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Help:IPA/Sanskrit: Difference between revisions

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|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|भ}} || bh || style="text-align: left;" | a'''bh'''or | {{lang|sa|भ}} || bh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of "b" roughly like a'''bh'''or
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɕ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|श}} || ś || style="text-align: left;" | '''sh'''eep | {{lang|sa|श}} || ś || style="text-align: left;" | Palatal sibilant like '''sh'''ip
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|d}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|d̪}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|द}} || d || style="text-align: left;" | '''d'''o | {{lang|sa|द}} || d || style="text-align: left;" | Dental "d" roughly like '''th'''us
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʱ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ध}} || dh || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like ol'''d h'''ouse | {{lang|sa|ध}} || dh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of dental "d" roughly like brea'''th h'''ouse
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ड}} || ḍ || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like North American bo'''rd''' | {{lang|sa|ड}} || ḍ || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex "d" roughly like North American bo'''rd'''er
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ढ}} || ḍh || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like North American bi'''rdh'''ouse | {{lang|sa|ढ}} || ḍh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of retroflex "d" roughly like North American bi'''rdh'''ouse
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
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|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|घ}} || gh || style="text-align: left;" | do'''gh'''ouse | {{lang|sa|घ}} || gh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of "g" do'''gh'''ouse
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|h}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ħ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ः}} <ref>'']'' - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant</ref> || ḥ || style="text-align: left;" | '''h'''ead | {{lang|sa|ः}} <ref>'']'' - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant</ref> || ḥ || style="text-align: left;" | Whispered "h" pulled down the throat like Somali '''x'''ood
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}~{{IPAlink|h}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ह}} || h || style="text-align: left;" | a'''h'''ead | {{lang|sa|ह}} || h || style="text-align: left;" | a'''h'''ead, '''h'''ead
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|य}} || y || style="text-align: left;" | '''y'''ak | {{lang|sa|य}} || y || style="text-align: left;" | '''y'''ak
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʑ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ज}} || j || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like '''j'''uice | {{lang|sa|ज}} || j || style="text-align: left;" | '''j'''uice
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʑʱ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like he'''dgeh'''og | {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of "j" roughly like he'''dgeh'''og
⚫ |-
⚫ | <big>{{IPA link|ɟ}}{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big>
⚫ | {{lang|sa|ज्ञा}} || jñ || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like i'''gne'''ous
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|क}} || k || style="text-align: left;" | s'''k'''in | {{lang|sa|क}} || k || style="text-align: left;" | s'''k'''in
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|kʰ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|kʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ख}} || kh || style="text-align: left;" | '''k'''in | {{lang|sa|ख}} || kh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of "k" in '''k'''in
⚫ |-
| <big>{{IPA link|l̪}}</big>
⚫ | {{lang|sa|ल}} || l || style="text-align: left;" | Dental "l" roughly like French '''l'''a
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɭ}}</big>
⚫ | {{lang|sa|ळ}} || ḷ || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex "l" like French be'''ll'''e jambe
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ɭʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ल}} || l || style="text-align: left;" | '''l'''eaf | {{lang|sa|ळ्ह}} || ḷh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of retroflex "l" in French be'''ll'''e jambe
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|म}} || m || style="text-align: left;" | '''m'''uch | {{lang|sa|म}} || m || style="text-align: left;" | '''m'''uch
|- |-
| rowspan=2| <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|n̪}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|न}} || n || style="text-align: left;" | te'''n'''th | {{lang|sa|न}} || n || style="text-align: left;" | Dental "n" roughly like te'''n'''th<ref name="nasal"/>
|- |-
⚫ | <big>{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big>
⚫ | {{lang|sa|ञ}} || ñ || style="text-align: left;" | ci'''n'''ch<ref name="nasal"/>
| {{lang|sa|ञ}} || ñ || style="text-align: left;" | Palatal "n" roughly like be'''n'''ch<ref name="nasal"/>
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ण}} || ṇ || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like bur'''n'''t<ref name="nasal"/> | {{lang|sa|ण}} || ṇ || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex "n" roughly like bur'''n'''t<ref name="nasal"/>
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ङ}} || ṅ || style="text-align: left;" | ba'''n'''k<ref name="nasal"/> | {{lang|sa|ङ}} || ṅ || style="text-align: left;" | ba'''n'''k<ref name="nasal"/>
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ŋ̊}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ं}} <ref>'']'' - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant</ref> || ṃ || style="text-align: left;" | Voiceless "ŋ" like Welsh fy '''ngh'''ot
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|प}} || p || style="text-align: left;" | s'''p'''an | {{lang|sa|प}} || p || style="text-align: left;" | s'''p'''an
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|pʰ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|pʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''an | {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of "p" in '''p'''an
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|र}} || r || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex trill like North American '''r'''at
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ɽ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|र}} || r || style="text-align: left;" | North American la'''dd'''er | {{lang|sa|ड़}} || ṛ || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex flap like Spanish co'''d'''o
