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| ] is the largest living bird.]] | |||
| The largest living ], a member of the ], is the ] (''Struthio camelus''), from the plains of ] and ]. A large male ostrich can reach a height of 2.8 m (9.2 ft) and weigh over 156 kg (345 lb).<ref name="birding"> records</ref> A mass of 200 kg (440 lb) has been cited for the ostrich but no wild ostriches of this massive weight have been verified.<ref>. avianmedicine.net</ref> Eggs laid by the Ostrich can weigh 1.4 kg (3 lb) and are the largest eggs in the world today. | |||
| The largest bird in the fossil record may be the extinct ]s (''Aepyornis'') of Madagascar, which were related to the ]. They exceeded 3 m (10 ft) in height and 500 kg (1,120 lb).<ref name = "Wood"/> The last of the elephant birds became extinct about 300 years ago. Of almost exactly the same upper proportions as the largest elephant birds was '']'' of ], part of a 26,000-year-old group called ]s of the family ].<ref>Murray, Peter F.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (2004). ''Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime''. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34282-9</ref> The largest carnivorous bird was '']'', an extinct flightless bird from ] which reached a weight of 350 to 400 kg (770 to 880 lb) and a height of about 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in).<ref>Alvarenga, H.; Chiappe, L.; Bertelle, S. (2011-05-03), ''Phorusrhacids: the Terror Birds'', in Dyke, G.; Kaiser, G., Living Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary History of Modern Birds, Wiley, pp. 187–208, ISBN 978-0-470-65666-2</ref> The tallest bird ever however was the ] (''Dinornis maximus''), part of the moa family of ] that went ] about 200 years ago. This moa stood up to 3.7 m (12 ft) tall,<ref name=birding/> but weighed about half as much as a large elephant bird or ] due to its comparatively slender frame.<ref name = "Wood"/> | |||
| The largest bird ever capable of flight was '']'', a now extinct member of the ] group found in Argentine fossil beds, with a wingspan up to 8.3 m (28 ft), a length of up to 3.5 m (11 ft), a height on the ground of up to 2 m (6.6 ft) and a body weight of at least 80 kg (176 lb).<ref name = "Wood"/><ref>{{cite doi|10.1073/pnas.0702040104 }}</ref> | |||
| == Table of heaviest living birds == | |||
| The following is a list of the heaviest living bird species. These species are almost all flightless, which allows for these particular birds to have denser bones and heavier bodies. Flightless birds comprise less than 2% of all living bird species. One flying species, the corpulent ], ranks on the list. | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |- | |||
| ! Rank | |||
| ! Animal | |||
| ! Average mass<br /> | |||
| ! Maximum mass<br /> | |||
| ! Average total length<br /> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 1 || ] || 104 (230)<ref name= Davies/> || 156.8 (346)<ref name= Davies/> || 210 (6.9)<ref name= Handbook1>del Hoyo, et al., ''Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks''. Lynx Edicons (1992), ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 2 || ] || 45 (99)<ref name= Davies/> || 85 (190)<ref>Christopher P. Kofron (1999). ''Attacks to humans and domestic animals by the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii) in Queensland, Australia''. Journal of Zoology, 249, pp 375–381</ref> || 155 (5.1)<ref name= Davies/> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 3 || ] || 44 (97)<ref name= Davies/> || 75 (170)<ref name= Davies/> || 149 (4.9)<ref name= Handbook1/> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 4 || ] || 33 (73)<ref name= Davies/><ref name="CRC"/> || 70 (150)<ref>. gov.ns.ca</ref> || 153 (5)<ref name= Davies/> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 5 || ] || 31.5 (69)<ref name= Handbook1/><ref name= Penguin>Marion, Remi, ''Penguins: A Worldwide Guide''. Sterling Publishing Co. (1999), ISBN 0-8069-4232-0</ref> || 46 (100)<ref name= Handbook1/> || 114 (3.7)<ref name= Handbook1/> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 6 || ] || 23 (51)<ref name="CRC"/> || 40 (88)<ref name= Handbook1/> || 134 (4.4)<ref name= Davies/> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 7 || ] || 19.7 (43)<ref name= Davies/> || 34 (75)<ref name= Davies/> || 105 (3.4)<ref name="ref141">. (2009-04-09)</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 8 || ] || 19.6 (43)<ref name= Davies/> || 28.6 (63)<ref name= Davies/> || 96 (3.2)<ref name= Handbook1/> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 9 || ] || 13.6 (30)<ref name= Handbook1/><ref name = Penguin/> || 20 (44)<ref>. Authorstream.com (2009-03-31)</ref> || 92 (3)<ref name="theanimalfiles">. The Animal Files</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 10 || ] || 11.5 (25)<ref name= Handbook1/> || 15 (33)<ref>. Robertotoole.com (2011-02-28)</ref> || 170 (5.6)<ref name= Handbook1/> | |||
| |} | |||
| == Ratites == | |||
| * ] | |||
| **The largest ratites and the largest living ], a member of the ], is the ] (''Struthio camelus''), from the plains of ] and ]. A large male ostrich can reach a height of 2.8 m (9.2 ft) and weigh over 156 kg (345 lb).<ref name="birding"> records</ref> A mass of 200 kg (440 lb) has been cited for the ostrich but no wild ostriches of this massive weight have been verified.<ref>. avianmedicine.net</ref> Eggs laid by the Ostrich can weigh 1.4 kg (3 lb) and are the largest eggs in the world today. | |||
| **The largest bird in the fossil record may be the extinct ]s (''Aepyornis'') of Madagascar, which were related to the ]. They exceeded 3 m (10 ft) in height and 500 kg (1,120 lb).<ref name = "Wood"/> The last of the elephant birds became extinct about 300 years ago. Of almost exactly the same upper proportions as the largest elephant birds was The tallest bird ever however was the ] (''Dinornis maximus''), part of the moa family of ] that went ] about 200 years ago. This moa stood up to 3.7 m (12 ft) tall,<ref name=birding/> but weighed about half as much as a large elephant bird or ] due to its comparatively slender frame.<ref name = "Wood"/> | |||
