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{{short description|Expressions, statements, or rhetoric promoting the destruction of Israel}}{{pp|small=yes}}
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] during the ]]]
There have been explicit or implicit expressions, statements, and rhetoric made by individuals, political entities, and factions within ], ], ] or ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/calls-for-the-destruction-of-israel-and-100-support-for-armed-resistance-at-swp-event/|title=Calls for the ‘destruction of Israel’ and ‘100% support for armed resistance’ at SWP event|first=Lee|last=Harpin|website=www.jewishnews.co.uk}}</ref> discourse advocating for the elimination or annihilation of the ] as a political entity. These calls often involve the use of strong language, ] threats,<ref name=":62">{{cite journal |last=Tsesis |first=Alexander |date=2014–2015 |title=Antisemitism and Hate Speech Studies |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rjlr16&id=352&div=&collection= |journal=Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion |volume=16 |pages=352 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=":622">{{cite journal |last=Tsesis |first=Alexander |date=2014–2015 |title=Antisemitism and Hate Speech Studies |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rjlr16&id=352&div=&collection= |journal=Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion |volume=16 |pages=352 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Richter |first=Elihu D. |last2=Barnea |first2=Alex |date=2009-06-01 |title=Tehran's Genocidal Incitement against Israel |url=https://www.meforum.org/2167/iran-genocidal-incitement-israel |journal=Middle East Quarterly |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Krell, G., & Müller, H. (2012). Noch ein Krieg im Nahen Osten? Zum misslungenen Anstoß von Günter Grass zu einer überfälligen öffentlichen Debatte. (HSFK-Report, 2/2012). Frankfurt am Main: Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung.

<nowiki>https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-314498</nowiki></ref> or declarations aiming at the complete eradication of Israel from the region. Such expressions may be manifested in official statements, speeches, charters, or public discourse, reflecting a position that denies the ] and seeks its removal through various means, including military action or other forms of political and ideological resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=הפלסטינים רוצים להשמיד את ישראל |url=https://www.inn.co.il/news/343361 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=www.inn.co.il}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The history of calls for the destruction of Israel is rooted in the prelude to its establishment. Leaders such as ] of the ] threatened a "]" in the event that a Jewish state was established. Prior to the 1967 ], there was a nearly unanimous consensus among Arab nations aimed at the obliteration of Israel.<ref name=":2">Freilich, C. D. (2018). ''Israeli National security: a new strategy for an Era of change''. Oxford University Press. p. 34, 37</ref> ] ] reiterated calls for the annulment of Israel's existence in the lead-up to the war. Contemporary discourse from political figures in ], including leaders like ] and ], continues to advocate for Israel's destruction, accompanied by ] rhetoric and ].<ref>Roomi, F. (2023). The Iran‐Israel Conflict: An Ultra‐Ideological Explanation. ''Middle East Policy''. p. 94</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Richter |first=Elihu D. |last2=Barnea |first2=Alex |date=2009-06-01 |title=Tehran's Genocidal Incitement against Israel |url=https://www.meforum.org/2167/iran-genocidal-incitement-israel |journal=Middle East Quarterly |language=en}}</ref> ] Palestinian organizations like ]<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jaeger |first=David A. |last2=Paserman |first2=M. Daniele |date=2006 |title=Israel, the Palestinian Factions, and the Cycle of Violence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30034612 |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=45–49 |issn=0002-8282}}</ref> and the ]<ref name=":3" /> consistently promote the goal of Israel's elimination, as evidenced by their charters, statements, and actions, such as the ].<ref name=":10" /> Instances of media and propaganda within Palestinian discourse also contribute to expressions advocating for the destruction of Israel. The political slogan "]" has been linked to demands for a ] and the removal of a majority of its Jewish population, with ongoing debates about its implications and potential classification as antisemitic or ].<ref name="sky">{{Cite news |title=Israel-Hamas war: What does 'from the river to the sea' actually mean? |language=en |work=] |url=https://news.sky.com/video/israel-hamas-war-what-does-from-the-river-to-the-sea-actually-meann-12987765 |access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite magazine |date=20 October 2023 |title=In Europe, Free Speech Is Under Threat For Palestine Supporters |url=https://time.com/6326360/europe-palestine-protests-free-speech/ |magazine=] |access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Economist20232">{{cite news |date=28 October 2023 |title=The culture war over the Gaza war |newspaper=] |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2023/10/28/the-culture-war-over-the-gaza-war |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030143154/https://www.economist.com/international/2023/10/28/the-culture-war-over-the-gaza-war |archive-date=30 October 2023}}</ref>

