Revision as of 04:03, 22 January 2025 editHurricanehink (talk | contribs)Administrators62,027 edits →Florida: ref name← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 18:55, 22 January 2025 edit undoChastizement (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users635 editsNo edit summaryTags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit | ||
(21 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{current weather event|date=January 2025}} | |||
{{Infobox weather event | {{Infobox weather event | ||
| image = ]. ]] | |||
| image = | |||
| caption = | | caption = | ||
| formed = January 20, 2025 | | formed = January 20, 2025 | ||
Line 7: | Line 6: | ||
| dissipated = | | dissipated = | ||
}}{{Infobox weather event/Blizzard | }}{{Infobox weather event/Blizzard | ||
| maximum snow = Snowfall – {{convert| |
| maximum snow = Snowfall – {{convert|11.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} near ] | ||
| pressure = |
| pressure = 1013 | ||
| pressure-suffix = | | pressure-suffix = | ||
| gusts = | | gusts = | ||
Line 16: | Line 15: | ||
| fatalities = >3 | | fatalities = >3 | ||
| damages-prefix = | | damages-prefix = | ||
| damages = |
| damages = > $100 million | ||
| damages-suffix = | | damages-suffix = | ||
| outages = > |
| outages = >77,000 | ||
| affected = ] | | affected = ], ] | ||
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer | }}{{Infobox weather event/Footer | ||
| season = ] | | season = ] | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''January |
The '''January 20–22, 2025 Gulf Coast blizzard''' was an exceptionally rare and historic ] and ] that impacted the ]. It brought snowfall to regions of the Gulf Coast that rarely receive wintry precipitation. This historic event was the first recorded blizzard to ever impact the Gulf Coast region and the most significant winter storm in the region since ]. | ||
== Meteorological history == | == Meteorological history == | ||
Early on January 21, a ] was located in the western ], connected to a ]. Fueled by an Arctic cold front moving through the southern United States, the low produced an area of snowfall, sleet, and freezing rain across the ] from Texas to Florida. The ] (WPC) described it as an "impactful, rare winter storm".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Storm Summary Number 1 for Gulf Coast and Southeast Winter Storm|author=Wilder|date=January 21, 2025|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|accessdate=January 21, 2025|url=https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/storm_summaries/storm4/stormsum_1.html}}</ref> | |||
== Preparations and impact == | == Preparations and impact == | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em; margin-top:0;" | |||
|+ style="text-align:center;"| Warnings issued by NWS Lake Charles due to the storm | |||
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| ] | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#FF4500;" | || ] | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#ff69b4;" | || ] | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#7b68ee;" | || ] | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#483D8B;" | || ] | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#D8BFD8;" | || Small Craft Advisory | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Texas=== | ===Texas=== | ||
⚫ | ] during 12 p.m. on January 21.]] | ||
Ahead of the storm, state agencies mobilized resources in advance of the winter weather.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=KLTV Digital Media |date=January 18, 2025 |title=State agencies mobilize resources ahead of winter weather expected across much of Texas |url=https://www.kltv.com/2025/01/18/state-agencies-mobilize-resources-ahead-winter-weather-expected-across-much-texas/ |website=kltv.com}}</ref> Airports near ] halted their flights on January 19 due to the storm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/from-texas-to-florida-rare-winter-storm-brings-dangerous-cold-and-snow-to-parts-of-the-south/|title=From Texas to Florida, rare winter storm brings dangerous cold and snow to parts of the South - CBS News|date=January 20, 2025|website=www.cbsnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fly2houston.com/newsroom/releases/flight-operations-suspended-houstons-airports-tuesday-january-21-due-extreme|title=Flight Operations Suspended at Houston's Airports on Tuesday, January 21 due to Extreme Winter Weather | Houston Airport System|website=www.fly2houston.com}}</ref> The ] (ERCOT) said they had made preparations in order to avoid a situation similar to ].<ref>https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/ercot-texas-power-grid-winter-storm-outages-20044399.php</ref> Houston Mayor ] said crews had begun pre-treating roadways ahead of the storm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc13.com/post/houston-mayor-john-whitmire-city-officials-give-update-ahead-winter-storm-southeast-texas/15817643/|title=City officials asking Houstonians not to drip faucets during winter storm|date=January 20, 2025|website=ABC13 Houston}}</ref> | Ahead of the storm, state agencies mobilized resources in advance of the winter weather.