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{{short description|1945 plan for war between Western Allies and Soviet Union}} {{short description|1945 plan for war between Western Allies and Soviet Union}}
] and the ] countries in 1990. ]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}


'''Operation Unthinkable''' was the name given to two related possible future war plans developed by the ] against the ] during 1945. The plans were never implemented. The creation of the plans was ordered by British Prime Minister ] in May 1945 and developed by the ]' Joint Planning Staff in May 1945 at the ].<ref>Daniel Todman, ''Britain's War: A New World, 1942–1947'' (2020) p 744.</ref> '''Operation Unthinkable''' was the name given to two related possible future war plans developed by the ] against the ] during 1945. The plans were never implemented. The creation of the plans was ordered by ] ] in May 1945 and developed by the ]' Joint Planning Staff in May 1945 at the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Todman |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcfXDwAAQBAJ |title=Britain's War: A New World, 1942-1947 |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-065848-9 |language=en}}</ref>


One plan assumed a surprise attack on the ] stationed in ] to impose "the will of the United States and British Empire"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/cold-war-on-file/operation-unthinkable/ | title=The National Archives - Homepage }}</ref> on the Soviets. "The will" was qualified as "a square deal for ]",<ref name="OpRep-1"/> which probably meant enforcing the recently signed ]. The planners decided that without American help, the British would probably fail. The assessment, signed by the Chief of Army Staff on 9 June 1945, concluded: "It would be beyond our power to win a quick but limited success and we would be committed to a protracted war against heavy odds".<ref>{{cite web|title=British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, "Operation Unthinkable"|url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/cold-war-on-file/operation-unthinkable/}}</ref>{{nonspecific|reason=As specified, this is not a verifiable source. What type of source is it, who published it and when?|date=February 2022}} The code name was now reused instead for a second plan, which was a defensive scenario by which the British were to defend against a Soviet drive towards the ] and the ] after the withdrawal of the ] from the Continent. When the ] acquired power by the ], it ignored the draft plan. One plan assumed a surprise attack on the ] stationed in ] to impose "the will of the United States and British Empire upon Russia".<ref name="NationalArchives Op Unthinkable"/> "The will" was qualified as "a square deal for ]", but added that "that does not necessarily limit the military commitment".<ref name="OpRep-1"/> The assessment, signed by the Chief of Army Staff on 9 June 1945, concluded: "It would be beyond our power to win a quick but limited success and we would be committed to a protracted war against heavy odds".<ref name="NationalArchives Op Unthinkable">{{cite web|work=British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff |date=22 May 1945 |title="Operation Unthinkable" |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/cold-war-on-file/operation-unthinkable/ |via=]}}</ref> The code name was now reused instead for a second plan, which was a defensive scenario by which the British were to defend against a Soviet drive towards the ] and the ] after the withdrawal of the ] from the Continent. When the ] acquired power by the ], it ignored the draft plan.


The study became the first ]-era ] for ].<ref name="Costigliola-336"/> Both plans were very secret and were not made public until 1998<ref name="Gibbons-158"/> although a British spy for the Soviets, ], had revealed some details to the Soviets at the time.{{sfn|Lownie|2016|p=148}} The study became the first ]-era ] for ].{{sfn|Costigliola|2011|p=336}} Both plans were top secret and were not made public until 1998,{{sfn|Gibbons|2009|p=158}} although Soviet spy ] had revealed some details to them at the time.{{sfn|Lownie|2016|p=148}}


==Operations== ==Operations==
===Offensive=== ===Offensive===
The initial primary goal of the operation was declared as "to impose upon Russia the will of the ] and the ]. Even though 'the will' of these two countries may be defined as no more than a square deal for ], that does not necessarily limit the military commitment".<ref name="OpRep-1"/> (The ] is referred to as "]" throughout the document, a ] that was common in the West throughout the ].) The initial primary goal of the operation was declared as "to impose upon Russia the will of the ] and the ]. Even though 'the will' of these two countries may be defined as no more than a square deal for ], that does not necessarily limit the military commitment".<ref name="OpRep-1"/> (The ] is referred to as ] throughout the document, a ] that was common in the ] throughout the ].)


