Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 19:13, 5 January 2007

Adult human height generally varies little between people compared to other anthropometric measures. Exceptional height (variation from the average of around 20%) is usually due to gigantism or dwarfism. Adult height for one sex in a particular ethnic group follows more or less a Gaussian distribution.

Changes in human height

In Western countries, height has varied significantly in the past few millennia. During the Industrial Revolution, Westerners were three inches shorter than their ancestors from the 11th century. The European Middle Ages was an era of tallness with men of above six feet (1.83 m) considered unremarkable. Average height decreased again in Britain in the early nineteenth century, then began to rise again mid-century.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans in North America were far taller than those in Europe - in fact they were the tallest in the world. The original indigenous population of Plains Indians was also among the tallest populations of the world at the time. Several nations, including many nations in Europe, have now surpassed the US, particularly the Netherlands, and the Scandinavian nations.

The Netherlands was in the late nineteenth century a land renowned for its short population, but today it has the 2nd tallest average in the world, with young men averaging 6 ft (1.83 m) tall and only shorter than the peoples of the Dinaric Alps (Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia), where males average 6 ft 1.08 in (1.856 m) tall. The Dinarians and Dutch are now well known in Europe for extreme tallness. The increase has been so dramatic that various things have been redesigned to fit the much taller frames.

Average male height in impoverished Vietnam and North Korea remains comparatively small at 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m) and 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) respectively. Currently, young North Korean males are actually significantly shorter. This contrasts greatly with the extreme growth occurring in surrounding Asian populations with correlated increasing standards of living. Young South Koreans are about 3 inches (8 cm) taller than their North Korean counterparts, on average. There is also an extreme difference between older North Koreans and young North Koreans who grew up during the famines of the 1990s-2000s.

Determinants of growth and height

The study of human growth is known as auxology. Growth and height have long been recognized as a measure of the health and wellness of individuals, hence part of the reasoning for the use of growth charts. For individuals, as indicators of health problems, growth trends are tracked for significant deviations and growth is also monitored for significant deficiency from genetic expectations. Genetics is a major factor in determining the height of individuals, though it is far less influential in regard to populations. Average height is increasingly used as a measure of the health and wellness (standard of living and quality of life) of populations. Attributed as a significant reason for the trend of increasing height in parts of Europe is the egalitarian populations where proper medical care and adequate nutrition are relatively equally distributed. Changes in diet (nutrition) and a general rise in quality of health care and standard of living are the cited factors in the Asian populations. Average height in the United States has remained essentially stagnant since the 1950s. Severe malnutrition is known to cause stunted growth in North Korean, portions of African, certain historical European, and other populations. Diet (in addition to needed nutrients; such things as junk food and attendant health problems such as obesity), exercise, fitness, pollution exposure, sleep patterns, climate (see Allen's rule and Bergmann's Rule for example), and even happiness (psychological well-being) are other factors that can affect growth and final height.

Height is determined by the complex interactive combination of genetics and environment. Genetic potential plus nutrition minus stressors is a basic formula. Genetically speaking, the heights of mother and son and of father and daughter correlate, suggesting that a short mother will more likely bear a shorter son, and tall fathers will have tall daughters. Humans grow fastest (other than in the womb) as infants and toddlers (birth to roughly age 2) and then during the pubertal growth spurt. A slower steady growth velocity occurs throughout childhood between these periods; and some slow, steady, declining growth after the pubertal growth spurt levels off is common. These are also critical periods where stressors such as malnutrition (or even severe child neglect) have the greatest effect. Conversely, if conditions are optimal then growth potential is maximized; and also there is catch-up growth — which can be significant — for those experiencing poor conditions when those conditions improve.

Moreover, the health of a mother throughout her life, especially during her critical periods, and of course during pregnancy, has a role. A healthier child and adult develops a body that is better able to provide optimal prenatal conditions. The pregnant mother's health is important as gestation is itself a critical period for an embryo/fetus, though some problems affecting height during this period are resolved by catch-up growth assuming childhood conditions are good. Thus, there is an accumulative generation effect such that nutrition and health over generations influences the height of descendants to varying degrees.

