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{{Short description|None}}
This article lists and summarizes ] committed since the ]. In addition, those incidents which have been judged in a court of justice to be ] and ] that have been committed since these crimes were first defined (in the ], ], ]) are also included.<ref>This list is a work in progress and is not complete</ref>
{{Incomplete list|date=May 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{History of war}}
This article lists and summarizes the ]s that have violated the ] since the ].


Since many war crimes are not ultimately prosecuted (due to lack of political will, lack of effective procedures, or other practical and political reasons<ref>Comment by '']'', November 21 2006 p.17, in relation to ] of the ]: "There was nothing funny about his soldiers' actions in Eastern Congo... Among the crimes alleged are mass murder, rape and acts of cannibalism. Yet one senior UN diplomat has indicated privately that for the sake of peace, the investigation ]] into Bemba's responsibility may be sidelined. It isn't just in Congo that trade-offs are being made. Skeptics point out that those who have stood trial so far have either been defeated in war or are retired and irrelevant. They insist there would be no chance of hauling powerful political figures in Washington and London before a court to answer for their actions..."</ref>), historians and lawyers will often make a serious case that war crimes occurred, even if there was no formal investigations or prosecution of the alleged crimes or an investigation cleared the alleged perpetrators. Since many war crimes are not prosecuted (due to lack of political will, lack of effective procedures, or other practical and political reasons),<ref>, November 21, 2006 p. 17, in relation to ] of the ]: "There was nothing funny about his soldiers' actions in Eastern Congo... Among the crimes alleged are mass murder, rape, and acts of cannibalism. Yet one senior UN diplomat has indicated privately that for the sake of peace, the investigation ]] into Bemba's responsibility may be sidelined. It isn't just in Congo that trade-offs are being made. Skeptics point out that those who have stood trial so far have either been defeated in war or are retired and irrelevant. They insist there would be no chance of hauling powerful political figures in Washington and London before a court to answer for their actions..."</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2023}} historians and lawyers will frequently make a serious case in order to prove that war crimes occurred, even though the alleged perpetrators of these crimes were never formally prosecuted because investigations cleared them of all charges.
War crimes under international law were firmly established by the ] ] ], in which ] leaders were prosecuted for war crimes committed during ]. For purpose of selectivity, only war crimes since the customary laws of war were clarified in the Hague Conventions of 1907 are included, because in the judgement at the ] in ] in 1945, it was stated that "''by 1939 these rules laid down in the Hague Convention of 1907 were recognised by all civilised nations, and were regarded as being declaratory of the laws and customs of war''".<ref></ref>


Under ], war crimes were formally defined as crimes during international trials such as the ] and the ], in which Austrian, German and Japanese leaders were prosecuted for war crimes which were committed during ].
==World War I==

===Turkish perpetrated crimes===
== 1899–1902 Second Boer War ==
{{See also|British concentration camps}}
], a Boer child in a British ]]]
The term "]" was used to describe camps operated by the ] in ] during the ] in the years 1900–1902. As ] farms were destroyed by the British under their "]" policy, many tens of thousands of women and children were forcibly moved into the concentration camps. Over 26,000 Boer women and children were to perish in these concentration camps.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wessels |first=André |date=2010|title=A Century of Postgraduate Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) Studies: Masters' and Doctoral Studies Completed at Universities in South Africa, in English-speaking Countries and on the European Continent, 1908–2008 |publisher=African Sun Media |isbn=978-1-920383-09-1 |page=}}</ref>

Six officers from the ] were court-martialed for massacring POWs and civilians. Lieutenants ], ], and ] were each found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. Morant and Handcock were executed, while Witton was reprieved and served a short prison sentence. Two of the other defendants, Major Robert Lenehan and Lieutenant Henry Picton, were found guilty of lesser charges. They were dismissed from the military and deported from South Africa after being found guilty of neglecting one's duty and manslaughter, respectively. The last defendant, Captain ], was acquitted.

