| Revision as of 09:05, 13 December 2017 editIsraelpetersen (talk | contribs)23 editsm Also mobile friendly version | Revision as of 19:10, 5 December 2004 edit Fontboy (talk | contribs)408 editsNo edit summary | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| Mädchen in Uniform (1931). The film was directed by ]. It had an all-female cast and featured ] in a leading role. The film was ground-breaking not only for its portrayal of lesbian and pedagogic love, but also for its co-operative and profit-sharing financial arrangements. An alternate ending, which pandered to pro-Nazi ideals, enabled the film to be screened in Germany. But eventually even this version of the film was banned as 'decadent' by the Nazi regime. Sagan, Mann, and those associated with the film, fled Germany soon after the film was banned. The film survived the war, but it was much-censored until the 1970s. ] is credited with helping to revoke its censorship in the USA. It was recently released in its surviving form as a video-tape - with English subtitles - in the USA in 1994 and in the UK in 2000. Even this version probably lacks sections that were in the original - for a full understanding of what may have been censored, viewing the film is best followed by reading the original novel by ]. | |||
| {{Disclosed paid|date=December 2017}} | |||
| {{Paid contributions|date=December 2017}} | |||
| {{Infobox person | |||
| | name = Michael J. Saylor | |||
| | image = File:Michael J Saylor 2016.png | |||
| | alt = Michael J. Saylor photo | |||
| | caption = Portrait of Michael J. Saylor | |||
| | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|02|04}} | |||
| | birth_place = ] | |||
| | nationality = American | |||
| | alma_mater = ] (MIT) | |||
| | occupation = Chairman, President, and CEO of ]<ref name=Leadership>{{cite web |url=http://www.microstrategy.com/about-us/leadership/ |title=Leadership |year=2013 |work=microstrategy.com |publisher=MicroStrategy |accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> | |||
| | known_for = Co-founder of MicroStrategy, author of ''The Mobile Wave'' | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Michael J. Saylor''' (born February 4, 1965) is an American entrepreneur and business executive. He is the co-founder, president, chief executive officer and chairman of the board of ], a global provider of ], mobile ], and ]. | |||
| Saylor authored the book, ], which was ranked on the ] and ] bestseller lists when it appeared in 2012. Saylor is also the sole trustee of ], a provider of free online education. | |||
| ==Early life and education== | |||
| Saylor was born in Lincoln, Nebraska on February 4, 1965<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.therichest.com/celebnetworth/celebrity-business/men/michael-saylor-net-worth/ |title=Michael Saylor Net Worth |date=1 March 2000 |work=TheRichest.com |accessdate=7 March 2014}}</ref> and spent his early years on various ] bases around the world, as his father was an Air Force chief master sergeant. When Saylor was 11, the family settled in Fairborn, Ohio, near the ].<ref name=Jaffe00>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/people/the-seven-billion-dollar-man/ |title=The Seven Billion Dollar Man |author=Harry Jaffe |date=1 March 2000 |work=The Washingtonian |accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=Leibovich02>{{cite news |title=MicroStrategy's CEO Sped to the Brink |author=Mark Leibovich |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/01/06/microstrategys-ceo-sped-to-the-brink/7a0ab40f-1d6e-42f3-8f28-b907de3c8d67/ |work=The Washington Post |date=6 January 2002 |accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> In high school, Saylor was valedictorian and voted most likely to succeed.<ref name=Jaffe00/><ref name="Leibovich02" /><ref name=Glasser96>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/washtech/daily/june96/061596saylor.htm |title=From the Ground Up and Up |author=Jeff Glasser |date=15 July 1996 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=26 January 2013}}</ref> | |||
| In 1983, Saylor enrolled at the ] (MIT) on an Air Force ] (ROTC) scholarship.<ref name=Jaffe00/><ref name=Leibovich02/> At MIT he was selected to train in the ROTC's jet pilot program and double majored in aeronautics and astronautics as well as science, technology and society.<ref name=Glasser96/><ref name=Joynt12>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonian.com/blogs/capitalcomment/books/microstrategy-ceo-michael-saylors-the-mobile-wave-examines-the-implications-of-mobile-technology.php |title=MicroStrategy CEO Michael Saylor’s "The Mobile Wave" Examines the Implications of Mobile Technology |author=Carol Ross Joynt |date=27 June 2012 |work=The Washingtonian |accessdate=12 February 2013}}</ref> He also joined the ] fraternity, through which he met the future co-founder of MicroStrategy, ].<ref name=Leibovich02/><ref name=Glasser96/> In 1987, Saylor graduated in the top one percent of his class<ref name=Glasser96/> and commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force.<ref name=Jaffe00/> | |||
| ==Career== | |||
| ===Early career=== | |||
