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American businessman and 2016 Republican Party nominee for president Donald Trump has been publicly accused by at least twelve women of sexual misconduct—including rape, child rape, sexual assault and sexual harassment—since the 1980s. Trump denies all the charges.

Several of these allegations preceded Trump's announcement of his candidacy for president; many more arose during that campaign, especially after his second debate with Hillary Clinton, on October 9, 2016. That debate was held two days after revelation of a 2005 audio recording in which Trump bragged about kissing and groping women, including grabbing them "by the pussy"; he said that because he was a celebrity, "they let you do it" and "I don't even wait". During the debate, Trump denied that his recorded comments described sexual assault and denied ever having inappropriately touched a woman. His comments provoked many of his accusers into going public with their charges.

Three women have filed lawsuits alleging that they were sexually assaulted by Trump, one of which is pending and two of which resulted in Trump paying settlements. Ex-wife Ivana Trump, who accused her husband of having raped her in 1989, withdrew the suit as the result of a settlement agreement. Jill Harth, who accused Trump of sexually assaulting her in 1997, withdrew her lawsuit when a "parallel suit" was settled between Trump and her husband (Trump agreed to pay him an undisclosed sum of money). She continues to maintain that the assault took place. A Jane Doe case is pending a December 16, 2016, hearing in the District Court in Manhattan of several forcible and statutory rapes at a series of sex parties in 1994. The plaintiff was 13 years old at the time.

In addition to the three lawsuits, Trump has also been publicly accused of non-consensual kissing, or non-consensual groping of breasts, buttocks and genitalia, by at least eight more women: Jessica Leeds, Temple Taggart, Mindy McGillivray, Rachel Crooks, Natasha Stoynoff, Cassandra Searles, Summer Zervos, and Kristin Anderson.

There have also been accusations, primarily beginning in October 2016, that Trump entered dressing rooms of beauty queen contestants while they were in various stages of undress, a practice that Trump admitted to during a Howard Stern show in 2005. This practice allegedly extended to Miss Teen USA; several former participants in that pageant allege that Trump walked into the dressing rooms of girls as young as 15.

Legal proceedings

Ivana Trump

Ivana Trump was married to Donald Trump from 1977 to 1992. Ivana stated during her divorce case deposition that Donald had raped her in 1989. The book Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald Trump described the alleged attack as a "violent assault" during which Donald ripped out her hair and attacked her sexually. Ivana claimed "that Trump had gone to her plastic surgeon for painful scalp surgery, and lashed out at her afterward, ripping out hair from her scalp."

n one occasion during 1989, Mr. Trump and I had marital relations in which he behaved very differently toward me than he had during our marriage. As a woman, I felt violated, as the love and tenderness, which he normally exhibited towards me, was absent. I referred to this as a "rape," but I do not want my words to be interpreted in a literal or criminal sense.

The accusation, which Trump said was "absolutely false", was withdrawn as part of a settlement agreement and Trump's divorce was granted in 1991 on grounds that Donald's treatment of Ivana was "cruel and inhuman".

The settlement had a confidentiality clause, according to Ivana. In 1992, Trump sued Ivana for not honoring a gag clause in their divorce agreement by disclosing facts about him in her best-selling book, and Trump won a gag order. Years later, Ivana said that she and Donald "are the best of friends". In 2015, Ivana issued a statement saying that the original assault claim came "at a time of very high tension".

Jill Harth

Jill Harth alleges that Trump assaulted her several times. In December 1992, while having dinner with Trump and her then boyfriend George Houraney, Trump tried to reach his hands between her legs. In January 1993, Harth and Houraney went to Trump's Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida for a contract-signing celebration. Harth claims Trump offered her a tour and then pulled her into the empty bedroom of his daughter Ivanka. "I was admiring the decoration, and next thing I know he's pushing me against a wall and has his hands all over me. He was trying to kiss me. I was freaking out." Harth says she desperately protested against Trump's advances, and eventually managed to run out of the room. She and her boyfriend left rather than stay the night, as they had intended. When she became engaged, Harth alleges that Trump began stalking her.

Jill Harth filed a lawsuit in 1997 in which she accused Trump of non-consensual groping of her body, including her "intimate private parts", and "relentless" sexual harassment. The suit was withdrawn when a "parallel suit" her husband had filed against Trump was settled by Trump agreeing to pay an undisclosed sum of money. She still claims to have been sexually assaulted and although he was never violent with her, she says he made attacks that were "unwanted and aggressive, very sexually aggressive."

In 2015, Harth worked at one of Trump's rallies as a makeup artist. Of that experience, she said: "I'm a makeup artist. The guy is a mess, OK? He really needed my services, and I'm a makeup artist that needs a job. Why would, if I was on friendly terms, why wouldn't I try to get that job?"