== 1899–1902 Philippine–American War ==
{{See also|United States Senate Committee on the Philippines#Investigation|American war crimes}}
]'' cartoon of May 5, 1902 about General ]'s infamous order "Kill Everyone Over Ten". The caption at the bottom reads: "Criminals Because They Were Born Ten Years Before We Took the Philippines".]]
Reported American war crimes and atrocities during the ] included the summary execution of civilians and prisoners, burning of villages, and torture. 298,000 Filipinos were also moved to concentration camps, where thousands died.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 |title=Talking American History: An Informal Narrative History of the United States |author=Ron Briley |year=2019 |page=247 |publisher=Sunstone Press |isbn=9781611395839 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era |author1=Catherine Cocks |author2=Peter C. Holloran |author3=Alan Lessoff |date=13 March 2009 |page=332 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810862937 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC&pg=PA332 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDJEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title= Building the American Republic, Volume 2: A Narrative History from 1877 |author=Jane Dailey |year=2019 |page=44 |publisher= University of Chicago Press |isbn= 9780226300962 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Hidden History of America at War: Untold Tales from Yorktown to Fallujah |author=Kenneth C. Davis |year=2015 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3WsVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA141 |page=141|publisher=Hachette Books |isbn=9781401330781 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Power and Restraint: The Rise of the United States, 1898–1941 |author=Jeffrey W. Meiser |date=2 February 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwoABwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |page=67 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=9781626161771 }}</ref>

In November 1901, the Manila correspondent of the '']'' wrote: "The present war is no bloodless, opera bouffe engagement; our men have been relentless, have killed to exterminate men, women, children, prisoners and captives, active insurgents and suspected people from lads of ten up, the idea prevailing that the Filipino as such was little better than a dog".<ref>{{cite book|last=Zinn|first=Howard|author-link=Howard Zinn|title=]|publisher=The New Press|location=New York City|year=2003|isbn=978-1-56584-826-9|page=230}}</ref>

In response to the ], which wiped out a U.S. company garrisoning ] town, U.S. Brigadier General ] launched a retaliatory ] with the instructions: "I want no prisoners. I wish you to kill and burn, the more you kill and burn the better it will please me. I want all persons killed who are capable of bearing arms in actual hostilities against the United States".<ref>{{cite news |title=President Retires Gen. Jacob H. Smith |work=The New York Times |date=1902-07-17
|url =https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/07/17/101959147.pdf |access-date=2008-03-30}}</ref><ref name="melshen">{{cite web |last=Melshen |first=Paul |title=Littleton Waller Tazewell Waller |url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/lwwaller.htm |access-date=2008-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421003005/http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/lwwaller.htm |archive-date=21 April 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== 1904–1908: Herero Wars ==
]]]
