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{{Main|Somali clan}} {{About|a Somali clan|an overview of all Somali clans|Somali clans}}
{{Short description|Somali clan}}
{{Infobox ethnic group| {{Infobox ethnic group|
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The '''Bartire''' ({{langx|so|Bartirre}}, {{langx|ar| بارتري}}), (or '''Barre Jidwaaq Absame''') are a ], part of the major ] branch, which belongs to the ] clan, one of the largest Somali tribe-families.<ref>{{cite web |title=Somalia: Minorities and indigenous peoples |date=19 June 2015 |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/somalia/ |publisher=Minority Rights Group International |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> The '''Bartire''' ({{langx|so|Bartirre}}, {{langx|ar| بارتري}}), (or '''Barre Jidwaaq Absame''') are a Somali sub clan, part of the ] of the major Absame<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ciisa-Salwe |first=Cabdisalaam M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONotAQAAIAAJ&q=bartire+jidwaaq&dq=bartire+jidwaaq&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_6ZzG5O2KAxUHLtAFHa7OO9oQ6AF6BAgFEAM#bartire%20jidwaaq |title=The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy |date=1996 |publisher=HAAN |isbn=978-1-874209-27-0 |language=en}}</ref> branch, which whom belongs to the ] clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wimmer |first=Andreas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3W7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95&dq=bartire+jidwaaq&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9rqHl4-2KAxX18MkDHfqXISwQ6wF6BAgGEAU#v=onepage&q=bartire%20jidwaaq&f=false |title=Nation Building: Why Some Countries Come Together While Others Fall Apart |date=2020-04-28 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-20294-5 |language=en}}</ref> One of the largest Somali tribe-families.<ref>{{cite web |title=Somalia: Minorities and indigenous peoples |date=19 June 2015 |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/somalia/ |publisher=Minority Rights Group International |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=Ioan M |date=July 1959 |title=Clanship and Contract in Northern Somaliland |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/127191815/Clanship-and-Contract-in-Northern-Somaliland-by-I-M-lewis |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=274–293 |doi=10.2307/1157617 |jstor=1157617 |s2cid=143243256 |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref>


==Overview== ==Overview==
Members of the Bartire clan primarily inhabit in the ] of Ethiopia’s fertile and agricultural land. They reside near the city of Jigjiga<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brons |first=Maria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vVyAAAAMAAJ&q=bartire+jidwaaq+live&dq=bartire+jidwaaq+live&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjR7t6X5-2KAxXD78kDHZwDGlUQ6AF6BAgGEAM#bartire%20jidwaaq%20live |title=Society, Security, Sovereignty and the State in Somalia: From Statelessness to Statelessness? |date=2001 |publisher=International Books |isbn=978-90-5727-038-3 |language=en}}</ref> stretching to the lower ] and upper parts of ]. Living in these regions along side the ] and Yabaree, which whom they make up ]. The Bartire also live in ], mainly in the southern region of ] in the city of ], and in ] near the city ].<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 1996 |title=Somalia: Information on current situation of the Bartire subclan of the Darod, including where they are located |url=https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230604114312/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab715c.html |access-date=8 December 2024 |publisher=Somali specialist, political science department, Davidson College}}</ref> They also share borders with the ] clan and ] of the ] clan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hagmann |first1=Tobias |url= |title=Negotiating Statehood: Dynamics of Power and Domination in Africa |last2=Péclard |first2=Didier |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |isbn=978-1-4443-9558-7<!-- |access-date=2024-12-09 --> |pages=1–23 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781444395587.ch1}}</ref> Traditionally ] is the seat of the Bartire Garad Wiil-Waal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coger |first=Greta M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_VaAAAAMAAJ&l&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_9Yb9ovKKAxXzv4kEHbjCGhQQ6AF6BAgLEAM#waal |title=New Perspectives on Margaret Laurence: Poetic Narrative, Multiculturalism, and Feminism |date=1996-05-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-29042-8 |language=en}}</ref>
Members of the Bartire clan primarily inhabit the ] of Ethiopia’s fertile and agricultural land around the city of ], Shabelay - stretching to the lower ] along with The ], which whom they make up ]. They also settle the upper parts of the ] Valley and to the South in Somalia’s ] region from ], ] to ] <ref>{{cite web
|title=Somalia: Information on current situation of the Bartire subclan of the Darod, including where they are located |date= 26 September 1996|url=https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230604114312/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab715c.html |publisher=Somali specialist, political science department, Davidson College |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref>. They also share borders with the ] and ] clans.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hagmann|first1=Tobias|title=Negotiating Statehood: Dynamics of Power and Domination in Africa|date=2011|url=|pages=1–23|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781444395587.ch1|isbn=978-1-4443-9558-7<!-- |access-date=2024-12-09 -->|last2=Péclard|first2=Didier}}</ref>


