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| {{Hiero|Thoth|<hiero>G26-t:Z4</hiero>, or<br><hiero>d-H-w-t:Z4-R8</hiero>, or<br> <hiero> G26:t*Z4</hiero><ref>Hieroglyphs verified, in part, in (Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 402) and (Collier and Manley p. 161)</ref>|align=right|era=egypt}} | |||
| ], ])]] | |||
| '''Thoth''', a ] name derived from the Egyptian '''*{{unicode|ḏiḥautī}}''' (djih-how-tee) (written by ] as ''{{unicode|ḏḥwty}}'') was considered one of the more important ] of the ] ]. His feminine counterpart was ].<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 400)</ref> His chief shrine was at Khemennu, where he was the head of the local company of gods, later renamed ] by the Greeks (in reference to him through the ]' interpretation that he was the same as Hermes) and Eshmûnên by the ]s. He also had shrines in ], Hesert, Urit, Per-Ab, Rekhui, Ta-ur, Sep, Hat, Pselket, Talmsis, Antcha-Mutet, Bah, Amen-heri-ab, and Ta-kens.<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' p. 401)</ref> | |||
| He was considered the ] and ] of ] as well as the means by which Ra's ] was translated into ].<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 407)</ref> He has also been likened to the ] of ]<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 407)</ref> and the ] of God.<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 415)</ref> (see ]) In the ], he has played many vital and prominent roles, including being one of the two gods, the other being his feminine counterpart Maàt, who stood on either side of Ra's boat.<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 400)</ref> He has further been involved in ]<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 405)</ref>, ], ], ]<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 414)</ref>, and the judging of the dead.<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' p. 403)</ref> | |||
| ==Name== | |||
| ===Etymology === | |||
| According to ]<ref>Hopfner, Theodor, b. 1886. Der tierkult der alten Agypter nach den griechisch-romischen berichten und den wichtigeren denkmalern. Wien, In kommission bei A. Holder, 1913. Call#= 060 VPD v.57</ref>, Thoth's Egyptian name written as ''{{unicode|ḏḥwty}}'' originated from ''{{unicode|ḏḥw}}'', claimed to be the oldest known name for the ] although normally written as ''{{unicode|hbj}}''. The addition of -ty denotes that he possessed the attributes of the ibis.<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 402)</ref> Hence his name means "He who is like the ibis". | |||
| The ] pronunciation of ''{{unicode|ḏḥwty}}'' is not fully known, but may be reconstructed as *{{unicode|ḏiḥautī}}, based on the ] borrowing {{Polytonic|Θωθ}} ''Thōth'' or ''Theut'' and the fact that it evolved into ] variously as ''Thoout'', ''Thōth'', ''Thoot'', ''Thaut'' as well as ] ''Thōout''. The final ''-{{unicode|y}}'' may even have been pronounced as a ], not a vowel.<ref>Information taken from phonetic symbols for Djehuty, and explanations on how to pronounce based upon modern rules, revealed in (Collier and Manley pp. 2-4, 161)</ref> However, many write "Djehuty", inserting the letter 'e' automatically between consonants in Egyptian words, and writing 'w' as 'u', as a convention of convenience for English speakers, not the transliteration employed by Egyptologists.<ref>(Collier and Manley p. 4)</ref> | |||
| ===Alternate names=== | |||
| {{Hiero|Alternate names for Thoth|'''A'''<br> <hiero>i-A40</hiero> <br> '''Sheps, lord of Khemennu''' <br> <hiero>A51-s-V30-Aa12:Aa12:Aa12:Aa12-Aa12:Aa12:Aa12:Aa12-O49</hiero> <br> '''Asten''' <br> <hiero>i-s-D46:n</hiero>(hieroglyph not found)<br> '''Khenti''' <br> (not found)<hiero>n:t*Z4</hiero> <br> '''Mehi''' <br> <hiero>V12-V28-i-i-A40</hiero> <br> '''Hab''' <br> <hiero>O4-G4-D58-U13-G28</hiero> <br> '''Aan''' <br> <hiero>D36:D36:n</hiero>(not found) <br> '''A'ah-Djehuty''' <br> <hiero>i-D36-V28-N10-G26:t*Z4</hiero><ref>Hieroglyphs from (Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 pp. 402-3)</ref>|align=right|era=egypt}} | |||