Her case was first published in May 2016 in the New York Times article "Crossing the Line". Trump calls her story in the Times "false, malicious & libelous" and he "strongly denies the claims." Harth then stood by her charges in a July 2016 interview with The Guardian.

Jane Doe

A suit filed October 10, 2016, accuses Trump of several forcible and statutory rapes of a "Jane Doe", who has not been named for legal reasons, at a series of sex parties hosted by convicted sexual offender Jeffrey Epstein in 1994. At the time she was 13 years old, and other minors under the legal age of consent were also brought to the parties for sexual abuse, the suit alleges.

Doe claims that "Defendant Trump tied Plaintiff to a bed, exposed himself to Plaintiff, and then proceeded to forcibly rape Plaintiff ... Plaintiff loudly pleaded with Defendant Trump to stop but with no effect. Defendant Trump responded to Plaintiff's pleas by violently striking Plaintiff in the face with his open hand and screaming that he would do whatever he wanted."

This is the third attempt to have the case prosecuted, which has involved changes in venue and the plaintiff's attorneys. One of the earlier attempts was filed with the address of a foreclosed house where no one lives. New York's five-year statute of limitations has run out, which will make prosecution of the case difficult. Federal Judge Ronnie Abrams ordered a status hearing for pre-trial or settlement preparation for October 16, 2016. Trump's attorney, Alan Garten, said of the case: "As I have said before, the allegations are categorically untrue and an obvious publicity stunt aimed at smearing my client."

Recording controversy and October 9, 2016 debate

Two days before the second 2016 presidential debate, the 2005 Access Hollywood tape was released, which records Trump having "an extremely lewd conversation about women" in which he described being able to kiss and grope women because he was "a star": "You know I'm automatically attracted to beautiful—I just start kissing them. It's like a magnet. Just kiss. I don't even wait. And when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything ... grab them by the pussy." Many attorneys and media commentators have said that Trump's statements described sexual assault.

On October 7, Trump released a video statement: "I said it, I was wrong, and I apologize." He also called the development a distraction and attempted to deflect attention to the Clintons, especially Bill Clinton's sexual scandals from the 1990s. He has been called to drop out of the presidential race by Republican critics.

During the second debate, Anderson Cooper asked Trump if he understood that his statements bragged about sexually assaulting women. Cooper used the Justice Department's sexual assault definition to include "any type of sexual contact or behavior that occurs without the explicit consent of the recipient." Although Trump failed to deny that his statements described sexual assault, he claimed the comments were merely "locker room talk", then, after being asked three times whether he had ever kissed or groped any person without consent, he said "no I have not". Several of his subsequent accusers said this was the moment that motivated them to come public.

Allegations of unwanted physical contact

In May 2016, The New York Times published the article "Crossing the Line: How Donald Trump Behaved with Women in Private". For the article, Times reporters Michael Barbaro and Megan Twohey conducted 50 interviews with women who had known Trump socially, during their professional career, or while modeling or competing for a beauty pageant title.

Their accounts — many relayed here in their own words — reveal unwelcome romantic advances, unending commentary on the female form, a shrewd reliance on ambitious women, and unsettling workplace conduct, according to the interviews, as well as court records and written recollections. The interactions occurred in his offices at Trump Tower, at his homes, at construction sites and backstage at beauty pageants. They appeared to be fleeting, unimportant moments to him, but they left lasting impressions on the women who experienced them.

There were also women, some of whom worked for Trump, interviewed for the story who said they had not received unwanted advances and "they had never known Mr. Trump to objectify women or treat them with disrespect". Jill Martin, a vice president and assistant counsel at the company, said that Trump was supportive of her and her role as a mother. Laura Kirilova Chukanov, a Bulgarian immigrant and 2009 Miss USA pageant contestant, said that he helped her make connections for a documentary that she was working on about her home country.

Natasha Stoynoff, Mindy McGillivray, Jessica Leeds, and Rachel Crooks spoke out about their allegations in October 2016 after hearing Trump deny during the debate that he had ever assaulted women. The Times stated that they verified the stories with friends and family members of the accusers to ensure that the stories had been relayed to them earlier.

Jessica Leeds

In the early 1980s, Leeds was a businesswoman at a paper company on a flight from the Midwest, returning to New York. A flight attendant offered her an empty seat in the first-class cabin next to Trump. Leeds described how, about 45 minutes after takeoff, Trump lifted the armrest and began to touch her, grabbed her breasts, and tried to put his hand up her skirt. "He was like an octopus," she said. "His hands were everywhere. It was an assault." Leeds said she had written an article to the editor of The New York Times.