The chiefs of staff were concerned that both the enormous size of the Soviet forces deployed in ] at the end of the war and the perception that Soviet Premier ] was unreliable caused a Soviet threat to exist in Allied-held ]. The USSR had yet to launch its ] and so one of the assumptions in the report was that the Soviets would instead ally with Japan if the Western Allies commenced hostilities. The chiefs of staff were concerned that both the enormous size of the Soviet forces deployed in ] at the end of the war and the perception that Soviet Premier ] was unreliable caused a Soviet threat to exist in Allied-held ]. The USSR had yet to launch its ] and so one of the assumptions in the report was that the Soviets would instead ally with Japan if the Western Allies commenced hostilities.
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==Subsequent discussions== ==Subsequent discussions==
By 1946, tensions and conflicts were developing between the Allied-occupied and the Soviet-occupied areas of Europe and were considered as resulting potentially in conflict. One such area was the ] (an area of ] that is now divided among ], ] and ]), and on 30 August 1946, informal discussions occurred between the British and the American chiefs of staff concerning how such a conflict could develop and the best strategy for conducting a European war.<ref name="OpRep-35"/> Again, the issue of retaining a bridgehead on the continent was discussed, with ] preferring a withdrawal to the ], rather than to ], because of their proximity to the United Kingdom. By 1946, tensions were developing between the Allied-occupied and the Soviet-occupied areas of Europe and were considered as resulting potentially in conflict. One such area was the ] (an area of ] that is now divided among ], ] and ]), and on 30 August 1946, informal discussions occurred between the British and the American chiefs of staff concerning how such a conflict could develop and the best strategy for conducting a European war.<ref name="OpRep-35"/> Again, the issue of retaining a bridgehead on the continent was discussed, with ] preferring a withdrawal to the ], rather than to ], because of their proximity to the United Kingdom.

==Possible Soviet awareness==
During June 1945, the senior Soviet Army ] ] suddenly ordered Soviet forces in Poland to regroup and prepare their positions for defence.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} According to ] Professor ], Operation Unthinkable helps to explain why Zhukov did so.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} If the plans of the operation had been transmitted to Moscow by the ], that would explain the sudden orders to regroup and prepare for defence; however, it is just as possible that the decision was caused by Soviet mistrust of the Western Allies. If the Soviets had indeed known that the Western Allies were planning a possible attack, the element of surprise would have been lost before operations against the Soviets even began and further reduce the chances of Operation Unthinkable succeeding.


==See also== ==See also==

* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ], Another operation that involved remobilized German troops fighting alongside Americans.