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=KLTV Digital Media |date=January 18, 2025 |title=State agencies mobilize resources ahead of winter weather expected across much of Texas |url=https://www.kltv.com/2025/01/18/state-agencies-mobilize-resources-ahead-winter-weather-expected-across-much-texas/ |website=kltv.com}}</ref> Airports near ] halted their flights on January 19 due to the storm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/from-texas-to-florida-rare-winter-storm-brings-dangerous-cold-and-snow-to-parts-of-the-south/|title=From Texas to Florida, rare winter storm brings dangerous cold and snow to parts of the South - CBS News|date=January 20, 2025|website=www.cbsnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fly2houston.com/newsroom/releases/flight-operations-suspended-houstons-airports-tuesday-january-21-due-extreme|title=Flight Operations Suspended at Houston's Airports on Tuesday, January 21 due to Extreme Winter Weather | Houston Airport System|website=www.fly2houston.com}}</ref> The ] (ERCOT) said they had made preparations in order to avoid a situation similar to ].<ref>https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/ercot-texas-power-grid-winter-storm-outages-20044399.php</ref> Houston Mayor ] said crews had begun pre-treating roadways ahead of the storm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc13.com/post/houston-mayor-john-whitmire-city-officials-give-update-ahead-winter-storm-southeast-texas/15817643/|title=City officials asking Houstonians not to drip faucets during winter storm|date=January 20, 2025|website=ABC13 Houston}}</ref> | ||
⚫ | ] during 12 p.m. on January 21.]] | ||
Freezing rain and snow took place in the Houston area which had started on the evening of January 20 and continued into January 21, with up to {{convert|3|in|cm}} of snow falling near ].<ref>{{Cite web | |
Freezing rain and snow took place in the Houston area which had started on the evening of January 20 and continued into January 21, with up to {{convert|3|in|cm}} of snow falling near ].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Daryl |last=Herzmann |title=IEM :: LSR from NWS HGX |url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=LSRHGX&e=202501211236 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=mesonet.agron.iastate.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Daryl |last=Herzmann |title=IEM :: LSR from NWS HGX |url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=LSRHGX&e=202501210913 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=mesonet.agron.iastate.edu |language=en}}</ref> "Multiple" people were killed in a multi-car pileup in southwestern Texas.<ref name="impacts1">https://weather.com/storms/winter/news/2025-01-21-winter-storm-enzo-live-blog-south</ref> ] was closed during the storm, including all tours on the ground.<ref name="impacts1"/> Many major roadways in Houston had snow and ice accumulation on them by early morning on January 21, which led to dozens of road closures.<ref name="impacts1"/> Two more people died, one in a crash on January 19 in ] after her car collided head-on with a tractor trailer and a homeless man was found dead the following morning in ].<ref name="WaPo">https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2025/01/21/winter-storm-south-gulf-coast-snow-ice-forecast-impacts/</ref> An estimated 1,100 people stayed at county-run shelters during the winter storm. The majority of flights from Houston airports were cancelled; rendering them unavailable.<ref name="WaPo"/> Beaumont set an all time monthly record low of {{Convert|11|F|C}} for January.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |publisher=National Weather Service, Lake Charles |date=22 January 2025 |title=New all time record lows have been set across the region this morning. New Iberia and Lafayette both saw their all time lowest temperatures this morning while Beaumont and Lake Charles saw their second lowest all time temperatures. |url=https://x.com/NWSLakeCharles/status/1882064797048721582 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref> | ||
=== Louisiana === | === Louisiana === | ||
] on January 21.]] | ] on January 21.]] | ||
For the first time on record, the ] issued a blizzard warning for parts of southwestern Louisiana, including ] and ] parishes, due to heavy snowfall and winds exceeding {{convert|35|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=AFDLCH&e=202501211030</ref> | For the first time on record, the ] issued a blizzard warning for parts of southwestern Louisiana, including ] and ] parishes, due to heavy snowfall and winds exceeding {{convert|35|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=AFDLCH&e=202501211030</ref> Snowfall totaled {{convert|11.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} near ]. Nearby, ] recorded {{convert|10|in|mm|abbr=on}} of snowfall.<ref name="sum3"/> New record low temperatures were set in ], ] at {{Convert|4|F|C}} and {{Convert|2|F|C}} respectively. ] and ] also set a monthly all time record low of {{Convert|7|F|C}} and {{Convert|6|F|C}} for January respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |publisher=National Weather Service, New Orleans |date=January 22, 2025 |title=Baton Rouge Airport Ryan Field recorded its coldest temp on record & tied the 2nd coldest temp on record for the Baton Rouge area of 7 degrees this morning. Ryan Field's records go back to 1930 & the Baton Rouge area Period of Record goes back to 1892. #LAwx #MSwx |url=https://x.com/NWSNewOrleans/status/1882066839578309068 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref> | ||