Trump spokesman Jason Miller responded to the allegation calling it "fiction." Two campaign sources said Trump's lawyers were drafting a lawsuit against the Times for publishing the story.

Kristin Anderson

On October 14, The Washington Post reported accounts by Kristin Anderson that Trump groped her beneath her skirt in a Manhattan nightclub in the early 1990s. An aspiring model at the time of the incident, Anderson related her experience to friends, and decided to come forward after reading accounts of other women who had done so. Anderson believed that the incident occurred at the China Club, a Manhattan nightclub that Newsday referred to as "Donald's Monday-night nest" due to his alleged habit of picking up women there.

Temple Taggart McDowell

Temple Taggart McDowell, Miss Utah USA in 1997, publicly accused Trump of unwanted kisses and embraces that left McDowell and one of her chaperones so uncomfortable that she was instructed not to be left in a room alone with him again. If that seemed like a possibility, a chaperone would accompany her. At the time, McDowell was 21 and was known as Temple Taggart. This incident occurred in Trump's first year of ownership of the Miss USA contest.

McDowell told her story initially to The New York Times in May 2016 which was published in the "Crossing the Line: How Donald Trump Behaved With Women in Private" article. She had not intended to speak publicly about the incidents again, but she received numerous calls recently due to the "Crossing the Line" article and felt, as a mother, that it is important to share a message about unwanted advances: "You have the right to say no. You have the right to get out of there. You have the right to leave, and you have the right to make them feel uncomfortable if they're making you feel uncomfortable," she said. Trump stated that he does not know her and denied McDowell's claims. He also told The New York Times that he is "reluctant to kiss strangers on the lips."

Mindy McGillivray

In an article by The Palm Beach Post, McGillivray stated that in January 2003, when she was 23 years old, she was groped by Trump at his Mar-a-Lago estate. She said, "All of a sudden I felt a grab, a little nudge. I think it's camera bag, that was my first instinct. I turn around and there's Donald. He sort of looked away quickly." Davidoff, a photographer, corroborated McGillivray's account, saying he remembered her pulling him aside moments after the alleged incident to say "Donald just grabbed my ass!"

McGillivray said that she "chose to stay quiet" and never reported the incident to authorities. She had only shared details of the incident with close family and friends until she heard Trump deny such behavior during the second presidential debate on October 9, 2016. Hope Hicks, Trump's press secretary, stated that McGillivray's allegations lacked "any merit or veracity" and were untruthful.

Rachel Crooks

In 2005, Rachel Crooks was a 22-year-old receptionist at Bayrock Group, a real estate investment and development company in Trump Tower in Manhattan. She says she encountered Trump in an elevator in the building one morning and turned to introduce herself. They shook hands, but Mr. Trump would not let go. Instead, he began kissing her cheeks, then directly on the mouth. "It was so inappropriate," Crooks recalled in an interview. "I was so upset that he thought I was so insignificant that he could do that." Her story was printed by The New York Times, along with that of Jessica Leeds. Trump has categorically disputed Crooks' claims.

Natasha Stoynoff

Canadian author and journalist Natasha Stoynoff, who wrote for People magazine and, previously, the Toronto Star and Toronto Sun, went to Trump's Florida estate in December 2005 to interview him and his wife, Melania. While there, Trump gave Stoynoff a tour of the Mar-a-Lago estate and when in a "tremendous" room, she says that he pushed her against a wall and forced his tongue into her mouth.

Stoynoff described the alleged episode, "We walked into that room alone, and Trump shut the door behind us. I turned around, and within seconds he was pushing me against the wall and forcing his tongue down my throat ... I was stunned. And I was grateful when Trump's longtime butler burst into the room a minute later, as I tried to unpin myself." Stoynoff composed herself and conducted the interview, after which she said Trump repeatedly told her, "We're going to have an affair, I'm telling you." Melania was also interviewed for that article.

Trump sent out a tweet on October 13, 2016, in which he said it had not happened and wondered why she had not mentioned the event in her People article of 2005. Stoynoff responded that she had become angry when Trump denied assaulting women during the presidential debate and was triggered by the release of the Access Hollywood recording in early October. Until that point she had conflicting emotions, which is common among victims of assault. Stoynoff was also embarrassed and confused. J.D. Heyman, People's deputy editor, said: "It was disorienting for her. She felt a great deal of worry and distress about it. Then she felt angry."

That same day, Melania's lawyer demanded an apology from People magazine, stating that Melania did not say some or all of what was quoted in the People article by Stoynoff.