| ''Djehuty'' is sometimes alternatively rendered as '''Tahuti''', '''Tehuti''', '''Zehuti''', '''Techu''', or '''Tetu'''. ''Thoth'' (also '''Thot''' or '''Thout''') is the ] version derived from the letters ''{{unicode|ḏḥwty}}''. | |||
| Not counting differences in spelling, Thoth had more than one name, like other gods and goddesses. Similarly, each ], considered a god himself, had five different names used in public.<ref>(Collier and Manley p. 20)</ref> Among his alternate names are A, Sheps, Lord of Khemennu, Asten, Khenti, Mehi, Hab, and A'an.<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 pp. 402-3)</ref> In addition, Thoth was also known by specific aspects of himself, for instance the moon god A'ah-Djehuty, representing the moon for the entire month.<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 pp. 412-3)</ref> Further, the Greeks related Thoth to their god ] due to his similar attributes and functions.<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' p. 402)</ref> One of Thoth 's titles, "Three times great, great" (see ]) was translated to the Greek τρισμεγιστος (Trismegistos) making ].<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 415)</ref> | |||
| ==Depictions== | |||
| Thoth has been depicted in many ways depending on the era and aspect the artist wished to convey. Usually, he is depected in ] form with the head of an ibis.<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 401)</ref> In this form, he can be represented as the reckoner of times and seasons by a lunar disk sitting in a crescent moon being placed atop his head. When depicted as a form of ] or Ankher, he will wear the respective god's ]. He also is sometimes seen wearing the ] crown and the United Crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt.<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 402)</ref> | |||
| When not depicted in this common form, he sometimes takes the form of the ibis directly.<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 401)</ref> He also appears as an ] when he is A'an, the god of ].<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 403)</ref> In the form of A'ah-Djehuty he took a more human looking form.<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 plate between pp. 408-9)</ref> | |||
| These forms are all ]ic and are ]s for Thoth's attributes. The Egyptians did not believe these gods actually looked like humans with animal heads. For example, Thoth's counterpart Maàt is often depicted with an ] ] for a head.<ref>(Budge ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 416)</ref> | |||
| ==Attributes== | |||
| ]s disagree on Thoth's nature depending upon their view of the Egyptian pantheon. Most egyptologists today side with ] that Egyptian religion was strictly ], in which Thoth would be a separate god. His contemporary adversary, ], however, thought Egyptian religion to be primarily ]<ref>(Budge ''Egyptian Religion'' pp. 17-8)</ref> where all the gods and ]es were aspects of the God Ra, similar to the ] in ] and ]s in ].<ref>(Budge ''Egyptian Religion'' p. 29)</ref> In this view, Thoth would be the aspect of Ra which the Egyptian mind would relate to the heart and tongue. | |||
| His roles in Egyptian mythology were many. Thoth served as a ] power, especially between ] and ], making sure neither had a decisive victory over the other.<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 405)</ref> He also served as scribe of the gods<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 408)</ref>, credited with the invention of writing and alphabets (ie. hieroglyphs) themselves.<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 414)</ref> In the underworld, ], he appeared as an ape, A'an, the god of ], who reported when the scales weighing the deceased's heart against the feather, representing the principle of Maàt, was exactly even.<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 403)</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| The ancient Egyptians regarded Thoth as One, self-begotten, and self-produced.