The heavy snowfall and icy conditions led to the closure of major highways, including ], causing significant disruptions to transportation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Discher |first=Emma |date=2025-01-20 |title=Here's a list of New Orleans area interstate, road and bridge closures due to winter storm |url=https://www.nola.com/news/weather/i10-closed-new-orleans/article_475be268-d7ad-11ef-ae13-cf4a91b244ce.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=NOLA.com |language=en}}</ref> Most flights in and out of ] as well.<ref name="WaPo"/> | The heavy snowfall and icy conditions led to the closure of major highways, including ], causing significant disruptions to transportation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Discher |first=Emma |date=2025-01-20 |title=Here's a list of New Orleans area interstate, road and bridge closures due to winter storm |url=https://www.nola.com/news/weather/i10-closed-new-orleans/article_475be268-d7ad-11ef-ae13-cf4a91b244ce.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=NOLA.com |language=en}}</ref> Most flights in and out of ] as well.<ref name="WaPo"/> | ||
Line 46: | Line 59: | ||
=== Alabama === | === Alabama === | ||
Snowfall in ] reached {{convert|11|in|mm|abbr=on}}, while ] recorded {{convert|7.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} of snowfall.<ref name="sum3"/> This broke the most snowfall in the latter city, breaking the record of {{convert|6|in|mm|abbr=on}} set in 1895.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobile breaks 130-year-old all-time snow record as winter storm sweeps Alabama|publisher=Al.com|url=https://www.al.com/news/2025/01/mobile-close-to-breaking-130-year-old-all-time-snow-record-as-winter-storm-sweeps-alabama.html|date=January 21, 2025|accessdate=January 21, 2025}}</ref> | |||
{{empty section|date=January 2025}} | |||
===Georgia=== | ===Georgia=== | ||
Governor ] warned on January 21 that the storm could "wreck havoc" on the |
Governor ] warned on January 21 that the storm could "wreck havoc" on the Atlanta{{Clarify|reason=Which City?|date=January 2025}} due to its unpredictable nature and shifting more north then initially projected.<ref name="WaPo"/> Many schools across the state closed early in advance of the storm.<ref name="WCImpacts">https://weather.com/storms/winter/news/2025-01-21-winter-storm-enzo-live-blog-south</ref> One death has been reported due to cold temperatures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maurer |first=Travis |date=2025-01-18 |title=Georgia winter weather {{!}} 1 death reported as officials urge drivers to keep off roads Tuesday night |url=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/georgia-winter-weather-atlanta-snow-forecast-tuesday-jan-21-2025 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=FOX 5 Atlanta |language=en-US}}</ref> Atlanta recorded 1.1 in (28 mm) of snow, marking its second 1 inch+ snowfall in less than 2 weeks after nearly 7 years without receiving an inch of snow, also making this a top 10 snowiest winter on record. Areas north and west of the city received little to no precipitation and thus no impacts, while areas of the city, DeKalb, Gwinnett, South Fulton and Clayton counties had major traffic jams and hundreds of cars stranded on iced over streets. The previous Winter Weather Advisory was upgraded to a Winter Storm Warning as snow was falling, and Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport was placed on a ground stop. | ||
===Florida=== | ===Florida=== | ||
] |
] on January 22.]] | ||
On January 20th, the Florida Governor, ], declared a state of emergency for the incoming winter weather. <ref>https://www.flgov.com/eog/news/press/2025/note-press-executive-order-number-25-13-emergency-management-gulf-winter-weather</ref> The ] and ] cancelled all of the committee meetings that were scheduled to occur during the week of January 20.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/florida-lawmakers-cancel-legislative-meetings-due-to-possible-snow-ice/|title=Snow in Florida? State lawmakers cancel legislative meetings ahead of winter weather - CBS Miami|first=CBS Miami|last=Team|date=January 20, 2025|website=www.cbsnews.com}}</ref> ] cancelled all remaining flights after 3 p.m. local time on January 21.<ref>https://x.com/TLHAirport/status/1881762951918711188</ref> | On January 20th, the Florida Governor, ], declared a state of emergency for the incoming winter weather. <ref>https://www.flgov.com/eog/news/press/2025/note-press-executive-order-number-25-13-emergency-management-gulf-winter-weather</ref> The ] and ] cancelled all of the committee meetings that were scheduled to occur during the week of January 20.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/florida-lawmakers-cancel-legislative-meetings-due-to-possible-snow-ice/|title=Snow in Florida? State lawmakers cancel legislative meetings ahead of winter weather - CBS Miami|first=CBS Miami|last=Team|date=January 20, 2025|website=www.cbsnews.com}}</ref> ] cancelled all remaining flights after 3 p.m. local time on January 21.<ref>https://x.com/TLHAirport/status/1881762951918711188</ref> | ||