==History== ==History==


The ] was a Somali confederation made up of the sub-clans Bartire and ] now part of the ]. The Bartire around the time of ] dynasty, in the 1500s were known for having a large army. They along with the Yabaree were also loyal to ] and fought in the ]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Shihāb |first=al-Dīn Aḥmad |title=The Conquest of Abyssinia 16th Century |date=2003 |publisher=Tsehai Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9780972317252 |page=49}}</ref> During the ] the sub-clans that comprised of Habar Maqdi frequently divided into two military factions.<ref name="The Conquest">{{Cite book |last=al-Dīn |first=Shihāb |title=The Conquest of Abyssinia |publisher=Tsehai Publishers & Distributors |year=2003 |isbn=0972317260 |pages=125}}</ref> ] led the Yabarre sub-clan, while the Bartire sub-clan was commanded by a ] chief named ] Dhaweyd.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |year=1961 |title=Cahiers d'études africaines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJhWAAAAYAAJ&q=Yiberri%20somali |journal=Cahiers d'études africaines |volume=2 |pages=30 |via=Google books}}</ref>
Habr Maqdi


It is well-documented that the Bartire sub-clan of the Habar Maqdi controlled the trade and caravan route to ].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Francis Burton |first=Sir Richard |date=1856 |title=First Footsteps in East Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5POdm7UKXP4C |journal=An Explanation of Harar |pages=278}}</ref> The British explorer, scholar, and military officer ], renowned for his African travels, highlighted the Bartire clan's longstanding connections with the ].<ref>{{cite web |date=1856 |title=First Footsteps in East Africa An Explanation of Harar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5POdm7UKXP4C |access-date=8 December 2024 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |page=278}}</ref>
The ] was a Somali confederation made up of the sub clans Bartire and ], now part of the ] under the ]. They played a key role in the ], known for their large army and loyalty to ]. During the ], the sub-clans of the Habar Maqdi frequently divided into two military factions. ] led the ] sub-clan, while the Bartire sub-clan was commanded by a ] chief named ] Dhaweyd.


It is well-documented that the Bartire sub-clan of the Habar Maqdi controlled the trade and caravan route to ]<ref name=":02" />. The British explorer, scholar, and military officer ], renowned for his African travels, highlighted the Bartire clan's longstanding connections with the ].<ref>{{cite web |date=1856 |title=First Footsteps in East Africa An Explanation of Harar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5POdm7UKXP4C |access-date=8 December 2024 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |page=278}}</ref> ] writes <blockquote>The Berteri, who occupy the Gurays Range, south of, and limitrophe to, the Gallas, and thence extend eastward to the Jigjiga hills, are estimated at 3000 shields. Whilst other animals have indigenous names, the horse throughout the) Of Darud origin, they own allegiance to the Gerad Hirsi, and were, when I visited the country, on bad terms with the Girhi. The chiefs family has, for several generations, been connected with the Amir's of Harar, and the caravan's route to and from Berberah lying through his country, makes <ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Sir Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5POdm7UKXP4C&vq=Guray&pg=PA278#v=snippet&q=Gurays%20range&f=false |title=First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar |date=1856 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>


