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| {{short description|Roman Catholic order founded in 1120}} | {{short description|Roman Catholic order founded in 1120}} | ||
| {{redirect|White Canons|the White Friars|Carmelites|the White Monks|Cistercians}} | |||
| {{Infobox organization | {{Infobox organization | ||
| |name = Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré | |name = Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré | ||
| Line 13: | Line 14: | ||
| |malt = | |malt = | ||
| |mcaption = | |mcaption = | ||
| |abbreviation = |
|abbreviation = OPraem | ||
| |formation = 1120 | |formation = 1120 | ||
| |extinction = | |extinction = | ||
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| |coords = {{coord|41|52|44.07|N|12|29|19.39|E|type:landmark_scale:10000_region:IT|display=inline,title}} | |coords = {{coord|41|52|44.07|N|12|29|19.39|E|type:landmark_scale:10000_region:IT|display=inline,title}} | ||
| |region_served = Worldwide | |region_served = Worldwide | ||
| |membership = |
|membership = 1600+ (2024)<ref>https://premontre.org/</ref> | ||
| |language = | |language = | ||
| |leader_title = ] | |leader_title = ] | ||
| Line 37: | Line 38: | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| The '''Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré''' ({{ |
The '''Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré''' ({{Langx|la|Candidus et Canonicus Ordo Praemonstratensis}}), also known as the '''Premonstratensians''', the '''Norbertines''' and, in ] and ], as the '''White Canons'''<ref name=EB1911/> (from the colour of their ]), is a ] of ] of the ] founded in ] near ] in 1120 by ], who later became ]. Premonstratensians are designated by ''OPraem'' (''Ordo Praemonstratensis'') following their name. | ||
| Norbert was a friend of ] and was largely influenced by the ] ideals as to both the manner of life and the government of his order. As the Premonstratensians are not ]s but |
Norbert was a friend of ] and was largely influenced by the ] ideals as to both the manner of life and the government of his order. As the Premonstratensians are not ]s but canons regular, their work often involves preaching and the exercising of pastoral ministry; they frequently serve in parishes close to their abbeys or priories.<ref name=EB1911/> | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| The order was founded in 1120.<ref name="geudens">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12387b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Premonstratensian Canons|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> Saint Norbert had made various efforts to introduce a strict form of canonical life in various communities of canons in ]; in 1120 he was working in the now-extinct ], in ], northeastern ]. There, in a rural place called Prémontré, he and thirteen companions established a monastery to be the cradle of a new order. As they were canons regular, they followed the ], but with supplementary statutes that made their life one of great austerity.<ref name=EB1911/> Common prayer and celebration of the Eucharist was to be the sustaining dynamic of the community.<ref name="depere">{{cite web|url=http://www.norbertines.org/our_history_xanten.html|title=Saint Norbert of Xanten History at Saint Norbert Abbey in De Pere, Wisconsin|work=norbertines.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106082558/http://www.norbertines.org/our_history_xanten.html|archive-date=2013-11-06}}</ref> | The order was founded in 1120.<ref name="geudens">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12387b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Premonstratensian Canons|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> Saint Norbert had made various efforts to introduce a strict form of canonical life in various communities of canons in ]; in 1120 he was working in the now-extinct ], in ], northeastern ]. There, in a rural place called ], he and thirteen companions established ] to be the cradle of a new order. As they were canons regular, they followed the ], but with supplementary statutes that made their life one of great austerity.<ref name=EB1911/> Common prayer and celebration of the Eucharist was to be the sustaining dynamic of the community.<ref name="depere">{{cite web|url=http://www.norbertines.org/our_history_xanten.html|title=Saint Norbert of Xanten History at Saint Norbert Abbey in De Pere, Wisconsin|work=norbertines.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106082558/http://www.norbertines.org/our_history_xanten.html|archive-date=2013-11-06}}</ref> | ||
| ] of a Premonstratensian, former ]]] | ] of a Premonstratensian, former ]]] | ||
| In 1126, when the order received papal ] by ], there were nine houses; others were established in quick succession throughout western Europe, so that at the middle of the fourteenth century there were some 1,300 monasteries for men and 400 for women. The Norbertines played a predominant part in the conversion of the ] and the bringing of ] to the territories around the ] and the ]. In time, mitigations and relaxations emerged, and these gave rise to reforms and semi-independent congregations within the Order.<ref name=EB1911/> | In 1126, when the order received papal ] by ], there were nine houses; others were established in quick succession throughout western Europe, so that at the middle of the fourteenth century there were some 1,300 monasteries for men and 400 for women. The Norbertines played a predominant part in the conversion of the ] and the bringing of ] to the territories around the ] and the ]. In time, mitigations and relaxations emerged, and these gave rise to reforms and semi-independent congregations within the Order.<ref name=EB1911/> | ||