In August, German General ] defeated the Ovaherero in the ] and drove them into the desert of ], where most of them died of ]. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans, only to suffer a similar fate. Between 24,000 and 100,000 Hereros, 10,000 Nama and an unknown number of San died in the parallel ].<ref name="Walter Nuhn 1904">{{cite book |author = Nuhn, Walter | year = 1989 | title = Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904 | language = de | location = Koblenz, Germany | publisher = Bernard & Graefe-Verlag | isbn = 978-3-7637-5852-4}}{{page needed|date=December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last = Schaller | first = Dominik J. | editor-last = Moses | editor-first = A. Dirk | title = From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa | trans-title = Empire, Colony Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History | edition = first | year = 2008 |publisher=Berghahn Books |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-84545-452-4 | pages = 296 | quote = see his footnotes to German language sources citation #1 for Chapter 13.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author = Schaller, Dominik J. | year = 2008 | title = From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa | location = New York | publisher = Berghahn Books | page= 296 | isbn = 978-1-84545-452-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Friedrichsmeyer |first1=Sara L. |last2=Lennox |first2=Sara |last3=Zantop |first3=Susanne M. | year = 1998 | title = The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy | location = Ann Arbor, Michigan | publisher = University of Michigan Press | page= 87 | isbn = 978-0-472-09682-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last = Baronian |editor1-first=Marie-Aude |editor2-last=Besser |editor2-first=Stephan |editor3-last=Jansen |editor3-first=Yolande | year = 2007 | title = Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics | series = Thamyris, Intersecting Place, Sex and Race, Issue 13 | location = Leiden, Netherlands | publisher = Brill/Rodopi | page= 33 | issn = 1381-1312 | isbn = 978-9042021297 }}</ref> Once defeated, thousands of Hereros and Namas were also imprisoned in concentration camps, where the majority died of diseases, abuse, and exhaustion.<ref>{{cite book |last = Gewald |first=J. B. | year = 2000 | chapter = Colonization, Genocide and Resurgence: The Herero of Namibia, 1890–1933 | title = People, Cattle and Land: Transformations of a Pastoral Society in Southwestern Africa |editor1-last = Bollig |editor1-first=M. |editor2-last=Gewald |editor2-first=J. B. | location = Cologne, Germany | publisher = Köppe | pages= 167, 209 | isbn = 978-3-89645-352-5 | hdl = 1887/4830 }}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people= ] |date= October 2004 |title= Namibia – Genocide and the Second Reich | series = Real Genocides |publisher= ] }}</ref> German soldiers also regularly engaged in gang rapes<ref>Dictionary of Genocide: M-Z Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs, page 272, Greenwood 2007</ref> before killing the women or leaving them in the desert to die; a number of Herero women were also forced into involuntary prostitution.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rivers of blood, rivers of gold: Europe's conflict with tribal peoples |last=Cocker |first=Mark|year=1998 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |isbn=978-0-224-03884-3 |page=308}}</ref><ref name=gewald>Jan-Bart Gewald (1998) ''Herero heroes: a socio-political history of the Herero of Namibia, 1890-1923'', James Currey, Oxford {{ISBN|978-0-82141-256-5}}</ref>{{rp|31}}<ref>Peace and freedom, Volume 40, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, page 57, The Section, 1980</ref>

