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Several egg fossils have been attributed to lithornithid birds.<ref name="Paleogene Fossil Birds"/> Both '']'' and '']'' have entire nests assigned to them.<ref>Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere". Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club (Cambridge, MA) 22.</ref> Their eggshells are, perhaps unsurprisingly, noted as being "ratite-like".<ref>Gerald Grellet-Tinner and Gareth J. Dyke, The eggshell of the Eocene bird Lithornis, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 (4), 2005: 831-835</ref> | Several egg fossils have been attributed to lithornithid birds.<ref name="Paleogene Fossil Birds"/> Both '']'' and '']'' have entire nests assigned to them.<ref>Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere". Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club (Cambridge, MA) 22.</ref> Their eggshells are, perhaps unsurprisingly, noted as being "ratite-like".<ref>Gerald Grellet-Tinner and Gareth J. Dyke, The eggshell of the Eocene bird Lithornis, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 (4), 2005: 831-835</ref> | ||
===Flight=== | |||
]''.]] | |||
Unlike modern paleognaths, lithornithids were generally decent flyers. '']'', '']'' and '']'' all possess well developed keels, pectoral girdle elements and proportionally large wings, allowing for ] flight akin to that of birds such as modern ] and ].<ref name="Houde, Peter W. 1988"/><ref>Gerald Mayr, The Birds from the Paleocene Fissure Filling of Walbeck (Germany), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27(2):394–408, June 2007: https://ichthyoconodon.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/flight.png</ref><ref name="Paleogene Fossil Birds"/> By contrast, however, '']'' had shorter and more robust wing elements and a deeper keel, relating to a flight style more akin to that of modern ] and ], and was possibly far more terrestrial.<ref name="Paleogene Fossil Birds"/> | |||
Unlike ] birds, lithornithids had small pygostyles, and probably no tails.<ref name="Paleogene Fossil Birds"/> This may not have impaired their flight, however, since prehistoric birds like ] also generally had no tails. | |||
It has been suggested that lithornithids have increased in size in response to the extinction of terrestrial ], suggesting that they occupied similar ecological niches.<ref>Longrich, N.R., Martill, D.M., and Andres, B. (2018). Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. PLoS Biology, 16(3): e2001663. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663: ", and large lithornithid palaeognaths | |||
appeared in terrestrial habitats . These patterns suggest that the extinction of pterosaurs | |||
in these environments allowed birds to evolve large size."</ref> | |||
More recently, it has been found that lithornithids are the only Paleocene birds that both North American and European avifaunas share.<ref>https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=6165</ref> | |||
A recent study on '']'' vindicates previous statements of competent flying in lithornithids, indicating that not only they were capable of sustained flapping but also migratory behaviour.<ref>https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ar.24207</ref> | |||
== Notes == | == Notes == |
Revision as of 07:16, 11 November 2019
Lithornithidae Temporal range: Late Cretaceous-Eocene, 67–40 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Cretaceous record | |
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Pseudocrypturus cercanaxius fossil cast, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Infraclass: | Palaeognathae |
Order: | †Lithornithiformes |
Family: | †Lithornithidae Houde, 1988 |
Genera | |
Calciavis |
Lithornithidae is an extinct, possibly paraphyletic (but see below) clade of early paleognath birds. They are known from fossils dating to the Upper Paleocene through the Middle Eocene of North America and Europe, with possible Late Cretaceous representatives. All are extinct today; the youngest specimen is the currently unnamed SGPIMH MEV1 specimen from the mid-Eocene Messel Pit site.
Lithornithids had long, slender, bills for probing. They closely resembled modern tinamous. They possessed a rhynchokinetic skull with relatively unfused cranial bones, a weakly fused pygostyle and a splenial. The unguals were more curved than in tinamous and probably allowed better perching in trees.