Summer Zervos

Summer Zervos was a contestant on the fifth season of The Apprentice, which filmed in 2005 and aired in 2006. After she contacted Trump about a job after the show's completion, he invited her to meet him at the Beverly Hills Hotel. Zervos stated that Trump was sexually suggestive during their meeting, kissing her open-mouthed, groping her breasts, and thrusting his genitals on her. She also stated that his behavior was aggressive and not consensual. Zervos is being represented by attorney Gloria Allred.

Unnamed friend of CNN anchor Erin Burnett

In 2010, an unnamed woman was kissed in a Trump Tower boardroom. She said, "Trump took Tic Tacs, suggested I take them also. He then leaned in, catching me off guard, and kissed me almost on lips. I was really freaked out." She was invited by Trump into his office. She and Trump were alone in the office when he made further advances, giving her his cell phone number, telling her she was special, and asking her to call him. The woman said that she "ran the hell out of there". It was mentioned on air by Erin Burnett, a friend of this woman, in October 2016.

Cassandra Searles

Rolling Stone and NPR have reported that Cassandra Searles, Miss Washington USA of 2013, was fondled by Trump during the Miss USA pageant of that year. Yahoo!News published an article in June 2016 stating that Searles had made Facebook postings that accused Trump of making unwanted advances. She said that he was "continually" groping her buttocks and had asked her to go "to his hotel room". Searles also asserted that Trump had "treated us like cattle." Trump and his campaign have not responded to Searles' allegations.

Allegations of pageant dressing room visits

Trump owned the Miss Universe franchise, which includes Miss USA and Miss Teen USA, from 1996 to 2015. Contestants of the shows have alleged that, during his tenure, Trump would enter the dressing rooms while they were in various stages of undress. Former Miss Arizona Tasha Dixon mentioned such an incident in 2001 at the Miss USA contest.

Trump allegedly entered the dressing room of the Miss Teen USA pageants while the girls were dressing. The youngest contestants were 15 years old. He told the girls, "Don't worry, ladies, I've seen it all before."

During a Howard Stern interview in 2005, Trump described his practice of walking in unannounced while beauty pageant contestants were naked or partially clothed:

No men are anywhere. And I'm allowed to go in because I'm the owner of the pageant. And therefore I'm inspecting it ... Is everyone OK? You know, they're standing there with no clothes. And you see these incredible-looking women. And so I sort of get away with things like that ... I'll go backstage before a show, and everyone's getting dressed and ready and everything else.

Mariah Billado

Mariah Billado, Miss Vermont Teen USA, is one of four women to mention such a dressing room visit incident in 1997. Billado said of the visit: "I remember putting on my dress really quick, because I was like, 'Oh my god, there's a man in here.' Trump, she recalled, said something like, 'Don't worry, ladies, I've seen it all before.'" There were also eleven girls who said that they did not see Trump enter the dressing room, which had 51 stations for the contestants, some said it was possible that he entered while they were somewhere else, or that they didn’t notice. When Billado talked to Ivanka, Trump's daughter, she said "Yeah, he does that." There was no comment by the Trump campaign.

Bridget Sullivan

In 2000, Bridget Sullivan was Miss New Hampshire USA. As she prepared for a television broadcast, Trump walked into the dressing room. She told BuzzFeed that he was coming to wish the contestants good luck, but they "were all naked". Some contestants that night do not remember him entering while the ladies prepared and other contestants mentioned that they had only had not had negative experiences with Trump. A spokesman for Trump said that Sullivan's claims were "totally false".

Tasha Dixon

Tasha Dixon, Miss Arizona USA 2001, told a CBC affiliate in Los Angeles that in 2001, " just came strolling right in. There was no second to put a robe on or any sort of clothing or anything. Some girls were topless, other girls were naked." She said that having been walked on when the women had little or no clothes put them in a "very physically vulnerable position, and then to have the pressure of the people that work for him telling us to go fawn all over him, go walk up to him, talk to him ..." Trump's response, provided through spokeswoman Jessica Ditto, is that: "These accusations have no merit and have already been disproven by many other individuals who were present," Ditto adds that she believes that there is a political motivation behind the accusation.

Other

An unnamed Miss USA contestant said that in 2001 Trump walked into her dressing room unannounced while she and another contestant were undressed. She told The Guardian that Trump "just barged right in, didn't say anything, stood there and stared at us .... He didn't walk in and say, 'Oh, I'm so sorry, I was looking for someone.' He walked in, he stood and he stared. He was doing it because he knew that he could." Another contestant told The Guardian that the contestant spoke to others of this event at the time.