| ] is the biggest of the living birds of prey]] | |||
| == Birds of prey == | |||
| * ] | |||
| **The largest ] species is the ] (''Aegypius monachus''), attaining a maximum size of 14 kg (31 lb), 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long and 3.1 m (10 ft) across the wings.<ref name = "Raptors">Christie, David A. & Ferguson-Lee, James, ''Raptors of the World''. Princeton University Press (2006), ISBN 978-0-691-12684-5</ref> Other vultures can be nearly as large, with the ] (''Gyps himalayensis'') reaching lengths up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) thanks in part to its long neck.<ref>. Oiseaux-birds.com</ref> | |||
| **The largest living eagle (the larger varieties of active-hunting raptors) is a source of contention, with the ] (''Pithecophaga jefferyi''), at up to 1.12 m (3.7 ft), being the longest. The ] (''Haliaeetus pelagicus'') of Asia's North Pacific, at unconfirmed weights of up to 12.7 kg (28 lb) and an average weight of 6.7 kg (15 lb), is regarded as the heaviest eagle. The ] (''Harpia harpyja'') of the neotropical forests is the often cited as the | |||
| **largest eagle, as well, and captive females have weighed up to 12.3 kg (27 lb).<ref name = "Wood"/> The longest-winged eagle ever was an Australian ] (''Aquila audax'') at 2.83 m (9.3 ft), though this species is not as large as the previous species. The ] (''Aquila chrysaetos'') is barely smaller winged, with the Himalayan subspecies recorded to 2.77 m (9.1 ft).<ref name = "Wood"/> The Harpy and Philippine Eagles, due to having to navigate in deep forest, are relatively short-winged, and do not exceed 2 m (6.6 ft) or 2.2 m (7.2 ft), respectively, in wingspan.<ref name = "Wood"/> The longest bird ] (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'') from North America {{convert|70|–|102|cm|in|sp=us}}. Typical wingspan is between {{convert|1.8|and|2.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} and mass is normally between {{convert|3|and|6.3|kg|lb|sp=us}}.<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/> Females are about 25% larger than males, averaging {{convert|5.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and against the males' average weight of {{convert|4.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=hbw>del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). '']'' Vol. 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona ISBN 84-87334-15-6.</ref><ref name=b1/><ref name=r1>{{cite web|url=http://www.eagles.org/moreabout.html |title=Bald Eagle Facts and Information |publisher=Eagles.org|accessdate=2008-11-03| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080730055210/http://www.eagles.org/moreabout.html| archivedate = July 30, 2008}}</ref><ref name=b2>Dunning, Jr., J.B., ed. (1993). ''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses''. CRC Press, Ann Arbor.</ref> The now extinct ] (''Harpagornis moorei''), which existed alongside early ] people in New Zealand, was easily the largest eagle known and perhaps the largest raptor ever. Adult female Haast's were estimated to average up to 1.4 m (4.6 ft) long, a 15 kg (33 lb) body weight and a relatively short 3 m (10 ft) wingspan.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_39-1992/Notornis_39_4_239.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061108034612/http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_39-1992/Notornis_39_4_239.pdf|archivedate=2006-11-08|title=Notes on the weight, flying ability, habitat, and prey of Haast's Eagle (Harpagornis moorei)|year=1992|author=Brathwaite, D. H.|journal=Notornis|volume=39|issue=4|pages=239–247}}</ref> | |||
| ]s, which are the largest waterfowl on earth.]] | |||
| == Waterfowl == | |||
| * ] | |||
| **The largest species in general is the ] (''Cygnus buccinator'') of Northern North America, which can reach an overall length of 1.82 m (6 ft), a wingspan of 3.1 m (10 ft) and a weight of 17.3 kg (38 lb).<ref>Price, Christopher ed., ''Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds''. Firefly Books (2003), ISBN 1-55297-777-3</ref> However, as is commonly the case in more widespread and physically variable birds occasionally outsizing their larger-on-average cousins, the heaviest waterfowl ever recorded was a cob ] (''Cygnus olor'') from Poland, which weighed 23 kg (50 lb) and was allegedly too heavy to take flight.<ref name = "Wood"/> | |||
| **The members of the previously mentioned ] are now classified as members of this order, making them the largest "]" that ever lived. | |||
| == Swifts and allies == | |||
| * ] | |||
| **The largest species are the ] (''Streptoprocne semicollaris''), endemic to southern Mexico, and the ] (''Hirundapus celebensis''), of the Philippine islands. Both reach similar large sizes, at up to 225 g (8 oz), more than 0.6 m (2.0 ft) across the wings and 25 cm (10 in) in length.<ref>Chantler, Phil, ''Swifts: A Guide to the Swifts and Treeswifts of the World''. Pica Press (1993), ISBN 978-0-300-07936-4</ref> | |||
| **The ]s are also traditionally included in this order, the largest species of which is easily the ] (''Patagona gigas'') of the Andes Mountains. "Giant" is a relative term among the hummingbirds, the smallest-bodied variety of birds, and this species weighs up to 24 g (0.85 oz) at a length of 23 cm (9.1 in).<ref>Fjeldsa, Jon; Krabbe, Niels (1990). ''Birds of the High Andes''. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. p. 876.</ref> | |||
