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| {{Short description|Ethnic group in Myanmar}} | |||
| {{Infobox ethnic group | {{Infobox ethnic group | ||
| | group = |
| group = Baryingyi | ||
| | native_name = ဘုရင်ဂျီ | | native_name = ဘုရင်ဂျီ | ||
| | native_name_lang = | | native_name_lang = | ||
| | population = |
| population = At least 3,000, up to 100,000 <ref>{{cite web|format=PDF|title=1: The 400-year history of Portuguese Catholics in Sagaing|url=https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-400-year-history-of-portuguese-catholics-in-sagaing|date=19 December 2017|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|format=PDF|title=2: The Bayingyi People of Burma|newspaper=Joao-Roque Literary Journal Est. 2017|url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/nonfiction-1/2018/2/6/the-baying-people-of-burma|date=26 February 2018|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|format=PDF|title=3: Portuguese descendants in Thailand|url=http://500anosportugaltailandia.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html|date=19 June 2009|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/portuguese/pt/podcast-episode/risking-my-life-to-speak-out-claims-minority-catholic-community-leader-amid-persecution-by-myanmars-junta/7snuhkchj|title=Casas incendiadas, terror e morte em Myanmar: Luso-descendentes católicos Bayingyi no alvo dos militares}}</ref> | ||
| | genealogy = | | genealogy = | ||
| | regions = {{flagcountry|Myanmar}} | | regions = {{flagcountry|Myanmar}} | ||
| | tablehdr = | | tablehdr = | ||
| | region1 = {{flagcountry|Sagaing_Region}} | | region1 = {{flagcountry|Sagaing_Region}} | ||
| | pop1 = ~3,000+ | | pop1 = ~3,000+ | ||
| | ref1 = | | ref1 = | ||
| | region2 = {{flagcountry|Yangon_Region}} | | region2 = {{flagcountry|Yangon_Region}} | ||
| | |
| ref2 = | ||
| | languages = ]: ]<br>Some ] | |||
| | ref2 = | |||
| | |
| religions = {{Hlist|] (mostly ]) <br>Some ]}} | ||
| ⚫ | | related = {{Hlist|]|]|]|]}} | ||
| | religions = {{Hlist|] (mostly ]) <br>Some ]}} | |||
| ⚫ | | footnotes = | ||
| ⚫ | | related = {{Hlist|]|]|]|]}} | ||
| }} | |||
| ⚫ | | footnotes = | ||
| '''Bayingyi people''' ({{langx|my|ဘရင်ဂျီ}}) also known as '''Luso-Burmese''', are a subgroup ethnicity of ], and are the descendants of ] mercenaries or adventurers who came to ] (Burma) in the 16th and 17th centuries. They were recruited into the ]' artillery and musketeers corps, and over centuries of continued settlement in the ], particularly the ] of Myanmar, have been more or less ] into the dominant ethnic group of the region, the ], while keeping their sense of Portuguese identity and ] religion. | |||
| == Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
| The descendants of the Portuguese were once commonly known, because of their ] features, as “Bayingyi", but the everyday usage of the term, along with the Bayingyi's ] appearance, has almost disappeared due to assimilation with the ]. The term “Bayingyi” is derived from the ] expression ‘''Feringhi''’ or '''Frank''<nowiki/>', used to generally describe any western European, with the word mainly being used by Middle Eastern ] to describe the ] invaders from Europe during the ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite |
The descendants of the Portuguese were once commonly known, because of their ] features, as “Bayingyi", but the everyday usage of the term, along with the Bayingyi's ] appearance, has almost disappeared due to assimilation with the ]. The term “Bayingyi” is derived from the ] expression ‘''Feringhi''’ or '''Frank''<nowiki/>', used to generally describe any western European, with the word mainly being used by Middle Eastern ] to describe the ] invaders from Europe during the ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-400-year-history-of-portuguese-catholics-in-sagaing|title=The 400-year history of Portuguese Catholics in Sagaing|last=Thu|first=Mratt Kyaw|website=Frontier Myanmar|date=6 December 2017|language=en|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lostfootsteps.org/en/history/the-bayingyis-of-myanmar|title=The Bayingyis of Myanmar|website=lostfootsteps.org|language=en|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref> | ||
| == History == | == History == | ||
| === Arrival of the Portuguese === | === Arrival of the Portuguese === | ||