Line 67: | Line 80: | ||
* ] | * ] | ||
* ] | * ] | ||
* ] | |||
== References == | == References == |
Latest revision as of 18:55, 22 January 2025
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | January 20, 2025 |
Blizzard | |
Lowest pressure | 1013 hPa (mbar); 29.91 inHg |
Maximum snowfall or ice accretion | Snowfall – 11.5 in (29 cm) near Chalmette, Louisiana |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | >3 |
Damage | > $100 million |
Areas affected | Gulf Coast of the United States, Southeast |
Power outages | >77,000 |
Part of the 2024–25 North American winter |
The January 20–22, 2025 Gulf Coast blizzard was an exceptionally rare and historic winter storm and blizzard that impacted the Gulf Coast of the United States. It brought snowfall to regions of the Gulf Coast that rarely receive wintry precipitation. This historic event was the first recorded blizzard to ever impact the Gulf Coast region and the most significant winter storm in the region since 1895.
Meteorological history
Early on January 21, a low pressure area was located in the western Gulf of Mexico, connected to a cold front. Fueled by an Arctic cold front moving through the southern United States, the low produced an area of snowfall, sleet, and freezing rain across the United States Gulf Coast from Texas to Florida. The Weather Prediction Center (WPC) described it as an "impactful, rare winter storm".
Preparations and impact
Blizzard Warning | |||||
Winter Storm Warning | |||||
Winter Weather Advisory | |||||
Freeze Warning | |||||
Small Craft Advisory |
Texas
Ahead of the storm, state agencies mobilized resources in advance of the winter weather. Airports near Houston, Texas halted their flights on January 19 due to the storm. The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) said they had made preparations in order to avoid a situation similar to the 2021 crisis. Houston Mayor John Whitmire said crews had begun pre-treating roadways ahead of the storm.
Freezing rain and snow took place in the Houston area which had started on the evening of January 20 and continued into January 21, with up to 3 inches (7.6 cm) of snow falling near Liberty. "Multiple" people were killed in a multi-car pileup in southwestern Texas. Space Center Houston was closed during the storm, including all tours on the ground. Many major roadways in Houston had snow and ice accumulation on them by early morning on January 21, which led to dozens of road closures. Two more people died, one in a crash on January 19 in Harris County after her car collided head-on with a tractor trailer and a homeless man was found dead the following morning in Katy. An estimated 1,100 people stayed at county-run shelters during the winter storm. The majority of flights from Houston airports were cancelled; rendering them unavailable. Beaumont set an all time monthly record low of 11 °F (−12 °C) for January.
Louisiana
For the first time on record, the National Weather Service issued a blizzard warning for parts of southwestern Louisiana, including Cameron and Calcasieu parishes, due to heavy snowfall and winds exceeding 35 mph (56 km/h). Snowfall totaled 11.5 in (290 mm) near Chalmette. Nearby, New Orleans recorded 10 in (250 mm) of snowfall. New record low temperatures were set in Lafayette, New Iberia at 4 °F (−16 °C) and 2 °F (−17 °C) respectively. Baton Rouge and Lake Charles also set a monthly all time record low of 7 °F (−14 °C) and 6 °F (−14 °C) for January respectively.
The heavy snowfall and icy conditions led to the closure of major highways, including Interstate 10, causing significant disruptions to transportation. Most flights in and out of Louis Armstrong New Orleans Airport as well.
Mississippi
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2025) |
Alabama
Snowfall in Babbie reached 11 in (280 mm), while Mobile Regional Airport recorded 7.5 in (190 mm) of snowfall. This broke the most snowfall in the latter city, breaking the record of 6 in (150 mm) set in 1895.
Georgia
Governor Brian Kemp warned on January 21 that the storm could "wreck havoc" on the Atlanta due to its unpredictable nature and shifting more north then initially projected. Many schools across the state closed early in advance of the storm. One death has been reported due to cold temperatures. Atlanta recorded 1.1 in (28 mm) of snow, marking its second 1 inch+ snowfall in less than 2 weeks after nearly 7 years without receiving an inch of snow, also making this a top 10 snowiest winter on record. Areas north and west of the city received little to no precipitation and thus no impacts, while areas of the city, DeKalb, Gwinnett, South Fulton and Clayton counties had major traffic jams and hundreds of cars stranded on iced over streets. The previous Winter Weather Advisory was upgraded to a Winter Storm Warning as snow was falling, and Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport was placed on a ground stop.