| **The longest hummingbird species, indeed the longest in the order, is the adult male ] (''Lesbia victoriae''), which can measure up to 25.5 cm (10.0 in), but a majority of this length is due to the extreme tail streamers. Another size champion among hummingbirds is the ], a fairly large species in which about half of its 21 cm (8.3 in) length is from its bill (easily the largest bill-to-body-size ratio of any bird).<ref>Ridgely, Robert S., ''The Birds of Ecuador, Vol. 2: Field Guide''. Cornell University Press (2001), ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7</ref> | |||
| ] is, overall, the largest member of the order ].]] | |||
| == Nightjars and allies == | |||
| * ] | |||
| **The largest species of this order of nocturnal, mysterious birds is the neotropical ] (''Nycitbius grandis''), the maximum size of which is about 680 g (1.5 lb) and 60 cm (2 ft). Heavier specimens have been recorded in the bulky Australian ] (''Podargus strigoides'') species, especially juvenile birds, which can weigh up to 1.4 kg (3.1 lb). Other species nearly as large as the potoo are the ] (''Podargus papuensis'') of New Guinea and the neotropic, cave-dwelling ] (''Steatornis caripensis''), both at up to 48 cm (19 in). | |||
| **The largest species in the true ] family, the ] (''Eurostopodus macrotis'') of East Asia, is rather smaller at up to 150 grams (5.3 oz) and 41 cm (16 in).<ref>Cleere, Nigel, ''Nightjars: A Guide to the Nightjars, Nighthawks, and Their Relatives''. Yale University Press (1998), ISBN 978-0-300-07457-4</ref> The wingspan in the Great Potoo and the Oilbird can be more than 1 m (3.3 ft), the largest of the order.<ref>. En.caiman.com.br (2010-12-06).</ref><ref>. Oiseaux-birds.com.</ref> | |||
| == Shorebirds == | |||
| * ] | |||
| **The largest species in this diverse order is the ] (''Larus marinus'') of the North Atlantic, attaining a size of as much as 0.79 m (2.6 ft), a wingspan of 1.7 m (5.6 ft) and weighing up to 2.3 kg (5.1 lb). The ] (''L. hyperboreus'') is, on average, somewhat smaller than the Black-back but has been weighed at as much as 2.7 kg (5.9 lb).<ref name="CRC"/><ref>Howell, Steven N.G. & Dunn, Jon, ''Peterson Reference Guides: Gulls of the Americas''. Hougton Mifflin Harcourt (2007), ISBN 0-618-72641-1</ref> | |||
| ** Among the most prominent family of "small waders", the ]s reach their maximum size in the ] (''Numenius madagascariensis'') at up to 0.66 m (2.2 ft) and 1.1 m (3.6 ft) across the wings, although the more widespread ] (''N. arquata'') can weigh up to 1.36 kg (3.0 lb).<ref>Brazil, Mark, ''Birds of East Asia''. Christopher Helm Ornithology (2009), ISBN 978-0-7136-7040-0</ref><ref>. birdfellow.com</ref> | |||
| **Less variable in size, the ]s largest species is the Australasian ] (''Vanellus miles'') at up to 0.4 m (1.3 ft) long, a 0.85 m (2.8 ft) wingspan and a weight of 400 g (14 oz).<ref>. Oiseaux-birds.com.</ref> The terns, previously considered members of the gull family, are usually slender and dainty-looking in comparison but the largest species, the widely distributed ] (''Hydroprogne caspia''), is quite large and heavily built. Caspians can range up to 782 g (1.72 lb), a 1.4 m (4.6 ft) wingspan and 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in length.<ref>. Birdsinbackyards.net (2005-08-21)</ref><ref>. msue.msu.edu</ref> The ]s | |||
| **largest skimmers ] (''Rynchops niger'') from North and South America {{convert|40|–|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|107|–|127|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan.<ref> (2011).</ref> This species ranges from {{convert|212|to|447|g|oz|abbr=on}}, with males averaging about {{convert|349|g|oz|abbr=on}}, as compared to the smaller female’s {{convert|254|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "CRC">''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses'' by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.</ref> | |||
| **largest extant member is the sub-Arctic ] (''Uria lomvia''), which can range up to 1.48 kg (3.3 lb), a length of 0.48 m (1.6 ft) and a small wingspan of 0.76 m (2.5 ft).<ref>. Nhptv.org.</ref> However, until its extinction at mankind's hands, the flightless ] (''Pinguinus impennis'') of the North Atlantic, was both the largest alcid and the largest member of the order. Great auks could range up to 6.8 kg (15 lb) and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) tall.<ref>Fuller, Errol, ''Great Auk''. Harry N. Abrams (1999), ISBN 978-0-8109-6391-7.</ref> | |||
| == Herons and allies == | |||
| * ] | |||
| **The ]s are still generally considered a member of this order,<ref>American Ornithologists' Union (2010)</ref> although the inclusion is dubious at best.<ref>Remsen ''et al.'' (2008)</ref> If they are included, the largest species in the order, if measured in regard to body weight and wingspan, is the ] (''Vultur gryphus'') of western South America. The great bird can reach a wingspan of 3.2 m (10.7 ft)<ref name=birding/> and a weight of 15 kg (33 lb).<ref>. ARKive</ref> | |||
| **The longest-bodied and tallest species in the order is probably the slender, towering ] of Africa (''Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis''), which often exceeds 1.5 m (5 ft) tall and has a wingspan of up to 2.7 m (8.9 ft).<ref>. Oiseaux-birds.com.</ref> Reaching a similar or slightly shorter height but more heavily built among the ]s are the neotropical ] (''Jabiru mycteria''), the Asian ] (''Leptoptilos dubius'') and the African ] (''L. crumeniferus''), all of which are believed to weigh up to 8 to 9 kg (18 to 20 lb). The latter two species, the Great Adjutant & the Marabou, at least nearly equals the Andean condor in maximum wingspan. All three are believed to exceptionally reach or exceed 3.16 m (10.5 ft) and are regarded as having the largest wingspan of any landbirds (that is species who live over land as opposed to tied to the sea or wetlands).<ref name="Wood"/> Standing up to 1.53 m (5.0 ft), with a wingspan of up to 2.3 m (7.5 ft) and a weight up to 5 kg (11 lb) is the African ] (''Ardea goliath''), the largest of the diverse and well-known herons and egrets. The White-bellied Heron (''A. insignis'') is generally smaller, but gigantic, unverified juveniles have been reported to 8.5 kg (18.8 lb) and 1.58 m (5.2 ft).<ref>The Bhutan Observer The Independent Voice (August 29th 2008)</ref> Many of the largest flying birds in the fossil record may have been members of the Ciconiiformes. This may include the | |||
