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{{Short description|Series of wars through the 16th to 19th centuries}} {{Short description|Series of wars through the 16th to 19th centuries}}
{{For|all conflicts between Turkic states and Persian/Azerbaijani states|Turco-Safavid Wars}} {{For|all conflicts between Turkic states and Persian states|Turco-Persian Wars}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
⚫ The '''Ottoman–Safavid Wars''' or '''Ottoman–Persian Wars''' were a series of wars between ] and the ], ], ], and ] dynasties of Iran (]) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today ] in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by ] of the ]. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly ] and the Safavids being ]. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern ], the ], and ].

{{short description|16th century war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict {{Infobox military conflict
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| image = | image =
| caption = <!--Map showing Ottoman conquests in ] and the ] as far as the ] during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590).---> | caption = <!--Map showing Ottoman conquests in ] and the ] as far as the ] during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590).--->
| partof = the ] | partof = the ]
| date = 1514-1918 | date = 1514–1823
| place = Mesopotamia (]), ] (] and ]) | place = Mesopotamia (]), ] (] and ])
| result = Inconclusive | result = Indecisive
| territory = Ottomans consolidated their power in ] (]) , Persians consolidated their power in the ]
| territory =
| combatant1 = {{Plainlist|
| combatant1 = {{flag|Safavid Empire}}<br>] ] (1578-1588)<br>{{Flag|Kingdom of Kakheti}} (1578)<br>{{Flag|Principality of Samtskhe}} (1578, 1582-1587)<br>{{flagicon image|Banner of Guria.svg}} ] (1583–1587)
{{flag|Safavid Empire}}<br>] ]<br>{{ubl
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}} ]<br>{{flagicon|Crimea|tatar}} ]<br>] ]<br>{{flagicon image|Banner of Guria.svg}} ] (1578-1583, after 1587)<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of The Principality of Mingrelia (Portolan 1560).svg}} ]<br>{{flag|Principality of Samtskhe}} (1578-1582)<br>]
|{{flagicon image|Zand Dynasty flag.svg}} ]
}}] {{flagdeco|Persia|1907}} ]}}
| combatant2 = {{Plainlist|
{{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}} ]}}
| commander1 = | commander1 =
| commander2 = | commander2 =
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| casualties2 = | casualties2 =
}} }}

⚫ The '''Ottoman–Persian Wars''' or '''Ottoman–Iranian Wars''' were a series of wars between the ] and the ], ], ], and ] dynasties of ] (also known as ]) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today ] in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by ] of the ]. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly ] and the Safavids being ]. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern ], the ], and ].

