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{{Short description|Armenian writer and politician}}
]
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krikor Zohrab
| image = Krikor Zohrab.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| office = ]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1861|06|26}}
| birth_place = ] (now ]), Ottoman Empire
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1915|07|20|1861|06|26}}
| death_place = Near ], Ottoman Empire
| nationality = ]
| citizenship = ]
| party = Unaffiliated
| constituency = ] {{small|(], ], ])}}
| signature = Krikor_Zohrab_signature.jpg
| signature_size = 120px
}}


'''Krikor Zohrab''' ({{langx|hy|Գրիգոր Զոհրապ}}; 26 June 1861 – 1915) was an influential ]n writer, politician, and lawyer from ]. At the onset of the ] he was arrested by the Turkish government and sent to appear before a military court in ]. En route, at a locality called Karaköprü or Şeytanderesi on the outskirts of ], he was murdered by a band of known brigands under the leadership of Çerkez Ahmet, Halil and Nazım some time between 15 July and 20 July 1915.<ref name="d'histoire arménienne">{{in lang|fr}} Kévorkian, Raymond H. " (1914-1916)</nowiki>]," '']'' 1 (1995), p. 254.</ref><ref name="ma">{{cite book | author = El-Ghusein, Fà'iz | author-link = Fâ'iz El-Ghusein | title = ]|year = 1918 |pages = ]|location = London|publisher = C. Pearson Arthur}}</ref>
'''Krikor Zohrab''' (or Grigor Zohrap) (]: Գրիգոր Զոհրապ) (], ] - ]) was an influential ]n writer, politician, lawyer and philanthropist, living in ] (]) He was arrested and killed by ] authorities during the ].


== Life == == Life ==
⚫ Zohrab was born into a wealthy family in ], Constantinople on 26 June 1861.<ref name=baliozian>{{cite book|last1=Baliozian|first1=Ara|title=Zohrab: an introduction|date=1985|publisher=Impressions|location=Kitchener, Ont.|isbn=0-920553-00-1|pages=13–6|url=https://www.academia.edu/15109941}}</ref> His early education was completed at a local ] school. He received a civil engineering degree from ], but did not work in that field. Instead, he enrolled in a newly opened law school, the Imperial University of Jurisprudence (today: ] Faculty of Law), and received his law degree in 1882. Zohrab was a revered lawyer in the courts of the ] Empire. He became a professor at the university, teaching law. At the age of 27, Zohrab married Clara Yazejian, and fathered two daughters and two sons. One of the daughters, ], eventually became an American philanthropist.


Krikor Zohrab defended successfully many Armenians charged with a variety of political and criminal offenses between 1895-96. As a result of his defense of a Bulgarian revolutionary in the course of which he accused a Turkish official of torture, he was disbarred and forced to live abroad.<ref name=baliozian />
⚫ Zohrab was born into a wealthy family in ], ]. His early education was completed at a local ] Armenian school. He got a geometrical degree but did not work in that field. He instead enlisted in a newly opened law university and received his degree therein. He was a revered lawyer in the ] courts. He became a professor at the university, teaching law. At the age of 27 he married Clara Yazejian, and fathered two daughters and two sons.


In 1908 he became a member of parliament in the Ottoman Council, and also served his community as an Armenian councilor. In 1908, following the revolution of the ], Zohrab became a member of parliament in the Ottoman Council, and also served his community as an Armenian councilor.<ref name=baliozian />


=== The Man === === Personality and lifestyle ===
⚫ Zohrab was a great intellectual that lived a very busy life. He had to balance his professional life with his personal life. He had a rich personality along with a generous heart. He loved life and its pleasures. Although Zohrab usually was open to progressive ideas he was steadfastly conservative to women's role in society. He believed that women should keep their traditional roles and not venture further.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

⚫ Zohrab was a great intellectual that lived a very busy life. He had to balance his professional life with his personal life. He had a rich personality along with a generous heart. He loved life and its pleasures. Although he usually was open to progressive ideas he was steadfastly conservative to women’s role in society. He believed that women should keep their traditional roles and not venture further.