| ] pennant of a Burmese artillery unit made up of European descendants.]]During the 16th and 17th centuries the ] recruited entire corps of European and Muslim mercenaries, who used knowledge of ] and ] to assist the Burmese in war. By the mid-17th century, the mercenaries, who had proven politically dangerous as well as expensive, had virtually disappeared in favour of cannoneers and matchlockmen in the Burmese military ''ahmudan'' system. However, the men who replaced the mercenaries were themselves descendants of the mercenaries who had settled in their own hereditary villages in ] (on the vast plain in ]) where they practised their own religion (]) and followed their own customs.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/nonfiction-1/2018/2/6/the-baying-people-of-burma|title=The Bayingyi People of Burma|website=Joao-Roque Literary Journal est. 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> | ] pennant of a Burmese artillery unit made up of European descendants.]]During the 16th and 17th centuries the ] recruited entire corps of European and Muslim mercenaries, who used knowledge of ] and ] to assist the Burmese in war. By the mid-17th century, the mercenaries, who had proven politically dangerous as well as expensive, had virtually disappeared in favour of cannoneers and matchlockmen in the Burmese military ''ahmudan'' system. However, the men who replaced the mercenaries were themselves descendants of the mercenaries who had settled in their own hereditary villages in ] (on the vast plain in ]) where they practised their own religion (]) and followed their own customs.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/nonfiction-1/2018/2/6/the-baying-people-of-burma|title=The Bayingyi People of Burma|website=Joao-Roque Literary Journal est. 2017|date=6 February 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> | ||
| === Filipe de Brito |
=== Filipe de Brito and the development of the Bayingyi identity === | ||
| ], Portuguese mercenary and governor of ], ], circa 1600.|alt=|left]] | ], Portuguese mercenary and governor of ], ], circa 1600.|alt=|left]] | ||
| One of the best-known Portuguese adventurers was ], who served the ] king, ]. In 1599, de Brito was made governor of Syriam, a busy port on the ] in what is now ], where the ruins of the country’s first Catholic church can be seen on a hilltop.<ref name=":0" /> | One of the best-known Portuguese adventurers was ], who served the ] king, ]. In 1599, de Brito was made governor of Syriam, a busy port on the ] in what is now ], where the ruins of the country’s first Catholic church can be seen on a hilltop.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
| Line 36: | Line 37: | ||
| == Population == | == Population == | ||
| ], a Catholic |
], a Catholic church in ] (formerly Rangoon), ] (Burma).|alt=]] | ||
| An 1830 census put the population of the Bayingyi at somewhere roughly around 3,000,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://500anosportugaltailandia.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html|title=Portuguese descendants in Thailand|last=Combustões|date=19 July 2009|website=500 Anos Portugal-Tailândia, por Miguel Castelo Branco|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> |
An 1830 census put the population of the Bayingyi at somewhere roughly around 3,000,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://500anosportugaltailandia.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html|title=Portuguese descendants in Thailand|last=Combustões|date=19 July 2009|website=500 Anos Portugal-Tailândia, por Miguel Castelo Branco|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> but it is entirely possible many thousands more have some ] – at least 5,000 Portuguese adventurers and mercenaries came to and settled in ],<ref name=":0" /> and some estimate up to 100,000 Bayingyi are dispersed across the villages of the Mu Valley.<ref name=":1" /> Centuries of inter-marriage have left the Bayingyi more or less assimilated into the ] ethnic group of Myanmar, but they have still kept their sense of ] and ], and in some individuals obvious European phenotypes are still present. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |date=19 June 2009 |title=Bayingyis of the Valley of Mu |url=http://www.arscives.com/bladesign/the_bayingyi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816161904/http://www.arscives.com/bladesign/the_bayingyi.htm |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=11 May 2019 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bayingyi People of Burma|url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/nonfiction-1/2018/2/6/the-baying-people-of-burma|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Joao-Roque Literary Journal est. 2017|date=6 February 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
| == Persecution == | |||
