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| '''Pakistan administered Kashmir''' refers to the geographical areas of ], and ] that are parts of ] currently administered by ] and disputed by ]. | |||
| Azad Kashmir comprises major portions of the three western districts of the erstwhile princely state of ], viz., ], ] and ]. These areas broke off from the princely state via a ] in Poonch and an invasion by Pakistan-sponsored insurgents in 1947. | |||
| Gilgit-Baltistan comprises the former ] along the northern border, leased to ] between 1935 and 1947, and the ] tehsil of the ]. Shortly after the Maharaja's accession to India, the ] rebelled and overthrew the governor appointed by him. Then they invaded Baltistan and defeated the ] deployed there. | |||
| The ] saw heavy fighting between Indian and Pakistani forces all along the line dividing these areas. After a ] in 1949, Pakistan took ] of Gilgit-Baltistan, whereas Azad Kashmir is governed by a nominally self-governing administration. | |||
| ==Background== | |||
| {{main|Kashmir conflict}} | |||
| British rule in the Indian subcontinent ended in 1947 with the creation of new states: the ] and the ], as the successor states to ]. The ] over the 562 Indian ]s ended. According to the ], "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States".<ref name=IIA1947>{{cite web |title=Indian Independence Act 1947 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/10-11/30 |website=UK Legislation |publisher=The National Archives |accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref> States were thereafter left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Jammu and Kashmir, the largest of the princely states, had a predominantly Muslim population ruled by the Hindu ] ]. He decided to stay independent because he expected that the State's Muslims would be unhappy with accession to India, and the Hindus and Sikhs would become vulnerable if he joined Pakistan.<ref name=Kak>{{citation |first=Rakesh |last=Ankit |title=Pandit Ramchandra Kak: The Forgotten Premier of Kashmir |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzEAFgW8TYwC&pg=PA36 |publisher=Epilogue -Jammu Kashmir |pages=36–39 |date=April 2010 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Pandit Ramchandra Kak|2010}}}} | |||
| </ref><ref name=Scott>{{cite journal |author=Rakesh Ankit |title=Henry Scott: The forgotten soldier of Kashmir |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=5 |url=http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-may-2010.html |date=May 2010 |pages=44–49 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010}} |access-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510084911/http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-may-2010.html |archive-date=10 May 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 11 August, the Maharaja dismissed his prime minister ], who had advocated independence. Observers and scholars interpret this action as a tilt towards accession to India.{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=106}}<ref name=Scott/> Pakistanis decided to preempt this possibility by wresting Kashmir by force if necessary.{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=31,\ 34, 105}} | |||
| Pakistan made various efforts to persuade the Maharaja of Kashmir to join Pakistan. In July 1947, ] is believed to have written to the Maharaja promising "every sort of favourable treatment," followed by the lobbying of the State's Prime Minister by leaders of Jinnah's ] party. Faced with the Maharaja's indecision on accession, the Muslim League agents clandestinely worked in ] to encourage the ], exploiting an internal unrest regarding economic grievances. The authorities in ] waged a 'private war' by obstructing supplies of fuel and essential commodities to the State. Later in September, Muslim League officials in the ], including the Chief Minister ], assisted and possibly organized a large-scale invasion of Kashmir by ] tribesmen.<ref>{{citation |first=Ian |last=Copland |title=The Princely States, the Muslim League, and the Partition of India in 1947 |journal=The International History Review |volume=13 |number=1 |date=Feb 1991 |pp=38–69 |JSTOR=40106322 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1991.9640572}}</ref>{{rp|61}}{{sfn|Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely India|2005|p=143}} Several sources indicate that the plans were finalised on 12 September by the Prime Minister ], based on proposals prepared by Colonel ] and Sardar ]. One plan called for organising an armed insurgency in the western districts of the state and the other for organising a ] tribal invasion. Both were set in motion.{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=105–106}}{{sfn|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008|pp=120–121}} | |||
| The Jammu division of the state got caught up in the Partition violence. Large numbers of Hindus and Sikhs from ] and ] started arriving in March 1947, bringing "harrowing stories of Muslim atrocities." This provoked ], which had "many parallels with that in Sialkot." According to scholar Ilyas Chattha.{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|pp=179–180}} The violence in the eastern districts of Jammu that started in September, developed into a widespread ] around the October, organised by the Hindu Dogra troops of the State and perpetrated by the local Hindus, including members of the ], and the Hindus and Sikhs displaced from the neighbouring areas of West Pakistan. The Maharaja himself was implicated in some instances. A large number of Muslims were killed. Huge number of Muslims have fled to West Pakistan, some of whom made their way to the western districts of Poonch and Mirpur, which were ]. Many of these Muslims believed that the Maharaja ordered the killings in Jammu and instigated the Muslims in West Pakistan to join the ] and help in the formation of the Azad Kashmir government.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir The Unwritten History|2013|pp=48–57}} | |||
| The rebel forces in the western districts of Jammu got organised under the leadership of ], a ] leader. They took control of most of the western parts of the State by 22 October. On 24 October, they formed a provisional ] (free Kashmir) government based in ].{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir The Unwritten History|2013|p=45}} | |||
| ==Azad Kashmir== | |||