| The Norbertines arrived in England about 1143, first at Newhouse in ]; before the dissolution under ] there were 35 houses.<ref name=EB1911/> Soon after their arrival in England, they founded ] in the Borders area of ], which was followed by other communities at ], ] and ] all in the Borders area, as well as ] in the northern part of the nation. Like most orders they were almost completely devastated by the successive onslaughts of the Reformation, French Revolution, and Napoleon, but then experienced a revival in the 19th century.<ref name="staley">{{Cite web |url=http://www.snc.edu/communications/magazine/2009v41n3/cns.html |title=Staley, Tony. "Home to a Living History", ''St. Norbert College Magazine'', Fall 2009 |access-date=2013-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160359/http://www.snc.edu/communications/magazine/2009v41n3/cns.html |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | The Norbertines arrived in England about 1143, first at Newhouse in ]; before the dissolution under ] there were 35 houses.<ref name=EB1911/> Soon after their arrival in England, they founded ] in the Borders area of ], which was followed by other communities at ], ] and ] all in the Borders area, as well as ] in the northern part of the nation. Like most orders they were almost completely devastated by the successive onslaughts of the Reformation, French Revolution, and Napoleon, but then experienced a revival in the 19th century.<ref name="staley">{{Cite web |url=http://www.snc.edu/communications/magazine/2009v41n3/cns.html |title=Staley, Tony. "Home to a Living History", ''St. Norbert College Magazine'', Fall 2009 |access-date=2013-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160359/http://www.snc.edu/communications/magazine/2009v41n3/cns.html |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
| By the beginning of the nineteenth century the order had become almost extinct, only eight houses surviving, all in the ].<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Premonstratensians|inline=1}}</ref> However, there was something of a resurgence, and at the start of the twentieth century there were 20 monasteries and 1000 priests. {{As of|2005}}, the number of monasteries had increased to nearly 100 and spread to every continent. In 1893, Father Bernard Pennings and two other Norbertines from Berne Abbey arrived in the United States of America to minister to Belgian immigrants in northern Wisconsin. ] became the site of the first Norbertine Abbey in the new world.<ref name="daylesford" /> | By the beginning of the nineteenth century the order had become almost extinct, only eight houses surviving, all in the ].<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Premonstratensians|inline=1}}</ref> However, there was something of a resurgence, and at the start of the twentieth century there were 20 monasteries and 1000 priests. {{As of|2005}}, the number of monasteries had increased to nearly 100 and spread to every continent. In 1893, Father Bernard Pennings and two other Norbertines from Berne Abbey arrived in the United States of America to minister to Belgian immigrants in northern Wisconsin. ] became the site of the first Norbertine Abbey in the new world.<ref name="daylesford" /> | ||
| By their nature as canons regular the Premonstratensians have always engaged in pastoral work of various kinds, including what would now be called retreat centres (nearly everywhere), and care for pilgrims (as at ]) and, like many religious houses, have often run schools on a variety of scales (Averbode Abbey, Berne Abbey, ], ]). In order to support themselves, the different communities have down the centuries, and in modern times, operated small-scale manual activities (SME) such as printing (], ], ]), farming (], ], ]), forestry (], ], ]), and cheese-making (Postel Abbey). They have also entered agreements with breweries (Tongerlo Abbey, Postel Abbey, Park Abbey, ], ]) and undertaken artistic bookbinding (in ]).<ref name="abbaye">{{cite web|url=http://www.abbaye-de-leffe.be/|title=Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe|author=Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe|work=abbaye-de-leffe.be}}</ref> Other activities have included the running of an astronomical observatory (Mira, Grimbergen). | By their nature as canons regular the Premonstratensians have always engaged in pastoral work of various kinds, including what would now be called retreat centres (nearly everywhere), and care for pilgrims (as at ]) and, like many religious houses, have often run schools on a variety of scales (Averbode Abbey, Berne Abbey, ], ]). In order to support themselves, the different communities have down the centuries, and in modern times, operated small-scale manual activities (SME) such as printing (], ], ]), farming (], ], ]), forestry (], ], ]), and cheese-making (Postel Abbey). They have also entered agreements with breweries (Tongerlo Abbey, Postel Abbey, Park Abbey, ], ]) and undertaken artistic bookbinding (in ]).<ref name="abbaye">{{cite web|url=http://www.abbaye-de-leffe.be/|title=Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe|author=Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe|work=abbaye-de-leffe.be}}</ref> Other activities have included the running of an astronomical observatory (Mira, Grimbergen). | ||
| In 2015 there were some 1000 male and 200 female members of the Order.<ref name="premontre">{{cite web|url=http://www.premontre.org/chapter/cat/welcome/who-are-the-premonstratensians/|title=Who are the Premonstratensians?|work=premontre.org}}</ref> | In 2015 there were some 1000 male and 200 female members of the Order.<ref name="premontre">{{cite web|url=http://www.premontre.org/chapter/cat/welcome/who-are-the-premonstratensians/|title=Who are the Premonstratensians?|work=premontre.org|access-date=2013-06-16|archive-date=2016-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302232054/http://www.premontre.org/chapter/cat/welcome/who-are-the-premonstratensians|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| The Feast of All Norbertine Saints and Blesseds is celebrated internally on November 13.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.norbertines.org/norbertine_associates_calendar.html |title= |
The Feast of All Norbertine Saints and Blesseds is celebrated internally on November 13.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.norbertines.org/norbertine_associates_calendar.html |title=Norbertine Associate Calendar at Norbertines of Saint Norbert Abbey in de Pere, Wisconsin |access-date=2015-11-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025833/http://www.norbertines.org/norbertine_associates_calendar.html |archive-date=2015-11-17 }}</ref> | ||
| The Norbertines have also had major in the area of ], owning ] television and radio stations until the mid |