<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 401)</ref> He was the master of both ] and ] (ie. ]) ],<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 401)</ref> making proper use of Maàt.<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 407)</ref> He is credited with making the calculations for the establishment of the heavens, stars, Earth<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 401)</ref>, and everything in them.<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 407)</ref> Compare this to how his feminine counterpart, Maàt was the force which maintained the Universe.<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 pp. 407-8)</ref> He is said to direct the motions of the heavenly bodies. Without his words, the Egyptians believed, the gods would not exist.<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 408)</ref> His power was almost unlimited in the Underworld and rivalled that of Ra and Osiris.<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 401)</ref> | |||
| The Egyptians credited him as the author of all works of science, ], ], and magic.<ref>(Hall ''The Hermetic Marriage'' p. 224)</ref> The Greeks further declared him the inventor of ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] ], the ], ], writing, and ]. They further claimed he was the true author of every work of every branch of knowledge, human and divine.<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 414)</ref> | |||
| ==Mythology== | |||
| Thoth has played a prominent role in many of the Egyptian myths. Displaying his role as arbitrator, he had overseen the three epic battles between good and evil. All three battles are fundamentally the same and belong to different periods. The first battle took place between Ra and ], the second between Heru-Bekhutet and ], and the third between ], the son of ], and Set. In each instance, the former god represented good while the latter represented evil. If one god was seriously injured, Thoth would heal them to prevent either from overtaking the other. | |||
| Thoth was also prominent in the Osiris myth, being of great aid to ]. After Isis gathered together the pieces of Osiris' dismembered body, he gave her the words to ] him so she could be impregnated and bring forth Horus, named for his uncle. When Horus was slain, he gave the ] to resurrect him as well. Similar to God speaking the words to create the ] and ] in ] mythology, Thoth, being the god who always speaks the words that fulfill the wishes of Ra, spoke the words that created the heavens and Earth in Egyptian mythology. | |||
| Mythology also accredits him with the creation of the 365 day ]. Originally, according to the myth, the year was only 360 days long and ] with sterility during these days, unable to bear children. Thoth gambled with ], the moon, for 1/72nd of its light (360/72 = 5), or 5 days, and won. During these 5 days, she gave birth to ] (Horus the Elder, Face of Heaven), Osiris, Set, Isis, and ]. | |||
| In the ] ] myth, Thoth gave birth to Ra, ], ], and ] by laying an ] while in the form of an ibis, or later as a ] laying a ]. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ] | |||
| He was originally the deification of the ] in the ] belief system. Initially, in that system, the moon had been seen to be the eye of ], the sky god, which had been semi-blinded (thus darker) in a fight against ], the other eye being the sun. However, over time it began to be considered separately, becoming a ] in its own right, and was said to have been another son of ]. As the crescent moon strongly resembles the curved beak of the ], this separate deity was named Djehuty (i.e. Thoth), meaning ''ibis''. | |||
| Thoth became associated with the Moon, due to the Ancient Egyptians observation that Baboons (sacred to Thoth) 'sang' to the moon at night. | |||
| The Moon not only provides light at night, allowing the ] to still be measured without the sun, but its ] and prominence gave it a significant importance in early ]/]. The cycles of the moon also organized much of Egyptian society's civil, and religious, rituals, and events. Consequently, Thoth gradually became seen as a god of ], ], and the measurement, and regulation, of events, and of time. He was thus said to be the secretary and counsellor of Ra, and with ] (]/order) stood next to Ra on the nightly voyage across the ], Ra being a ]. | |||