| At the end of 2021 and through 2022 several Bayingyi villages in the Mu Valley were targeted by the ], leading to ] anti-government protests from the community.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title='Risking my life to speak out,' claims minority Catholic community leader amid persecution by Myanmar's junta |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/portuguese/en/podcast-episode/risking-my-life-to-speak-out-claims-minority-catholic-community-leader-amid-persecution-by-myanmars-junta/vfyz74fet |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=SBS Language |language=en}}</ref> Agriculture and infrastructure was destroyed and livestock were killed.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=enquiries@thetablet.co.uk |first=The Tablet-w |title=Ancient Catholic villages in Myanmar targeted by military |url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/15597/ancient-catholic-villages-in-myanmar-targeted-by-military |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=The Tablet |language=en}}</ref> The villages were ransacked, hundreds of houses were looted and torched, with Catholic chapels also being targeted and razed.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-05 |title=Political situation in Myanmar and the effects on Bayingyi villages - José Ramos-Horta |url=https://ramoshorta.com/political-situation-in-myanmar-and-the-effects-on-bayingyi-villages/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=ramoshorta.com |language=en-US}}</ref> According to the International Association of Luso-Descendants (IALD) the village of Chaung Yoe was the hardest hit, and was allegedly attacked with artillery. After the attacks, only 20 of the 350 houses were left intact.<ref name=":2" /> The villagers were persecuted, terrorised and at least five were shot and killed while fleeing the attack, according to eyewitnesses.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Several ] were arrested and their chapels were looted for gold and money.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> According to a Bayingyi eyewitness, the Catholic faith and 'foreign' traditions of his people is likely the reason for the attacks.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| Line 55: | Line 59: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:14, 5 November 2024
Ethnic group in Myanmar Ethnic group| ဘုရင်ဂျီ | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| At least 3,000, up to 100,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Myanmar | |
 Sagaing Region | ~3,000+ |
| Languages | |
| Languages of Myanmar: Burmese Some English | |
| Religion | |
| |
| Related ethnic groups | |
Bayingyi people (Burmese: ဘရင်ဂျီ) also known as Luso-Burmese, are a subgroup ethnicity of Luso-Asians, and are the descendants of Portuguese mercenaries or adventurers who came to Myanmar (Burma) in the 16th and 17th centuries. They were recruited into the Royal Burmese Armed forces' artillery and musketeers corps, and over centuries of continued settlement in the Mu Valley, particularly the Sagaing Region of Myanmar, have been more or less assimilated into the dominant ethnic group of the region, the Bamar, while keeping their sense of Portuguese identity and Roman Catholic religion.
Etymology
The descendants of the Portuguese were once commonly known, because of their Caucasian features, as “Bayingyi", but the everyday usage of the term, along with the Bayingyi's European appearance, has almost disappeared due to assimilation with the Bamar. The term “Bayingyi” is derived from the Arabic expression ‘Feringhi’ or 'Frank', used to generally describe any western European, with the word mainly being used by Middle Eastern Muslims to describe the Christian invaders from Europe during the Crusades.
History
Arrival of the Portuguese
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During the 16th and 17th centuries the Royal Burmese Armed forces recruited entire corps of European and Muslim mercenaries, who used knowledge of artillery and muskets to assist the Burmese in war. By the mid-17th century, the mercenaries, who had proven politically dangerous as well as expensive, had virtually disappeared in favour of cannoneers and matchlockmen in the Burmese military ahmudan system. However, the men who replaced the mercenaries were themselves descendants of the mercenaries who had settled in their own hereditary villages in Upper Burma (on the vast plain in Sagaing Region) where they practised their own religion (Roman Catholicism) and followed their own customs.
Filipe de Brito and the development of the Bayingyi identity
One of the best-known Portuguese adventurers was Filipe de Brito e Nicote, who served the Rakhine king, Min Razagyi. In 1599, de Brito was made governor of Syriam, a busy port on the Bago River in what is now Yangon’s Thanlyin Township, where the ruins of the country’s first Catholic church can be seen on a hilltop.