The Norbertines have also had a major presence in the area of ], owning ] television and radio stations until the mid-1970s. The Norbertines ran two local boys high schools until 1990 and still run four local schools in De Pere and Green Bay. Among these schools is St. Norbert College, the only Norbertine higher education institution in the world.<ref name=sexabusechecks>{{cite news|url=https://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/in-depth/news/2020/12/03/st-norbert-abbey-paid-former-student-who-reported-priest-sex-abuse/6186892002/|title=First came sex abuse allegations at the abbey. Then secret payments. Then a suicide.|first=Haley|last=Demiller|publisher=Green Bay Gazette|date=December 3, 2020|access-date=December 14, 2020}}</ref> | ||
| ==Canonesses== | ==Canonesses== | ||
| ], Poland]] | ], Poland]] | ||
| The Order has several abbeys of women who, though technically called canonesses, follow the life of an ] and are therefore more commonly termed Norbertine ]s. Like the Norbertine communities for men, those for women are autonomous. Unusually, within the religious communities of the ], the Norbertine Order has always seen the spiritual life of the canonesses as being on an equal footing with that of its priests and ]s. In the ], the |
The Order has several abbeys of women who, though technically called canonesses, follow the life of an ] and are therefore more commonly termed Norbertine ]s. Like the Norbertine communities for men, those for women are autonomous. Unusually,{{fact|date=December 2024}} within the religious communities of the ], the Norbertine Order has always seen the spiritual life of the canonesses as being on an equal footing with that of its priests and ]s. In the ], the Premonstratensians even had a few ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.premontresisters.com/|title=Premontre Sisters - Norbertine Sisters in the World - Premonstratensian Orders - Life of Saint Norbert - Rule of St. Augustine|website=www.premontresisters.com|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> where men and women lived in cloisters located next to each other as part of the same abbey, the communities demonstrating their unity by sharing the church building. Today, it is common for a foundation of canonesses to have links not only with other canonesses, but also with a community of canons.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | ||
| ==Premonstratensian Rite== | ==Premonstratensian Rite== | ||
| The Premonstratensians were among the religious orders with their own rite who kept this rite after ] suppressed such rites with a continuous tradition of less than two hundred years. The Premonstratensian Rite was especially characterized by a ritual solemnity. The Premonstratensian Rite was also characterized by an emphasis on the ] unique among the Latin rites. This was especially seen in the solemnity with which the daily conventional High Mass and office was celebrated during the Easter octave, especially vespers which concluded with a procession to the baptismal font, a practice paralleled among the Latin rites only in similar processions still found in the ]. Another unique practice of the Premonstratensian Rite was the celebration of a daily votive Mass in honor of the ] in each of its abbeys and priories.{{ |
The Premonstratensians were among the religious orders with their own rite who kept this rite after ] suppressed such rites with a continuous tradition of less than two hundred years. The Premonstratensian Rite was especially characterized by a ritual solemnity. The Premonstratensian Rite was also characterized by an emphasis on the ] unique among the Latin rites. This was especially seen in the solemnity with which the daily conventional High Mass and office was celebrated during the Easter octave, especially vespers which concluded with a procession to the baptismal font, a practice paralleled among the Latin rites only in similar processions still found in the ]. Another unique practice of the Premonstratensian Rite was the celebration of a daily votive Mass in honor of the ] in each of its abbeys and priories.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | ||
| ==Structure== | ==Structure== | ||
| Since Norbertine abbeys (and most priories) are autonomous, practices and apostolates are different, depending on the needs of the local Church. Some houses are contemplative in character whilst others are highly active in pastoral ministry. However, each is guided by the Rule of Saint Augustine and the Constitutions established by the ], which is held every |
Since Norbertine abbeys (and most priories) are autonomous, practices and apostolates are different, depending on the needs of the local Church. Some houses are contemplative in character whilst others are highly active in pastoral ministry. However, each is guided by the Rule of Saint Augustine and the Constitutions established by the ], which is held every six years. | ||
| The general Chapter includes representatives from both male and female communities. The head of the Order, termed ] General, resides in ], and he is assisted in his duties by the Definitors (High Council) as well as commissions established for various aspects of the Order's life such as liturgy and inter-abbey communications.{{ |
The general Chapter includes representatives from both male and female communities. The head of the Order, termed ] General, resides in ], and he is assisted in his duties by the Definitors (High Council) as well as commissions established for various aspects of the Order's life such as liturgy and inter-abbey communications.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | ||
| ==Abbeys== | ==Abbeys== | ||
| ⚫ | {{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}} | ||
| As of 2012, there were Premonstratensian abbeys or priories throughout the world: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the USA.<ref name="premontre" /> | As of 2012, there were Premonstratensian abbeys or priories throughout the world: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the USA.<ref name="premontre" /> | ||
| There are seven circaries (Premonstratensian term for an ]<ref>, ''dict.cc | There are seven circaries (Premonstratensian term for an ]<ref>, ''dict.cc English-German Dictionary''.</ref>):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premontre.org/chapter/cat/places/|title=Places|work=premontre.org|access-date=2015-07-19|archive-date=2015-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612015732/http://www.premontre.org/chapter/cat/places|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| English-German Dictionary''.</ref>):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premontre.org/chapter/cat/places/|title=Places|work=premontre.org}}</ref> | |||