== 1912-1913: Balkan Wars ==
] in ] during the Balkan wars]]
The ] were marked by ] with all parties being responsible for grave atrocities against civilians and helped inspire later atrocities including war crimes during the 1990s ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Biondich |first1=Mark |date=20 October 2016 |title=The Balkan Wars: violence and nation-building in the Balkans, 1912–13 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2016.1226019 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=389–404 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2016.1226019 |s2cid=79322539 |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Levene |first=Mark|author-link=Mark Levene |title=The Holocaust in Greece |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-47467-2 |language=en|chapter=“The Bulgarians Were the Worst!” Reconsidering the Holocaust in Salonika within a Regional History of Mass Violence |page=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Aggression versus apathy: The limits of nationalism during the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913|author=Farrar, L L Jr. |journal=East European Quarterly|volume= 37|issue= 3|date=2003|pages= 257–280|id={{ProQuest|195176627}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Michail |first1=Eugene |title=The Balkan Wars from Contemporary Perception to Historic Memory |date=2017 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-44642-4 |pages=319–340 |language=en |chapter=The Balkan Wars in Western Historiography, 1912–2012}}</ref>

] were perpetrated on several occasions by Serbian and Montenegrin armies and paramilitaries.<ref>{{cite book |author=United States Department of State |title=Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States |date=1943 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADhGAQAAMAAJ&q=Serbian+troops+atrocities+1913&pg=PA115 |access-date=2 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/reportofinternat00inteuoft|title=Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War|last1=International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars|last2=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Division of Intercourse and Education|date=1 January 1914|publisher=Washington, D.C. : The Endowment|access-date=6 September 2016|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="Golgotha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531131757/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html|url-status=dead|title=Leo Freundlich: Albania's Golgotha|archive-date=May 31, 2012}}</ref> According to contemporary accounts, between 20,000 and 25,000 Albanians were massacred in the ] during the first two to four months of the conflict;<ref name="Golgotha"/><ref name="Hudson128">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4zndspbem4C|title=Justice, Intervention, and Force in International Relations: Reassessing Just War Theory in the 21st Century|first=Kimberly A.|last=Hudson|date=5 March 2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=128|access-date=6 September 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9780203879351}}</ref><ref name="Archbishop">{{Cite web|url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_6.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195950/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_6.html|url-status=dead|title=Archbishop Lazër Mjeda: Report on the Serb Invasion of Kosova and Macedonia|archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> with at least 120,000 being killed in total.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Rifati |first=Fitim |url=https://www.balkanjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/JSB-1.-sayi-revize_2-Fitim-Rifati-1.pdf |title=Kryengritjet shqiptare në Kosovë si alternativë çlirimi nga sundimi serbo-malazez (1913-1914) |date=2021 |journal=Journal of Balkan Studies |volume=1 |page=84 |doi=10.51331/A004 |quote="According to Serbian Social Democrat politician Kosta Novakovic, from October 1912 to the end of 1913, the Serbo-Montenegrin regime exterminated more than 120,000 Albanians of all ages, and forcibly expelled more than 50,000 Albanians to the Ottoman Empire and Albania."}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Alpion |first=Gëzim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sylOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22120,000+albanians%22+%221912%22&pg=PA11 |title=Mother Teresa: The Saint and Her Nation |date=30 December 2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-93-89812-46-6 |pages=11, 19 |quote="During the Balkan wars, in total '120,000 Albanians were exterminated', hundreds of villages' were shelled by artillery and 'a large number of them were burned down' across Kosova and Macedonia. The figures do not include people killed in present-day Albania and the devastated houses, villages and towns that Serbian and Montenegrin soldiers left behind when they were eventually forced to retreat.'"}}</ref> Most of the victims were children, women and the elderly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bessel |first1=Richard | author-link = Richard Bessel |title=No Man's Land of Violence: Extreme Wars in the 20th Century |date=2006 |publisher=Wallstein Verlag |isbn=978-3-89244-825-9 |page=226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wr-j5ibVgXsC&q=atrocities+against+Albanians+1912&pg=PA229 |access-date=24 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bytyçi |first=Enver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgznBwAAQBAJ |title=Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4438-7668-1 |quote=Chronicles also record the fact that during that period, it was mostly women, children, and elderly people who were destroyed and cruelly massacred,}}</ref> In addition to the massacres, some civilians had their tongues, lips, ears and noses severed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tatum |first1=Dale C. |title=Genocide at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, and Darfur |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-62189-3 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWsbAQAAMAAJ&q=massacred |access-date=3 January 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>Philip J. Cohen, ''Islamic Studies''
Vol. 36, No. 2/3, Special Issue: Islam in the Balkans (1997), p. 4.</ref> ] also cited Durham as saying that Serbian soldiers helped ] in Kosovo.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Philip J. |title=Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History |date=1996 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-0-89096-760-7 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz1PW_wnHYMC&pg=PA7 |access-date=27 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ''Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective'', a 2017 study published in ] by the ], said that villages were burned to ashes and Albanian Muslims forced to flee when Serbo-Montenegrin forces invaded Kosovo in 1912. Some chronicles cited ] as well as ].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Sonja | last1=Biserko|first2=Latinka | last2=Perović| first3=Drago | last3=Roksandić|first4=Mitja | last4=Velikonja|first5=Wolfgang | last5=Hoepken|first6=Florian | last6=Bieber|first7=Sheila | last7=Sofrenović|first8=Ivan | last8=Hrašovec|title=Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective |date=2017 |publisher=] |location=] |isbn=978-86-7208-208-1 |pages=272–73 |url=http://www.yuhistorija.com/doc/yugoslavia%20from%20a%20historical%20perspective.pdf |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>

