Jr., who was running for Senate under the Nacionalista Party. During her term, she held the position of Millennium Development Goals chairwoman in the Lower House. In 2011, the Sandiganbayan's Fifth Division ordered her to return US$280,000 in government funds taken by her and her husband from the National Food Authority. She filed her certificate of candidacy on October 3, 2012 in a bid to renew her term as Ilocos Norte's second district representative. She won re-election on May 14, 2013. On October 16, 2015, she filed as a candidate for her third and final term.

Wealth

During her time as First Lady, Imelda was seen as a "symbol of excess" due to her expensive shopping sprees. On one occasion, she spent $2,000 on chewing gum at the San Francisco International Airport and, on another, she forced a plane to do a U-turn mid-air just because she forgot to buy cheese in Rome. Her collection of shoes, including by Pierre Cardin, now lies partly in the National Museum of the Philippines and partly in a shoe museum in Marikina. Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) damaged her ancestral home in Tacloban, which also serves as a museum, although she still retains homes in Ilocos Norte and Makati, where she resides.

Imelda allegedly owns Swiss bank accounts under the pseudonym "Jane Ryan". Switzerland's federal tribunal ruled in December 1990 that cash in Swiss banks would only be returned to the Philippine government if a Philippine court convicted her in a "fair trial." In March 2008, a judge in Manila in the Philippines acquitted her of 32 counts of illegal transfers of funds to Swiss bank accounts between 1968 and 1976, determining that the government had failed to prove its case. In 2012, she declared her net worth to be US$22 million and she was listed as the second-richest Filipino politician behind boxer and politician Manny Pacquiao. She claimed her fortune came from Yamashita's Gold, a semi-mythical treasure trove that is widely believed in the Philippines to be part of the Japanese loot in World War II. Her property used to include jewels and a 175-piece art collection, which included works by Michelangelo, Botticelli, Canaletto, Raphael, as well as Monet's L'Église et La Seine à Vétheuil (1881), Alfred Sisley's Langland Bay (1887), and Albert Marquet's Le Cyprès de Djenan Sidi Said (1946).

Early in 2013, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists exposed her daughter Imee among people involved in offshore banking. Imee was helping Imelda hide their wealth in the British Virgin Islands. In October 17, 2013, the sale of two Claude Monet paintings, L'Eglise de Vetheuil and Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas, became the subject of a legal case in New York against Vilma Bautista, a one-time aide to her. Her secretary was sentenced in January 6, 2014. On January 13, 2014, three collections of her jewelry: the Malacanang collection, the Roumeliotes collection, and the Hawaii collection; along with paintings of Claude Monet were seized by the Philippine government. In 2015, a rare pink diamond worth $5 million was discovered in her jewelry collection. On February 16, 2016, the government of the Philippines announced that the three collections, valued at about $21 million, are to be auctioned off before the end of Benigno Aquino III's term on June 30, 2016.

Legacy

See also: List of awards and honors bestowed upon Imelda Marcos
Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos at Clark Air Base on March 14, 1979

Imelda is a fashion and pop culture icon in the Philippines. She is also known by the nickname "Steel Butterfly." In her home country, she is a patroness of the arts and culture. Frank De Lima impersonated her on his 1988 album The Best of De Lima. The second track on Mark Knopfler's album Golden Heart was inspired by her. She was the subject of the 2003 documentary film Imelda, which is about her life as a First Lady. On March 23, 2012, Carlos Celdran performed his Living La Vida Imelda in Dubai.

British producer Fatboy Slim and musician David Byrne created a concept album about her life called Here Lies Love. In the spring of 2013, The Public Theater in New York presented a staged musical version of the album starring Ruthie Ann Miles. An open-ended run returned to The Public Theater on March 24, 2014. A London production opened on September 30, 2014 at the Royal National Theatre.

