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| {{Fiqh |military}} | |||
| {{Islam|Offensive jihad}} | |||
| '''Offensive jihad''' (as opposed to "defensive jihad") is jihad to expand ''Dar al-Islam'' (the realm of Islam), transforming ''Dar al-Harb'' (the realm of war, i.e. the non-Muslim world) into ''Dar al-Islam'' and establish Islamic social order, ] law. (These world divisions were derived by Islamic jurists, but not mentioned in the ] or collections of ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan Eduardo |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |pages=182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>) An example of this kind of jihad is described in a fatwa "Defence of the Muslim Lands, The First Obligation After Iman" calling for ] written by Islamist cleric ].<ref name=DMLFOAI>, by Abdullah Azzam (Shaheed), English translation work done by Brothers in Ribatt.| religioscope.com</ref> Azzam describes Offensive Jihad as ''Fard Kifaya'', (a collective duty of Muslims) rather than ''Fard Ayn'' (an individual duty), and thus a lower priority than defensive jihad: | |||
| <blockquote>Where the '']'' are not gathering to fight the Muslims. The fighting becomes ''Fard Kifaya'' with the minimum requirement of appointing believers to guard borders, and the sending of an army at least once a year to terrorise the enemies of Allah. It is a duty of the ] to assemble and send out an army unit into the land of war once or twice every year. Moreover, it is the responsibility of the Muslim population to assist him, and if he does not send an army he is in sin. - And the Ulama have mentioned that this type of jihad is for maintaining the payment of ] .<ref name=DMLFOAI/></blockquote> | |||
| According to another source, (Richard Edwards and Sherifa Zuhur), offensive jihad was the type of jihad practiced by the early Muslim community, because their weakness meant "no defensive action would have sufficed to protect them against the allied tribal forces determined to exterminate them." Jihad as a collective duty (''Fard Kifaya'') and offensive jihad are synonymous in classical Islamic law and tradition, which also asserted that offensive jihad could only be declared by the caliph, but an "individually incumbent jihad" (''Fard Ayn'') required only "awareness of an oppression targeting Islam or Islamic peoples."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Edwards |first1=Richard |last2=Zuhur|first2=Sherifa |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and|page=553|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA553&dq=jihad+declared+by+caliph&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAWoVChMIh7D86LCfyAIVFxKSCh1bnQiW#v=onepage&q=jihad%20declared%20by%20caliph&f=false|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref> | |||
| ==Origins== | |||
| {{Main|List of battles of Muhammad}} | |||
| The beginnings of Jihad are traced back to the words and actions of Muhammad and the Quran.<ref name="autogenerated1">Rudolph Peters, Jihād (The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World); . Retrieved February 17, 2008.</ref> This encourages the use of Jihad against non-Muslims.<ref name="autogenerated4">Jonathon P. Berkey, The Formation of Islam; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2003</ref>{{Page needed|date=February 2016}} The Quran, however, never uses the term Jihad for fighting and combat in the name of Allah; qital is used to mean “fighting.”{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} According to ], jihad in the Quran was may originally intended against Muhammad's local enemies, the pagans of Mecca or the Jews of Medina, but the Quranic statements supporting jihad could be redirected once new enemies appeared.<ref name="Berkey2003">{{cite book|last=Berkey|first=Jonathan Porter|authorlink=Jonathan Berkey|title=The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLV6lo4mvj0C&pg=PA73|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58813-3|page=73|quote=The Koran is not a squeamish document, and exhort the believers to jihad. Verses such as "Do not follow the unbelievers, but struggle against them mightily" (25.52) and "fight who do not believe in God and the last day" (9.29) may originally have been directed against Muhammad's local enemies, the pagans of Mecca or the Jews of Medina, but could be redirected once a new set of enemies appeared.}}</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ] (d. 820), founder of the ] school of thought, was the first to permit offensive jihad, limiting this warfare against pagan Arabs only, not permitting it against non-Arab non-Muslims.<ref>Afsaruddin, Asma (2007). Views of Jihad Throughout History. Religion Compass 1 (1), 165–169.</ref> This view of al-Shafi'i is mitigated by the fact that an opposite view, in agreement with the majority, is also attributed to al-Shafi'i.<ref>{{Cite book|title = War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad|last = ]|first = ]|publisher = The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1-903682-83-8|last2 = Ibrahim|first2 = Kalin|last3 = ]|first3 = ]|url = http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf|p=76}}</ref> | |||
| ==Opinions== | |||
| ] believes that after ] and his ], there is no concept in Islam obliging Muslims to wage war for ] or implementation of Islam. The only valid basis for military jihad is to end oppression when all other measures have failed. Islam only allows jihad to be conducted by a ].<ref>], 2957, ''A Muslim ruler is the shield . An armed struggle can only be carried out under him and people should seek his shelter ''.</ref><ref>Ghamidi, '']''.</ref><ref>''Misplaced Directives'', , ], Vol. 12, No. 3, March 2002.</ref> | |||
| According to ], offensive jihad raises questions about whether jihad is justifiable on moral grounds. He states that the Qur'an requires Muslims to establish just public order, increasing the influence of Islam, allowing public Islamic worship, through offensive measures. To this end, the Qur'anic verses revealed required Muslims to wage jihad against unbelievers who persecuted them. This has been complicated by the early ], which he argues were although considered jihad by ] scholars, but under close scrutiny can be determined to be political. Moreover, the offensive jihad points more to the complex relationship with the "]".<ref name = sachedina>{{cite book |title=The Just Ruler In Shi'ite Islam |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |location= |isbn=0-19-511915-0 |page=106 }}</ref> | |||
| == See also == | |||
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| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 03:21, 3 September 2016
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