The precise relationship between genetics and environment and exact role of genetics itself is complex and uncertain. Human height is both of moderately high phenotypic plasticity and is highly heritable. Height is a multigenic trait. There are substantial relationships in the heights among biological families; the heights of parents and family are a good predictor for the height of their children. Environmental influences are most pronounced if they are highly favorable or unfavorable to growth, especially when occurring during critical periods and when continuing multigenerationally. Genetic profile (genotype) provides potentialities or proclivities which interact with environmental factors throughout the period of growth resulting (phenotype) in final adult height. Essentially, the developing body devotes energy to growth after other bodily functions are satisfied.

Race and height

Asian populations were once thought to be inherently shorter, but with the increases in height in East Asian nations such as China and South Korea as diet changes, they have become taller. Asians still are on a diet that depress growth. A typical Asian diet contain little dairy products which contain calcium, has little protein, and accommodate high soybean products, which contain isoflavones, a type of phytoestrogen that act like a female hormone. Asians take in little iron, Vitamin A and Vitamin D, which causes growth retardation. It now seems that humans as a species probably possess a roughly similar genetic height potential (excluding permutations like the Pygmies), and that thus a predictive genotypic basis for height differentiation has not yet evolved.

Process of growth

Growth in stature, determined by its various factors, results from the lengthening of bones via cellular divisions chiefly regulated by somatotropin (human growth hormone (hGH)) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Somatotropin also stimulates the release of another growth inducing hormone insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mainly by the liver. Both hormones operate on most tissues of the body, have many other functions, and continue to be secreted throughout life; with peak levels coinciding with peak growth velocity, and gradually subsiding with age after adolescence. The bulk of secretion occurs in bursts (especially for adolescents) with the largest during sleep. Exercise promotes secretion. (indeed, adolescents who take steroids can experience stunted growth). A positive net nutrition is also important, with proteins and various other nutrients especially important.

The majority of linear growth occurs as growth of cartilage at the epiphysis (ends) of the long bones which gradually ossify to form hard bone. The legs compose approximately half of adult human height, and leg length is a somewhat sexually dimorphic trait. Height is also attained from growth of the spine, and contrary to popular belief, men are the "leggier" gender with a longer leg to torso ratio, conversely to women's longer torso to leg ratio. (The illusion of the proportion being the other way around is caused by fatty deposits placed high on women's hips.) Some of this growth occurs after the growth spurt of the long bones has ceased or slowed. The majority of growth during growth spurts is of the long bones. Additionally, the variation in height between populations and across time is largely due to changes in leg length. The remainder of height consists of the cranium. Height is obviously sexually dimorphic and statistically it is more or less normally distributed, but with heavy tails.

Height abnormalities

Most intra-population variance of height is genetic. Short stature and tall stature are usually not a health concern. If the degree of deviation from normal is significant, hereditary short stature is known as familial short stature and tall stature is known as familial tall stature. Confirmation that exceptional height is normal for a respective person can be ascertained from comparing stature of family members and analyzing growth trends for abrupt changes, among others. There are, however, various diseases and disorders that cause growth abnormalities. Most notably, extreme height may be pathological, such as gigantism (very rare) resulting from childhood hyperpituitarism, and dwarfism which has various causes. Rarely, no cause can be found for extreme height; very short persons may be termed as having idiopathic short stature. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003 approved hGH treatment for those 2.25 standard deviations below the population mean (approximately the lowest 1.2% of the population). An even rarer occurrence, or at least less used term and recognized "problem", is idiopathic tall stature.

If not enough growth hormone is produced and/or secreted by the pituitary gland, then a patient with growth hormone deficiancy can undergo treatment. This treatment involves the injection of pure growth hormone into thick tissue to jump-start the growth process.

Role of an individual's height

Tallness has been suggested to be associated with better cardio-vascular health and overall better-than-average health and longevity (Njolstad et al. 1996, McCarron et al 2002). However, height may not be causative of better health and longevity (Miura et al. 2002). Other studies have found no association, or suggest that shorter stature is associated with better health (Samaras & Elrick, 1999). On the other hand, being excessively tall can cause various medical problems, including cardiovascular issues, due to the increased load on the heart to supply the body with blood, and issues resulting from the increased time it takes the brain to communicate with the extremities. For example, Robert Wadlow, the tallest man known to verifiable history, developed walking difficulties as his height continued to increase throughout his life. In many of the pictures of the later portion of his life, Wadlow can be seen gripping something for support. Late in his life he was forced to wear braces on his legs and to walk with a cane, and he died after developing an infection in his legs because he was unable to feel the irritation and cutting caused by his leg braces (it is important to note that he died in 1940, before the widespread use of modern antibiotics). Height extremities of either excessive tallness or shortness can cause social exclusion and discrimination for both men and women (heightism).