=== Political activity === === Political activity ===


Ever since he was a teenager, Zohrab showed great interest in national work and contributed heavily to his community. At the age of 30 he was chosen to be part of the national council of Constantinople and served on the council until his death. Ever since he was a teenager, Zohrab showed great interest in national work and contributed heavily to his community. At the age of 30, he was chosen to be part of the national council of Constantinople and served on the council until his death. He was one of the first victims of the ]. ]


From 1908 onwards, Zohrab was a member of parliament and known for his eloquent speeches. He vehemently defended Armenian interests and rights inside the council and at all levels of the government. In 1909 during the ], he strongly criticized the Turkish authorities for their actions and demanded that those responsible be brought to ]. Soon after the start of the ] on ], ], he personally pleaded to ] for the immediate cessation of the massacres, but to no avail. From 1908 onwards, Zohrab was a member of ] and known for his eloquent speeches. He vehemently defended Armenian interests and rights inside the council and at all levels of the government. In 1909 during the ], he strongly criticized the Turkish authorities for their actions and demanded that those responsible be brought to ].


To serve the Armenian cause, he wrote an influential paper in French called “La question arménienne à la lumière des documents” (French for “The Armenian question in light of the documents.”) In 1913, the paper was published in ] and dealt with many aspects of the hardships endured by the Armenian populace and denounced the government’s inaction. To serve the Armenian cause, Zohrab wrote an influential paper in French called "La question arménienne à la lumière des documents" (The Armenian question in light of documents), published in 1913 under the pseudonym Marcel Léart in ]. It dealt with many aspects of the hardships endured by the Armenian populace and denounced the government's inaction.


=== Publications=== ===Publications===


Zohrab wrote many articles in dao;u newspapers such as ''Masis'' (Armenian: Մասիս), ''Fatherland'' (Armenian: Հայրենիք), and ''East'' (Armenian: Արեւելք). One of his famous articles was entitled “Broom” (Armenian: Աւել) in which he criticized Armenian nationals and works saying they needed some “sweeping” to bring them back to order. Zohrab wrote many articles in Armenian daily newspapers such as ''Masis'' (Մասիս), ''Hairenik'' (Հայրենիք), and ''Arevelk'' (Armenian: Արեւելք). One of his famous articles, entitled "Broom," criticized Armenian nationals and works saying they needed some "sweeping" to bring them back to order.


One of his characteristics was that he would regularly express himself in a provocative fashion with disregard to the Turkish state authority. He has condemned the state on countless occasions for their many shortcomings. One of Zohrab's characteristics was that he would regularly express himself in a provocative fashion with disregard to the Turkish state's repressive authority. He had condemned the state on countless occasions for their many shortcomings.

⚫ == Works ==

⚫ Some of his published writings.

⚫ ''A Vanished Generation'' (''Anhedatsadz seroont me'', Armenian: Անհետացած սերունդ մը) is one of his works. It is a great piece of realist writing.

⚫ ''Familiar Faces'' (''Dzanot temkner'', Armenian: Ծանօթ դէմքեր), is a piece where he draws portraits of prominent figures of his time.

⚫ ''From the Journeyman’s Diary'' (''Ooghevori orakren'', Armenian: Ուղեւորի oրագրէն), is a book about European travels and the impressions it left on him.


== Writing Style == == Writing Style ==
]
⚫ Zohrab can be said to be the master of the Armenian short story. Despite being influenced by the romantic writers as a youngster, he quickly joined the ] ] movement propelled by such writers as ], ] and ]. He is probably the best Armenian writer of the genre.


⚫ Zohrab lived and wrote about what he lived through. He said that writing was an exhilarating activity into which he could delve himself and forget the pains of everyday life. He had a very sharp eye for human characteristics, both physical and psychological. Descriptions of the human persona were one of his stronger points. Zohrab was able to accurately portray faces and gestures in a vivid way. In short, dense, but highly expressive lines, he was able to clearly illustrate a tragedy or a character's qualities.
⚫ Zohrab can be said to be the master of the Armenian novel. Despite being influenced by the romantic writers as a youngster, he quickly joined the ] ] movement propelled by such writers as ], ] and ]. He is probably the best Armenian writer of the genre.