| **The largest ibises either bird are ] (''Thaumatibis gigantea'') the largest of the world's ibises. Adults are reportedly 102–106 cm (40–42 in) long, with an upright standing height of up to {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} and are estimated to weigh about 4.2 kg (9.3 lbs).<ref name= Arkive/> Among standard measurements, the ] is {{convert|52.3|-|57|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the ] is {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the ] is {{convert|11|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the ] is {{convert|20.8|-|23.4|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The adults have overall dark grayish-brown plumage with a naked, greyish head and upper neck. There are dark bands across the back of the head and shoulder area and the pale silvery-grey wing tips also have black crossbars. The beak is yellowish-brown, the legs are orange, and the eyes are dark red. Juveniles have short black feathers on the back of the head down to the neck, shorter bills and brown eyes.<ref name= Arkive/> having this ] (''Nipponia nippon'') of Japan is a large (up to 78.5 cm long), white-plumaged ] of ] forests. Its head is partially bare, showing red skin, and it has a dense crest of white plumes on the ]. This species is the only member of the genus ''Nipponia''. | |||
| **largest flying bird ever, '']'', which is part of a group, the ]s, that are considered an ally of the New World vultures.<ref>Miller, Loye H. (1909): ''Teratornis, a new avian genus from Rancho La Brea''. University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology 5: 305–317.</ref> | |||
| == Other == | |||
| *'''Mousebirds''' (]) | |||
| :The mousebirds of Africa are remarkably uniform, but the largest species is seemingly the ] (''Colius striatus''), at 2 oz (60 g) and over 14 in (35 cm).<ref>. Mousebirds.com</ref> | |||
| ] is the largest living pigeon.]] | |||
| *'''Pigeons''' (]) | |||
| **The largest species of the pigeon/dove complex is the ] (''Goura victoria'') of Northern New Guinea, although the other ]s approach similar sizes. Some exceptionally large Victoria Crowneds have reached 3.7 kg (8.2 lb) and 85 cm (34 in). The largest arboreal pigeon is the ] (''Ducula galeata''), which is up to about 0.8 m (2.6 ft) across the wings and can weigh 1 kg (2.2 lb).<ref>Gibbs, David, ''Pigeons and Doves''. A&C Black (2001), ISBN 978-1-873403-60-0</ref> 3 flightless birds found on islands off of East Africa are the The largest extinct pigeons and doves ] (''Ectopistes migratoritus'') of North America The average weight of these pigeons was 340–400 g (12–14 oz) and, per ]'s account, length was 42 cm (16.5 in) in males and 38 cm (15 in) in females.<ref>. Fins.actwin.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-18.</ref> | |||
| **largest pigeons known to have existed: the ] (''Raphus cucullatus''), which was physically somewhat like an outsized pigeon, the ] (''Pezophaps solitaria''), a brown, long-necked birds that were superficially ]-like. All three species may have exceeded 1 m (3.3 ft) in height. All were carelessly hunted it into extinction by humans and introduced animals. The Dodo is the most frequently crowned as the largest ever pigeon, as it could have weighed as much as 28 kg (62 lb), although recent estimates have indicated that an average wild Dodo would have weighed around 10.2 kg (22.5 lb), scarcely larger than a male turkey.<ref>Vermeij, Geerat J. (2004). ''Nature: An Economic History''. Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691115273</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|21240603}}</ref> If Dodos were this light, the Rodrigues solitaire may have been larger. Some estimates claim tha solitaire was merely swan-sized but others estimate weights of up to 27.8 kg (61.2 lb).<ref>. Internationaldovesociety.com</ref><ref>. DodoSite</ref> | |||
| *'''Kingfishers and allies''' (]) | |||
| **The largest species is the ] (''Bucorvus leadbeateri''), reaching sizes of as much as 6.2 kg (14 lb) and 1.3 m (4.3 ft) in length.<ref>. Oiseaux.net (2009-10-25)</ref> Several arboreal, Asian hornbills can grow very large as well, with the ] (''Buceros bicornis'') weighing to 4 kg (8.8 lb) and the Helmeted Hornbill (''Rhinoplax vigil'') measuring as much as 1.7 m (5.6 ft) in total length.<ref>Alan Kemp, ''The Hornbills: Bucerotiformes''. Oxford University Press (1995), ISBN 978-0-19-857729-4</ref><ref>. ARKive</ref> The larger hornbills have a wingspan of up to 1.83 m (6.0 ft).<ref>. Sandiegozoo.org.</ref> | |||
| **The largest kingfisher overall is the ] (''Megaceryle maxima''), at up to 48 cm (19 in) long and 425 g (15.0 oz), with a large crest and finely spotted white on black upperparts.<ref>. Oiseaux-birds.com</ref> However, the common Australian species, the ] (''Dacelo novaeguineae''), may be heavier still, since individuals exceeding 450 g (1.0 lb) are not uncommon. A kookaburra wingspan can range up to 0.9 m (3.0 ft).<ref>Knowles, Leslie, ''Kingfishers of the World''. Times Edn (1995), ISBN 978-981-204-470-9</ref> | |||
| *'''Cuckoos and allies''' (]) | |||
| **The largest species of this order is the ] (''Corythaeola cristata''), a cousin of the better-known ]s. This species, which can weigh over 1.25 kg (2.8 lb) and measure over 0.74 m (2.4 ft) in length, is rather larger than other ]s. | |||