⚫ ] of the Absame</small>]]
] writes <blockquote>The Berteri, who occupy the Gurays Range, south of, and limitrophe to, the Gallas, and thence extend eastward to the Jigjiga hills, are estimated at 3000 shields. Whilst other animals have indigenous names, the horse throughout the) Of Darud origin, they own allegiance to the Gerad Hirsi, and were, when I visited the country, on bad terms with the Girhi. The chiefs family has, for several generations, been connected with the Amir's of Harar, and the caravan's route to and from Berberah lying through his country, makes<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Francis Burton |first=Sir Richard |date=1856 |title=First Footsteps in East Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5POdm7UKXP4C |journal=An Explanation of Harar |pages=278}}</ref></blockquote>
⚫ '''Garad Hirsi Farah Hirsi''' or better know as '''''Wiil-Waal''''' ({{langx|so|Garaad Xirsi Faraax Xirsi}} ''Wiil-Waal,'' {{langx|am|ገራድ ዊልዋል}}) was a traditional Somali king who lived in the 19th century<ref>{{Cite web |last=islamicschoollibrarian |date=2022-03-30 |title=Wiil Waal: A Somali Folktale retold by Kathleen Moriarty illustrated by Amin Amir and Somali translation by Jamal Adam |url=https://islamicschoollibrarian.com/2022/03/30/wiil-waal-a-somali-folktale-retold-by-kathleen-moriarty-illustrated-by-amin-amir-and-somali-translation-by-jamal-adam/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Islamic School Librarian |language=en}}</ref> and hails from the Bartire ] subclan of the major ] clan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Sir Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5POdm7UKXP4C&vq=Emirs&pg=PA279#v=onepage&q=Berteri%20&f=false |title=First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar |date=1856 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |language=en}}</ref> According to historical records the king was a man of strong, judgment and wisdom. He was a leader who spent most of his life in constant raids and defenses. He ruled and liberated the Somalis from the Galla ] in which is now apart of ] and its surrounding areas.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Sir Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5POdm7UKXP4C&vq=Gerad%20Hirsi&pg=PA279#v=snippet&q=Gerad%20Hirsi&f=false |title=First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar |date=1856 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |language=en}}</ref>


⚫ The story of Wiil Waal has been turned into a bilingual (English and Somali) children's picture book under the "Somali Bilingual Book Project" ''Wiil Waal'': A Somali Folktale by Kathleen Moriarty, with illustrations by Amin Amir and translation by Jamal Adam. It's aimed at teaching about ], wisdom, and the importance of clever thinking.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Wiil_Waal/bnBmGgAACAAJ?hl=en&kptab=getbook |title=Wiil Waal: A Somali Folktale |date=2007 |publisher=Minnesota Humanities Center/Somali Bilingual Book Project |isbn=978-1-931016-17-9 |language=en}}</ref>


Bartire Ruler
⚫ ] of the Absame</small>]]
⚫ ''Garad Hirsi Farah Hirsi'' or better know as ''Wiil Waal'' ({{langx|so|Garaad Xirsi Faraax Xirsi}}, {{langx|am|ገራድ ዊልዋል}}) was a traditional Somali king who lived in the 19th century and hails from the Bartire ] branch of the ]<ref>{{Cite web |last=islamicschoollibrarian |date=2022-03-30 |title=Wiil Waal: A Somali Folktale retold by Kathleen Moriarty illustrated by Amin Amir and Somali translation by Jamal Adam |url=https://islamicschoollibrarian.com/2022/03/30/wiil-waal-a-somali-folktale-retold-by-kathleen-moriarty-illustrated-by-amin-amir-and-somali-translation-by-jamal-adam/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Islamic School Librarian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Powers |first=Lyall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7AjxRZosAcC&pg=PA127&dq=Garad+hirsi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjx68P98JmKAxV1l4kEHciHDXAQ6wF6BAgIEAU#v=onepage&q=Garad%20hirsi&f=false |title=Alien Heart: The Life and Work of Margaret Laurence |date=2012-11-02 |publisher=Univ. of Manitoba Press |isbn=978-0-88755-311-0 |language=en}}</ref>. The king was a man of strong judgment and wisdom. He was a leader who spent most of his life in constant raids and defenses. He ruled and liberated the ] from the Galla (])<ref name=":02" /> in which is now apart of ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Powers |first=Lyall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7AjxRZosAcC&pg=PA127&dq=Garad+hirsi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjx68P98JmKAxV1l4kEHciHDXAQ6wF6BAgIEAU#v=onepage&q=Garad%20hirsi&f=false |title=Alien Heart: The Life and Work of Margaret Laurence |date=2012-11-02 |publisher=Univ. of Manitoba Press |isbn=978-0-88755-311-0 |language=en}}</ref> and its surrounding areas