| {{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
| {{col-1-of-2}} | {{col-1-of-2}} | ||
| '''Anglica Circary''' | |||
| *St Norbert Priory, Queens Park, Perth, Australia | *St Norbert Priory, Queens Park, Perth, Australia | ||
| *], |
*], Peckham, England<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.praemonstratensis.co.uk/ |title=St. Philip's Priory, Chelmsford. |work=praemonstratensis.co.uk |year=2012 |access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref> | ||
| *Holy Trinity Abbey, Kilnacrott, Ireland | *Holy Trinity Abbey, Kilnacrott, Ireland | ||
| *], De Pere, Wisconsin<ref name="depere" /> | *], De Pere, Wisconsin<ref name="depere" /> | ||
| Line 88: | Line 87: | ||
| *], Paoli, Pennsylvania, USA<ref name="daylesford">{{cite web |url=http://www.daylesford.org/Home.aspx |title=Daylesford Abbey |work=daylesford.org |year=2010 |access-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718150040/http://www.daylesford.org/home.aspx |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> | *], Paoli, Pennsylvania, USA<ref name="daylesford">{{cite web |url=http://www.daylesford.org/Home.aspx |title=Daylesford Abbey |work=daylesford.org |year=2010 |access-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718150040/http://www.daylesford.org/home.aspx |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> | ||
| * Immaculate Conception Priory, Middletown, Delaware, USA | * Immaculate Conception Priory, Middletown, Delaware, USA | ||
| *], California, USA<ref>{{cite web|url= |
*], California, USA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stmichaelsabbey.com/|title=St. Michael's Abbey of the Norbertine Fathers|work=St. Michael's Abbey |access-date=14 Sep 2023}}</ref> | ||
| **Corpus Christi Priory | |||
| *St. Moses the Black, Jackson, Mississippi, USA<ref name="depere" /> | *St. Moses the Black, Jackson, Mississippi, USA<ref name="depere" /> | ||
| *Santa Maria de la Vid Abbey, New Mexico, USA<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.norbertinecommunity.org/ |title=Welcome to the Norbertine Community of New Mexico! |work=norbertinecommunity.org |year=2012 |access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref> | *Santa Maria de la Vid Abbey, New Mexico, USA<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.norbertinecommunity.org/ |title=Welcome to the Norbertine Community of New Mexico! |work=norbertinecommunity.org |year=2012 |access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref> | ||
| Line 96: | Line 96: | ||
| **St. Norbert Study House, Nagpur, India | **St. Norbert Study House, Nagpur, India | ||
| **Norbertine Study House, Pune, India | **Norbertine Study House, Pune, India | ||
| * |
*Canonry of Verapoly, Kerala, India | ||
| * |
* Canonry of Manathawady, India | ||
| **St. Norbert's Priory, Cape Town, South Africa | **St. Norbert's Priory, Cape Town, South Africa | ||
| * St. Norbert Priory, Tamil Nadu, India | * St. Norbert Priory, Tamil Nadu, India | ||
| '''Bohemica Circary''' | |||
| * Nová Říše Monastery, Czech Republic | * Nová Říše Monastery, Czech Republic | ||
| *], Czech Republic | *], Czech Republic<ref></ref> | ||
| **Canonry in ] Slovakia | **Canonry in ] Slovakia | ||
| *], Czech Republic | *], Czech Republic<ref>[{{official|https://klastertepla.cz/ Klaster Tepla}}</ref> | ||
| * Želiv Abbey, Czech Republic | * Želiv Abbey, Czech Republic | ||
| *] Monastery, Slovakia<ref>{{cite web |url= http://slovakia-travelguide.info/jasov.html |title=Jasov - Slovakia - Slovakia travel guide |work=slovakia-travelguide.info |year=2012 |access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref> | *] Monastery, Slovakia<ref>{{cite web |url= http://slovakia-travelguide.info/jasov.html |title=Jasov - Slovakia - Slovakia travel guide |work=slovakia-travelguide.info |year=2012 |access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref> | ||
| '''Brabantica Circary''' | |||
| *], Belgium | *], Belgium | ||
| **Vejle, Denmark | **Vejle, Denmark | ||
| **Brasschaat Priory, Belgium | **Brasschaat Priory, Belgium | ||
| *], Belgium<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/belgian-abbey-raises-brewery-ashes-after-200-years-2021-05-27/|title=Belgian abbey raises brewery from ashes after 200 years|newspaper=Reuters |date=27 May 2021 |last1=Blenkinsop |first1=Philip }}</ref> | |||
| *], Belgium | |||
| *], Belgium | *], Belgium | ||
| *], Belgium | *], Belgium<ref></ref> | ||
| *], Belgium | *], Belgium | ||
| **Parroquia San Pablo, Chiguayante, Chile | **Parroquia San Pablo, Chiguayante, Chile | ||
| *], The Netherlands | *], The Netherlands<ref> {{in lang|nl}}</ref> | ||
| **Priory of Essenburgh, Hierden | **Priory of Essenburgh, Hierden | ||
| **Priory ‘De Schans’, Tilburg | **Priory ‘De Schans’, Tilburg | ||
| {{col-2-of-2}} | {{col-2-of-2}} | ||
| '''Gallica Circary''' | |||
| *Priory La Cambre, Brussels | *Priory La Cambre, Brussels | ||
| *Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe, Dinant | *Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe, Dinant | ||
| * St. Joseph's Priory, Saint-Constant, Canada | * St. Joseph's Priory, Saint-Constant, Canada | ||
| *], Frigolet, France | *], Frigolet, France<ref></ref> | ||
| *], Mondaye, France | *], Mondaye, France | ||
| **Priory of St. Foy, Conques, France | **Priory of St. Foy, Conques, France | ||
| Line 130: | Line 130: | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| * Priory of Our Lady of the Assumption, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo | * Priory of Our Lady of the Assumption, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo | ||
| '''Germanica Circary''' | |||
| *], North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany | *], North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany | ||
| **Premomonstratensian Priory in Magdeburg | **Premomonstratensian Priory in Magdeburg | ||
| *], Bavaria | *], Bavaria | ||
| *], Bavaria |
*], Bavaria | ||
| **], Bavaria | **], Bavaria | ||
| *], Austria<ref name="stiftgeras">{{cite web |url= |