The order Lithornithiformes was erected by Dr. Peter Houde in 1988. Initially, only three genera (Lithornis, Paracathartes, and Pseudocrypturus) and eight named species were included. Promusophaga (Harrison & Walker, 1977) originally considered a stem-turaco, is considered synonymous with Lithornis vulturinus. Fissuravis may also belong to the clade, and several unnamed remains are known.
Taxonomy
Lithornithiformes Houde, 1988
- †Lithornithidae Houde, 1988 (False tinamous)
- †Calciavis grandei Nesbitt, 2016
- †Fissuravis weigelti Mayr, 2007
- †Paracathartes howardae Harrison, 1979 (Early Eocene of WC US)
- †Pseudocrypturus cercanaxius Houde, 1988
- †Lithornis Owen, 1840 (Paleocene – Early Eocene)
- †L. celetius Houde, 1988
- †L. plebius Houde, 1988
- †L. promiscuous Houde, 1988
- †L. nasi (Harrison, 1984) Houde, 1988
- †L. hookeri (Harrison, 1984) Houde, 1988
- †L. vulturinus Owen, 1840 (London Clay Early Eocene of England)
Several studies have shown conflicting status on the monophyly of the group. Some studies recover them as a paraphyletic assemblage leading to modern paleognaths, but more recent examinations group them in a single, natural group basal to the rest of Palaeognathae. Of issue is Paracathartes, which differs radically from other lithornithids and has been suggested to more closely related to extant paleognaths, though it is recently recovered as a derived lithornithid.
Lithornis itself may be paraphyletic in relation to Paracathartes and Pseudocrypturus.
Paleobiology
In a study about ratite endocasts, Lithornis ranks among the taxa with well developed olfactory lobes. This is consistent with a nocturnal, forest-dwelling lifestyle, though as much all volant birds it retains large optical lobes.
Unlike modern tinamous, at least Lithornis has toe claws and reversed halluxes that allow for efficient perching.
Several egg fossils have been attributed to lithornithid birds. Both Lithornis and Paracathartes have entire nests assigned to them. Their eggshells are, perhaps unsurprisingly, noted as being "ratite-like".
Notes
- This particular study defaults to the traditional paleognath classification scheme, based on the similarities with tinamous. The more recent genetic revaluations are vindicated, however, in that it recognises that the features uniting lithornithids to tinamous in the study are most likely basal to paleognaths as a whole.
References
- ^ Paleogene Fossil Birds
- A lithornithid (Aves: Palaeognathae) from the Paleocene (Tiffanian) of southern California
- ^ Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere". Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. 22. Cambridge Massachusetts, USA: Nuttall Ornithological Club.
- First substantial Middle Eocene record of the Lithornithidae (Aves): A postcranial skeleton from Messel (Germany)
- Gerald Mayr, Paleogene Fossil Birds
- Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Paleognathia - paleognathous modern birds". Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- "Taxonomic lists- Aves". Paleofile.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Clarke, Julia A., The anatomy and taxonomy of the exquisitely preserved Green River Formation (early Eocene) lithornithids (Aves) and the relationships of Lithornithidae. (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 406), 2016-06-30
- Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere". Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club (Cambridge, MA)
- ^ Worthy, T., Mitri, M., Handley, W., Lee, M., Anderson, A., Sand, C. 2016. Osteology supports a steam-galliform affinity for the giant extinct flightless birds Sylviornis neocaledoniae (Sylviornithidae, Galloanseres). PLOS ONE. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150871
- Torres, C. R.; Clarke, J. A. (2018). "Nocturnal giants: evolution of the sensory ecology in elephant birds and other palaeognaths inferred from digital brain reconstructions". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 285 (1890): 20181540. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1540.
- Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere". Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club (Cambridge, MA) 22.
- Gerald Grellet-Tinner and Gareth J. Dyke, The eggshell of the Eocene bird Lithornis, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 (4), 2005: 831-835
Taxon identifiers | |
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Lithornithidae |