| Prior to his graduation from MIT, Saylor planned to be a pilot. However, during a routine physical exam, doctors discovered a benign heart murmur that prevented him from becoming a pilot.<ref name=Jaffe00/><ref name=Leibovich02 /> In addition, he was sent to the Air Force reserves rather than into active duty due to defense cutbacks.<ref name=Glasser96/> | |||
| His first job was with a consulting firm, The Federal Group, Inc. in 1987.<ref name=ForbesProfile>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/michael-saylor-1/ |title=Michael Saylor |work=Forbes.com |accessdate=12 February 2013}}</ref> In this role he focused on computer simulation modeling for a software integration company.<ref name=Glasser96/> In 1988, Saylor became an internal consultant at ], where he developed computer models to help the company anticipate change in its key markets. The simulations predicted that there would be a recession in many of DuPont's major markets in 1990.<ref name=Jaffe00/><ref name=Glasser96/> | |||
| ===MicroStrategy=== | |||
| In 1989, when he was 24, DuPont provided Saylor with a $250,000 independent consulting contract to set up his own company that would continue to develop computer models for DuPont.<ref name=Glasser96/> Using the funds from DuPont, Saylor founded ] with ], his MIT fraternity brother.<ref name=Leibovich02 /> The company began developing software for data mining, then focused on software for business intelligence.<ref name=Jaffe00/> MicroStrategy used ] to model business issues, an idea inspired by a course that Saylor and Bansal took at MIT.<ref name=Salter00/> In the company's early years it provided consulting and services, developing customized software for clients.<ref name=Glasser96/> In 1992, MicroStrategy won a $10 million contract with ] to develop applications to analyze the efficiency of its promotions. The contract with McDonald's led Saylor to realize that his company could create business intelligence software that would allow companies to use their own data for insights into their businesses.<ref name=Leibovich02 /><ref name=Glasser96/> | |||
| Saylor and Bansal moved the office to ] in 1994 and the company grew quickly in the years following,<ref name=Leibovich02 /> increasing its revenue by 100 percent each year from 1989 to 1996.<ref name=Glasser96/> As the company grew, Saylor received media attention for his leadership, insight into technology trends, and for his reported wealth as the company's majority owner. He became known for his work ethic in driving the company's growth and for his idea that technological developments would make networked and integrated database services available to consumers via the Internet.<ref name=Jaffe00/><ref name=Salter00>{{cite web |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/39401/people-and-technology-microstrategy-inc |title=People and Technology – MicroStrategy Inc. |author=Chuck Salter |date=31 March 2000 |work=Fast Company |publisher= |accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=Alsop97>{{cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1997/09/08/230819/index.htm |title=Now I know how a real visionary sounds |author=Stewart Alsop |date=8 September 1997 |work=CNNMoney.com |publisher=CNN |accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref> In 1997 Saylor developed ], a subsidiary of MicroStrategy, which was later sold to ] for $110 million in cash; MicroStrategy stock rose 3.4% on the day the deal was announced.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericsavitz/2013/02/26/microstrategy-to-sell-angel-com-unit-to-genesys-for-110m/ |title=MicroStrategy To Sell Angel.com Unit To Genesys For $110M}}</ref> | |||
| Saylor took the company public in June 1998, with an ] of 4 million shares priced at $12 each.<ref name=IPO>{{cite web |url=http://ipo.nasdaq.com/Fundamentals.asp?cikid=11748&fnid=4633&coname=MICROSTRATEGY+INC&selected=MSTR&market=Nasdaq+National+Market |title=Initial Public Offerings Key Data |date=11 June 1998 |work=NASDAQ |accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> The stock price doubled on the first day of trading.<ref name=Kaplan12>{{cite news |title=A Journey Into the Secret Heart of Capitalism |author=Mark Leibovitch |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/washtech/daily/aug98/080998roadshow2.htm |work=Washington Post |date=9 August 1998 |accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref> By early 2000, Saylor's net worth reached $7 billion, and the ''Washingtonian'' reported that he was the wealthiest man in the Washington D.C. area.<ref name=Jaffe00>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/people/the-seven-billion-dollar-man/ |title=The Seven Billion Dollar Man |author=Harry Jaffe |date=1 March 2000 |work=The Washingtonian |accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref> | |||