⚫ The story of Wiil Waal has been turned into a bilingual (English and Somali) children's picture book under the "Somali Bilingual Book Project" ''Wiil Waal'': A Somali Folktale <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Wiil_Waal/bnBmGgAACAAJ?hl=en&kptab=getbook |title=Wiil Waal: A Somali Folktale |date=2007 |publisher=Minnesota Humanities Center/Somali Bilingual Book Project |isbn=978-1-931016-17-9 |language=en}}</ref>by Kathleen Moriarty, with illustrations by Amin Amir and translation by Jamal Adam. It's aimed at teaching about ], wisdom, and the importance of clever thinking.


==Lineage== ==Lineage==
There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the ]'s Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the ]'s ] publication, Somalia Assessment 2001. There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the ]'s Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the ]'s ] publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.<ref>Somalia Assessment, 2001 October {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081350/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf|access-date=8 December 2024}} p. 43</ref> <ref>Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081350/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf ||access-date=2024-12-08}} p.55 Figure A-1</ref>
<ref>Somalia Assessment, 2001 October {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081350/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf|access-date=8 December 2024}} p. 43</ref> <ref>Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081350/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf ||access-date=2024-12-08}} p.55 Figure A-1</ref>


*] (Daarood bin Isma'il al-Jabarti) *] (Daarood bin Isma'il al-Jabarti)
**Kablalah **Kablalah
***Kumade ***Kumade
****] ****Absame
*****] *****]
*****Bal’ad *****Bal’ad
*****Weyteen *****Weytein
*****] *****]
******(] ******]
******Yabaree
******(''']''') ******(''']''')
*******Reer Ali *******Reer Ali
Line 59: Line 54:
*******Reer Samatar *******Reer Samatar
*******Ableele Lagmadoobe *******Ableele Lagmadoobe
⚫ *******Habar Yaasuf
⚫ *******Habar Sacad
*******Timo Case *******Timo Case
*******Tuur Case *******Tuur Case
⚫ *******Habar Yaasuf
⚫ *******Habar Sacad


==Notable Figures== ==Notable Figures==


* Garad Kulmiye Mohammed Dool Wiil-Waal, The current ] of the Absame and Bartire, Leader of the ] Council of Elders] * Garad Kulmiye Mohammed Dool (Wiil-Waal), The current Bartire ] of the ] and leader of the ] Council of Elders.]
*Hasan Muhumed (Xasan Daadhi), Current Minister of Water Resources for the ]. *Hasan Muhumed (Xasan Daadhi), Current Minister of Water Resources for the ].
*Garad Hirsi Farah Hirsi (Wiil-Waal), The 17th ] of the Bartire. ] (JIJ) is named after him. *Garad Hirsi Farah Hirsi (Wiil-Waal), Ruler, The 17th Bartire ] of the ]. ] (JIJ) is named after him.


==See Also== ==See Also==
]




] ]

Latest revision as of 13:52, 15 January 2025

Somali clan
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This page is about a Somali clan. For an overview of all Somali clans, see Somali clans. Somali clan
Bartire
بارتري
Somali clan
Languages
Somali
Religion
Islam (Sunni)
Related ethnic groups
Abaskuul, Ogaden, Absame, Darod, and other Somali clans

The Bartire (Somali: Bartirre, Arabic: بارتري), (or Barre Jidwaaq Absame) are a Somali sub clan, part of the Jidwaq of the major Absame branch, which whom belongs to the Darod clan. One of the largest Somali tribe-families.

Overview

Members of the Bartire clan primarily inhabit in the Somali Region of Ethiopia’s fertile and agricultural land. They reside near the city of Jigjiga stretching to the lower Fafan and upper parts of Jarar. Living in these regions along side the Abaskuul and Yabaree, which whom they make up Jidwaaq. The Bartire also live in Somalia, mainly in the southern region of Jubaland in the city of Bu'ale, and in Xagar near the city Kismayo. They also share borders with the Ogaden clan and Habar Awal of the Isaaq clan. Traditionally Jigjiga is the seat of the Bartire Garad Wiil-Waal.