Epidemiological studies have also demonstrated a positive correlation between height and intelligence. The reasons for this association appear to include that height serves as a biomarker of nutritional status or general mental and physical health during development, that common genetic factors may influence both height and intelligence, and that both height and intelligence are affected by adverse early environmental exposures.

In addition, an individual's height can be largely a part of what social clique, or group that they fall in to, though this is usually associated with pre-teens and teenagers. For example, in some schools, students on the basketball team might be "cool", and those with short stature wouldn't likely make the team. Therefore, in some cases, this could contribute to them being classified as "weak" or "uncool", which can be detrimental to that particular individual's self-esteem.

This can also sometimes be translated over into the corporate world. Individuals with short stature can sometimes appear to not have any leadership ability or power, since some people might not take them seriously due to their diminutive nature. This explains why Napolean got no respect. However, this is not always the case with most employers.

The physics of human height

torque = rotational inertia X angular acceleration. Rotational inertia = sum of the products of the mass of each particle by the square of its distance from the axis of rotation. http://en.wikipedia.org/Rotational_inertia#Angular_momentum_and_torqueThese equations mean that the shorter human can accelerate more quickly than the taller human. The taller human requires considerably more torque to gets its body moving. This also means that the taller human can generate considerably more torque. For similar reasons the shorter human can decelerate more quickly and change directions more quickly than the taller human. This gives the shorter human more agility and quickness than the taller human.

These equations of rotational dynamics also show that the shorter human is prone to be more coordinated than the taller human. When the taller human sets himself in motion his body gains more angular momentum than the shorter human and it requires considerably more torque for the taller human to control his body. The shorter human will tend to be more coordinated than the taller human.

When the taller human starts to lose his balance, again his body will gain more angular momentum which will require more torque to control. The shorter human will tend to have better balance than the taller human.

These effects can easily be understood if one tries to control a 12 inch (30 cm) ruler as opposed to a yardstick (1 m ruler). The shorter ruler will be much easier to accelerate, decelerate, change directions, control and balance, although the yardstick can generate more power.

In many sports such as baseball, the greater torques that the taller players can generate give them almost an overwhelming advantage over the shorter player. In other sports such as basketball, the greater reach of the taller players is an overwhelming advantage. In American football the taller bodies can carry much more mass than the shorter bodies and this gives the taller body an advantage. However, in the case of running backs in American football the shorter players are able to use the advantages of greater acceleration, agility, coordination and balance to compete successfully against the more massive taller players. Many running backs enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame measure 5 feet 10 inches (178cm) or less, significantly shorter than elite players at other positions.

Acceleration, agility, coordination and balance are at a great premium in indoor soccer and we find a large number of players in this sport of short stature. There is also a great abundance of players of short stature in outdoor soccer(International football).

The role of height in sports

Height often plays a crucial role in sports. For most sports, height is useful as it affects the leverage between muscle volume and bones towards greater speed of movement. It is most valuable in sports like basketball and volleyball, where the "short" players are almost always well above average in height compared to the general population. In some sports, such as horse racing, auto racing, diving, figure skating and gymnastics, a smaller frame is more valuable.