*], Austria<ref name="stiftgeras">{{cite web |url=http://www.stiftgeras.at/en/gemeinschaft.html |title=Stift Geras | community |work=stiftgeras.at |year=2011 |access-date=19 July 2012 |archive-date=14 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114235839/http://www.stiftgeras.at/en/gemeinschaft.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
| *], Austria | *], Austria | ||
| *], Tyrol<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.stift-wilten.at/ |title=Startseite - Prämonstratenser Chorherren Stift Wilten, Innsbruck |work=stift-wilten.at |year=2012 |access-date=19 July 2012}}{{in lang|de}}</ref> | *], Tyrol<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.stift-wilten.at/ |title=Startseite - Prämonstratenser Chorherren Stift Wilten, Innsbruck |work=stift-wilten.at |year=2012 |access-date=19 July 2012}}{{in lang|de}}</ref> | ||
| '''Hungarica Circary''' | |||
| * Abbey of St. Michael the Archangel, ], Hungary | * Abbey of St. Michael the Archangel, ], Hungary | ||
| * Gödöllő Canonry, ] | * Gödöllő Canonry, ], Hungary | ||
| * ], Oradea, Romania | * ], Oradea, Romania | ||
| '''Portuguesa Circary''' | |||
| *Priory of St. Norbert, Itinga, Brazil | *Priory of St. Norbert, Itinga, Brazil | ||
| **Priory of Natal | **Priory of Natal | ||
| Line 155: | Line 155: | ||
| ===Discontinued=== | ===Discontinued=== | ||
| ⚫ | {{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}} | ||
| {{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
| {{col-1-of-3}} | {{col-1-of-3}} | ||
| Line 168: | Line 169: | ||
| *], Czech Republic | *], Czech Republic | ||
| *], Denmark | *], Denmark | ||
| *], ], 12th |
*], ], 12th-century Denmark | ||
| *], Skåne, 12th |
*], Skåne, 12th-century Denmark | ||
| * |
*Monastery of Tommarp, Skåne, 12th-century Denmark | ||
| *], |
*], Skåne, 12th-century Denmark | ||
| *], France | *], France | ||
| *], France | *], France | ||
| Line 196: | Line 197: | ||
| *], Norway | *], Norway | ||
| *], ], 13th century Norway | *], ], 13th century Norway | ||
| *] - Slovakia | |||
| *] - Poland | *] - Poland | ||
| *], ], Spain | *], ], Spain | ||
| Line 202: | Line 204: | ||
| *], ], Switzerland | *], ], Switzerland | ||
| *], ], Switzerland | *], ], Switzerland | ||
| *] (Kloster Rüti) and ], Switzerland | *] (Kloster Rüti) and ], Switzerland | ||
| {{col-3-of-3}} | {{col-3-of-3}} | ||
| Line 224: | Line 226: | ||
| *], England | *], England | ||
| *], England | *], England | ||
| *], England | *], England | ||
| *], England<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.norbertines.co.uk/ |title=Canons Regular of Prémontré |work=norbertines.co.uk |year=2011 |access-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520125419/http://www.norbertines.co.uk/ |archive-date=20 May 2012 }}</ref> | *], England<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.norbertines.co.uk/ |title=Canons Regular of Prémontré |work=norbertines.co.uk |year=2011 |access-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520125419/http://www.norbertines.co.uk/ |archive-date=20 May 2012 }}</ref> | ||
| *], England | *], England | ||
| Line 255: | Line 257: | ||
| *] (1596–1661), Belgian abbot, scholar, and noted theologian of his day | *] (1596–1661), Belgian abbot, scholar, and noted theologian of his day | ||
| *] (1631–1707), ] ] who wrote on the ] and who invented an early ] | *] (1631–1707), ] ] who wrote on the ] and who invented an early ] | ||
| Norbertine Saints include, in addition to St Hermann Joseph von Steinfeld (feast May 24) and St Norbert (+1134, f. Jun. 6), Adrian and James of Middleburg, martyrs (+1572, f Jul. 9), ] (+1178, f. Feb. 17), ] (or of Mariengaarde) (+1175, f. Feb. 4), Gilbert of Neuffontaines (or of Cappenberg) (+1152, f. Oct. 26), Godfrey of Cappenberg (+1127, f. Jan. 14), ] (+1204, f. Jun. 15), ] (+1250, f. April 16), and Siard of Mariengaarde (+1230, f. Nov. 14). | |||
| ===Norbertine saints=== | |||
| *Hermann Joseph von Steinfeld (feast May 24) | |||
| *Norbert (+1134, f. Jun. 6) | |||
| *Adrian and James of Middleburg, martyrs (+1572, f Jul. 9) | |||
| *] (+1178, f. Feb. 17) | |||
| *] (or of Mariengaarde) (+1175, f. Feb. 4) | |||
| *Gilbert of Neuffontaines (or of Cappenberg) (+1152, f. Oct. 26) | |||
| *Godfrey of Cappenberg (+1127, f. Jan. 14) | |||
| *] (+1204, f. Jun. 15), | |||
| *] (+1250, f. April 16) | |||
| *Siard of Mariengaarde (+1230, f. Nov. 14). | |||
| Norbertine Blesseds include ] (+1275, f. Mar. 12/13) ] (or of Zwierzniec) (+1259, f. Aug. 30), ] of Valkenburg (+1172, Jan. 5), ] (Altenburg), Abbess (+1297, f. Aug. 13), Hugh of Fosse (+1164, f. Feb. 10), Hroznata of Teplá (+1217, f. Jul. 14), Jakob Kern of Geras (+1924, f. Oct. 20), Oda of Bonne Rivreuille (+1158, f. Apr. 20), ], Martyr (+1793, f. Oct. 13), and Ricvera of Clastres (+1136, f. Oct. 29). | Norbertine Blesseds include ] (+1275, f. Mar. 12/13) ] (or of Zwierzniec) (+1259, f. Aug. 30), ] of Valkenburg (+1172, Jan. 5), ] (Altenburg), Abbess (+1297, f. Aug. 13), Hugh of Fosse (+1164, f. Feb. 10), Hroznata of Teplá (+1217, f. Jul. 14), Jakob Kern of Geras (+1924, f. Oct. 20), Oda of Bonne Rivreuille (+1158, f. Apr. 20), ], Martyr (+1793, f. Oct. 13), and Ricvera of Clastres (+1136, f. Oct. 29). | ||
| Norbertines celebrate "all Norbertine Saints and Blesseds" on Nov. 13.<ref>https://www.norbertines.org/about-us/norbertine-saints-blesseds/</ref> | Norbertines celebrate "all Norbertine Saints and Blesseds" on Nov. 13.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.norbertines.org/about-us/norbertine-saints-blesseds/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-06-05 |archive-date=2018-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203183102/https://www.norbertines.org/about-us/norbertine-saints-blesseds/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
| ==Education== | ==Education== | ||
| {{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}} | {{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}} | ||
| ] in ], United States is the only institution of higher education sponsored by the Order. Elsewhere they also sponsor/operate schools or serve in pastoral care capacities at parish schools. | ] in ], United States, is the only institution of higher education sponsored by the Order. Elsewhere they also sponsor/operate schools or serve in pastoral care capacities at parish schools. | ||
| Schools founded or sponsored by the order include: | Schools founded or sponsored by the order include: | ||