| In March 2000, the ] (SEC) brought charges against Saylor and two other MicroStrategy executives for the company's inaccurate reporting of financial results for the preceding two years.<ref name=Hilzenrath00b>{{cite news |title=SEC Investigating MicroStrategy |author=David S. Hilzenrath |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=401N-D990-00RP-M0GC&csi=8075&oc=00240&perma=true |work=The Washington Post |date=14 April 2000 |accessdate=29 January 2013}}</ref> In December 2000, Saylor settled with the SEC without admitting wrongdoing by paying $350,000 in penalties and a personal ] of $8.3 million.<ref name=Lau00>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2000/12/18/1218faces.html |title=Forbes Faces: Michael Saylor |author=Debra Lau |date=18 December 2000 |work=Forbes.com |accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=Hilzenrath00c>{{cite news |title=Saylor, Associates Settle Fraud Charges |author=David S. Hilzenrath |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=41WX-KYW0-00RP-M17N&csi=8075&oc=00240&perma=true |work=The Washington Post |date=15 December 2000 |accessdate=29 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2000-186.txt |title=SEC Brings Civil Charges Against MicroStrategyand Three Executive Officers for Accounting Violations |date=14 December 2000 |work=sec.gov |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> As a result of the restatement of results, the company's stock declined in value and Saylor's net worth fell by $6 billion.<ref name=Plotz>{{cite news |title=Michael Saylor MicroStrategy's cult leader |author=David Plotz |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/assessment/2000/03/michael_saylor.html |work=Slate |date=23 March 2000 |accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> | |||
| Subsequently, MicroStrategy grew steadily, adding 200 new customers by the end of 2003<ref name=Yang04>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2004-02-08/microstrategys-second-wind | |||
| |title=MicroStrategy's Second Wind |author=Catherine Yang |date=8 February 2004 |work=Businessweek.com |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref> and increasing its revenue each quarter from 2003 to 2007.<ref name=Hart07>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/31/AR2007013100827.html |title=Software Company's Strategy Pays Off |author=Kim Hart |date=1 February 2007 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref> Under Saylor's leadership, the company was named one of the 200 Best Small Companies in America by '']'' in both 2007 and 2008.<ref name=Forbes08>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/23/biz_200smalls08_MicroStrategy_DIQJ.html |title=The 200 Best Small Companies |date=8 October 2008 |work=Forbes |accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> | |||
| In the following years, Saylor led MicroStrategy in increasing its focus on mobile technology. He recognized the growing trend of businesses using ]s following the launch of Apple's iPad,<ref name=Kayle10/> increasing MicroStrategy's number of software engineers and consultants by 100 percent to develop mobile applications,<ref name=Cox11>{{cite web |url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/080511-ipad-microstrategy.html |title=iPads power productivity gains at MicroStrategy |author=John Cox |date=5 August 2011 |work=Network World |accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref> and launching a mobile business intelligence platform in 2010.<ref name=Kayle10>{{cite web |url=http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34639:ipad-spells-end-for-traditional-bi&catid=69&Itemid=58 |title=iPad spells end for traditional BI |author=Alex Kayle |date=7 July 2010 |work=ITWeb |accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref> At the MicroStrategy World conference in 2012, Saylor argued that mobile, social, cloud, and big data technologies would become significant trends in the following few years.<ref name=Carr12a>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/thebrainyard/news/232500412/facebook-the-database-of-wealth-and-power |title=Facebook: The Database of Wealth And Power |author=David F. Carr |date=25 January 2012 |work=InformationWeek |accessdate=26 January 2013}}</ref> | |||
| In September 2014, Saylor cut his salary from $875,000 to $1 and did away with his incentive cash bonus.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Krantz|first1=Matt|title=Why this CEO slashed his paycheck – to $1|url=http://americasmarkets.usatoday.com/2014/09/10/another-bites-the-buck-ceo-cuts-pay-to-1/|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=12 September 2014}}</ref> | |||
| By 2015, the company's annual revenue was over $500 million<ref name=Micro13>{{cite web |url=http://www.networkworld.com/article/3095890/big-data-business-intelligence/my-big-intro-to-bi-analytics-vendor-microstrategy.html |title=My big intro to BI & analytics vendor MicroStrategy |date=15 July 2015 |work=Network World |accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref> and its customers included the four largest American commercial banks, nine of the largest pharmaceutical companies worldwide, and global brands like Facebook, LinkedIn, Netflix, and Starbucks.<ref name=Kaplan12/> In 2016, the company had operations in 27 countries worldwide.<ref name=About>{{cite web |url=http://www.microstrategy.com/about-us/ |title=About Us |work=MicroStrategy.com |accessdate=8 March 2013}}</ref> | |||