{{Campaignbox Ottoman–Persian Wars}} {{Campaignbox Ottoman–Persian Wars}}


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!Victorious Empire !Victorious Empire
|- |-
| ] (1514)<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi II'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 339-340</ref> | ] (1514)
|] |]
|] |]
|None |None
|The Ottoman Empire |Ottoman Empire
|- |-
| ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi II'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 277-281</ref> | ]
|] |]
|] |]
|] (1555) |] (1555)
|The Ottoman Empire <ref>Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, {{ISBN|978-0-8160-6259-1}}, p.280</ref> |Ottoman Empire<ref>Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, {{ISBN|978-0-8160-6259-1}}, p.280</ref>
|- |-
| ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi III'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 21-25</ref> | ]
|] |]
|], ] |], ]
|] (1590) |] (1590)
|The Ottoman Empire |Ottoman Empire
|- |-
|], first stage<br /> |]<br />
|] |]
|] |]
|] (1612) |]
|The Persian Empire |Persian Empire
|- |-
| ], second stage<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi III'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 43-45</ref> | ]
'']'' (1614–1617)
|], ], ] |], ], ]
|] |]
|] (1618) |] (1618)
|The Persian Empire |Persian Empire
|- |-
| ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi III'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 78-82</ref> | ]
|] |]
|], ] |], ]
|] (1639) |] (1639)
|The Ottoman Empire |Ottoman Empire
|-
| ], first stage<br />'']''
'']''
|], ]
|]
|] (1732)
|The Ottoman Empire<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erewantsʻi|first1=Abraham|last2=Bournoutian|first2=George|title=History of the wars: (1721-1736)|date=1999|publisher=Mazda Publishers|isbn=978-1568590851|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpugAAAAMAAJ&q=tahmasp+1731+lost+war|quote=(...) against Nader's advice, Shah Tahmasp marched against the Turks to force their withdrawal from Transcaucasia. The Ottomans routed the Persian forces in 1731, and in January 1732, the Shah concluded an agreement that left eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Shirvan, and Hamadan in Turkish hands.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|date=23 December 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1851096725|page=729|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=treaty+of+ahmet+pasha+1732|quote=Pursued by the Turks, Tahmasp is decisively defeated in the second Battle of Hamadan. In order to prevent a general Turkish invasion, he agrees to cede the territory conquered by Nadir in 1730 and recognizes all Turkish acquisitions}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=A ́goston|first1=Ga ́bor|last2=Masters|first2=Bruce Alan|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|date=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1438110257|pages=415–416|quote=But while Nadir pursued conquests in the east, Shah Tahmasp reopened hostilities with the Ottomans in an effort to regain his lost territories. He was defeated and agreed to a treaty that restored Tabriz but left Kermanshah and Hamadan in Ottoman hands. Nadir was incensed at the treaty (...)}}</ref>
|- |-
| ], second stage<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi IV'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 1-8</ref> | ]
|] |]
|] |]
|] (1736) |] (1736)
|The Persian Empire |Persian Empire
|- |-
| ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi IV'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 22-25</ref> | ]
|] |]
|] |]
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|Indecisive<ref>Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), ''The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire'', quote: "''This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.''", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170</ref> |Indecisive<ref>Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), ''The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire'', quote: "''This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.''", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170</ref>
|- |-
| ]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karim-khan-zand |title = KARIM KHAN ZAND – Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> | ]
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
|None |None
|The Persian Empire. ] captured by Persia.<ref name=HMF>{{cite book|last=Fattah|first=Hala Mundhir|title=The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745-1900|year=1997|publisher=]|isbn=9781438402376|page=34}}</ref> |Persian Empire<ref name=HMF>{{cite book|last=Fattah|first=Hala Mundhir|title=The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745–1900|year=1997|publisher=]|isbn=9781438402376|page=34}}</ref>
|- |-
| ]<ref>Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:''Türkiye tarihi IV'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 193-195</ref> | ]
|] |]
|] |]
|] (1823) |] (1823)
|The Persian Empire |Persian Empire
|} |}


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] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 14:15, 22 January 2025

Series of wars through the 16th to 19th centuries For all conflicts between Turkic states and Persian states, see Turco-Persian Wars.

Ottoman–Persian Wars
Part of the Ottoman wars in Asia
Date1514–1823
LocationMesopotamia (Iraq), Caucasus (North and South Caucasus)
Result Indecisive
Territorial
changes		 Ottomans consolidated their power in Mesopotamia (Iraq) , Persians consolidated their power in the Caucasus
Belligerents
 Safavid Empire
Afsharid Iran
Qajar Iran 		Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman–Persian Wars or Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (also known as Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Iraq.

Ottoman–Persian Wars
Ottoman–Safavid Wars
Campaigns of Nader Shah
Subsequent conflicts
Name of the war Sultan of Ottoman Empire Shah of Persian Empire Treaty at the end of the war Victorious Empire
Battle of Chaldiran (1514) Selim I Ismail I None Ottoman Empire
War of 1532–1555 Suleiman I Tahmasp I Treaty of Amasya (1555) Ottoman Empire
War of 1578–1590 Murad III Mohammad Khodabanda, Abbas I Treaty of Constantinople (1590) Ottoman Empire
War of 1603–1612
 Ahmed I Abbas I Treaty of Nasuh Pasha Persian Empire
War of 1616–1618 Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II Abbas I Treaty of Serav (1618) Persian Empire
War of 1623–1639 Murad IV Abbas I, Safi Treaty of Zuhab (1639) Ottoman Empire
War of 1730–1735 Mahmud I Abbas III Treaty of Constantinople (1736) Persian Empire
War of 1743–1746 Mahmud I Nader Shah Treaty of Kerden (1746) Indecisive
War of 1775–1776 Abdulhamid I Karim Khan Zand None Persian Empire
War of 1821–1823 Mahmud II Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar Treaty of Erzurum (1823) Persian Empire

Among the numerous treaties, the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most significant, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to the Treaty of Zuhab.

See also

References

  1. Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1, p.280
  2. Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire, quote: "This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170
  3. Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745–1900. SUNY Press. p. 34. ISBN 9781438402376.

Sources

  • Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587–1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN 978-1595845672, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
  • Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 027596891X.
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