Serbian army also brutally suppressed the ] and terrorized the ] population in the rebelling regions. According to some sources 363 civilian ] were killed in Kavadarci, 230 - in Negotino and 40 - in Vatasha.<ref>Гоцев, Димитър. Национално-освободителната борба в Македония 1912-1915, София 1981, с. 51 (Gotsev, Dimitar. The National Liberation Struggle in Macedonia, Sofia 1981, p. 51)</ref>

== 1914–1918: World War I ==
] lost about 850,000 people during the war, a quarter of its pre-war population.<ref>"". p. 28. '']''.</ref>]]{{Main|War crimes in World War I}}
] was the first major international conflict to take place following the codification of war crimes at the ], including derived war crimes, such as the use of poisons as weapons, as well as crimes against humanity, and derivative crimes against humanity, such as torture, and genocide. Before, the ] took place after the ]. The Second Boer War (1899 until 1902) is known for the first concentration camps (1900 until 1902) for civilians in the 20th century.


{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- |-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|]<ref name="Turkey1915"> 1915 109th Congress, 1st Session, , ], ]. ] ] House Committee/Subcommittee:International Relations actions. Status: Ordered to be Reported by the Yeas and Nays: 40 - 7.</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
||] (so called in a joint statement issued by the major ] in 1915)<ref name="Turkey1915"/>
| colspan="2"|World War I
||The post-] Turkish Government indicted the top leaders involved and the officials of the ] Regime were tried and convicted, as charged, for organizing and executing massacres against the Armenian people. The chief organizers were the Minister of War ], the Minister of the Interior ], and the Minister of the Navy ] were all condemned to death for their crimes, however, the verdicts of the courts were not enforced.<ref name="Turkey1915"/>||On ] ] a United States Congressional resolution stated that "The Armenian Genocide was conceived and carried out by the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1923, resulting in the deportation of nearly 2,000,000 Armenians, of whom 1,500,000 men, women, and children were killed, 500,000 survivors were expelled from their homes, and which succeeded in the elimination of the over 2,500-year presence of Armenians in their historic homeland."<ref name="Turkey1915"/>
| colspan="2" |] (Imperial Germany)
|}
|-

| style="width:18%;"|]
===German perpetrated crimes===
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:32%;"|]
| style="width:32%;"|In defiance of the ], the German occupiers engaged in mass atrocities against the civilian population of Belgium and looting and destruction of civilian property, in order to flush out the Belgian guerrilla fighters, or '']'', in the first two months of the war, after the ].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Spencer C. Tucker |author2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |title = World War I: A Student Encyclopedia |date=October 25, 2005 |publisher=] |location=] |isbn=1-85109-879-8 |page=1074 }}</ref>


As Belgium was officially neutral after hostilities in Europe broke out and Germany invaded the country without explicit warning, this act was also in breach of the ] and the 1907 Hague Convention on Opening of Hostilities.<ref>Robinson, James J., (September 1960). . ''ABA Journal'' '''46(9)''', p. 978.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|Killings of ] during the ]
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
| style="width:18%;"|], ]
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|German forces ordered a scorched earth policy against the indigenous ] to repress an alleged "people's war." Numerous killings were committed by German forces including in ] where a white commander reportedly gave the order to "kill every native they saw."<ref name=soldiersoftheirown>{{cite book |last1=Njung |first1=George Ndakwena |title=Soldiers of their Own: Honor, Violence, Resistance and Conscription in Colonial Cameroon during the First World War |date=2016 |publisher=University of Michigan |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/135824/njung_1.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1%7C}}</ref>
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|Sexual violence toward ] during the ]
|] About 6000 civilians were killed in ] and ] in August 1914<ref> John N. Horne und Alan Kramer, Hrsg. German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial</ref>
| style="width:18%;"|], ]
||] according to definition of Articles 46, 50, 52, and 56 of The Hague Convention of 1907, which was in use at that time, and to the current criteria defining a war crime, these fact must be regarded as war crimes. Deliberate destruction of civilian buildings (e.g. the ] University Library) also occurred.
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
||The responsible was the German army or troops belonging to the German army. However, the German Government never acknowledged publicly the fact, although the clause 232 of the ] provides that Germany will make compensation for all damage done to the civilian population of the Allied.
| style="width:32%;"|Duala women women were victims of ] by the German forces.<ref name=soldiersoftheirown/>
||There has never been official acknowledgement of the facts by the German Governments and no trial has been made for this
|} |-
|- style="text-align:center;"
all of the casualties in American wars add up to over 12,898,000
| colspan="2"|World War I|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|All major belligerents