| **The largest of the cuckoos is the ]n ] (''Scythrops novaehollandiae''), which can range up to a weight of 0.93 kg (2.1 lb), a 1 m (3.3 ft) wingspan and a length of 0.66 m (2.2 ft).<ref>Payne, Robert B., ''The Cuckoos''. Oxford University Press (2005), ISBN 978-0-19-850213-5</ref><ref>. Naturalhistory.org.au (2011-02-10)</ref> | |||
| *'''Falcons''' (]) | |||
| **Many authorities now support the split of falcons from the ], despite similar adaptations, due to the genetic evidence showing they are not closely related.<ref>. Museum.lsu.edu</ref> The largest species of falcon is the ] (''Falco rusticolus''). Large females of this species can range up to 2.1 kg (4.6 lb), span 1.6 m (5.2 ft) across the wings and measure 0.66 m (2.2 ft) long.<ref name="Raptors"/> the largest extinct '']'' was a giant hawk about 8 kilograms that lived in the Antilles, where it was among the top predator. | |||
| *'''Gamebirds''' (]) | |||
| **The heaviest member of this diverse order is the North American ] (''Meleagris gallopavo''). The largest specimen ever recorded was shot in 2002, and weighed 16.85 kg (37.1 lb) and 1.44 m (4.7 ft) in total length.<ref>. Nwtf.org</ref> The heaviest ] on record, a very obese bird, weighed 37 kg (81 lb).<ref name=birding/> | |||
| **The longest species, if measured from the tip of the bill to the end of the long tail coverts, is the male ] (''Pavo muticus'') of Southeast Asia, at up to 3 m (10 ft) long. This is the longest overall length for any flying bird, although about two-thirds of the length is comprised by the tail coverts, and this species (to 5 kg (11 lb)) weighs less than its cousin, the ] (''P. cristatus''), at up to 6 kg (13 lb). Although, wingspan is relatively small in most galliformes, both larger peafowl species can span as much as 1.6 m (5.2 ft) across the wings.<ref>. Sandiegozoo.org</ref> | |||
| **The largest member of the ] family is the Eurasian ] (''Tetrao urogallus''), at up to 6.7 kg (15 lb) and 1 m (3 ft). A prehistoric, flightless family, sometimes called (incorrectly) "giant megapodes" ('']'') of New Caledonia were the most massive galliformes ever, having reached 1.7 m (5.6 ft) long and weighed up to about 40 kg (88 lb).<ref>Jones, Darryl & Göth, Ann, ''Mound-Builders (Australian Natural History Series). CSIRO Publishing (2009), ISBN 978-0-643-09345-4</ref> | |||
| *'''Loons''' (]) | |||
| **The largest species on average is the ] (''Gavia adamsii'') of the Arctic, at up to 1 m (3.3 ft) and 7 kg (15.4 lb). However, one exceptionally large North American ] (''Gavia immer''), weighed 8 kg (17.6 lb), heavier than any recorded Yellow-billed Loon. Wingspan in these largest loons can reach 1.52 m (5.0 ft).<ref>. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu (2004-10-06)</ref> | |||
| ], the ] is the heaviest extant flying bird.]] | |||
| *'''Cranes and allies''' (]) | |||
| **The males of the Eurasian ] (''Otis tarda'') and the African ] (''Ardeotis kori'') are the heaviest birds capable of flight, averaging up to 16 kg (35 lb) and weighing 2 to 3 times as much as their female counterparts. It is not resolved if one of these species is larger than the other, but both can reach a weight of at least 21 kg (46 lb)<ref name=birding/> and measure up to 1.53 m (5.0 ft) long.<ref name = "Wood"/><ref>. Scienceblogs.com (April 2010)</ref> Some Kori bustards have been reported from 23 kg (51 lb) to even 40 kg (88 lb), but all such reports are unverified or dubious.<ref>. Ecoport.org (2005-01-17)</ref> | |||
| **The tallest flying bird on earth, also represented in the ], is the ] (''Grus antigone'') of Southern Asia and Australia, which can reach a height of 2 m (6.6 ft).<ref>. gruitag.org</ref> Heavier cranes are reported in other species, the ] (''Grus japonensis'') and the ] (''G. leucogeranus''), both from Northeast Asia and both at up to 15 kg (33 lb), as opposed to a top weight of 12.8 kg (28 lb) in the Sarus.<ref name = "Wood"/><ref name = "CRC">''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses'' by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.</ref><ref>''The Wildlife Year'', The Reader's Digest Association, (1991). ISBN 0-276-42012-8</ref> Wingspan in both the largest cranes and the largest bustards can range up to 2.5–3 m (8.2–10 ft).<ref>. Tumblr.com</ref><ref>. Nationalzoo.si.edu</ref><ref>Sterling, et al., ''Vietnam: A Natural History''. Yale University Press (2006), ISBN 978-0-300-10608-4</ref> | |||
| **The most species-rich family in this order, the ], reaches their largest size in the bulky ] (''Porphyrio hochstetteri'') of New Zealand, an endangered species that can weigh up to 4.2 kg (9.3 lb) and measure 0.65 m (2.1 ft) long.<ref>Taylor, Barry, ''Rails: A Guide to the Rails, Crakes, Gallinules and Coots of the World''. Yale University Press (1998), ISBN 978-0-300-07758-2</ref> The afforement-mentioned "terror bird", '']'', has traditionally been classified as a member of this order, although this may not be an accurate classification. | |||
| ] shares the title of the largest songbird with its common cousin.]] | |||
| *'''Songbirds''' (]) | |||
| **The passerine or songbird order comprises more than half of all bird species, and are known for their generally small size, their strong voices and their frequent perching. ]s are the largest of passerines, particularly the large races of the ] (''Corvus corax'') and the Northeast African ] (''C. crassirostris''). Large ravens can weigh 2 kg (4.4 lb), attain a 1.5 m (5.0 ft) wingspan and measure 0.8 m (2.6 ft) long.<ref>. Oiseaux-birds.com</ref> | |||
| **The closest non-corvid contender to largest size is the Australian ] (''Menura novaehollandiae''), which can reach a length of 1 m (3.3 ft), much of it comprised by their spectacular tail, and a weight of 1 kg (2.2 lb).<ref>Bambaradeniya, et al., ''The Illustrated Atlas of Wildlife''. University of California Press (2009), ISBN 978-0-520-25785-6</ref> | |||