== Historical cases ==
{{See also|Azzam Pasha quotation}}

Before and after the ] in 1948, leaders of Arab states and Palestinian Arab leaders expressed the sentiment of eliminating the newly formed nation. Historian ] has described those calls as reflecting an “expulsionist or eliminationist mindset”.<ref>Morris, B. (2009). ''One state, two states: Resolving the Israel/Palestine conflict''. Yale University Press. pp. 108-109</ref> In late 1947, King ] of ] corresponded with ] ]:
{{Quote|text=The Arabs have definitely decided to oppose establishment of a Jewish state... Even if it is supposed that the Jews will succeed in gaining support... by their oppressive and tyrannous means and their money, such a state must perish in a short time. The Arab will isolate such a state from the world and will lay siege until it dies by famine... Its end will be the same as that of Crusader states.<ref> Morris, B. (2009). One state, two states: Resolving the Israel/Palestine conflict. Yale University Press. pp. 108-109</ref>|title=}}
Around the same time, in response to the ] report, ], the Secretary-General of the ], ] that a war with the proposed Jewish state would lead to "a war of extermination and momentous massacre which will be spoken of like the Mongolian massacre and the ]." ] and ] characterized this statement as a genocidal threat, while ] contested this interpretation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Makings of History The Blind Misleading the Blind |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2011-10-21/ty-article/the-makings-of-history-the-blind-misleading-the-blind/0000017f-db5e-d3a5-af7f-fbfe049b0000 |access-date=2023-11-07}}</ref>

In the early months of 1948, Matiel Mughannam, an Arab Christian born in ] and the leader of the Arab Women’s Organization, stated:
{{Quote|text= has no chance to survive now that the ‘Holy War’ has been declared. All the Jews will eventually be massacred.<ref> Morris, B. (2009). One state, two states: Resolving the Israel/Palestine conflict. Yale University Press. pp. 108-109, 112</ref>}}
Calls for the destruction of Israel by Arab leaders, notably by ] ], were repeated in the prelude to the 1967 Six Day War. Addressing the ] in September 1960, Nasser expressed, "The only solution to Palestine is that matters should return to the condition prevailing before the error was committed, i.e., the annulment of Israel's existence." In 1964, he vowed, "We swear to God that we shall not rest until we restore the Arab nation to Palestine and Palestine to the Arab nation. There is no room for imperialism and there is no room for Britain in our country, just as there is no room for Israel within the Arab nation." In 1965, he declared, "We shall not enter Palestine with its soil covered in sand, we shall enter it with its soil saturated in blood."<ref>Sachar, Howard M. (1976, 2007) A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <nowiki>ISBN 0-394-48564-5</nowiki>; <nowiki>ISBN 0-375-71132-5</nowiki>. pp. 615–16</ref>

The aftermath of the ] intensified sentiments among certain ] groups. This period witnessed heightened calls for the eradication of Israel as part of the Palestinian cause. In July 1968, amendments were made to the ]. Article 15 of the charter at that time stated: “The liberation of Palestine... aims at the elimination of Zionism in Palestine”. Article 22 stated that “the liberation of Palestine will destroy the Zionist and imperialist presence and will contribute to the establishment of peace in the Middle East”.<ref>Morris, B. (2009). ''One state, two states: Resolving the Israel/Palestine conflict''. Yale University Press. pp. 108-109, 112</ref> Until the early 1990s, the ] (PLO) officially pursued the goal of destroying Israel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ben-Rafael |first=Eliezer |date=2004 |title=Where stands Israel? |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0141987042000177351 |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=310–316 |doi=10.1080/0141987042000177351 |issn=0141-9870}}</ref>

== In contemporary political discourse ==
Political figures and factions within Islamic, Arab and Palestinian discourse have employed rhetoric that includes explicit or implicit calls for the end of Israel's existence. Certain extremist ideologies, both within and outside the Palestinian territories, have propagated the idea of eliminating Israel as part of their agenda.