| Thoth became credited by the ancient Egyptians as the inventor of ], and was also considered to have been the scribe of the underworld, and the moon became occasionally considered a separate entity, now that Thoth had less association with it, and more with wisdom. For this reason Thoth was universally worshipped by ancient Egyptian Scribes. | |||
| In ], Thoth was usually depicted with the head of an ibis, deriving from his name, and the curve of the ibis' beak, which resembles the crescent moon. Sometimes, he was depicted as a ] holding up a crescent moon, as the baboon was seen as a nocturnal, and intelligent, creature. The association with baboons led to him occasionally being said to have as a consort ], one of the (male) baboons at the place of judgement in ], and on other occasions, Astennu was said to be Thoth himself. | |||
| During the ] a ] of Thoth gained prominence, due to its main centre, Khnum (]), also becoming the capital, and millions of dead ] were mummified and buried in his honour. The rise of his cult also led to his cult seeking to adjust mythology to give Thoth a greater role. | |||
| Thoth was inserted in many tales as the wise counsel and persuader, and his association with learning, and measurement, led him to be connected with ], the earlier deification of wisdom, who was said to be his daughter, or variably his wife. Thoth's qualities also led to him being identified by the Greeks with their closest matching god - ], with whom Thoth was eventually combined, as ], also leading to the Greeks naming Thoth's cult centre as Hermopolis, meaning ''city of Hermes''. | |||
| It is also viewed that Thoth was the God of Scribe and not a messenger. ] was viewed as the messenger of the gods, as he travelled in and out of the Underworld, to the presence of the gods, and to humans, as well. Some call this fusion ]. It is in more favor that Thoth was a record keeper, and not the messenger. | |||
| There is also an Egyptian ] of the ] named Djehuty (Thoth) after him, and who reigned for three years. | |||
| ==Titles== | |||
| {{Hiero|Titles belonging to Thoth|'''Scribe of Maàt in the Company of the Gods'''<br><hiero>Y4-Aa11:t-C10-N10:t-R8</hiero><br> '''Lord of Maàt'''<br><hiero>V30:Aa11</hiero><br> '''Lord of Divine Words''' <br><hiero>R8-S43-D46:t*Z1*Z1*Z1</hiero><br> '''Judge of the Two Combatant Gods'''<br><hiero>F13-r-V28-Z4-G43-A40-A40</hiero><br> '''Judge of the Rekhekhui, the Pacifier<br>of the Gods, who Dwelleth in Unnu,<br>the Great God in the Temple of Abtiti'''<br><hiero>G26:t*Z4-A40-F13:r-V28-V28-Z7:Z4-A40-A40-Z1:Z1:Z1 ! s-Y2:t*p-Z4:Y1-R8-R8-R8-A40-Z1:Z1:Z1 ! G17-W6*O1:n-E34:n-W6:t*Z1-O49-R8 ! A40-O29:D36:Y1-G17-O6-t:O1-i-b-t:Z4-T26-t:O49</hiero><br> '''Twice Great'''<br><hiero>O29:O29</hiero><br> '''Thrice Great'''<br><hiero>G29-O29:O29:O29</hiero><br> '''Three Times Great, Great'''<br><hiero>O29:O29:O29-G36:r-Y1</hiero><ref>Heiroglyphs verified in (Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 pp. 401, 405, 415)</ref> | |||
| |align=right|era=egypt}} | |||
| Thoth, like many Egyptian gods and nobility, held many titles. Among these were "Scribe of ] in the Company of the Gods," "Lord of Maàt," "Lord of Divine Words," "Judge of the Two Combatant Gods,"<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 401)</ref> "Judge of the Rekhekhui, the pacifier of the Gods, who Dwelleth in ], the Great God in the Temple of ],"<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 405)</ref> "Twice Great," "Thrice Great,"<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 401)</ref> " and "Three Times Great, Great."<ref>(Budge ''Gods of the Egyptians'' Vol. 1 p. 415)</ref> | |||
| ==Thoth in more recent times == | |||