In other sports, the role of height is specific to particular positions. For example, in soccer, tall goalkeepers have an advantage because they have greater armspans and can jump higher easily, so one will rarely, if ever, see a short goalkeeper in professional soccer. However, shorter goalkeepers will have an easier time reaching low shots as they can reach the ground fractionally sooner than taller keepers. In outfield positions in soccer height isn't very important with some of the best players in the world (i.e. Roberto Carlos and Maradona being shorter then average. Similarly, in cricket, some good players like Don Bradman and Sachin Tendulkar are/were short. In rugby union, lineout jumpers are usually the tallest players on the pitch, as this increases their chance of winning clean ball, whereas scrum-halves are usually relatively short. In American football, a tall quarterback is at an advantage because it is easier for him to see over the heads of large offensive and defensive linemen while he is in the pocket on a pass play. Tall wide receivers are at an advantage because they can outjump shorter defensive backs to catch high balls. By contrast, shorter running backs are at an advantage because at a lower center of gravity, with increased stride frequency (and thus acceleration), are harder to effectively bring down. In addition, they can get "lost" behind large offensive linemen, making it harder for defenders to react at the beginning of a play. Thus, in the NFL and in NCAA Division I football, running backs under 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) are more common than running backs over 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m). Former Heisman Trophy winner and Pro Football Hall of Famer Barry Sanders, thought by some to be the greatest running back in history, is a classic example of a running back with an extraordinarily low center of gravity—at only 5 ft 7 1/2 in (1.71 m). However, Jim Brown, another player often considered the greatest running back of all time, was more than 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) tall, helping display the benefits conferred by the greater leverage which height provides. In baseball, pitchers tend to be taller than position players, since having longer arms tends to mean greater arm speed and harder throws, but while batting means a larger strike zone.

Average adult height around the world

This November 2006 may be in need of reorganization to comply with Misplaced Pages's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Here follows a list of average heights around the world and some references.

Sources:

a = Cavelaars et al 2000*

b = kurabe.net** -The karube link is dead, and should therefore be removed-

c = 'Fitting the Task to the Man'

d = Netherlands Central Bureau for Statistics, 2000

e = Eurostats Statistical Yearbook 2004

f = Statistics Norway 2006

g = ABS How Australians Measure Up 1995 data

h = Leiden University Medical Centre 1997

i = Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index 1960-2002

j = Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute

k = (page 60) Size and Shape of New Zealanders: NZ Norms for Anthropometric Data 1993****

l = Statistics Sweden

m = (Male)(Female) (Japan)2005 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)

m² = Official Statistics by Ministry of Health, Labour and WelfareJapan character

n = UFIH (French Union of Clothing Industries) 2006

o = Sigma Dos Statistics 2003

p = National Public Health Institute(Finland

q = (Full text source is pay, lists the statistics as based on these regions: Dalmatia (Split, Sibenik, Drnis, Sinj, Imotski, Vrgorac) and Hercegovina (Mostar, Trebinje, Konjic) Dynamique de l'evolution humaine 2005

r = VISUOMENĖS SVEIKATA Anthropometrical data and physical fitness of Lithuanian soldiers

according to the sociodemographic characteristics

s = ISTAT, 1980 Birth Cohorts.

u = Committee for determining the eligibility of young men for military service.

v = National statistics, 2001 (website in Chinese)

x = Health Survey for England 2004

y = Vall d'Hebron Hospital pediatric study about 18 years old Spaniards, dated in 2004 and other values mentioned in the article below.

z = study made between the years 1980-2000)

aa = Korean statistical information system (between) 1970-2004 Source: Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development

aa² = Empas news (website in Korean), Students' Physical Development(Height) by Province (korea)

bb = Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan) Chinese character

cc = Icelandic boys Girls

Notes:

a* Based on self reported and not measured height

b** Some values from this site have been disputed, see the talk page for more information.