=== Iran ===
]
{{See also|Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel}}

In recent decades, political figures in the ] have consistently advocated for the destruction of Israel as a prominent element in their discourse against the nation. This discourse also encompasses the ] of Jews, the use of ], and the ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Richter |first=Elihu D. |last2=Barnea |first2=Alex |date=2009-06-01 |title=Tehran's Genocidal Incitement against Israel |url=https://www.meforum.org/2167/iran-genocidal-incitement-israel |journal=Middle East Quarterly |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Iran's president says move Israel22">{{cite news |date=8 December 2005 |title=Iran's president says move Israel |work=] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4510922.stm}}</ref>

], ], stated in 2000 that “the cancerous tumor called Israel must be uprooted from the region”, and in 2001 that “the perpetual subject of Iran is the elimination of Israel from the region”.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Threats Iranian Leaders Made Against Israel in 2013 |url=https://jcpa.org/article/20-threats-iranian-leaders-made-in-2013/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Giving nukes to Iran will be the greatest error of the 21st century |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-700962 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2013 he labeled Israel a country "doomed to failure and annihilation," deeming it an "illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" who "cannot be called human beings." He later outlined a nine-point plan for Israel's elimination in 2014.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Freilich |first=Charles D. |date=2018-03-22 |title=Israeli National Security |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190602932.001.0001 |journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |pages=34, 37 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190602932.001.0001}}</ref>

], who served as ] from 2005 to 2013, ].<ref>{{Citation |last=Freedman |first=Robert O. |title=Israel and the Arabs, and Beyond |date=2012-11-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429492907-9 |work=The Contemporary Middle East |pages=91–98 |access-date=2023-11-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-49290-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roomi |first=Farshad |date=2023-05-10 |title=The Iran‐Israel Conflict: An Ultra‐Ideological Explanation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12687 |journal=Middle East Policy |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=94–109 |doi=10.1111/mepo.12687 |issn=1061-1924}}</ref> In a 2005 conference titled "A World Without Zionism", he stated: "Our dear Imam (Khomeini) ordered that this ] occupying regime must be erased from the page of time," and that Iran would “wipe Israel off the map”,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":52" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |last2=Rudoren |first2=Jodi |date=2013-08-02 |title=Iran’s President-Elect Provokes Furor Abroad With Remarks on Israel |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/world/middleeast/iran-israel.html |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |last2=McGreal |first2=Chris |date=2005-10-26 |title=Israel should be wiped off map, says Iran's president |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/27/israel.iran |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In 2006, he said: "Israel heading towards annihilation”, and in another statement, "The Zionist regime will be wiped out, and humanity will be liberated”. Similar calls were also voiced by ] members, philosophers and journalists.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Noch ein Krieg im Nahen Osten? HSFK-Report Nr. 2/2012, Gert Krell/Harald Müller, Peace Research institute Frankfurt, ETH Zurich

https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/145009/report0212.pdf</ref><ref name=":0" />

During a speech in May 2012, the Chief of Staff of Iran's Ministry articulated the Iranian nation's steadfast commitment to its cause, which is the complete annihilation of Israel. Hojjat al‐Eslam ], serving as the representative of Supreme Leader ], asserted on October 2, 2012, that Iran needed a mere 23 hours to eliminate Israel. He further alleged that Israel was in close proximity to annihilation.<ref>Chang, K. R. (2013). Will Israel take military strike againt Iran?. ''Korean Journal of Middle East Studies'', (34-3), 01-16.

ISO 690</ref>

=== Hamas ===
] members parade with a coffin bearing the Israeli flag. Hamas has consistently called for the destruction of Israel and carried out terror attacks as part of this agenda.]]
{{See also|Hamas Charter}}
], a Palestinian ] political and ] currently in control of the ], has consistently advocated for the destruction of Israel and the establishment of an ] across the entire territory of Palestine.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Litvak |first=Meir |date=2010-07-13 |title=“Martyrdom is Life”: <i>Jihad</i> and Martyrdom in the Ideology of Hamas |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2010.494170 |journal=Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=716–734 |doi=10.1080/1057610x.2010.494170 |issn=1057-610X}}</ref> The 1988 ] has been characterized as antisemitic and genocidal.<ref name=":62" /><ref name=":4">{{cite book |last1=Bayefsky |first1=Anne F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |title=Incitement to Terrorism |last2=Blank |first2=Laurie R. |date=March 22, 2018 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-35982-6 |quote=}}</ref> The charter holds Jews collectively, extending beyond Israelis, responsible for various global issues, including the two world wars.<ref name=":2" /> In an effort to moderate Hamas' public perception, a revised charter was issued in 2017, maintaining the goal of a Palestinian Islamic state to replace what it deems as an illegal and illegitimate Israel.<ref name=":4" />