| One of the most popular and cited works on the ] was connected to this deity. Written by the occultist ], '']'' is a philosophical text on the usage of ] and, most notably, Crowley's own created Tarot Deck, the '']'' which he also referred to as ''The Book of Thoth'', where the name is taken from a "non-existent" (translations from papyrus of an actual book of thoth DO exist, titled 'The Ancient Egyptian Book of Thoth' by Jasnow and Zauzich) book in Egyptian mythology, believed to contain ancient knowledge originally brought to man by this deity. Crowley commissioned ] to assist him in painting the ''Thoth Deck''. | |||
| A text entitled ''The Emerald Tablets of Thoth-The-Atlantean'' has been claimed to have been translated by a man named Doreal. The introduction claims them to be written by an ] Priest-King named Thoth, who settled a colony in Egypt after Atlantis sunk. Doreal further claims the texts are 36,000 years old.<ref> (Doreal p. i)</ref> Regardless of the authenticity of the text, it contains much Hermetic and Egyptian ] that Doreal misses. | |||
| ==Thoth/Djehuty in pop culture== | |||
| *The ] Jehuty, from the game, ] (published by ]) is based on Thoth/Djehuty. | |||
| * Using the name 'Mister Ibis', Thoth works as a ] alongside ] (as 'Mister Jacquel') in ], in Neil Gaiman's ]. | |||
| *''The Ring of Thoth'' (aka: The Mummy) was written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle for The Cornhill Magazine published Jan 1890. | |||
| *Thoth was a minor ] scientist serving ] in the ] R&D on the planet ]. Thoth was killed by ]. (Season 7 Stargate SG-1 episode "Evolution part II") | |||
| *Thoth is also a ] ] in ], which parades on the Sunday before Mardi Gras. The Krewe features a float decorated with a large depiction of the ancient deity. | |||
| *Djehuty is the name of a three-dimensional radiative hydrodynamical code for modelling stars at ]. | |||
| *He is also the administrator of the Library where superhero/librarian Rex works, in the comic ] by James Turner | |||
| *In ], Thoth can be worshipped. He grants his followers ]es, War ] and ]. | |||
| * Thoth appears in the ] comic book series as the Non-Local Prometheus. | |||
| * Thoth, as a person's name has appeared at least twice in the late twentieth century. | |||
| **S. K. Thoth is the name of a street performer, who was born in 1954, in ], ], ]. Sarah Kernochan directed a film about him in 2002, which won an Academy Award, in the same year. | |||
| **Thoth Harris (born, in 1972, in ], ] ]), is the name of a writer and spoken word performer who hosted spoken word cabarets in ], ], ] from 1998 - 2002. He now lives in ], ] as a teacher, and writes a blog entitled The Montreal Writers' Storm Sewer. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| <references /> | |||
| == References == | |||
| *Bleeker, Claas Jouco. 1973. ''Hathor and Thoth: Two Key Figures of the Ancient Egyptian Religion''. Studies in the History of Religions 26. Leiden: E. J. Brill | |||
| *Boylan, Patrick. 1922. ''Thot, the Hermes of Egypt: A Study of Some Aspects of Theological Thought in Ancient Egypt''. London: Oxford University Press. (Reprinted Chicago: Ares Publishers inc., 1979) | |||
| *Budge, E. A. Wallis. ''Egyptian Religion''. Kessinger Publishing, 1900. | |||
| *Budge, E. A. Wallis. ''The Gods of the Egyptians'' Volume 1 of 2. New York: Dover Publications, 1969 (original in 1904). | |||
| *Černý, Jaroslav. 1948. "Thoth as Creator of Languages." ''Journal of Egyptian Archæology'' 34:121–122. | |||
| *Collier, Mark and Manley, Bill. ''How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: Revised Edition''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. | |||
| *Doreal. ''The Emerald Tablets of Thoth-The-Atlanean''. Alexandrian Library Press, date undated. | |||
| *Fowden, Garth. 1986. ''The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Mind''. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. (Reprinted Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993). ISBN 0-691-02498-7 | |||
| *Hall, Manly P. ''The Secret Teachings of All Ages''. San Francisco: H.S. Crocker Company, 1928. | |||
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Revision as of 18:07, 26 October 2006
ashley loves ahmed