j*** Based on self reported and not measured height

k**** Based on British norms and their relations to New Zealand values

References

• Fitting the Task to the Man, 1987 (for heights in USA and Japan)
• Eurostats Statistical Yearbook 2004 (for heights in Germany)
• Netherlands Central Bureau for Statistics, 1996 (for average heights)
• Mean Body Weight, Height, and body mass index, United States 1960 - 2002
• How Australians Measure Up
• UK Department of Health - Health Survey for England
• Statistics Norway, Conscripts, by height, Per cent
• Statistics Sweden (in Swedish)
• Burkhard Bilger. "The Height Gap." The New Yorker
• A collection of data on human height, referred to here as "karube" but originally collected from other sources, was originally available here but is no longer. A copy is available here. (an English translation of this Japanese page would make it easier to evaluate the quality of the data...).
• http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/04news/americans.htm
• Aminorraya, A. et al.: Growth Charts of Heights and Weights of Male Children and Adolescents of Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Health and Population Nutrition, 21(4):2003, p. 341-346
• Blaha, P. et al.: 6. Celostatni antropologicky vyzkum deti a mladeze 2001, Ceska republika , Charles University in Prague 2005
• Bogin, B.A. (1999) Patterns of human growth. 2nd ed Cambridge U Press
• Bogin, B.A. (2001) The growth of humanity Wiley-Liss
• Cavelaars, A.E.J.M.,Kunst, A.E.,Geurts, J.J.M.,Crialesi, R.,Grotvedt, L.,Helmert U. Persistent variations in average height between countries and between socio-economic groups: an overview of 10 European countries. Annals of Human Biology. 27(4),407 - 421.
• Deurenberg P., Kalpana Bhaskaran, Petrina Lim Kim Lian: Singaporean Chinese adolescents have more subcutaneous adipose tissue than Dutch Caucasians of the same age and body mass index. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 12(3):2003, p. 261-265
• Eveleth, P.B. & Tanner, J.M. (1990) Worldwide variation in human growth, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.
• Lintsi, M., Kaarma, H.: Growth of Estonian seventeen-year-old boys during the last two centuries. Economics and Human Biology 4 (2006) 89–103.
• Miura, K. Nakagawa, H. & Greenland, P. (2002) Invited commentary: height-cardiovascular disease relation: where to go from here? Am. J. Epidemiol. 155:688–689.
• Ruff, C. (2002) Variation in human body size and shape. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 31:211-232.
• Average height of adolescents in the Dinaric Alps
• Average height of young Spaniards (in Spanish)
• Differences between height (stature) and recumbent length
• Mandel, MD, E. Zimlichman, MD, F. B. Mimouni, MD, FACN, FAAP, I. Grotto, MD, MPH, and Y. Kreiss, MD Height-Related Changes in Body Mass Index: A Reappraisal
• A. Case, PhD, C. Paxson, PhD, Stature and Status: Height, Ability, and Labor Market Outcomes
• Global Height Trends in Industrial and Developing Countries, 1810-1984: An Overview 2006 10 20

Notes

1. http://www.macleans.ca/topstories/science/article.jsp?content=20050404_103140_103140
2. Bogin 2001, citing height and distribution data of 8 plains Indian tribes collected by Frank Boas during 1888-1903 published by Prince & Steckel 1998, "Tallest in the world: Native Americans of the Great Plains in the nineteenth century". National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series. Historical paper 112 1-35
3. http://articles.news.aol.com/news/_a/the-dutch-are-the-worlds-tallest-people/20060915162909990006
4. The Seattle Times: "Short stature evident in North Korean generation" (free registration required)
5. Malnutrition#Statistics
6. Asian Americans, Diets of
7. Soy Alert! Soy and the Brain
8. Asians, Diet of
9. [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/481326 Iron, Vitamin A Helpful in Constitutional Delayed Growth and Puberty]
10. Asian Children Should Receive Vitamin D Supplements For Two Years From Birth
11. Vitamin D supplements for Asian kids, say researchers
12. Iron Deficiency
13. KidsHealth
14. Iron Deficiently Institute
15. Njolstad I, Arnesen E, Lund-Larsen PG. (1996) Body height, cardiovascular risk factors, and risk of stroke in middle-aged men and women: a 14-year follow-up of the Finnmark Study. Circulation 94:2877–2882.
16. McCarron, P., Okasha, M., McEwen, J. et al. (2002) Height in young adulthood and risk of death from cardiorespiratory disease: a prospective study of male former students of Glasgow University, Scotland. Am. J. Epidemiol. 155:683–687
17. Samaras, T.T. & Elrick, H. 1999. Height, body size and longevity. Acta Med Okayama. 53:149-169

See also

• Heightism
• Anthropometry
• Height and intelligence
• Human weight
• Human variability
• Human biology
• List of famous short women
• List of famous tall men
• List of famous tall women
• List of famous short men

External links

• CDC National Center for Health Statistics: Growth Charts of American Percentiles

For a more accurate worldwide statistical study data covering males and females from 1 - 18 years of age, check this link (scroll down to table III - IV).

• www.fao.org: Body Weights and Heights by Countries
• Height to Weight Charts Height to weight charts according to small, medium and large frame for both men and women.
• Standard to Metric Human Height Converter

• Anthropology
• Human anatomy
• Human height