| **The largest species in the most species-rich passerine family, ] or tyrant-flycatchers, is the ] of the South Andes (''Agriornis lividus''), at 99.2 g (3.5 oz) and 31 cm (12 in), although the ] (''Tyrannus savana''), to 41 cm (16 in), is longer thanks to its extreme tail.<ref name = "CRC"/><ref>. eNature</ref> | |||
| **The namesake of the previous family, the ]s, reaches its maximum size in the ] of Southeast Asia (''Cochoa viridis''), if it is indeed a proper member of the family, at up to 122 g (4.3 oz)<ref name = "CRC"/> and a length of 29 cm (11 in). Closely related to the Old World flycatchers and internationally well-known, the ] family's | |||
| **largest representative is the ] of India and Southeast Asia (''Myophonus caeruleus''), at up to 230 g (8.1 oz) and 36 cm (14 in).<ref>. Oiseaux-birds.com</ref> | |||
| **The largest bird family in ] is the ]s. As previously classified these warblers could get fairly large, up to 57 g (2.0 oz) and 28 cm (11 in) in the ] of Southeast Asia (''Megalurus palustris''). The Old World warblers have been split into several families, however, which leaves the ] of central Eurasia (''Sylvia nisoria''), up to 36 g (1.3 oz) and 17 cm (6.7 in), as the largest "true warbler".<ref>''Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 11: Old World Flycatcher's to the Old World Warblers''. Lynx Edicions (2006), ISBN 978-84-96553-06-4</ref> | |||
| **Not to be confused with the previous family, the largest of the well-known ]s is the aberrant ] (''Icteria virens''), which can exceptionally measure up to 22 cm (8.7 in) and weigh 53 g (1.9 oz).<ref>. Allaboutbirds.org</ref><ref>. Tnwatchablewildlife.org</ref> | |||
| **Another large family is the ]s, the largest of which is the south Asian ] (''Pycnonotus zeylanicus''), to 94 g (3.3 oz) and 29 cm (11 in). The diverse, large family of ] can reach 35 cm (14 in) and 170 g (6.0 oz) in the south Asian ] (''Garrulax pectoralis'').<ref>. Zootierliste.de</ref> | |||
| **The familiar domesticated species, the ] (''Padda oryzivora''), is (in the wild) the largest ], at up to 28.3 g (1 oz) and 17 cm (6.7 in).<ref>. Answers.com (2006-05-11)</ref> **The largest ], perhaps the most diverse ]n bird family, is the ] (''Gymnomyza aubryana''), at up to 290 g (10 oz)<ref name = "CRC"/> and 30 cm (12 in). The largest of the ] is the ] (''Mycerobas affinis'') of central and south Asia at up to 23 cm (9.1 in) and 80 g (2.8 oz).<ref>Clement, Peter, ''Finches & Sparrows''. Princeton University Press (1999), ISBN 978-0-691-04878-9</ref> | |||
| **Among the largest bird families, the ], reaches its largest size in the ] (''Pipilo aberti'') of Southwest United States and north Mexico at up to 23 cm (9.1 in) and 80 g (2.8 oz).<ref>Byers, Clive, ''Sparrows and Buntings: A Guide to the sparrows and Buntings of North America and the World''. Houghton Mifflin (1997), ASIN B000ZFNLXS</ref> | |||
| **Closely related to the previous family is the ]s, which can range up to 140 g (4.9 oz) in the Andean-forest-dwelling ] (''Sericossypha albocristata'').<ref name="CRC"/> Another species-rich ] family is the ], **the largest of which, the ] (''Xiphocolaptes major'') of the Amazonian rainforests, can weigh up to 162 g (5.7 oz) and 35 cm (14 in). The specialized ] family can range up to 156 g (5.5 oz) and 35.5 cm (14 in) in the ] (''Batara cinerea'').<ref name = "CRC"/> Among the most variably sized passerine families is the ]s. | |||
| **The largest icterid is the ] (''Psarocolius bifasciatus''), in which males can range up to 52 cm (1.7 ft) and 550 g (1.2 lb).<ref>Hilty, Steven L., ''Birds of Venezuela''. Princeton University Press (2003), ISBN 978-0-691-09250-8</ref> The latter species competes with the similarly sized ] (''Cephalopterus ornatus'') as the largest passerine in ]. are ist ] (''Psarocolius decumanus'') It is a common bird, seen alone or in small flocks foraging in trees for large ]s, ] and some ]. The male is 46 cm long and weighs 300g; the smaller female is 37 cm long and weighs 180g. | |||
| ] is one of the world's largest flying birds.]] | |||
| *'''Cormorants and allies''' (]) | |||
| **The ]s rank amongst the largest flying birds. The largest species of pelican is the Eurasian ] (''Pelecanus crispus''), which attains a length of 1.83 m (6.0 ft) and a body weight of 15 kg (33 lb). The ] (''P. onocrotalus'') of Europe and Africa is nearly as large. The ] (''P. conspicillatus'') is slightly smaller but has the largest bill of any bird, at as much as 49 cm (19 in) long.<ref name="birding"/> A large pelican can attain a wingspan of 3.6 m (11.8 ft), second only to the ]es among all living birds.<ref name="Harrison">Harrison, Peter, ''Seabirds: An Identification Guide''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (1991), ISBN 978-0-395-60291-1</ref> | |||
| **The largest of the ]s is the ] of the Galapagos Islands (''Phalacrocorax harrisi''), at up to 5 kg (11 lb) and 1 m (3.3 ft), although large races in the ] (''P. carbo'') can weigh up to 5.3 kg (12 lb).<ref>. Ecostravel.com</ref><ref>Philip H.R. Stepney. . The Canadian Encyclopedia</ref> The ] of the North Pacific (''P. perspicillatus''), which went extinct around 1850, was larger still, averaging around 6.4 kg (14 lb) and 1.15 m (3.8 ft).<ref>. Calacademy.org</ref> | |||
| **The widely distributed ] is of note for having an extremely large wingspan, up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft), for its relatively light body, at up to only 1.9 kg (4.2 lb).<ref>. Allaboutbirds.org</ref> | |||