| As of 2016, Saylor has been granted 31 patents and has 9 additional applications under review.<ref name=Justia.com>{{cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/michael-j-saylor |title=Patents by Inventor Michael J. Saylor |work=Justia.com |accessdate=13 May 2016}}</ref> | |||
| ===Writing=== | |||
| In June 2012, Saylor released '']'', published by Perseus Books, which discusses trends in mobile technology and their future impact on commerce, healthcare, education, and the developing world.<ref name=Joynt12>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonian.com/blogs/capitalcomment/books/microstrategy-ceo-michael-saylors-the-mobile-wave-examines-the-implications-of-mobile-technology.php |title=MicroStrategy CEO Michael Saylor’s "The Mobile Wave" Examines the Implications of Mobile Technology |author=Carol Ross Joynt |date=27 June 2012 |work=The Washingtonian |accessdate=12 February 2013}}</ref> In the book, Saylor argues that mobile computing is a "tipping point technology" that will bring about massive changes to society and the global economy; he also predicts that Apple, Amazon, and Facebook would become three of the largest businesses in the world based on their extensive use of consumer analytics, the cloud, and mobile adoption.<ref name=Destro>{{cite news |title=Review: IPads, smartphones in world-changing 'Mobile Wave' |author=Jeanne Destro |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/story/2012-06-24/mobile-wave-book-michael-saylor/55740374/1 |work=USA Today |date=21 June 2012 |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=Tamny>{{cite news |title=Michael Saylor Channels Joseph Schumpeter In His Vision Of An Abundant, Cyber Future |author=John Tamny |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johntamny/2012/12/02/michael-saylor-channels-joseph-schumpeter-in-his-vision-of-an-abundant-cyber-future/ |work=Forbes |date=2 December 2012 |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref> The book appeared on the ], where it was ranked number seven in hardcover non-fiction books in August 2012,<ref name=NYTBestSellers>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2012-08-05/hardcover-nonfiction/list.html |title=Best Sellers — Hardcover Nonfiction |date=5 August 2012 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=12 February 2013}}</ref> and was ranked number five in hardcover business books on the ] Best-Sellers list in July 2012.<ref name=WSJBestSellers>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303933704577533633998126086 |title=Best-Selling Books, Week Ended July 15 |date=20 July 2012 |work=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=12 February 2013}}</ref> | |||
| ==Recognition and awards== | |||
| Saylor received a number of awards during his career. In 1996, he was named ] Washington High-Tech Entrepreneur of the Year.<ref name=Glasser96 /><ref name=Hinden98>{{cite news |title=Transforming information into another public utility |author=Stan Hinden |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0240AAAAIBAJ&sjid=3xQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5216%2C6941560 |work=New Straits Times |date=6 July 1998 |accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> In 1997, ] named Saylor its Software Entrepreneur of the Year, and the following year, '']'' recognized him as one of its Top 10 Entrepreneurs for 1998.<ref name=WP00>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/liveonline/00/business/saylor0621.htm |title=Michael Saylor |date=21 June 2000 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> Saylor was also featured by the '']'' as an "Innovator Under 35" in 1999.<ref name=MITRev99>{{cite web |url=http://www2.technologyreview.com/tr35/profile.aspx?TRID=493 |title=Michael J. Saylor, 34 |work=MIT Technology Review |accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> In July 2000, Saylor was named as one of '']'' magazine's Most Eligible Bachelors.<ref name=People00>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20131741,00.html |title=America's Most Wanted |date=10 July 2000 |work=People magazine |accessdate=12 February 2013}}</ref> | |||
| ==Philanthropy== | |||
| Saylor has made contributions of both time and money to a number of charitable organizations. In 2003, Saylor was involved in revitalizing the Friends of Lombardi, a group of professionals that conducts fundraising activities for the ]'s Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center.<ref name=Pestell03>{{cite news |title=Quality Cancer Care: It's a Collaborative Effort |author=Richard Pestell |url=http://lombardi.georgetown.edu/pdf/about/LM/2003_spring.pdf |work=Lombardi Magazine |date=Spring 2003 |accessdate=12 February 2013}}</ref> In 2008, he served as Honorary Chairman of the Meadows Matches, an annual fundraiser for Courage for Kids.