| *Abbot Pennings High School, De Pere, Wisconsin, |
*Abbot Pennings High School, De Pere, Wisconsin, US (merged to form ]) | ||
| *], ], |
*], ], US | ||
| * |
*Cardinal Gracias High School, ], ], India<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us — History|url=https://cardinalgraciashighschool.org/about-us/history/|publisher=Cardinal Gracias High School|access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref> | ||
| *], ], |
*], ], US | ||
| *], ], ], ] | *], ], ] | ||
| *Saint Norbert Gymnasium <small>(])</small>, ], ] | *Saint Norbert Gymnasium <small>(])</small>, ], ] | ||
| ==Controversies== | ==Controversies== | ||
| ]'s ] investigated reports that ], a member of the Norbertine Order, was allowed to continue paedophilia for more than four decades, even after Smyth himself had admitted in 1994, the same year that he was jailed for his crimes, that "Over the years of religious life it could be that I have sexually abused between 50 and 100 children. That number could even be doubled or perhaps even more."<ref>{{cite news|work=]|date=23 June 2015|title=Brendan Smyth: Paedophile priest told doctor he may have sexually abused hundreds of children|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/brendan-smyth-paedophile-priest-told-5932125}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=]|date=23 June 2015|title=Warning before paedophile priest's ordination ignored|url=http://www.irishnews.com/news/warning-before-paedophile-priest-s-ordination-ignored-1466501|access-date=2015-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623234529/http://www.irishnews.com/news/warning-before-paedophile-priest-s-ordination-ignored-1466501|archive-date=2015-06-23|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=BBC|date=15 March 2010|title=Profile of Father Brendan Smyth|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8567868.stm}}</ref> Reviewers of the case agree that there was a deliberate plot to conceal Smyth's behaviour, incompetence by his superiors at Kilnacrott Abbey.{{ |
]'s ] investigated reports that ], a member of the Norbertine Order, was allowed to continue paedophilia for more than four decades, even after Smyth himself had admitted in 1994, the same year that he was jailed for his crimes, that "Over the years of religious life it could be that I have sexually abused between 50 and 100 children. That number could even be doubled or perhaps even more."<ref>{{cite news|work=]|date=23 June 2015|title=Brendan Smyth: Paedophile priest told doctor he may have sexually abused hundreds of children|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/brendan-smyth-paedophile-priest-told-5932125}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=]|date=23 June 2015|title=Warning before paedophile priest's ordination ignored|url=http://www.irishnews.com/news/warning-before-paedophile-priest-s-ordination-ignored-1466501|access-date=2015-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623234529/http://www.irishnews.com/news/warning-before-paedophile-priest-s-ordination-ignored-1466501|archive-date=2015-06-23|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=BBC|date=15 March 2010|title=Profile of Father Brendan Smyth|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8567868.stm}}</ref> Reviewers of the case agree that there was a deliberate plot to conceal Smyth's behaviour, incompetence by his superiors at Kilnacrott Abbey.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 302: | Line 316: | ||
| {{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
| <!-- ] --> | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:46, 24 December 2024
Roman Catholic order founded in 1120 "White Canons" redirects here. For the White Friars, see Carmelites. For the White Monks, see Cistercians.| Candidus et Canonicus Ordo Praemonstratensis | |
 Shield of the Premonstratensians | |
| Abbreviation | OPraem |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1120 |
| Type | Catholic religious order |
| Headquarters | Viale Giotto, 27, 00153 Rome, Italy |
| Location |
|
| Coordinates | 41°52′44.07″N 12°29′19.39″E / 41.8789083°N 12.4887194°E / 41.8789083; 12.4887194 |
| Region served | Worldwide |
| Membership | 1600+ (2024) |
| Abbot General | Josef Wouters |
| Main organ | General Chapter |
| Affiliations | Catholic Church |
| Website | www |
The Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré (Latin: Candidus et Canonicus Ordo Praemonstratensis), also known as the Premonstratensians, the Norbertines and, in Britain and Ireland, as the White Canons (from the colour of their habit), is a religious order of canons regular of the Catholic Church founded in Prémontré near Laon in 1120 by Norbert of Xanten, who later became Archbishop of Magdeburg. Premonstratensians are designated by OPraem (Ordo Praemonstratensis) following their name.
Norbert was a friend of Bernard of Clairvaux and was largely influenced by the Cistercian ideals as to both the manner of life and the government of his order. As the Premonstratensians are not monks but canons regular, their work often involves preaching and the exercising of pastoral ministry; they frequently serve in parishes close to their abbeys or priories.
History
The order was founded in 1120. Saint Norbert had made various efforts to introduce a strict form of canonical life in various communities of canons in Germany; in 1120 he was working in the now-extinct Ancient Diocese of Laon, in Picardy, northeastern France. There, in a rural place called Prémontré, he and thirteen companions established a monastery to be the cradle of a new order. As they were canons regular, they followed the Rule of St. Augustine, but with supplementary statutes that made their life one of great austerity. Common prayer and celebration of the Eucharist was to be the sustaining dynamic of the community.
In 1126, when the order received papal approbation by Pope Honorius II, there were nine houses; others were established in quick succession throughout western Europe, so that at the middle of the fourteenth century there were some 1,300 monasteries for men and 400 for women. The Norbertines played a predominant part in the conversion of the Wends and the bringing of Christianity to the territories around the Elbe and the Oder. In time, mitigations and relaxations emerged, and these gave rise to reforms and semi-independent congregations within the Order.