History

The Habr Maqdi was a Somali confederation made up of the sub-clans Bartire and Yabaree now part of the Jidwaaq. The Bartire around the time of Adal Sultanate dynasty, in the 1500s were known for having a large army. They along with the Yabaree were also loyal to Imam Ahmed and fought in the Ethiopian-Adal War. During the Conquest of Abyssinia the sub-clans that comprised of Habar Maqdi frequently divided into two military factions. Ahmed Girri bin Hussein led the Yabarre sub-clan, while the Bartire sub-clan was commanded by a Malassay chief named Garad Dhaweyd.

It is well-documented that the Bartire sub-clan of the Habar Maqdi controlled the trade and caravan route to Berbera. The British explorer, scholar, and military officer Richard Burton, renowned for his African travels, highlighted the Bartire clan's longstanding connections with the Emirs of Harar.

Richard Burton writes

The Berteri, who occupy the Gurays Range, south of, and limitrophe to, the Gallas, and thence extend eastward to the Jigjiga hills, are estimated at 3000 shields. Whilst other animals have indigenous names, the horse throughout the) Of Darud origin, they own allegiance to the Gerad Hirsi, and were, when I visited the country, on bad terms with the Girhi. The chiefs family has, for several generations, been connected with the Amir's of Harar, and the caravan's route to and from Berberah lying through his country, makes

Garaad Hirsi Garad Farah Garaad Hirsi
Garad Hirsi Garad Farah Garad Hirsi (Wiil-Waal), 17th Garad of the Absame

Garad Hirsi Farah Hirsi or better know as Wiil-Waal (Somali: Garaad Xirsi Faraax Xirsi Wiil-Waal, Amharic: ገራድ ዊልዋል) was a traditional Somali king who lived in the 19th century and hails from the Bartire Jidwaaq subclan of the major Darod clan. According to historical records the king was a man of strong, judgment and wisdom. He was a leader who spent most of his life in constant raids and defenses. He ruled and liberated the Somalis from the Galla Oromos in which is now apart of Jigjiga and its surrounding areas.

The story of Wiil Waal has been turned into a bilingual (English and Somali) children's picture book under the "Somali Bilingual Book Project" Wiil Waal: A Somali Folktale by Kathleen Moriarty, with illustrations by Amin Amir and translation by Jamal Adam. It's aimed at teaching about Somali culture, wisdom, and the importance of clever thinking.

Lineage

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.

  • Darod (Daarood bin Isma'il al-Jabarti)
    • Kablalah
      • Kumade
        • Absame
          • Ogaden
          • Bal’ad
          • Weytein
          • Jidwaaq
            • Abaskuul
            • Yabaree
            • (Bartire)
              • Reer Ali
              • Reer Guuled
              • Reer Samatar
              • Ableele Lagmadoobe
              • Habar Yaasuf
              • Habar Sacad
              • Timo Case
              • Tuur Case

Notable Figures

  • Garad Kulmiye Mohammed Dool (Wiil-Waal), The current Bartire Garad of the Absame and leader of the Somali Region Council of Elders.
    Garad Kulmiye Garad Mohammed Garad Dool
  • Hasan Muhumed (Xasan Daadhi), Current Minister of Water Resources for the Somali Region.
  • Garad Hirsi Farah Hirsi (Wiil-Waal), Ruler, The 17th Bartire Garad of the Absame. The Jigjiga Airport (JIJ) is named after him.

See Also

Darod

Jidwaaq

Habr Maqdi

References

Citations

  1. Ciisa-Salwe, Cabdisalaam M. (1996). The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy. HAAN. ISBN 978-1-874209-27-0.
  2. Wimmer, Andreas (2020-04-28). Nation Building: Why Some Countries Come Together While Others Fall Apart. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-20294-5.
  3. "Somalia: Minorities and indigenous peoples". Minority Rights Group International. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
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  16. ^ Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
  17. Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
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