⚫ == Arrest and assassination ==
⚫ He lived and wrote about what he lived through. He said that writing was an exhilarating activity into which could delve himself and forget the pains of everyday life. He had a very sharp eye for human characteristics, both physical and psychological. Descriptions of the human persona were one of his stronger points. He was able to accurately portray faces and gestures in a vivid way. In short, dense, but highly expressive lines, he was able to clearly illustrate a tragedy or a character’s qualities.
]]]
], 2011.]]
During the mass arrests and execution that would signal the start of the ] in and around 24 April 1915, Zohrab was diligently working to try to stop the atrocities. As a member of Parliament, he tried to contact the Turkish authorities and to plea for the immediate cessation of the massacres. He even contacted his supposed friend ] to protest and asked for redress, but to no avail. On the 1 June 1915, he once more demanded explanations for the massacres inflicted on the Armenians in the eastern provinces from both Talaat and the secretary general of the ] (CUP) ] and mentioned that one day he would demand an explanation for these actions in the Ottoman Parliament.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Kevorkian|first=Raymond|title=The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2019|isbn=978-1-78831-241-7|editor-last=Kieser|editor-first=Hans-Lukas Dieser|pages=190–191|language=en|author-link=Raymond Kévorkian|editor-last2=Anderson|editor-first2=Margaret Lavinia|editor-last3=Bayraktar|editor-first3=Seyhan|editor-last4=Schmutz|editor-first4=Thomas}}</ref> This would be the last time they would meet. Some integrants within his immediate circle strongly encouraged him to leave the country, but Zohrab refused.<ref name="ma"/>


O the 2 June 1915, Zohrab was arrested by the Turks, ], another deputy to the Ottoman Parliament, was arrested the same time.<ref name=":0" /> Ordered to appear before a court martial in ],<ref name=":0" /> they traveled together by train to ], escorted by one gendarme. They remained in Aleppo for a few weeks, waiting for the results of attempts by the Ottoman governor of the city to have them sent back to the capital. Some sources state that ] himself tried to secure their return,<ref>Üngör, Uğur, ''The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950''. Oxford: ], 2011, p. 84.</ref> but Talaat Pasha insisted on having the pair court martialed. They were then dispatched to ] and remained there for some time in the house of a Turkish deputy friend. Later, they were taken under police escort and taken to Diyarbakır by car. They were murdered by the well-known band of brigands led by ], Halil and Nazım, at a locality called Karaköprü or Şeytanderesi in the outskirts of Urfa, some time between 15 July and 20 July 1915.<ref>Haigazn K. Kazarian, "The Murder of 6 Armenian Members of the Ottoman Parliament," '']'' 22 (Winter 1970), pp. 26-33; "'How Krikor Zohrab was Murdered': The Account of a Sergeant of Gendarmes at Urfa," ''Armenian Review'' 35 (Spring 1982), pp. 26-29.</ref> The murderers were tried and executed in ] by Cemal Pasha in September 1915, and the assassinations became the subject of a 1916 investigation by the Ottoman Parliament led by ], the deputy for Aleppo.<ref name="d'histoire arménienne"/>
⚫ == Arrest and murder ==


⚫ == Works ==
During the mass arrests and execution that would signal the start of the Armenian Genocide in and around ], ], Zohrab was feverously working to try to stop the atrocities. As a member of Parliament he was, trying to contact the Turkish authorities and to plea for the immediate cessation of the hostilities. He even contacted his supposed friend ] to protest and he demanded redress, but all in vain. Zohrab told Talat that one day he would demand an explanation for these terrible actions. This would be the last time the two would meet. Some in his immediate circle strongly encouraged him to leave the country, but he refused.
⚫ Some of Zohrab's published writings are:

⚫ *''A Vanished Generation'' (Անհետացած սերունդ մը) is one of his works. Considered a great piece of realist writing.
The following day, on ], ], Zohrab was arrested by the Turkish authorities and put on a train towards the east. He was told that he was going to be tried in front of a military tribunal. The train reached Aleppo, where he stayed with a group of other displaced Armenians. He fell ill from the long forced travel he had to endure. Zohrab, along with the group, were forced to march to Urfa. There they waited for the order to march towards their supposed final destination: ]. Weakened from the march, he was taken by the Turkish soldiers and lead to the outskirts of the city. There, he was forced to lie on the ground and was repeatedly bayoneted. They then undressed him, took his body and threw it in a crevasse from a bridge.
⚫ *''Familiar Faces'' (Ծանօթ դէմքեր), a piece where he draws portraits of prominent figures of his time.