References

Citations

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  99. Gender Policies And Responses Towards Greater Women Empowerment In The Philippines. University of the Philippines.
  100. The Political Economy of Corruption. July 1997.
  101. Imelda Marcos Acquitted, Again. The New York Times. March 11, 2008.
  102. Imelda Marcos claims net worth of US$22 million. Taipei Times. May 6, 2012.
  103. Imelda camp mum on Newsweek's 'greediest' tag. GMA News. April 6, 2009.
  104. What happened to the Marcos fortune?. BBC News. January 24, 2013.
  105. Marcos widow claims wealth due to 'Yamashita treasure'. The Bulletin. February 3, 1993.
  106. Marcoses' Silver Sets Record At Auction. The New York Times. January 11, 1991.
  107. Marcoses' Raphael Sold To Italy for $1.65 Million. The New York Times. January 12, 1991.
  108. Buettner, Russ (November 20, 2012). "Imelda Marcos's Ex-Aide Charged in '80s Art Theft". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  109. Shoes, jewels, and Monets: recovering the ill-gotten wealth of Imelda Marcos. Foreign Policy. January 16, 2014.
  110. Philippines May Curb the Pursuit of Marcos's Wealth. The New York Times. January 2, 2013.
  111. Suharto, Marcos and Mobutu head corruption table with $50bn scams. The Guardian. March 26, 2004.
  112. Ferdinand Marcos' Daughter Tied to Offshore Trust in Caribbean. International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. April 3, 2013.
  113. "Secret Files Expose Offshore's Global Impact". ICIJ. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  114. "BIR chief ready to investigate Pinoys with offshore accounts". June 15, 2013.
  115. Onetime aide to Imelda Marcos sentenced to up to six year in prison after plotting to sell $32 million Claude Monet painting. The Daily Mail. January 14, 2014
  116. Ex-Imelda Marcos aide on trial in NYC for selling Monet work. Philippine Daily Inquirer. October 17, 2013. Retrieved on October 17, 2013.
  117. "Imelda Marcos's Ex-Aide Charged in '80s Art Theft." The New York Times. November 20, 2012.
  118. PCGG: Gov't, not Marcos victims, owns Monet painting Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 21, 2013. Retrieved on October 17, 2013.
  119. Ex-Imelda Marcos secretary to be sentenced by NY court. GMA News. January 6, 2014.
  120. Aide to former Philippine First Lady sentenced to prison for trying to sell country's art. New York Daily News. January 14, 2014.
  121. Marcos jewels could be sold after court rules they were 'ill-gotten'. The Japan Times. January 14, 2014.
  122. Imelda loses jewels in the Marcos crown. The Age. September 17, 2005.
  123. Show me the Monet: Philippines seeks return of Marcos paintings. Reuters. January 14, 2014
  124. Philippines Seeks Return of Marcos Paintings. Voice of America. January 14, 2014.
  125. "Philippines revalues jewellery seized from Imelda Marcos in 1986". The Guardian. November 24, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  126. Plucinska (November 25, 2015). "Rare 25-Carat Pink Diamond Discovered in Jewelry Once Owned by Imelda Marcos". Time magazine. Retrieved December 17, 2015. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |firstjoanna= (help)
  127. Perry, Juliet (February 16, 2016). "Philippines to sell Imelda Marcos's 'ill-gotten' jewels, worth millions". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  128. "Philippines to sell jewellery confiscated from Imelda Marcos". The Telegraph. February 16, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  129. Reid, Robert H. (November 3, 1991). "A "Roller-Coaster" Life For One Of The World's Most Famous Women". Associated Press.
  130. "Former Philippine First Lady Imelda Marcos Attends Pope Francis' Mass". NBC News. January 17, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2015. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  131. "The Life of Imelda Marcos, in PowerPoint and Plastic." The New York Times. March 21, 2006.
  132. "Imelda Marcos: Style icon, for better and worse." Rappler. September 17, 2013.
  133. "Imelda Marcos and the 'terno' of her affections". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved November 19, 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  134. De Lima, Frank. "Imelda." The Best of De Lima. Pocholinga Productions, 1988.
  135. Knopfler, Mark, Golden Heart. Warner Brothers Music. March 26, 1996.
  136. Director fights for Imelda movie. BBC News. July 7, 2004.
  137. "Imelda" – Documentary on Imelda Marcos Independent Lens
  138. Her Greatest Admirer: A documentary about Imelda Marcos reveals an extraordinary capacity for self-delusion. TIME, July 5, 2004
  139. The day I met Imelda Marcos. BBC News. October 31, 2000.
  140. Whaley, Floyd (October 12, 2012). "In Manila, 'Livin' La Vida Imelda!'". New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2012. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  141. Fitzpatrick, Liam (March 7, 2005). "Walk the Talk". Time Magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved September 16, 2010. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  142. The Imelda Marcos Story — As Told by David Byrne TIME. April 10, 2010.
  143. "David Byrne's "Here Lies Love" to Premiere at NYC's Public Theater in April 2013". Nonesuch Records. April 9, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
  144. Soloski, Alex (October 6, 2009). "Imelda Marcus Gets the Ol' Song and Dance at Julia Miles Theater". The Village Voice. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  145. 'Here Lies Love' Will Return to the Public Theater. The New York Times. January 21, 2014.
  146. Full cast announced for National's Here Lies Love. July 25, 2014.
  147. David Byrne tells Imelda Marcos story as disco musical. BBC News. October 1, 2014.