|-
== 1935-1936: Second Italo-Abyssinian War ==
| style="width:18%;"|Employment of ]
| style="width:18%;"|Use of poisons as weapons
| style="width:18%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Poison gas was introduced by Imperial Germany, and was subsequently used by all major belligerents in the war, in violation of the ] and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hEH7KcpN-OcC&q=poison+gas+violated+1907+Hague+Convention&pg=PT34 |title = The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |author=Telford Taylor |date=November 1, 1993 |publisher=] |isbn=0-316-83400-9 |access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0PYx0j3wRvAC&q=poison+gas+Declaration+1899+WW1+1907&pg=PA7 |title = Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era |author1=Thomas Graham |author2=Damien J. Lavera |date=May 2003 |pages=7–9 |publisher=] |isbn=0-295-98296-9 |access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|World War I|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|]
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.153/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html |title = Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution, April 24, 1998|access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref>Ferguson, Niall. ''The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West''. New York: Penguin Press, 2006 p. 177 {{ISBN|1-59420-100-5}}</ref><ref name="IAGS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604053728/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm|url-status=dead|title=A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars|archive-date=June 4, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kamiya|first=Gary|date=2007-10-16|title=Genocide: An inconvenient truth|url=https://www.salon.com/2007/10/16/armenian_genocide/|access-date=2023-01-01|website=Salon|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genocide Deniers|url=http://hnn.us/articles/43861.html|access-date=2023-01-01|website=History News Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kifner|first=John|title=Armenian Genocide of 1915: An Overview |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_armeniangenocide.html|access-date=2023-01-01|website=The New York Times}}</ref>
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity, ] (extermination of Armenians in ])
| style="width:32%;"|The ] as well as the incomplete ] were trials of some of the perpetrators.
Several key perpetrators of the genocide were assassinated by Armenian vigilantes as part of ].
| style="width:32%;"|The ] regime ordered the wholesale extermination of ] living within ]. This was carried out by certain elements of their military forces, who either massacred Armenians outright, or deported them to Syria and then massacred them. Over 1.5 million Armenians perished.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}