==Notes== ==Notes==
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|refs = |refs =
<ref name="Reynolds-250">Reynolds, p. 250</ref> <ref name="Reynolds-250">Reynolds, p. 250</ref>
<ref name="Costigliola-336">Costigliola, p. 336</ref> <!-- <ref name="Costigliola-336">Costigliola, p. 336</ref> -->
<ref name="Gibbons-158">Gibbons, p. 158</ref> <ref name="Gibbons-158">Gibbons, p. 158</ref>
<ref name="OpRep-1">Operation Unthinkable..., p. {{cite web |url=http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/pages/002.htm |title=1 |access-date=2015-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101116160624/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/pages/002.htm |archive-date=16 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <ref name="OpRep-1">Operation Unthinkable..., p. {{cite web |url=http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/pages/002.htm |title=1 |access-date=2015-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101116160624/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/pages/002.htm |archive-date=16 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
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==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}} {{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=Frank |last=Costigliola |title=Roosevelt's Lost Alliances: How Personal Politics Helped Start the Cold War |year=2011 |publisher=] |isbn=9780691121291 |page = 544 }} * {{cite book |first=Frank |last=Costigliola |title=Roosevelt's Lost Alliances: How Personal Politics Helped Start the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8H2gy72mG4C|year=2011 |publisher=] |isbn=9780691121291 |page = 544 }}
* Hines, Sam. ''Operation Unthinkable. Its significance in the development of the Cold War'' (GRIN Verlag, 2016). * Hines, Sam. ''Operation Unthinkable. Its significance in the development of the Cold War'' (GRIN Verlag, 2016).
* {{cite book |first=Joel Clarke |last=Gibbons |title=The Empire Strikes a Match in a World Full of Oil |year=2009 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=9781450008693 |page = 352 }}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=May 2021}} * {{cite book |first=Joel Clarke |last=Gibbons |title=The Empire Strikes a Match in a World Full of Oil | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P98loJgDk50C |year=2009 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=9781450008693 |page = 352 }}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=May 2021}}
*{{cite book|last= Lownie|first= Andrew| author-link = Andrew Lownie | title= Stalin's Englishman: The Lives of Guy Burgess|publisher= Hodder and Stoughton|location= London|year= 2016|isbn= 978-1-473-62738-3}} * {{cite book|last= Lownie|first= Andrew| author-link = Andrew Lownie | title= Stalin's Englishman: The Lives of Guy Burgess|publisher= Hodder and Stoughton|location= London|year= 2016|isbn= 978-1-473-62738-3}}
* ] (2 October 1998) "Churchill plotted invasion of Russia" '']'' * ] (2 October 1998) "Churchill plotted invasion of Russia" '']''
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Reynolds |author-link=David Reynolds (English historian) |title=From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s |year=2006 |publisher=] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-928411-5 |page = 376 }} * {{cite book |first=David |last=Reynolds |author-link=David Reynolds (English historian) |title=From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s |year=2006 |publisher=] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-928411-5 |page = 376 }}
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==External links== ==External links==
* Julian Lewis: , 2nd edn., Routledge, 2008, pp.xxx-xl ({{ISBN|0-415-49171-1}}) * Julian Lewis: , 2nd edn., Routledge, 2008, pp.xxx-xl ({{ISBN|0-415-49171-1}})
* *
* {{cite book |first=Sam |last=Hines |url=http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/336255/operation-unthinkable-its-significance-in-the-development-of-the-cold |title=Operation Unthinkable: Its significance in the development of the Cold War|year=2016 |publisher=] |isbn=9783668261228}} * {{cite book |first=Sam |last=Hines |url=http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/336255/operation-unthinkable-its-significance-in-the-development-of-the-cold |title=Operation Unthinkable: Its significance in the development of the Cold War|year=2016 |publisher=] |isbn=9783668261228}}


Latest revision as of 16:12, 4 January 2025

1945 plan for war between Western Allies and Soviet Union
NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries in 1990.

Operation Unthinkable was the name given to two related possible future war plans developed by the British Chiefs of Staff Committee against the Soviet Union during 1945. The plans were never implemented. The creation of the plans was ordered by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in May 1945 and developed by the British Armed Forces' Joint Planning Staff in May 1945 at the end of World War II in Europe.

One plan assumed a surprise attack on the Soviet forces stationed in Germany to impose "the will of the United States and British Empire upon Russia". "The will" was qualified as "a square deal for Poland", but added that "that does not necessarily limit the military commitment". The assessment, signed by the Chief of Army Staff on 9 June 1945, concluded: "It would be beyond our power to win a quick but limited success and we would be committed to a protracted war against heavy odds". The code name was now reused instead for a second plan, which was a defensive scenario by which the British were to defend against a Soviet drive towards the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean after the withdrawal of the American forces from the Continent. When the Labour Party acquired power by the 1945 general election, it ignored the draft plan.

The study became the first Cold War-era contingency plan for war against the USSR. Both plans were top secret and were not made public until 1998, although Soviet spy Guy Burgess had revealed some details to them at the time.

Operations

Offensive

The initial primary goal of the operation was declared as "to impose upon Russia the will of the United States and the British Empire. Even though 'the will' of these two countries may be defined as no more than a square deal for Poland, that does not necessarily limit the military commitment". (The Soviet Union is referred to as Russia throughout the document, a metonym that was common in the West throughout the Cold War.)