Bibliography

  • Aquino, Belinda, John F Doherty, Jovito Salonga. Cronies and Enemies: the Current Philippine Scene, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1982.
  • Bonner, Raymond. Waltzing with a Dictator: the Marcoses and the Making of American Policy, Times Books, New York, 1987, ISBN 0-8129-1326-4.
  • Burton, Sandra, Impossible Dream, Warner Books Inc, New York, 1989.
  • Ellison, Katherine. Imelda, Steel Butterfly of the Philippines, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988. ISBN 0-07-019335-5.
  • Francia, Beatriz. Imelda and the Clans: a Story of the Philippines, Solar Publishing Corporation, Manila, 1992.
  • Mijares, Primitivo. The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos, Union Square Publishing, Manila, 1976. ISBN 1-141-12147-6.
  • Pedrosa, Carmen Navarro. The Untold Story of Imelda Marcos, Manila: Bookmark, 1969, p. 3–4.
  • Polotan, Kerima. Imelda Romualdez Marcos, A Biography of the First Lady of the Philippines, The World Publishing Company, Ohio, 1970.
  • Romulo, Beth Day. Inside the Palace: The Rise and Fall of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, Putnam Publishing Group, New York, 1987, ISBN 0-399-13253-8.
  • Rotea, Hermie. Marcos' Lovey Dovie, Liberty Pub. Co., 1983, ISBN 0-918229-00-6.
  • Salonga, Jovito. Presidential Plunder: the Quest for Marcos Ill-Gotten Wealth, Regina Publishing Company, Manila, 2001.
  • Seagrave, Sterling. The Marcos Dynasty, Harper & Row, New York, 1988, ISBN 0-06-015815-8.
  • Serin, J.R., A.L. Elamil. D.C. Serion, et al. Ugnayan ng Pamhalaan at Mamamayan. Bede's Publishing House, Inc., Manila, 1979.
Honorary titles
Preceded byEvangelina Macapagal First Lady of the Philippines
1965–1986 		VacantTitle next held byAmelita Ramos
Preceded byNoneas office created Governor of Manila
1975–1986 		Succeeded byJejomar Binayas Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
House of Representatives of the Philippines
Preceded byCirilo Roy C. Montejo Member of the House of Representatives from Leyte's 1st district
1995–1998 		Succeeded byAlfred S. Romualdez
Preceded byFerdinand Marcos, Jr. Member of the House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's 2nd district
2010–present 		Incumbent
Portals:
Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos
10th President of the Philippines and 10th First Lady of the Philippines
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Daughter of Elpidio Quirino. Assumed title as her father was a widower. Corazon Aquino was widowed before her term. Benigno Aquino III was unmarried Although Rodrigo Duterte has Cielito Avanceña as his common-law wife, there is no designated First Lady. See also: Spouses of presidents of the Philippines
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