Reactions to 2016 allegations

Comparisons to past behavior

In response to the May 2016 New York Times article, Lisa Bloom pointed to research indicating that "en who objectify women are more likely to become perpetrators of sexual violence, just as one with a long history of overtly racist comments is more likely to commit a hate crime." Research with similar observations has been presented by the American Psychological Association and Public Health Watch. The Economist drew similar parallels after the October allegations. On October 13, a transcript from a 1994 American Broadcasting Company interview was unearthed where Trump states "I tell friends who treat their wives magnificently, get treated like crap in return, 'Be rougher and you’ll see a different relationship.'"

Shaun R. Harper, executive director of the Penn Graduate Center for Education, has said that "many men talk like Donald Trump", objectifying women and saying offensive things about them; he puts Trump in a class of men whose behavior sometimes includes sexual assault and degrading women. NPR reported that Trump has exhibited questionable behavior in his treatment of women for some time, using offensive language to describe women including Megyn Kelly, Rosie O'Donnell, and former Miss Universe Alicia Machado. He has also spoken in a sexist manner, such as his statement in a 1991 Esquire Magazine interview that it "doesn't really matter what (the media) write as long as you've got a young and beautiful piece of ass."

Trump campaign reactions

Leeds's and Crooks's allegations, published by The New York Times on October 13, were disputed by Trump's campaign as having "no merit or veracity". The campaign alleged that the Times had a vendetta against Trump. The Trump campaign issued this statement through its spokesman:

This entire article is fiction, and for The New York Times to launch a completely false, coordinated character assassination against Mr. Trump on a topic like this is dangerous. To reach back decades in an attempt to smear Mr. Trump trivializes sexual assault, and it sets a new low for where the media is willing to go in its efforts to determine this election. It is absurd to think that one of the most recognizable business leaders on the planet with a strong record of empowering women in his companies would do the things alleged in this story, and for this to only become public decades later in the final month of a campaign for president should say it all. Further, the Times story buries the pro-Clinton financial and social media activity on behalf of Hillary Clinton's candidacy, reinforcing that this truly is nothing more than a political attack. This is a sad day for the Times.

— Jason Miller, Trump spokeman

Trump's attorneys demanded a retraction of the Times article and an apology for what they said was a "libelous article" designed to destroy Trump's run for president. David McCraw, assistant general counsel for the Times, responded on October 13, 2016, to the libel claims from Trump's attorney. He stated that Trump's reputation is damaged and "could not be further affected" due to his own statements, like those he made on the Howard Stern show. McCraw continues, "it would have been a disservice not just to our readers but to democracy itself to silence voices." In response to the request to retract the story, McCraw said, "We decline to do so" and stated that Trump was free to pursue the matter in court.

Trump's campaign staff also stated that the Stoynoff and McGillivray accusations were without merit. Regarding the number of accusations that have been reported in the media, Trump claims that "corporate media" are "political, special interest, no different than any lobbyist or other financial entity with a total political agenda."

#WhyWomenDontReport

The hashtag #WhyWomenDontReport started trending on Twitter in response to the Trump campaign's attacks on the credibility of the accusers. Many Twitter users and members of the media disputed the claim that the timing of the allegations during the presidential campaign has a bearing on how likely the events were. The range of reasons given for why women are reluctant to report sexual assault immediately included fear of reprisals, fear no one will believe, low likelihood of justice, and the traumatic experience of having to be reminded of the event. Liz Plank points out that Trump's accusers are now experiencing all of these factors since coming forward. Civil rights lawyer Debra Katz points out that high-profile cases tend to encourage victims to speak up, even years later. Tom Tremblay, a police specialist in sexual assault, says: "Victims may wait days, weeks, months, years, decades ... When one victim comes forward, it's not at all uncommon to see other victims come forward, who are thinking, 'Well, they came forward; now it’s not just my word.'" Susan Dominus hopes this backlash against Trump will lead to more people believing women's stories in the future.

Notes

1. Grabbing someone's vulva without consent is considered sexual assault in most jurisdictions in the United States. Trump and some of his supporters claim that Trump was not saying he committed a sexual assault, or asserted that groping is not sexual assault. Journalist Emily Crockett says that this is further evidence of a trend to minimize sexual assaults against women. John Banzhaf, a George Washington University public interest law professor, stated that while "if Trump suddenly and without any warning reached out and grabbed a woman's crotch or breast, it would rather clearly constitute sexual assault", Trump's remarks may imply consent, pointing to Trump's statement "and when you're a star, they let you do it. You can do anything".

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• Controversies of the United States presidential election, 2016
• Donald Trump controversies
• October 2016 events in the United States
• Political sex scandals in the United States
• Sexual assaults in the United States
• Violence against women in the United States