The chiefs of staff were concerned that both the enormous size of the Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of the war and the perception that Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin was unreliable caused a Soviet threat to exist in Allied-held Western Europe. The USSR had yet to launch its attack on Japanese forces and so one of the assumptions in the report was that the Soviets would instead ally with Japan if the Western Allies commenced hostilities.

The hypothetical date for the start of the Allied invasion of Soviet-held Eastern Europe was scheduled for 1 July 1945, four days before the United Kingdom general elections. The plan assumed a surprise attack by as many as 47 British and American divisions in the area of Dresden, in the middle of Soviet lines. That represented almost half of the approximately 100 divisions available to the British, American and Canadian headquarters at that time.

The plan was considered by the British Chiefs of Staff Committee as militarily unfeasible due to an anticipated 2.5:1 superiority in divisions of Soviet ground forces within Europe and the Middle East by 1 July, when the conflict was projected to occur. Most of the offensive operation would have been performed by American and British forces, as well as Polish forces and as many as 10 divisions of the German Army, remobilised from prisoner-of-war status. Any quick success would be caused by surprise alone. If a quick success could not be obtained before the beginning of winter, the assessment was that the Allies would be committed to a protracted total war. In the report of 22 May 1945, an offensive operation was deemed "hazardous".

The following table is based on Allied estimates at the time of the planning of Operation Unthinkable.

Projected balance in Western Europe by Allied estimates, 1 July 1945
Allied Soviet Ratio
Infantry divisions 80 228 1 : 2.85
Armored divisions 23 36 1 : 1.57
Tactical aircraft 6,048 11,802 1 : 1.95
Strategic aircraft 2,750 960 2.86 : 1

Defensive

In response to an instruction by Churchill of 10 June 1945, a follow-up report was written on "what measures would be required to ensure the security of the British Isles in the event of war with Russia in the near future". American forces were relocating to the Pacific region for a planned invasion of Japan, and Churchill was concerned that the reduction of forces would give the Soviets a strong advantage for offensive action in Western Europe. The report concluded that if the United States engaged solely in the Pacific Theatre, Britain's odds "would become fanciful".

The Joint Planning Staff rejected Churchill's notion of retaining bridgeheads on the Continent as not having any operational advantage. It was envisaged that Britain would use its air force and navy to resist, but a threat from mass rocket attack was anticipated, with no means of resistance except for strategic bombing.

Subsequent discussions

By 1946, tensions were developing between the Allied-occupied and the Soviet-occupied areas of Europe and were considered as resulting potentially in conflict. One such area was the Julian March (an area of Southeastern Europe that is now divided among Croatia, Slovenia and Italy), and on 30 August 1946, informal discussions occurred between the British and the American chiefs of staff concerning how such a conflict could develop and the best strategy for conducting a European war. Again, the issue of retaining a bridgehead on the continent was discussed, with Dwight D. Eisenhower preferring a withdrawal to the Low Countries, rather than to Italy, because of their proximity to the United Kingdom.

See also

Notes

  1. Division-Equivalents for the Soviets
  2. Division-Equivalents for the Soviets
  3. Including 3,480 US, 2,370 Commonwealth, and 198 Polish.
  4. Including 1,008 US, 1,722 Commonwealth, and 20 Polish.

Citations

  1. Todman, Daniel (2017). Britain's War: A New World, 1942-1947. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-065848-9.
  2. ^ ""Operation Unthinkable"". British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff. 22 May 1945 – via The National Archives (United Kingdom).
  3. ^ Operation Unthinkable..., p. "1". Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  4. Costigliola 2011, p. 336.
  5. Gibbons 2009, p. 158.
  6. Lownie 2016, p. 148.
  7. ^ Reynolds, p. 250
  8. Gibbons, p. 158
  9. "Operation Unthinkable", p. 22. Northeastern University. Retrieved 2 May 2017
  10. "Operation Unthinkable", Northeastern University, pp. 22–23. Retrieved 5 May 2018
  11. Operation Unthinkable..., p. "30 (Annex)". Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
  12. Operation Unthinkable..., p. "24". Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  13. Operation Unthinkable..., p. "35". Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010.

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