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courageforkids.org/michael-saylor-donates-20000-to-the-courage-cup-named-honorary-chairperson-of-meadow-matches/ |title=Michael Saylor Donates $20,000 to the Courage Cup; Named Honorary Chairperson of Meadow Matches |date=25 March 2008 |work=courageforkids.org |publisher=Courage For Kids |accessdate=21 February 2013}}</ref> He has also made large donations to Once Upon a Prom<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pamelaspunch.com/michael-saylor-honorary-chairman-for-once-upon-a-prom-gala/ |title=Michael Saylor Honorary Chairman for Once Upon A Prom Gala |author=Pamela Sorenson |date=8 April 2008 |work=Pamela's Punch |publisher= |accessdate=21 February 2013}}</ref> and Fight For Children.<ref name=Fight4Kids>{{cite web |url=http://www.fightforchildren.org/About_Us-Supporters.html |title=Supporters |work=Fight for Children |accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> In 2010, he acted as the event chairman of the Washington Humane Society’s annual Fashion for Paws show.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://support.washhumane.org/site/PageServer?pagename=f4p_aboutus |title=Fashion for Paws |work=Washington Humane Society |accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> In 2015 and 2016, Saylor participated at the Forbes 400 Summit on Philanthropy, an event that brought together 200 of the world’s leading philanthropists, social entrepreneurs and business leaders who discussed how to apply wealth and resources to solve today’s most intractable problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2016/06/08/forbes-hosts-fifth-annual-forbes-400-summit-on-philanthropy/#53393103d989 |title=Forbes Hosts Fifth Annual Forbes 400 Summit On Philanthropy |work=Forbes |accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref> | |||
| ===The Saylor Foundation=== | |||
| In 1999, Saylor established ], of which he is the sole trustee. To support his goal of making free education available to all students, Saylor.org was launched in 2008 as the free education initiative of The Saylor Foundation.<ref name=SFAbout>{{cite web |url=http://www.saylor.org/about/ |title=About the Saylor Foundation |work=saylor.org |publisher=Saylor Foundation |accessdate=21 February 2013}}</ref> The site now offers roughly 100 college courses that are supported by free content from universities including MIT and ], that students can access without having to pass through an admissions process.<ref name=Vedder>{{cite news |title=Saylor as Savior? |author=Richard Vedder |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ccap/2011/09/14/saylor-as-savior/ |work=Forbes |date=14 September 2012 |accessdate=21 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=Adeniji>{{cite news |title=A Degree Without Debt: Meet a Tech Winner Stepping up for Free Education |author=Ade Adeniji |url=http://www.insidephilanthropy.com/tech-philanthropy/2016/10/13/a-degree-without-debt-meet-a-tech-winner-stepping-up-for-fre.html |work=Inside Philanthropy |date=11 October 2016 |accessdate=14 October 2016}}</ref> Students can also access the Saylor.org courses via ] and Google's Course Builder, both free online platforms for education. Saylor has stated that his aim with Saylor.org is to encourage companies and organizations to "aggressively pursue digital education" and make higher education available for free and distributable to all.<ref name=Azevedo>{{cite news |title=A Dot-Com Entrepreneur's Wild Ambition: Drive Education Costs to Zero |author=Alisha Azevedo |url=http://chronicle.com/article/A-Dot-Com-Entrepreneurs/135702/ |work=The Chronicle of Higher Education |date=11 November 2012 |accessdate=21 February 2013}}</ref> | |||
| Saylor.org has helped students at the University of Memphis – who were forced to drop out of school for financial aid reasons – complete their degrees through the school's Finish Line program. <ref name=Adeniji>{{cite news |title=A Degree Without Debt: Meet a Tech Winner Stepping up for Free Education |author=Ade Adeniji |url=http://www.insidephilanthropy.com/tech-philanthropy/2016/10/13/a-degree-without-debt-meet-a-tech-winner-stepping-up-for-fre.html |work=Inside Philanthropy |date=11 October 2016 |accessdate=14 October 2016}}</ref> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|30em}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Saylor, Michael J.}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 19:10, 5 December 2004
Mädchen in Uniform (1931). The film was directed by Leontine Sagan. It had an all-female cast and featured Erika Mann in a leading role. The film was ground-breaking not only for its portrayal of lesbian and pedagogic love, but also for its co-operative and profit-sharing financial arrangements. An alternate ending, which pandered to pro-Nazi ideals, enabled the film to be screened in Germany. But eventually even this version of the film was banned as 'decadent' by the Nazi regime. Sagan, Mann, and those associated with the film, fled Germany soon after the film was banned. The film survived the war, but it was much-censored until the 1970s. Eleanor Roosevelt is credited with helping to revoke its censorship in the USA. It was recently released in its surviving form as a video-tape - with English subtitles - in the USA in 1994 and in the UK in 2000. Even this version probably lacks sections that were in the original - for a full understanding of what may have been censored, viewing the film is best followed by reading the original novel by Christa Winsloe.