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ढ़}} || ṛh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of retroflex flap in Spanish co'''d'''o
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|s̪}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|स}} || s || style="text-align: left;" | '''s'''oup | {{lang|sa|स}} || s || style="text-align: left;" | Dental sibilant roughly like '''s'''oup
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ष}} || ṣ || style="text-align: left;" | Somewhat like North American wor'''sh'''ip | {{lang|sa|ष}} || ṣ || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex sibilant roughly like North American wor'''sh'''ip
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|t}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|t̪}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|त}} || t || style="text-align: left;" | Somewhat like s'''t'''able | {{lang|sa|त}} || t || style="text-align: left;" | Dental "t" like French sys'''t'''eme
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|tʰ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|t̪ʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|थ}} || th || style="text-align: left;" | Somewhat like '''t'''able | {{lang|sa|थ}} || th || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of dental "t" roughly like '''th'''in
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ट}} || ṭ || style="text-align: left;" | s'''t'''able | {{lang|sa|ट}} || ṭ || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex "t" roughly like s'''t'''able
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ʈʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ठ}} || ṭh || style="text-align: left;" | '''t'''able | {{lang|sa|ठ}} || ṭh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of retroflex "t" roughly like '''t'''oo
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|tɕ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|च}} || c || style="text-align: left;" | Somewhat like '''ch'''ew | {{lang|sa|च}} || c || style="text-align: left;" | '''ch'''ew
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|tɕʰ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|tʃʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|छ}} || ch || style="text-align: left;" | '''ch'''ew | {{lang|sa|छ}} || ch || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of "ch" in '''ch'''ew
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|b̪}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|व}} || v || style="text-align: left;" | between '''w'''ine and '''v'''ine | {{lang|sa|व}} || v || style="text-align: left;" | Labiodental b between '''b'''oot and '''v'''oot
|} |}
| style="vertical-align: top;" | | style="vertical-align: top;" |
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! ] !! ] !! ]<ref name="comp"/> !! English approximation ! ] !! ] !! ]<ref name="comp"/> !! English approximation
|- |-
| <big>{{IPAlink|ɐ}}</big> | <big>{{IPAlink|ɔː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|अ}}, {{lang|sa|प}} || a || style="text-align: left;" | comm'''a''' | {{lang|sa|अ}}, {{lang|sa|प}} || a || style="text-align: left;" | '''a'''ll , b'''a'''ll
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|aː}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|aː}}</big>
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|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''k | {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | p'''u'''t
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ऊ}}, {{lang|sa|पू}} || ū || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''t | {{lang|sa|ऊ}}, {{lang|sa|पू}} || ū || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''t
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ|ɽɪ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|r̩}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ऋ}}, {{lang|sa|पृ}} || ṛ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''ri'' | {{lang|sa|ऋ}}, {{lang|sa|पृ}} || r̥ || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex ] roughly like "r" in North American bi'''r'''d in rhotic accents
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ|ɽiː}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|r̩ː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ॠ}}, {{lang|sa|पॄ}} || ṝ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''rī'' | {{lang|sa|ॠ}}, {{lang|sa|पॄ}} || r̥̄ || style="text-align: left;" | Long retroflex ] roughly like long "r" in North American butte'''r''' in rhotic accents
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|l|lɪ}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|l̩}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ऌ}}, {{lang|sa|पॢ}} || ḷ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''li'' | {{lang|sa|ऌ}}, {{lang|sa|पॢ}} || l̥ || style="text-align: left;" | Dental ] like "le" in turt'''le'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|l̩ː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ऌ}}, {{lang|sa|पॢ}} || l̥̄ || style="text-align: left;" | Long dental ] like long "le" in bott'''le'''
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}} || e || style="text-align: left;" | w'''ai'''t | {{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}} || e || style="text-align: left;" | t'''en'''
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA|ai}}</big> | <big>{{IPA|ei}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ऐ}}, {{lang|sa|पै}} || ai || style="text-align: left;" | h'''i''' | {{lang|sa|ऐ}}, {{lang|sa|पै}} || ai || style="text-align: left;" | s'''ay'''
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ओ}}, {{lang|sa|पो}} || o || style="text-align: left;" | '''o'''ld | {{lang|sa|ओ}}, {{lang|sa|पो}} || o || style="text-align: left;" | "o" in b'''o'''ne (Scottish English)
|- |-
| <big>{{IPA|au}}</big> | <big>{{IPA|ou}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|औ}}, {{lang|sa|पौ}} || au || style="text-align: left;" | h'''ow'' | {{lang|sa|औ}}, {{lang|sa|पौ}} || au || style="text-align: left;" | "ou" in b'''oa'''t (American English)
|- |-
|<big>{{IPA|◌̃}}</big> |<big>{{IPA|◌̃}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ँ}} || ◌̃/m̐ || style="text-align: left;" | ] {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}}, etc.)<ref name="nasal"/> | {{lang|sa|ँ}} <ref>'']'' - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant</ref> || ◌̃/m̐/n̐|| style="text-align: left;" | ] ({{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}}, etc.)<ref name="nasal"/>
|} |}
<br> <br>
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|- |-
| <big>{{IPA link|ˈ|ˈ◌}}</big> | <big>{{IPA link|ˈ|ˈ◌}}</big>
⚫ | || || colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | stress <br>(placed before stressed syllable)
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|ː|◌ː}}</big>
| || || style="text-align: left;" | doubled consonant<br>(placed after doubled consonant)
|-
| |
| |
⚫ | colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | stress <br>(placed before stressed syllable)
|} |}
|} |}