⚫ *''From the Journeyman's Diary'' (Ուղեւորի օրագրէն), a book about European travels and the impressions they left on him.
== Reference ==

Translated from Armenian: N.A. Արդի հայական գրականութիւն
Բ հատոր, , 2002, pg. 56-65


== See also == == See also ==
⚫ *]
*]


==References==
⚫ *]
{{Reflist}}
*]


==External links== ==External links==
⚫ {{wikisourcelang|hy|Գրիգոր Զոհրապ}}
⚫ *
{{Commonscat}}
⚫ *
* - ]
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 01:15, 22 October 2024

Armenian writer and politician
Krikor Zohrab
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
ConstituencyConstantinople (1908, 1912, 1914)
Personal details
Born(1861-06-26)June 26, 1861
Constantinople (now Istanbul), Ottoman Empire
DiedJuly 20, 1915(1915-07-20) (aged 54)
Near Urfa, Ottoman Empire
CitizenshipOttoman
NationalityArmenian
Political partyUnaffiliated
Signature

Krikor Zohrab (Armenian: Գրիգոր Զոհրապ; 26 June 1861 – 1915) was an influential Armenian writer, politician, and lawyer from Constantinople. At the onset of the Armenian genocide he was arrested by the Turkish government and sent to appear before a military court in Diyarbakır. En route, at a locality called Karaköprü or Şeytanderesi on the outskirts of Urfa, he was murdered by a band of known brigands under the leadership of Çerkez Ahmet, Halil and Nazım some time between 15 July and 20 July 1915.

Life

Zohrab was born into a wealthy family in Beşiktaş, Constantinople on 26 June 1861. His early education was completed at a local Armenian Catholic school. He received a civil engineering degree from Galatasaray Institute, but did not work in that field. Instead, he enrolled in a newly opened law school, the Imperial University of Jurisprudence (today: Istanbul University Faculty of Law), and received his law degree in 1882. Zohrab was a revered lawyer in the courts of the Ottoman Empire. He became a professor at the university, teaching law. At the age of 27, Zohrab married Clara Yazejian, and fathered two daughters and two sons. One of the daughters, Dolores Zohrab Liebmann, eventually became an American philanthropist.

Krikor Zohrab defended successfully many Armenians charged with a variety of political and criminal offenses between 1895-96. As a result of his defense of a Bulgarian revolutionary in the course of which he accused a Turkish official of torture, he was disbarred and forced to live abroad.

In 1908, following the revolution of the Young Turks, Zohrab became a member of parliament in the Ottoman Council, and also served his community as an Armenian councilor.

Personality and lifestyle

Zohrab was a great intellectual that lived a very busy life. He had to balance his professional life with his personal life. He had a rich personality along with a generous heart. He loved life and its pleasures. Although Zohrab usually was open to progressive ideas he was steadfastly conservative to women's role in society. He believed that women should keep their traditional roles and not venture further.

Political activity

Ever since he was a teenager, Zohrab showed great interest in national work and contributed heavily to his community. At the age of 30, he was chosen to be part of the national council of Constantinople and served on the council until his death. He was one of the first victims of the Armenian genocide.

Young Krikor Zohrab, undated photos

From 1908 onwards, Zohrab was a member of Ottoman Parliament and known for his eloquent speeches. He vehemently defended Armenian interests and rights inside the council and at all levels of the government. In 1909 during the Adana massacre, he strongly criticized the Turkish authorities for their actions and demanded that those responsible be brought to justice.

To serve the Armenian cause, Zohrab wrote an influential paper in French called "La question arménienne à la lumière des documents" (The Armenian question in light of documents), published in 1913 under the pseudonym Marcel Léart in Paris. It dealt with many aspects of the hardships endured by the Armenian populace and denounced the government's inaction.

Publications

Zohrab wrote many articles in Armenian daily newspapers such as Masis (Մասիս), Hairenik (Հայրենիք), and Arevelk (Armenian: Արեւելք). One of his famous articles, entitled "Broom," criticized Armenian nationals and works saying they needed some "sweeping" to bring them back to order.

One of Zohrab's characteristics was that he would regularly express himself in a provocative fashion with disregard to the Turkish state's repressive authority. He had condemned the state on countless occasions for their many shortcomings.