| **A family of birds, ] or pseudotooth birds, included several species that were behind only '']'' in size among all flying birds. Characterized by the tooth-like protrusions along their bills, this unique family has been variously allied with the ], the ], the ]s and even the ]. Their true linkage to extant birds remains in question, though pelecaniformes are the group most regularly considered related. Some of the largest pseudotooth birds have included, '']'' of the late ] from the North Pacific, '']'', from the ] era in what is now ] and '']'', from Eocene era Europe. A new, unnamed species has been discovered which may outsize even these giants. Superficially ]-like, each of these pseudotooth species may have attained lengths of 2.1 m (7 ft) long and wingspans of at least 6 m (20 ft). Body mass in these slender birds was probably only up to around 29 kg (64 lb).<ref> Encyclopædia Britannica Online</ref><ref>. Dinosaurs.about.com (2011-06-16)</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1080/02724634.2010.501465}}</ref> | |||
| *'''Flamingos''' (]) | |||
| :The largest flamingo is the ] (''Phoenicopterus ruber'') of Eurasia and Africa. One of the tallest flying birds in existence when standing upright (exceeded only by the tallest ]s), this species typically weighs 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) and stands up to 1.53 m (5.0 ft) tall. However, at maximum size, a male can weigh up to 4.55 kg (10.0 lb) and stand as high as 1.87 m (6.1 ft).<ref>. tourduvalat.org</ref> Wingspan is relatively small in flamingos, but can range up to 1.65 m (5.4 ft).<ref>. Seaworld.org</ref> | |||
| ] is the largest species in the ] order as well as one of the most colorful.]] | |||
| *'''Woodpeckers and allies''' (]) | |||
| **The largest species of this diverse order is the ] (''Ramphastos toco'') of the neotropic forest. Large specimens of this toucan can weigh to 870 g (1.9 lb) and 0.65 m (2.1 ft), at which size the magnificent beak alone could measure about 20 cm (7.9 in).<ref name = "Short">Short, Lester & Horne, Jennifer, ''Toucans, Barbets and Honeyguides (Bird Families of the World)''. Oxford University Press (2002), ISBN 978-0-19-854666-5</ref> are Longest-winged bird ] (''Ramphastos sulfuratus'') from Central America 17 to 22 inches (42–55 cm).<ref>Skutch (1971)</ref> Their large and colorful bill averages around 5–6 in (12–15 cm), about one-third of its length. It typically weighs about 380–500 grams (13.4 oz.–1.1 lbs.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anywherecostarica.com/flora-fauna/bird/keel-billed-toucan |title=Keel-billed Toucan, Costa Rica – information, where to see it, and photos |publisher=Anywherecostarica.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-05}}</ref> | |||
| **The largest woodpecker was, at least until the 20th century, the ] (''Campephilus imperialis'') of ]. This species had a length of up to 0.6 m (2.0 ft) and is generally believed to have gone extinct following habitat destruction and hunting.<ref>. Birdlife.org</ref> The closely related ] (''Campephilus principalis'') of the Southeast United States and Cuba approached similar sizes at up to 0.5 m (1.6 ft), a 0.78 m (2.6 ft) wingspan and a mass of at least 530 g (1.2 lb). Despite possibilities that it has survived in some deep swamp forests in ] or ], the Ivory-billed is generally considered to have succumed to the same man-made pressures as its larger cousin.<ref>. Birds.cornell.edu</ref> Faring better so far, the ] (''Mulleripicus pulverulentus'') of southeast ] is the largest woodpecker certain to exist, with a weight of up to 500 g (1.1 lb) and a length of up to 0.58 m (1.9 ft).<ref>Winkler, et al., ''Woodpeckers: An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World''. Houghton Mifflin (1995), ISBN 978-0-395-72043-1</ref> | |||
| **Less well-known than the woodpeckers and toucans, the ] can range up to 273 g (9.6 oz) and 33 cm (13 in) in the ] (''Megalaima virens'').<ref name = "Short"/> | |||
| *'''Grebes''' (]) | |||
| :The largest species of grebe is the ]n ] (''Podiceps major''). It can reach a length of 0.8 m (2.6 ft), a 1 m (3 ft) wingspan and a weigh of over 2 kg (4.4 lb).<ref>del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal. ''Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 1 Ostrich to Ducks''. ISBN 84-87334-10-5</ref> | |||
| ] is the largest sea bird]] | |||
| *'''Tubenoses''' (]) | |||
| **The largest species is ] (''Diomedea exulans'') of the sub-Antarctica oceans, which also possesses longest wingspan of any living bird. The maximum dimensions in this species are a length of 1.44 m (4.6 ft) and a wingspan of 3.65 m (12.0 ft).<ref name=birding/> Unverified albatross have been reported to 5.3 m (17 ft).<ref name="Wood"/> | |||
| **The ] (''Diomedea epomophora'') lags behind the Wandering only slightly in all aspects of size.<ref name="Harrison"/> These great birds can fly for hours on the ocean winds without flapping or needing to land. Immature wandering albatrosses have weighed as much as 15.9 kg (35 lb) at the time of their first flights, though the maximum reported weigh in adults in 12.7 kg (29 lb).<ref name = "Wood"/> | |||
| *'''Hoatzin''' (]) | |||
| :The ] (''Opisthocomus hoazin''), Hoatzin is a ]-sized South American bird, with a total length of 65 cm (26 in) and a maximum weight of 1 kg (2.2 lb), and has a long neck and small head. It has an unfeathered blue face with ] eyes, and its head is topped by a spiky, rufous crest. The long sooty-brown tail is broadly tipped ]. The upperparts are dark sooty-brown edge | |||
| *'''Parrots''' (]) | |||
| **The largest parrot by length and wingspan is the endangered ] (''Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus'') of the neotropic lowlands, reaching a length of nearly 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long, and a wingspan of 1.4 m (4.6 ft); it weighs only 2 kg (4.4 lb).<ref>. Sarapetstudios.com (2011-10-05)</ref> The heaviest parrot is the nearly extinct ] (''Strigops habroptila''),<ref>{{cite doi|10.1676/1559-4491(2006)1182.0.CO;2}}</ref> which is part of the unique ] family. The strange, flightless kakapo may not exceed 0.68 m (2.2 ft) in length, it can however weigh up to 4.1 kg (9 lb).<ref>Elliott, Greaeme P (2006). . ''Society'' 53(1): 164-172</ref> | |||