Revision as of 05:30, 14 April 2019

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Sanskrit on Misplaced Pages.It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Sanskrit in Misplaced Pages articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.Shortcut
Misplaced Pages key to pronunciation of Sanskrit

Template:Contains Indic text

This page contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Sanskrit pronunciations in Misplaced Pages articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Misplaced Pages articles, see {{IPA-sa}} and Misplaced Pages:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

Key

Consonants
IPA Nagari IAST English approximation
b ब b about
bʱ भ bh Aspirated form of "b" roughly like abhor
ʃ श ś Palatal sibilant like ship
d̪ द d Dental "d" roughly like thus
d̪ʱ ध dh Aspirated form of dental "d" roughly like breath house
ɖ ड ḍ Retroflex "d" roughly like North American border
ɖʱ ढ ḍh Aspirated form of retroflex "d" roughly like North American birdhouse
ɡ ग g again
ɡʱ घ gh Aspirated form of "g" doghouse
ħ ः ḥ Whispered "h" pulled down the throat like Somali xood
ɦ~h ह h ahead, head
j य y yak
dʒ ज j juice
dʒʱ झ jh Aspirated form of "j" roughly like hedgehog
k क k skin
kʱ ख kh Aspirated form of "k" in kin
l̪ ल l Dental "l" roughly like French la
ɭ ळ ḷ Retroflex "l" like French belle jambe
ɭʱ ळ्ह ḷh Aspirated form of retroflex "l" in French belle jambe
m म m much
n̪ न n Dental "n" roughly like tenth
ɲ ञ ñ Palatal "n" roughly like bench
ɳ ण ṇ Retroflex "n" roughly like burnt
ŋ ङ ṅ bank
ŋ̊ ं ṃ Voiceless "ŋ" like Welsh fy nghot
p प p span
pʱ फ ph Aspirated form of "p" in pan
r र r Retroflex trill like North American rat
ɽ ड़ ṛ Retroflex flap like Spanish codo
ɽʱ ढ़ ṛh Aspirated form of retroflex flap in Spanish codo
s̪ स s Dental sibilant roughly like soup
ʂ ष ṣ Retroflex sibilant roughly like North American worship
t̪ त t Dental "t" like French systeme
t̪ʱ थ th Aspirated form of dental "t" roughly like thin
ʈ ट ṭ Retroflex "t" roughly like stable
ʈʱ ठ ṭh Aspirated form of retroflex "t" roughly like too
tʃ च c chew
tʃʱ छ ch Aspirated form of "ch" in chew
b̪ व v Labiodental b between boot and voot
Vowels
IPA Nagari IAST English approximation
ɔː अ, प a all , ball
aː आ, पा ā bra
ɪ इ, पि i sit
iː ई, पी ī feet
ʊ उ, पु u put
uː ऊ, पू ū loot
r̩ ऋ, पृ r̥ Retroflex Syllabic consonant roughly like "r" in North American bird in rhotic accents
r̩ː ॠ, पॄ r̥̄ Long retroflex Syllabic consonant roughly like long "r" in North American butter in rhotic accents
l̩ ऌ, पॢ l̥ Dental Syllabic consonant like "le" in turtle
l̩ː ऌ, पॢ l̥̄ Long dental Syllabic consonant like long "le" in bottle
eː ए, पे e ten
ei ऐ, पै ai say
oː ओ, पो o "o" in bone (Scottish English)
ou औ, पौ au "ou" in boat (American English)
◌̃ ँ ◌̃/m̐/n̐ nasal vowel (, , , etc.)


Suprasegmentals
IPA Nagari IAST English equivalent
ˈ◌ stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː doubled consonant
(placed after doubled consonant)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.
  2. ^ Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.
  3. visarga - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant
  4. ^ Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.
  5. anusvara - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant
  6. Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /əi, aːi, əu, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: . Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.
  7. chandravindu - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant

References

International Phonetic Alphabet keys
Comparisons
Introductory guides
Category:
Help:IPA/Sanskrit: Difference between revisions Add topic