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'''Turan''' (also spelled '''Turgistan''' and '''Turestan''') was a province of the ] located in present-day ].{{sfn|Brunner|1983|pp=748–750, 775}} The province was mainly populated by ],{{sfn|Brunner|1983|p=776}} and bordered ] in the west, ] in the east, ] in the north, and ] in the south.{{sfn|Brunner|1983|pp=748–749}} The main city and bastion of the province was Bauterna (]).{{sfn|Brunner|1983|p=776}} The province was originally a kingdom, before submitting to the first Sasanian monarch ] ({{reign|224|242}}).{{sfn|Bosworth|2011}} It was governed by the ], the first notable one being Ardashir I's grandson, ].{{sfn|Brunner|1983|p=775}}{{sfn|Weber|2016}} The province is mentioned in ].{{sfn|Gardner|2014|p=57}}
'''Turan''' (also spelled '''Turgistan''' and '''Turestan''') was a province of the ] located in present-day ].{{sfn|Brunner|1983|pp=748–750, 775}} The province was mainly populated by ],{{sfn|Brunner|1983|p=776}} and bordered ] in the west, ] in the east, ] in the north, and ] in the south.{{sfn|Brunner|1983|pp=748–749}} The main city and bastion of the province was Bauterna (]).{{sfn|Brunner|1983|p=776}}
The province had been a kingdom under the ] king ], before submitting to the first Sasanian monarch ] ({{reign|224|242}}) in 230 AD.{{sfn|Bosworth|2011}}<ref name="ACW">{{cite book |last1=Mitchiner |first1=Michael |title=The Ancient & Classical World, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650 |date=1978 |publisher=Hawkins Publications |isbn=978-0-904173-16-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuQLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA348 |language=en|quote="Pakores was succeeded in the office of Great King by Sanabares (c. AD 135-160). The much reduced Indo-Parthian realm then split into its two geographical constituents. These now became the Kingdom of Turan whose king was named Pahares and the Kingdom of Sakastan ruled by a second king bearing the name Sanabares (c. AD 160-175). These two kingdoms, Turan and Sakastan, were to persist until the first Sasanian Emperor, Ardeshir I, about AD 230. Both then became vassal kingdoms within the Sasanian Empire. Tabari recorded the submission made by the King of Turan which transpired when Ardeshir was at Gor: then envoys of the king of the Kushan, of the kings of Turan and Mokran came to him with declarations of their submission."}}</ref> These events were recorded by ], describing the arrival of envoys from Makran and Turan to Ardeshir at ]:<ref name="ACW"/>
{{blockquote|“Then he marched back from the Sawad to Istakhr, from there first to Sagistan, then to Gurgan, then to Abrasahr, Merv, Balkh, and Khwarizm to the farthest boundaries of the provinces of Kohrasan, whereupon he returned to Merv. After he had killed many people and sent their heads to the Fire temple of Anahedh he returned from Merv to Pars and settled in Gor. Then envoys of the king of the Kushan, of the kings of Turan and ] came to him with declarations of their submission."|]<ref name="ACW"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bracey |first1=Robert |title=The Mint Cities of the Kushan Empire |journal=The City and the Coin in the Ancient and Early Medieval World |date=1 January 2012 |publisher=BAR International Series 2402 |page=124 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2078818}}</ref>}}
Turan was then governed by the ], the first notable one being Ardashir I's grandson, ].{{sfn|Brunner|1983|p=775}}{{sfn|Weber|2016}} The province is mentioned in ] of 262 CE, among the many provinces of the ]:{{sfn|Gardner|2014|p=57}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tandon |year=2012 |title=The Location And Kings Of Paradan |url=https://archive.org/details/Tandon2012TheLocationAndKingsOfParadan/page/n3/mode/2up |journal=Studia Iranica |language=English |issue=41 |page=28}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|
]
"And I (]) possess the lands: Fars ], Pahlav (]) (......) and all of Abarshahr (all the upper (eastern, Parthian) provinces), Kerman (]), ], ], ], Pardan (]), Hind (]) and ] all the way to Pashkibur (]?) and to the borders of ]ia, ] and Chach (]) and of that sea-coast Mazonshahr (])."
|] (262 CE), translation by ] (1996).<ref>The complete paragraph goes:<br>"And I possess the lands: Fars , Pahlav , Huzestan , Meshan , Asorestan , Nod-Ardakhshiragan , Arbayestan , Adurbadagan , Armen , Virozan , Segan , Arran , Balasagan up to the Caucasus and to the ‘gate of the Alans’ and all of Padishkhvar , Mad , Gurgan , Marv , Harey , and all of Abarshahr , Kerman , Sakastan, Turgistan, Makuran, Pardan , Hind and Kushanshahr all the way to Pashkibur and to the borders of Kashgaria, Sogdia and Chach and of that sea-coast Mazonshahr ."<br>in {{cite book |last1=Wiesehöfer |first1=Josef |author1-link=Josef Wiesehöfer |title=Ancient Persia : from 550 BC to 650 AD |date=1996 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London |isbn=978-1860646751 |page=184}}</ref><ref>For a secondary source see {{cite book |last1=Kia |first1=Mehrdad |title=The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia : A Historical Encyclopedia |date=27 June 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-391-2 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |language=en}}</ref><ref>For another referenced translation, visible online, see: {{cite book |last1=Frye |first1=Richard Nelson |title=The History of Ancient Iran |date=1984 |publisher=C.H.Beck |isbn=978-3-406-09397-5 |page=371|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0y1jeSqbHLwC&pg=PA371 |language=en}}</ref>}}
The 19th-century historian ] suggested that the name of Turan possibly derived from the ] word ''tura(n)'', meaning "hostile, non-Iranian land".{{sfn|Bosworth|2011}} The name was also used in the Iranian national epic '']'' ("The Book of Kings") to denote ] above ] and the ], later viewed as the land of the Turks and other non-Iranians.{{sfn|Bosworth|2011}}
The 19th-century historian ] suggested that the name of Turan possibly derived from the ] word ''tura(n)'', meaning "hostile, non-Iranian land".{{sfn|Bosworth|2011}} The name was also used in the Iranian national epic '']'' ("The Book of Kings") to denote ] above ] and the ], later viewed as the land of the Turks and other non-Iranians.{{sfn|Bosworth|2011}}
The region was conquered by the ] circa 650 CE, as part of the ].