| **The largest species in the ] family is the Australasian ] (''Probosciger aterrimus''), at up to 0.6 m (2.0 ft) long and a weight of 1.2 kg (2.6 lb).<ref>Forshaw, Joseph, ''Parrots of the World''. TFH Publications (1978), ISBN 978-0-87666-959-4</ref> | |||
| **The largest macaw ] (''Ara macao'') from Central and South America It is about {{convert|81|cm|in}} long, of which more than half is the pointed, graduated tail typical of all ]s, though the Scarlet Macaw has a larger percentage of tail than the other large Macaws. The average weight is about {{convert|1|kg|lb}} are than bigger parrot ] (''Ara chloropterus'') from South America The ] of the Green-winged macaw can be up to 49 inches (125 cm), with a total body length of 35–37 inches (90–95 cm).{{Citation needed|date= April 2012}} A healthy adult will weigh between 1,250 and 1,700 grams (2.7-3.7 lbs).{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} ] (''Ara ararauna'') Central and South America {{convert|76|to|86|cm|abbr=on}} long and weigh 900 to 1500 grams (1.9 to 3.3 lbs), making it one of the larger members of its family. They are vivid in appearance with blue wings and tail, dark blue chin, golden under parts, and a green forehead. Beaks are black. The naked face is white, turning pink in excited birds, and lined with small black feathers. ] (''Ara militaris'') from Central and South America 70.5 cm (27.8 in) long on average, 99–110 (33–43 in) across the wings and weighs 900–1,100 grams (2–2.4 lbs).<ref name=OB>{{cite web|url=http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-military-macaw.html |publisher=www.oiseaux-birds.com |title=Military Macaw: ''Ara militaris''|accessdate=17 March 2011}}</ref> | |||
| *'''Sandgrouse''' (]) | |||
| :The ] (''Pterocles orientalis'') is the largest sandgrouse, at a maximum size of 634 g (1.4 lb) and 45 cm (18 in).<ref>del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal. ''Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos''. ISBN 84-87334-22-9</ref> | |||
| ] is one of the heaviest living birds as well as the largest penguin.]] | |||
| *'''Penguins''' (]) | |||
| :The largest species is easily the ] (''Aptenodytes forsteri'') of the Antarctic, with a maximum height of 1.35 m (4.3 ft) and weight of 46 kg (102 lb).<ref name = "Wood"/> The next largest living species is the ], which grows up to a maximum of 18 kg (40 lb) and 1 m (3 ft) tall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Field Immobilization of King Penguins with Tiletamine-Zolazepam (Uso de tiletamine-zolazepam para inmobilizar Aptenodytes patagonicus en el campo)|author=Marie-Anne Thil and René Groscolas|journal=Journal of Field Ornithology|volume=73|issue= 3|year=2002|pages=308–317|jstor=4131109}}</ref> At one time, possibly competing with the ]ian ]s, a number of giant penguins existed. The largest is believed to be '']'', having reached a height of 1.8 m (5.9 ft) and a weight of up to 108 kg (240 lb).<ref>. app.pan.pl</ref> | |||
| ] is one of the biggest owls]] | |||
| *'''Owls''' (]) | |||
| **The most massive owl is certainly either the ] (''Bubo bubo'') or the endangered and similarly sized ] (''Bubo blakistoni'') of coastal Russia and Japan. Record-sized specimens of both species have weighed about 4.5 kg (10 lb) and measured over 0.75 m (2.5 ft) long.<ref>. Quillcards.com (2009-09-23)</ref> In either species, the wingspan can range up to 2 m (6.6 ft).<ref>. Pauldfrost.co.uk.</ref><ref name= Owl>''A Guide to the Owls of the World'' by Konig, Weick & Becking. Yale University Press (1999), ISBN 0300142277</ref> Longer still, but not as massive as the previous species (never more than 1.8 kg (4.0 lb) in weight), a large female ] (''Strix nebulosa'') from the northern boreal forests can range up to 0.83 m (2.7 ft).<ref>. OwlPages.</ref> | |||
| **The largest of the ] family is the Tasmanian subspecies (possibly full species) of the ] (''Tyto novaehollandiae castanops''), which weighs up to 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) and measures to 0.6 m (2.0 ft).<ref name= Owl/> The largest owl known to have existed was '']'' of Cuba, a uniquely ] owl. The giant bird was estimated to stand over 1.1 m (3.6 ft) on the ground and to weigh at least 9.05 kg (20.0 lb).<ref>Arredondo, Oscar (1976) translated Olson, Storrs L. ''The Great Predatory Birds of the Pleistocene of Cuba'' pp. 169–187 in "Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology number 27; Collected Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring the 90th Birthday of Alexander Wetmore"</ref> | |||
| ] ranks as the largest species]] | |||
| *'''Tinamous''' (]) | |||
| :The largest species of ], a group of chunky, elusive ground-birds from the ] forests, is the ] (''Tinamus tao'') of western South America. It can reach a weight over 2 kg (4.4 lb) and length of over 55 cm (22 in).<ref name= Davies>Davies, Stephen, ''Ratites and Tinamous''. Oxford University Press (2002), ISBN 978-0-19-854996-3</ref> | |||
| *'''Trogons''' (]) | |||
| :The ] (''Pharomachrus mocinno'') of the montane cloud of Central America is the largest ], though a few other quetzals approach similar sizes. It can weigh more than 226 g (8.0 oz) and, in females and non-breeding or immature males, measure up to 0.4 m (1.3 ft) from the head to the tail. However, when the adult male develops his spectacular tail streamers, his total length is boasted an extra 0.6 m (2.0 ft).<ref>Johnsgard, Paul A., ''Trogons and Quetzals of the World''. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press (2000), ISBN 978-1-56098-388-0</ref> | |||
| *'''Hoopoes and allies''' (]) | |||
| :The largest hoopoes ] (''Upupa antaios''), is from Saint Helena | |||
| :The largest wood hoopoe ] (''Phoeniculus purpureus'') is a large, up to 44 cm long, | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|2}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 16:36, 12 November 2016
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