| Azad Jammu and Kashmir, (translation: Free Jammu and Kashmir<ref name=Bose/>), abbreviated as AJK and commonly known as Azad Kashmir, is a nominally ]<ref name="BirdVaillancourt2008">{{cite book|author1=Richard M. Bird|author2=François Vaillancourt|title=Fiscal Decentralization in Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wraZ5HEMasC&pg=PA127|date=December 4, 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-10158-5|pages=127–}}</ref><ref name=Bose>{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Tapan K. |title=Peace Studies: An Introduction To the Concept, Scope, and Themes |year=2004 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-0-7619-9660-6 |editor=Raṇabīra Samāddāra |page=324 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aciGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA324#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> polity administered by ]. The territory lies west of the Indian-administered state of ], and was previously part of the former ]. | |||
| Azad Kashmir is part of the greater ] region, which is the subject of ] between Pakistan and India. The territory shares a border with ], together with which it is referred to by the ] and other international organisations as "Pakistan-administered Kashmir". Azad Kashmir is one-sixth of the size of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gilgit-baltistan-pok-uk-parliament-jammu-and-kashmir-india-pakistan/1/912933.html|title=Gilgit-Baltistan: Story of how region 6 times the size of PoK passed on to Pakistan}}</ref> The territory also borders Pakistan's ] province to the south and ] province to the west. To the east, Azad Kashmir is separated from the state of Jammu and Kashmir by the ], the ''de facto'' border between India and Pakistan. Azad Kashmir has a total area of {{convert|13297|km2|sqmi}}, and a total population of 4,045,366 as per the 2017 Census. | |||
| The territory has a parliamentary form of government modeled after the ], with its capital located at ]. The ] is the constitutional head of state, while the ], supported by a Council of Ministers, is the chief executive. The unicameral ] elects both the Prime Minister and President. The state has its own Supreme Court and a High Court, while the ]'s ] serves as a link with Azad Kashmir's government, although Azad Kashmir is not represented in the ]. | |||
| Azad Kashmir's economy largely depends on agriculture, services, tourism, and remittances sent by members of the ] community. Nearly 87% of the households own farms in Azad Kashmir,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/print/48195-underdevelopment-in-ajk|title=Underdevelopment in AJK|website=www.thenews.com.pk|access-date=June 18, 2016}}</ref> while the region has a literacy rate of approximately 72% and has the highest school enrollment in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/526323/education-emergency-ajk-leading-in-enrolment-lagging-in-quality/|title=Education emergency: AJK leading in enrolment, lagging in quality – The Express Tribune|date=March 26, 2013|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=June 18, 2016}}</ref> | |||
| ==Gilgit-Baltistan== | |||
| Gilgit-Baltistan , formerly known as the Northern Areas,<ref>{{citation |last=Hinman |first=Bonnie |title=We Visit Pakistan |publisher=Mitchell Lane Publishers, Inc. |date=15 September 2011 |isbn=978-1-61228-103-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbyXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |p=41}}</ref> is the northernmost ] in ].<ref name="Weightman">{{cite book|last=Weightman|first=Barbara A.|title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia|date=2 December 2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-63084-5|page=193|edition=2nd}}</ref> It borders ] to the south, the province of ] to the west, the ] of ] to the north, the ] region of ], to the east and northeast, and the Indian-administered state of ] to the southeast. According to ] the territory is part of the disputed ] region along with ], ], the ], and ], ], and the ].<ref name="Weightman"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pamirtimes.net/2016/02/21/gilgit-baltistan-disputed-or-victim-of-kashmir-dispute/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043856/https://pamirtimes.net/2016/02/21/gilgit-baltistan-disputed-or-victim-of-kashmir-dispute/ |archive-date=2018-02-22 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref><ref></ref> | |||
| The territory of present-day Gilgit-Baltistan became a separate administrative unit in 1970 under the name "Northern Areas". It was formed by the amalgamation of the former ], the ] district and several small former ], the larger of which being ] and ].{{sfn|Shahid Javed Burki|2015}} In 2009, it was granted limited autonomy and renamed to Gilgit-Baltistan via the Self-Governance Order signed by Pakistan president ], which also aimed to empower the people of Gilgit-Baltistan. However, scholars state that the real power rests with the governor and not with chief minister or elected assembly.<ref>, Christian Science Monitor, 28 November 2011</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Senge H. |last=Sering |title=Constitutional Impasse in Gilgit-Baltistan (Jammu and Kashmir): The Fallout |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=34 |number=3 |pp=354–358 |DOI=10.1080/09700161003658998 |subscription=yes |quote=Instead of the chief minister, the order rests all administrative, political and judicial authority with the governor, which makes him the supreme authority and portrays the assembly as a toothless tiger. At best, the order legitimises Pakistan's occupation and claims political rights for the locals without changing the power equation.}}</ref> The Pakistani government has rejected Gilgit-Baltistani calls for integration with Pakistan on the grounds that it would jeopardise its demands for the whole ] to be resolved according to UN resolutions.<ref name="Schofield2000">{{cite book|author=Victoria Schofield|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC&pg=PA64|year=2000|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-898-4|pages=63–64}}</ref> | |||
| Gilgit-Baltistan covers an area of over 72,971 km² (28,174 sq mi)<ref name="unpo.org">{{cite web|url=http://unpo.org/article/15483|title=UNPO: Gilgit Baltistan: Impact Of Climate Change On Biodiversity|work=unpo.org|accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref> and is highly mountainous. It had an estimated population of 1,800,000 in 2015.{{sfn|Shahid Javed Burki|2015}} Its capital city is ] (population 216,760 est). Gilgit-Baltistan is home to five of the "]s" and to more than fifty peaks above 7,000 metres (23,000 ft). Three of the world's longest ]s outside the polar regions are found in Gilgit-Baltistan. Tourism is mostly in trekking and ], and this industry is growing in importance. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan administered Kashmir}} | |||
| {{Azad Kashmir topics}}{{Gilgit-Baltistan topics}} | |||
| {{Administrative units of Pakistan}} | |||
| {{Administrative units of Azad Kashmir}} | |||
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