Writing Style

La Question arménienne, written by Zohrab using the pen name Marcel Léart

Zohrab can be said to be the master of the Armenian short story. Despite being influenced by the romantic writers as a youngster, he quickly joined the French realism movement propelled by such writers as Guy de Maupassant, Alphonse Daudet and Émile Zola. He is probably the best Armenian writer of the genre.

Zohrab lived and wrote about what he lived through. He said that writing was an exhilarating activity into which he could delve himself and forget the pains of everyday life. He had a very sharp eye for human characteristics, both physical and psychological. Descriptions of the human persona were one of his stronger points. Zohrab was able to accurately portray faces and gestures in a vivid way. In short, dense, but highly expressive lines, he was able to clearly illustrate a tragedy or a character's qualities.

Arrest and assassination

Residence of Krikor Zohrab, Istanbul
Krikor Zohrab, stamp of the Armenian Post, 2011.

During the mass arrests and execution that would signal the start of the Armenian Genocide in and around 24 April 1915, Zohrab was diligently working to try to stop the atrocities. As a member of Parliament, he tried to contact the Turkish authorities and to plea for the immediate cessation of the massacres. He even contacted his supposed friend Talaat Pasha to protest and asked for redress, but to no avail. On the 1 June 1915, he once more demanded explanations for the massacres inflicted on the Armenians in the eastern provinces from both Talaat and the secretary general of the Committee for Union and Progress (CUP) Mithat Şükrü Bleda and mentioned that one day he would demand an explanation for these actions in the Ottoman Parliament. This would be the last time they would meet. Some integrants within his immediate circle strongly encouraged him to leave the country, but Zohrab refused.

O the 2 June 1915, Zohrab was arrested by the Turks, Vartkes Serengülian, another deputy to the Ottoman Parliament, was arrested the same time. Ordered to appear before a court martial in Diyarbakır, they traveled together by train to Aleppo, escorted by one gendarme. They remained in Aleppo for a few weeks, waiting for the results of attempts by the Ottoman governor of the city to have them sent back to the capital. Some sources state that Cemal Pasha himself tried to secure their return, but Talaat Pasha insisted on having the pair court martialed. They were then dispatched to Urfa and remained there for some time in the house of a Turkish deputy friend. Later, they were taken under police escort and taken to Diyarbakır by car. They were murdered by the well-known band of brigands led by Cherkes Ahmet, Halil and Nazım, at a locality called Karaköprü or Şeytanderesi in the outskirts of Urfa, some time between 15 July and 20 July 1915. The murderers were tried and executed in Damascus by Cemal Pasha in September 1915, and the assassinations became the subject of a 1916 investigation by the Ottoman Parliament led by Artin Boshgezenian, the deputy for Aleppo.

Works

Some of Zohrab's published writings are:

  • A Vanished Generation (Անհետացած սերունդ մը) is one of his works. Considered a great piece of realist writing.
  • Familiar Faces (Ծանօթ դէմքեր), a piece where he draws portraits of prominent figures of his time.
  • From the Journeyman's Diary (Ուղեւորի օրագրէն), a book about European travels and the impressions they left on him.

See also

References

  1. ^ (in French) Kévorkian, Raymond H. "R. P. Yervant P‛erdahdjian: événements et faits observés à constantinople par le vicariat (1914-1916)," Revue d'histoire arménienne contemporaine 1 (1995), p. 254.
  2. ^ El-Ghusein, Fà'iz (1918). Martyred Armenia . London: C. Pearson Arthur. pp. 17–20 .
  3. ^ Baliozian, Ara (1985). Zohrab: an introduction. Kitchener, Ont.: Impressions. pp. 13–6. ISBN 0-920553-00-1.
  4. ^ Kevorkian, Raymond (2019). Kieser, Hans-Lukas Dieser; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (eds.). The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 190–191. ISBN 978-1-78831-241-7.
  5. Üngör, Uğur, The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 84.
  6. Haigazn K. Kazarian, "The Murder of 6 Armenian Members of the Ottoman Parliament," Armenian Review 22 (Winter 1970), pp. 26-33; "'How Krikor Zohrab was Murdered': The Account of a Sergeant of Gendarmes at Urfa," Armenian Review 35 (Spring 1982), pp. 26-29.

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