De Brito, who commanded a force of about 3,000 men, enraged the Burmese after his forces desecrated Buddha images, and in 1613 Syriam was attacked by the Taungoo dynasty king, Anaukpetlun. De Brito was captured and executed by impaling. The Portuguese community, between 4,000 and 5,000 people, was taken prisoner and marched to the Taungoo capital, Ava. Some sources say it took them 10 weeks to complete the journey.
In 1628, Anaukpetlun was succeeded by King Thalun. He encouraged the Portuguese and their mixed-race families to integrate, and gave them the land where their ancestors live in Sagaing. Now the descendants of these Portuguese, heavily integrated both ethnically and culturally into the Bamar, live scattered across an unknown range of villages and towns in this region known as 'Anya'.
Population
An 1830 census put the population of the Bayingyi at somewhere roughly around 3,000, but it is entirely possible many thousands more have some Portuguese ancestry – at least 5,000 Portuguese adventurers and mercenaries came to and settled in Myanmar, and some estimate up to 100,000 Bayingyi are dispersed across the villages of the Mu Valley. Centuries of inter-marriage have left the Bayingyi more or less assimilated into the Bamar ethnic group of Myanmar, but they have still kept their sense of Portuguese identity and Roman Catholic religion, and in some individuals obvious European phenotypes are still present.
Persecution
At the end of 2021 and through 2022 several Bayingyi villages in the Mu Valley were targeted by the Tatmadaw, leading to pro-democracy anti-government protests from the community. Agriculture and infrastructure was destroyed and livestock were killed. The villages were ransacked, hundreds of houses were looted and torched, with Catholic chapels also being targeted and razed. According to the International Association of Luso-Descendants (IALD) the village of Chaung Yoe was the hardest hit, and was allegedly attacked with artillery. After the attacks, only 20 of the 350 houses were left intact. The villagers were persecuted, terrorised and at least five were shot and killed while fleeing the attack, according to eyewitnesses. Several clergymen were arrested and their chapels were looted for gold and money. According to a Bayingyi eyewitness, the Catholic faith and 'foreign' traditions of his people is likely the reason for the attacks.
See also
- Luso-Asians
- Luso-Indians
- Anglo-Burmese
- Portuguese people
- Ethnic groups of Myanmar
- Felipe de Brito e Nicote
- Roman Catholicism in Myanmar
References
- "1: The 400-year history of Portuguese Catholics in Sagaing" (PDF). 19 December 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- "2: The Bayingyi People of Burma" (PDF). Joao-Roque Literary Journal Est. 2017. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- "3: Portuguese descendants in Thailand" (PDF). 19 June 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- "Casas incendiadas, terror e morte em Myanmar: Luso-descendentes católicos Bayingyi no alvo dos militares".
- ^ Thu, Mratt Kyaw (6 December 2017). "The 400-year history of Portuguese Catholics in Sagaing". Frontier Myanmar. Retrieved 2019-05-11.
- "The Bayingyis of Myanmar". lostfootsteps.org. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
- "The Bayingyi People of Burma". Joao-Roque Literary Journal est. 2017. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 2019-05-11.
- Combustões (19 July 2009). "Portuguese descendants in Thailand". 500 Anos Portugal-Tailândia, por Miguel Castelo Branco. Retrieved 2019-05-11.
- ^ "'Risking my life to speak out,' claims minority Catholic community leader amid persecution by Myanmar's junta". SBS Language. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- "Bayingyis of the Valley of Mu". 19 June 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- "The Bayingyi People of Burma". Joao-Roque Literary Journal est. 2017. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
- ^ enquiries@thetablet.co.uk, The Tablet-w. "Ancient Catholic villages in Myanmar targeted by military". The Tablet. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ^ "Political situation in Myanmar and the effects on Bayingyi villages - José Ramos-Horta". ramoshorta.com. 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
| Ethnic groups in Myanmar | |
|---|---|
| Burmese people | |
| Kachin (12) | |
| Kayah (9) | |
| Kayin (Karen) (11) | |
| Chin (53) |
|
| Bamar (Burman) (9) | |
| Mon (1) | |
| Rakhine (Arakanese) (7) | |
| Shan (33) | |
| Others / Unrecognised | |