Expressions advocating for the destruction of Israel have been articulated by several figures associated with Hamas. ], a Palestinian politician and imam who played a pivotal role in the establishment of Hamas, forecasted the annihilation of Israel by the year 2027, employing the traditional Islamic concept of a 40-year historical cycle. Yassin correlated these cycles with significant events, positing that the initial cycle commenced in 1947 with the ] and concluded with the ]. In this framework, the second cycle is anticipated to culminate in the destruction of Israel.<ref name=":6" />

Imam Khalid Tafish, a prominent Hamas figure in Gaza, asserted a belief derived from the ], contending that "Jews must be destroyed twice in terrible wars."<ref name=":6" /> Amid the ], ], a member of Hamas's political bureau, proclaimed that the ], resulting in the loss of 1,300 Israeli lives, mostly civilians, is but the initial phase in an ongoing series of assaults. Hamad expressed the organization's readiness to endure the consequences, underscoring their determination to persist with these attacks until the complete elimination of Israel.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |title=Hamas Official: We Will Repeat October 7 Attacks Until Israel Is Annihilated |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-01/ty-article/hamas-official-we-will-repeat-october-7-attacks-until-israel-is-annihilated/0000018b-8b9d-db7e-af9b-ebdfbee90000 |access-date=2023-11-07}}</ref>

According to ], referring to Hamas' 1988 charter advocating Israel's eradication and the UN genocide definition, Hamas can be characterized as a genocidal organization. In line with this analysis, "Hamas fighters who burst into Israel on October 7th and killed more than 1,400 Israelis (and other nationalities) were carrying out the letter of their genocidal law."<ref>{{Cite news |title=How the term “genocide” is misused in the Israel-Hamas war |work=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/11/10/how-the-term-genocide-is-misused-in-the-israel-hamas-war |access-date=2023-11-11 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

=== Hezbollah ===
{{See also|Ideology of Hezbollah}}

From the inception of ] to the present,<ref name="The Hizballah Program">{{cite book |author=Itamar Rabinovich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVJR9UZnTVAC&pg=PA425 |title=Israel in the Middle East |publisher=UPNE |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-87451-962-4 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="UN document">United Nations Document A/54/723 S/2000/55, citing Al Hayyat, 30 October 1999{{cite web |title=Letter dated January 25, 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General |url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.NSF/fd807e46661e3689852570d00069e918/50862df07adbd884852569ad0054a527!OpenDocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310192305/http://domino.un.org/unispal.NSF/fd807e46661e3689852570d00069e918/50862df07adbd884852569ad0054a527%21OpenDocument |archive-date=10 March 2007 |access-date=17 August 2006}} . Retrieved 17 August 2006.</ref> the elimination of the State of Israel has been one of Hezbollah's primary goals. Some translations of Hezbollah's 1985 Arabic-language manifesto state that "our struggle will end only when this entity is obliterated".<ref name="The Hizballah Program" /> According to Hezbollah's Deputy-General, ], the struggle against Israel is a core belief of Hezbollah and the central rationale of Hezbollah's existence.<ref>''The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Program''. Joseph Elie Alagha, Amsterdam University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-90-5356-910-8}}, p. 380.</ref>

=== Palestinian Islamic Jihad ===
{{See also|Ideology of Palestinian Islamic Jihad}}

The ] (PIJ) explicitly aims for the violent destruction of the State of Israel, and rejects the option of a peaceful settlement with Israel. Israel’s eradication is viewed as an essential prerequisite for addressing the challenges facing the Muslim world.<ref name=":02" /> The PIJ advocates for the use of guerrilla groups to execute terrorist attacks, intending to weaken Israel. It envisions laying the groundwork for a future scenario in which a significant Islamic Arabic army engages in military confrontation to achieve Israel's destruction. The PIJ has been accountable for some of the deadliest ] in Israel.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Yonah |url=https://brill.com/view/title/13940 |title=Palestinian Religious Terrorism: Hamas and Islamic Jihad |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=Brill {{!}} Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-47981-4 |pages=29 |doi=10.1163/9789004479814}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Litvak |first=Meir |date=January 1998 |title=The Islamization of the Palestinian‐Israeli conflict: the case of Hamas |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263209808701214 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=148–163 |doi=10.1080/00263209808701214 |issn=0026-3206}}</ref>

=== Al-Qaeda ===
] also repeatedly calls for Israel's destruction, with ] asserting that "the creation of Israel is a crime that must be erased," and Muslims have a religious duty to combat Jews in Israel and worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bar-Tal |first=D. |last2=Jacobson |first2=D. |last3=Klieman |first3=A. |date=1999 |title=Security Concerns: Insights from the Israel Experience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e416702005-016 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=PsycEXTRA Dataset}}</ref>
]