Florida
On January 20th, the Florida Governor, Ron DeSantis, declared a state of emergency for the incoming winter weather. The Florida House of Representatives and Senate cancelled all of the committee meetings that were scheduled to occur during the week of January 20. Tallahassee International Airport cancelled all remaining flights after 3 p.m. local time on January 21.
By late on January 21, Milton recorded 8.8 in (220 mm) of snowfall. This was more than twice the highest amount of snowfall ever recorded in the state in a single storm.
The Carolinas
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2025) |
See also
- January 2014 Gulf Coast winter storm
- 2004 Christmas Eve United States winter storm
- February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm
- February 15–20, 2021 North American winter storm
- Snow in Louisiana
- Snow in Florida
References
- Wilder (January 21, 2025). "Storm Summary Number 1 for Gulf Coast and Southeast Winter Storm". Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 21, 2025.
- Staff, KLTV Digital Media (January 18, 2025). "State agencies mobilize resources ahead of winter weather expected across much of Texas". kltv.com.
- "From Texas to Florida, rare winter storm brings dangerous cold and snow to parts of the South - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. January 20, 2025.
- "Flight Operations Suspended at Houston's Airports on Tuesday, January 21 due to Extreme Winter Weather | Houston Airport System". www.fly2houston.com.
- https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/ercot-texas-power-grid-winter-storm-outages-20044399.php
- "City officials asking Houstonians not to drip faucets during winter storm". ABC13 Houston. January 20, 2025.
- Herzmann, Daryl. "IEM :: LSR from NWS HGX". mesonet.agron.iastate.edu. Retrieved 2025-01-21.
- Herzmann, Daryl. "IEM :: LSR from NWS HGX". mesonet.agron.iastate.edu. Retrieved 2025-01-21.
- ^ https://weather.com/storms/winter/news/2025-01-21-winter-storm-enzo-live-blog-south
- ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2025/01/21/winter-storm-south-gulf-coast-snow-ice-forecast-impacts/
- ^ "New all time record lows have been set across the region this morning. New Iberia and Lafayette both saw their all time lowest temperatures this morning while Beaumont and Lake Charles saw their second lowest all time temperatures". X (formerly Twitter). National Weather Service, Lake Charles. 22 January 2025. Retrieved 2025-01-23.
- https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=AFDLCH&e=202501211030
- ^ Miller (January 21, 2025). "Storm Summary Number 3 for Gulf Coast and Southeast Winter Storm". Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 21, 2025.
- "Baton Rouge Airport Ryan Field recorded its coldest temp on record & tied the 2nd coldest temp on record for the Baton Rouge area of 7 degrees this morning. Ryan Field's records go back to 1930 & the Baton Rouge area Period of Record goes back to 1892. #LAwx #MSwx". X (formerly Twitter). National Weather Service, New Orleans. January 22, 2025. Retrieved 2025-01-23.
- Discher, Emma (2025-01-20). "Here's a list of New Orleans area interstate, road and bridge closures due to winter storm". NOLA.com. Retrieved 2025-01-21.
- "Mobile breaks 130-year-old all-time snow record as winter storm sweeps Alabama". Al.com. January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 21, 2025.
- https://weather.com/storms/winter/news/2025-01-21-winter-storm-enzo-live-blog-south
- Maurer, Travis (2025-01-18). "Georgia winter weather | 1 death reported as officials urge drivers to keep off roads Tuesday night". FOX 5 Atlanta. Retrieved 2025-01-21.
- https://www.flgov.com/eog/news/press/2025/note-press-executive-order-number-25-13-emergency-management-gulf-winter-weather
- Team, CBS Miami (January 20, 2025). "Snow in Florida? State lawmakers cancel legislative meetings ahead of winter weather - CBS Miami". www.cbsnews.com.
- https://x.com/TLHAirport/status/1881762951918711188
- Weather, WEAR First Warning (2025-01-21). "Snow blankets Gulf coast in historic winter storm, final reports coming in". WEAR. Retrieved 2025-01-22.
External links
Major snow and ice events in the United States | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18th–19th century | |||||||
20th century |
| ||||||
21st century |
| ||||||
Related |