== References ==
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==Sources==
==Sources==
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Ṭurān | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turan | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2011 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Ṭurān | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turan | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2011 }}
* {{cite book | last = Brunner | first = Christopher | chapter = Geographical and Administrative divisions: Settlements and Economy| title = The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods (2) | year = 1983 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7IHmyKcPtYC&q=false | isbn = 978-0-521-24693-4| pages=747–778 }}
* {{cite book | last = Brunner | first = Christopher | chapter = Geographical and Administrative divisions: Settlements and Economy| title = The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods (2) | year = 1983 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7IHmyKcPtYC&q=false | isbn = 978-0-521-24693-4| pages=747–778 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Gardner|first1=Iain|title=Mani at the Court of the Persian Kings: Studies on the Chester Beatty <i>Kephalaia</i> Codex|date=2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004282629|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCmeBQAAQBAJ&q=false|pages=1–332}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gardner|first1=Iain|title=Mani at the Court of the Persian Kings: Studies on the Chester Beatty ''Kephalaia'' Codex|date=2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004282629|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCmeBQAAQBAJ&q=false|pages=1–332}}
*{{cite book|last=Sauer|first=Eberhard|title=Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia|location=London and New York|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2017|isbn=9781474401029|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djRWDwAAQBAJ&q=false|pages=1–336}}
*{{cite book|last=Sauer|first=Eberhard|title=Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia|location=London and New York|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2017|isbn=9781474401029|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djRWDwAAQBAJ&q=false|pages=1–336}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = Narseh | last = Weber | first = Ursula |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/narseh-sasanian-king | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2016 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2017-05-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529113145/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/narseh-sasanian-king | archive-date = 2019-05-29 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = Narseh | last = Weber | first = Ursula |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/narseh-sasanian-king | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2016 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2017-05-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529113145/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/narseh-sasanian-king | archive-date = 2019-05-29 | url-status = dead }}
Turan (also spelled Turgistan and Turestan) was a province of the Sasanian Empire located in present-day Pakistan. The province was mainly populated by Indo-Aryans, and bordered Paradan in the west, Hind in the east, Sakastan in the north, and Makuran in the south. The main city and bastion of the province was Bauterna (Khuzdar/Quzdar).
The province had been a kingdom under the Indo-Parthian king Pahares I, before submitting to the first Sasanian monarch Ardashir I (r. 224–242) in 230 AD. These events were recorded by Al-Tabari, describing the arrival of envoys from Makran and Turan to Ardeshir at Gor:
“Then he marched back from the Sawad to Istakhr, from there first to Sagistan, then to Gurgan, then to Abrasahr, Merv, Balkh, and Khwarizm to the farthest boundaries of the provinces of Kohrasan, whereupon he returned to Merv. After he had killed many people and sent their heads to the Fire temple of Anahedh he returned from Merv to Pars and settled in Gor. Then envoys of the king of the Kushan, of the kings of Turan and Mokran came to him with declarations of their submission."
The 19th-century historian Wilhelm Tomaschek suggested that the name of Turan possibly derived from the Iranian word tura(n), meaning "hostile, non-Iranian land". The name was also used in the Iranian national epic Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings") to denote the lands above Khorasan and the Oxus River, later viewed as the land of the Turks and other non-Iranians.
^ Mitchiner, Michael (1978). The Ancient & Classical World, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650. Hawkins Publications. ISBN978-0-904173-16-1. Pakores was succeeded in the office of Great King by Sanabares (c. AD 135-160). The much reduced Indo-Parthian realm then split into its two geographical constituents. These now became the Kingdom of Turan whose king was named Pahares and the Kingdom of Sakastan ruled by a second king bearing the name Sanabares (c. AD 160-175). These two kingdoms, Turan and Sakastan, were to persist until the first Sasanian Emperor, Ardeshir I, about AD 230. Both then became vassal kingdoms within the Sasanian Empire. Tabari recorded the submission made by the King of Turan which transpired when Ardeshir was at Gor: then envoys of the king of the Kushan, of the kings of Turan and Mokran came to him with declarations of their submission.
Bracey, Robert (1 January 2012). "The Mint Cities of the Kushan Empire". The City and the Coin in the Ancient and Early Medieval World. BAR International Series 2402: 124.
The complete paragraph goes: "And I possess the lands: Fars , Pahlav , Huzestan , Meshan , Asorestan , Nod-Ardakhshiragan , Arbayestan , Adurbadagan , Armen , Virozan , Segan , Arran , Balasagan up to the Caucasus and to the ‘gate of the Alans’ and all of Padishkhvar , Mad , Gurgan , Marv , Harey , and all of Abarshahr , Kerman , Sakastan, Turgistan, Makuran, Pardan , Hind and Kushanshahr all the way to Pashkibur and to the borders of Kashgaria, Sogdia and Chach and of that sea-coast Mazonshahr ." in Wiesehöfer, Josef (1996). Ancient Persia : from 550 BC to 650 AD. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 184. ISBN978-1860646751.
Weber, Ursula (2016). "Narseh". Archived copy. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2019-05-29. Retrieved 2017-05-04.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Map of the southeastern provinces of the Sasanian Empire.