=== Houthi Movement ===
The ], an Islamist political and militant group in ], reads: "], ], Death to Israel, ] the ], Victory to ]"<ref>Graphics, K. (2016). briefing-‘Even war discriminates’: Yemen’s minorities, exiled at home-Rania El Rajji.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2021-03-12 |title=The Impact of the Religious Phenomenon on the Political Crisis in Yemen from 2011 to 2020: The Houthi Movement as a Case |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.13187/er.2021.1.19 |journal=European Researcher |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.13187/er.2021.1.19 |issn=2224-0136|doi-access=free }}</ref>

During the ], the ] stated their intent to continue attacking Israel until they achieve the "demise of Israel".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Houthis push for 'demise of Israel' amid attack on Red Sea ship |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-774273 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Expressions in public discourse ==
] in Tehran 2016]]

=== Death to Israel ===
Anti-Israeli protests in many ] frequently involve the burning of Israeli flags and chants like "Death to Israel" or "Death to the Jewish infidels."<ref>Cohen, F., Jussim, L., Bhasin, G., & Salib, E. (2011). The Modern Anti-Semitism Israel Model: An empirical relationship between modern anti-Semitism and opposition to Israel. ''Conflict & Communication'', ''10''(1).</ref> The chant of the slogan has extended beyond Muslim countries. In Paris, demonstrators, often of ], have frequently uttered cries of "death to the Jews, death to Israel”.<ref>Birnbaum, P. (2006). The French radical right: from anti-Semitic Zionism to anti-Semitic anti-Zionism. ''The Journal of Israeli History'', ''25''(1), 161-174.</ref>

During ] held in ] and other countries; extensive rallies and marches take place, where senior leaders deliver speeches that frequently result in chants of "Death to Israel, ]."<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Seliktar |first=Ofira |date=2023-01-02 |title=Iran’s antisemitism and anti-Zionism: eliminationist or performative? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537121.2023.2162260 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=137–154 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2162260 |issn=1353-7121}}</ref><ref name=":9">Robert S. Wistrich (2014) Gaza, Hamas, and the Return of Antisemitism, Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 8:3, 35-48, DOI: 10.1080/23739770.2014.11446601 p. 40</ref> Israeli flags, whether painted on the ground or distributed for people to step on, are subjected to both trampling and burning. Additionally, exhibits featuring mock-ups of ballistic missiles showcase slogans like 'Death to Israel’.<ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":9" />

=== From the river to the sea ===
The term "]" is a slogan often heard in ] demonstrations. It symbolizes ], covering the geographical span from the ] to the ], an area encompassing Israel and the ].<ref name="Economist20232" /><ref name="WashingtonPost2023">{{Cite news |last=Stripling |first=Jack |date=31 December 2023 |title=Colleges braced for antisemitism and violence. It's happening. |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/10/31/antisemitism-college-campuses-jewish-hamas-gaza/ |access-date=1 November 2023}}: "Defenders of the phrase often say that the line refers to a one-state solution to the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians over that tract of land between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, in which Arabs and Jews could have equal voting rights. But the U.S. and U.N. position is that Israel has a right to exist as a Jewish state and that the conflict should be solved with a “two-state solution,” one country for each group".</ref> Historically associated with calls for a Palestinian state in lieu of Israel and the Palestinian territories, it may imply the replacement of Israel, as initially outlined in the ]. This stance has evolved following the ] in the 1990s. Groups such as ] and ] have used the slogan to endorse Israel's destruction. Consequently, the slogan has been criticised as antisemitic and hate speech, sparking debates and legal considerations regarding its categorization as a criminal offence in some European nations.<ref name="sky" /><ref name=":8" />

== Analysis ==
] coined the term "genocidal antisemitism" to describe public calls and incitements to destroy Israel. This includes state-sanctioned genocidal antisemitism in Ahmadinejad's Iran, where official promotion of anti-Israel sentiments involves parading missiles. A second manifestation involves the ideologies of groups like ], ], ], and ], advocating for Israel's destruction and endorsing acts of terror to achieve this goal. The last manifestation is seen in religious fatwas and execution writs framing genocidal calls against Jews as religious obligations, portraying Israel as a collective enemy.<ref>Cotler, I. (2010). Global antisemitism: Assault on human rights. The Yale Papers–Antisemitism in Comparative Perspective, 349-350</ref>

== See also ==
* ]
* '']''
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

]
]
]
]

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