The Norbertines arrived in England about 1143, first at Newhouse in Lincoln, England; before the dissolution under Henry VIII there were 35 houses. Soon after their arrival in England, they founded Dryburgh Abbey in the Borders area of Scotland, which was followed by other communities at Whithorn Priory, Dercongal Abbey and Tongland Abbey all in the Borders area, as well as Fearn Abbey in the northern part of the nation. Like most orders they were almost completely devastated by the successive onslaughts of the Reformation, French Revolution, and Napoleon, but then experienced a revival in the 19th century.
By the beginning of the nineteenth century the order had become almost extinct, only eight houses surviving, all in the Habsburg monarchy. However, there was something of a resurgence, and at the start of the twentieth century there were 20 monasteries and 1000 priests. As of 2005, the number of monasteries had increased to nearly 100 and spread to every continent. In 1893, Father Bernard Pennings and two other Norbertines from Berne Abbey arrived in the United States of America to minister to Belgian immigrants in northern Wisconsin. De Pere, Wisconsin became the site of the first Norbertine Abbey in the new world.
By their nature as canons regular the Premonstratensians have always engaged in pastoral work of various kinds, including what would now be called retreat centres (nearly everywhere), and care for pilgrims (as at Conques) and, like many religious houses, have often run schools on a variety of scales (Averbode Abbey, Berne Abbey, United States, Australia). In order to support themselves, the different communities have down the centuries, and in modern times, operated small-scale manual activities (SME) such as printing (Averbode Abbey, Tongerlo Abbey, Berne Abbey), farming (Kinshasa, Ireland, Postel Abbey), forestry (Schlägl Abbey, Geras Abbey, Slovakia), and cheese-making (Postel Abbey). They have also entered agreements with breweries (Tongerlo Abbey, Postel Abbey, Park Abbey, Leffe, Grimbergen) and undertaken artistic bookbinding (in Oosterhout). Other activities have included the running of an astronomical observatory (Mira, Grimbergen).
In 2015 there were some 1000 male and 200 female members of the Order.
The Feast of All Norbertine Saints and Blesseds is celebrated internally on November 13.
The Norbertines have also had a major presence in the area of Green Bay, Wisconsin, owning WBAY television and radio stations until the mid-1970s. The Norbertines ran two local boys high schools until 1990 and still run four local schools in De Pere and Green Bay. Among these schools is St. Norbert College, the only Norbertine higher education institution in the world.
Canonesses
The Order has several abbeys of women who, though technically called canonesses, follow the life of an enclosed religious order and are therefore more commonly termed Norbertine nuns. Like the Norbertine communities for men, those for women are autonomous. Unusually, within the religious communities of the Catholic Church, the Norbertine Order has always seen the spiritual life of the canonesses as being on an equal footing with that of its priests and lay brothers. In the Middle Ages, the Premonstratensians even had a few double monasteries, where men and women lived in cloisters located next to each other as part of the same abbey, the communities demonstrating their unity by sharing the church building. Today, it is common for a foundation of canonesses to have links not only with other canonesses, but also with a community of canons.
Premonstratensian Rite
The Premonstratensians were among the religious orders with their own rite who kept this rite after Pope Pius V suppressed such rites with a continuous tradition of less than two hundred years. The Premonstratensian Rite was especially characterized by a ritual solemnity. The Premonstratensian Rite was also characterized by an emphasis on the Paschal mystery unique among the Latin rites. This was especially seen in the solemnity with which the daily conventional High Mass and office was celebrated during the Easter octave, especially vespers which concluded with a procession to the baptismal font, a practice paralleled among the Latin rites only in similar processions still found in the Ambrosian Rite. Another unique practice of the Premonstratensian Rite was the celebration of a daily votive Mass in honor of the Virgin Mary in each of its abbeys and priories.
Structure
Since Norbertine abbeys (and most priories) are autonomous, practices and apostolates are different, depending on the needs of the local Church. Some houses are contemplative in character whilst others are highly active in pastoral ministry. However, each is guided by the Rule of Saint Augustine and the Constitutions established by the General Chapter, which is held every six years.
The general Chapter includes representatives from both male and female communities. The head of the Order, termed Abbot General, resides in Rome, and he is assisted in his duties by the Definitors (High Council) as well as commissions established for various aspects of the Order's life such as liturgy and inter-abbey communications.
Abbeys
As of 2012, there were Premonstratensian abbeys or priories throughout the world: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the USA.
There are seven circaries (Premonstratensian term for an ecclesiastical province):
|
Anglica Circary
Bohemica Circary
Brabantica Circary
|
Gallica Circary
Germanica Circary
Hungarica Circary
Portuguesa Circary
|
Discontinued
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Notable members
- Robert John Cornell (1919–2009), Democratic U.S. Congressman from Wisconsin from 1975 to 1979 and professor of political science at St. Norbert College
- Prokop Diviš (1698–1765), Czech inventor
- Jan Druys (1568-1635), Flemish canon regular and abbot
- Juan de Galavís (1683–1739), Spanish archbishop in Latin America
- Charles-Hyacinthe Hugo (1667–1739), French historian and bishop
- Hermann Joseph (1150?–1241), German canon regular and mystic
- Johann Lohel (1549–1622), Bohemian prior who later became archbishop of Prague
- Werenfried van Straaten (1913–2003), Dutch priest and activist, known for his humanitarian work, particularly as founder of the international Catholic association Aid to the Church in Need
- Francis Wichmans (1596–1661), Belgian abbot, scholar, and noted theologian of his day
- Johann Zahn (1631–1707), German canon who wrote on the camera obscura and who invented an early camera
Norbertine saints
- Hermann Joseph von Steinfeld (feast May 24)
- Norbert (+1134, f. Jun. 6)
- Adrian and James of Middleburg, martyrs (+1572, f Jul. 9)
- Evermode of Ratzeburg (+1178, f. Feb. 17)
- Frederick of Hallum (or of Mariengaarde) (+1175, f. Feb. 4)
- Gilbert of Neuffontaines (or of Cappenberg) (+1152, f. Oct. 26)
- Godfrey of Cappenberg (+1127, f. Jan. 14)
- Isfrid (Isfried) of Ratzeburg (+1204, f. Jun. 15),
- Ludolph of Ratzeburg (+1250, f. April 16)
- Siard of Mariengaarde (+1230, f. Nov. 14).
Norbertine Blesseds include Beatrice of Engelport (+1275, f. Mar. 12/13) Bronislava of Poland (or of Zwierzniec) (+1259, f. Aug. 30), Gerlach of Valkenburg (+1172, Jan. 5), Gertrude of Aldenberg (Altenburg), Abbess (+1297, f. Aug. 13), Hugh of Fosse (+1164, f. Feb. 10), Hroznata of Teplá (+1217, f. Jul. 14), Jakob Kern of Geras (+1924, f. Oct. 20), Oda of Bonne Rivreuille (+1158, f. Apr. 20), Peter-Adrian Toulorge of Blanchelande, Martyr (+1793, f. Oct. 13), and Ricvera of Clastres (+1136, f. Oct. 29).
Norbertines celebrate "all Norbertine Saints and Blesseds" on Nov. 13.
Education
| This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
St. Norbert College in De Pere, Wisconsin, United States, is the only institution of higher education sponsored by the Order. Elsewhere they also sponsor/operate schools or serve in pastoral care capacities at parish schools.
Schools founded or sponsored by the order include:
- Abbot Pennings High School, De Pere, Wisconsin, US (merged to form Notre Dame Academy)
- Archmere Academy, Claymont, Delaware, US
- Cardinal Gracias High School, Bandra, Maharashtra, India
- St. Michael's Preparatory School, Silverado, California, US
- St. Norbert College, Perth, Western Australia
- Saint Norbert Gymnasium (hu), Gödöllő, Hungary
Controversies
Northern Ireland's Historical Abuse Inquiry investigated reports that Brendan Smyth, a member of the Norbertine Order, was allowed to continue paedophilia for more than four decades, even after Smyth himself had admitted in 1994, the same year that he was jailed for his crimes, that "Over the years of religious life it could be that I have sexually abused between 50 and 100 children. That number could even be doubled or perhaps even more." Reviewers of the case agree that there was a deliberate plot to conceal Smyth's behaviour, incompetence by his superiors at Kilnacrott Abbey.
See also
References
- Notes
- https://premontre.org/
- ^ [REDACTED] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Premonstratensians". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Premonstratensian Canons". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
- ^ "Saint Norbert of Xanten History at Saint Norbert Abbey in De Pere, Wisconsin". norbertines.org. Archived from the original on 2013-11-06.
- "Staley, Tony. "Home to a Living History", St. Norbert College Magazine, Fall 2009". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
- ^ "Daylesford Abbey". daylesford.org. 2010. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe. "Abbaye Notre-Dame de Leffe". abbaye-de-leffe.be.
- ^ "Who are the Premonstratensians?". premontre.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-02. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
- "Norbertine Associate Calendar at Norbertines of Saint Norbert Abbey in de Pere, Wisconsin". Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
- Demiller, Haley (December 3, 2020). "First came sex abuse allegations at the abbey. Then secret payments. Then a suicide". Green Bay Gazette. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
- "Premontre Sisters - Norbertine Sisters in the World - Premonstratensian Orders - Life of Saint Norbert - Rule of St. Augustine". www.premontresisters.com. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
- 'circary' definition, dict.cc English-German Dictionary.
- "Places". premontre.org. Archived from the original on 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
- "St. Philip's Priory, Chelmsford". praemonstratensis.co.uk. 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- "St. Michael's Abbey of the Norbertine Fathers". St. Michael's Abbey. Retrieved 14 Sep 2023.
- "Welcome to the Norbertine Community of New Mexico!". norbertinecommunity.org. 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- Royal Canonry of Premonstratensians at Strahov
- [Official website
- "Jasov - Slovakia - Slovakia travel guide". slovakia-travelguide.info. 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- Blenkinsop, Philip (27 May 2021). "Belgian abbey raises brewery from ashes after 200 years". Reuters.
- Abdij van Postel
- Berne Abbey (in Dutch)
- Frigolet Abbey
- "Stift Geras | community". stiftgeras.at. 2011. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- "Startseite - Prämonstratenser Chorherren Stift Wilten, Innsbruck". stift-wilten.at. 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.(in German)
- Putte, F. vande & C. Carton (1849). Chronicon et cartularium abbatiae Sancti Nicolai Furnensis, ordinis Premonstratensis (in French). Bruges: VandeCasteele-Werbrouck.
- "Houses of Premonstratensian canons: Abbey of Bayham", A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 2 (1973), pp. 86–89. Date accessed: 16 June 2013.
- "Canons Regular of Prémontré". norbertines.co.uk. 2011. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-02-03. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - "About Us — History". Cardinal Gracias High School. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
- "Brendan Smyth: Paedophile priest told doctor he may have sexually abused hundreds of children". Daily Mirror. 23 June 2015.
- "Warning before paedophile priest's ordination ignored". The Irish News. 23 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
- "Profile of Father Brendan Smyth". BBC. 15 March 2010.
- Bibliography
- Wolfgang Grassl, Culture of Place: An Intellectual Profile of the Premonstratensian Order. Nordhausen: Bautz, 2012.
External links
- Premonstratensian Home Page
- St Norbert College, Catholic Secondary School in the Norbertine Tradition)
- St. Norbert College - Private Catholic College (Norbertine Tradition)
- Archmere Academy - Catholic School in the Norbertine Tradition
- Archmere Alumni Association
- The website for St. Michael's Abbey of the Norbertine Fathers in Silverado, California
- The website of the Norbertine Community of Our Lady of England Priory, Storrington, West Sussex, UK
- Norbertines of Chelmsford, UK
- Center for Norbertine Studies, St. Norbert College, De Pere, Wisconsin