The ], the ] of the Ottoman Empire, does not accept the word ''genocide'' as an accurate description of the events surrounding this matter.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6045182.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301211630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6045182.stm|archive-date=2007-03-01|title=Q&A: Armenian 'genocide'|work=BBC News |access-date=2009-03-05|date=2006-10-12}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- |-
|style="width:18%;"|]
!colspan="2" align="center"|Armed conflict
|style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, ethnic cleansing
!colspan="2" align="center"|perpetrator
|style="width:32%;"|Several key perpetrators of the genocide were assassinated by Armenian vigilantes as part of ]
|style="width:32%;"|Mass killing of Assyrian civilians by the Ottoman Empire's forces resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands. Turkey does not call the event genocide.
|- |-
|style="width:18%;"|]
|colspan="2" align="center"|]||colspan="2" align="center"|Italy
|style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, ethnic cleansing
|style="width:32%;"|The ] as well as the incomplete ] were trials of some of the perpetrators.
Several key perpetrators of the genocide were assassinated by Armenian vigilantes as part of ].
|style="width:32%;"|Violent ethnic cleansing campaign against Greeks in Anatolia resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands. Turkey does not call the event mass genocide.
|-style="text-align:Center;"
| colspan="2"|World War I|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|]
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes (murder of shipwreck survivors)
|-
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
|Italian use of ] against enemy soldiers and civilians.||Contravention of the ] ]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.|| Top commanding officer Gen. ] indicted but never tried in court{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.||Invasion of ] and ] by Italy under ].
| style="width:32%;"|On 19 August 1915, a German submarine, ], while preparing to sink the British freighter ''Nicosian'', which was loaded with war supplies, after the crew had boarded the lifeboats, was sunk by the British ] ]. Afterwards, Lieutenant ] ordered his ''Baralong'' crew to kill the survivors of the German submarine while still at sea, including those who were ] after boarding the ''Nicosian''. The massacre was reported to a newspaper by American citizens who were also on board the ''Nicosian''.<ref>Halpern, Paul G. (1994). ''A Naval History of World War I''. Routledge, p. 301; {{ISBN|1-85728-498-4}}</ref> Another attack occurred on 24 September a month later when ''Baralong'' destroyed ], which was in the process of sinking the cargo ship ''Urbino''. According to U41's commander Karl Goetz, the British vessel was flying the American flag even after opening fire on the submarine, and the lifeboat carrying the German survivors was rammed and sunk by the British Q-ship.<ref>Hadley, Michael L. (1995). ''Count Not the Dead: The Popular Image of the German Submarine''. McGill-Queen's Press, p. 36; {{ISBN|0-7735-1282-9}}.</ref>
|}
|-style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|World War I|| colspan="2" style="text-align"|Russian Empire
|-
|style="width:18%;"|]
|style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide
|style="width:18%;"|No prosecutions
|style="width:18%;"|


Urukun was not covered by Soviet textbooks, and monographs on the subject were removed from Soviet printing houses. As the ] was disintegrating in 1991, interest in Urkun grew. Some survivors have begun to label the events a "massacre" or "genocide".<ref name="rferl">{{cite news |author = Bruce Pannier |url = http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/8/3EF70D4C-4B9C-4882-9391-2A878BD691D1.html |title = Kyrgyzstan: Victims Of 1916 'Urkun' Tragedy Commemorated |publisher = ] |date= 2 August 2006 |access-date = 2006-08-02}}</ref> In August 2016, a public commission in Kyrgyzstan concluded that the 1916 mass crackdown was labelled as "genocide".<ref name="rferl2">{{cite news|url = https://www.rferl.org/a/kyrgyzstan-to-rename-extend-october-revolution-holiday/28831234.html|title = Kyrgyzstan Renames Soviet-Era October Revolution Day, Lengthens Holiday|publisher = ]|date= 2 November 2017|access-date = 2018-03-27}}</ref> Arnold Toynbee alleges 500,000 Central Asian Turks perished under the Russian Empire, though he admits this is speculative.<ref name=toyn>{{cite book |title=Statistics Of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 |chapter-url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP12.HTM |chapter=Chapter 12. Statistics Of Russian Democide: Estimates, Calculations, And Sources |first=R.J. |last=Rummel |author-link=Rudolph Rummel}}</ref> Rudolph Rummel citing Toynbee states 500,000 perished within the revolt.<ref name=toyext>{{cite web|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB12.1.GIF|title=Russian Democide: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations|access-date=2018-11-22|at=Row 30|website=hawaii.edu}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=May 2019}} Kyrgyz sources put the death toll between 100,000 and 270,000. Russian sources put the figure at 3,000.<ref>
==1937-1945: Second Sino-Japanese War==
Irina Pushkarevas

1984</ref> Kyrgyz historians ] puts the death toll at 40,000, based on population tallies.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
This section includes war crimes until ] 1941 when the United States declared war on Japan so entering World War II. For war crimes after this date see the section called ].

{| class="wikitable"
|- |-
|style="width:18%;"|]
!colspan="2" align="center"|Armed conflict
|style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity
!colspan="2" align="center"|perpetrator
|style="width:18%;"|Although Germans were permitted to return and attempt to reclaim their land, it is estimated that only one-half of their number did so. Many found their houses destroyed and their farms occupied by strangers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Voices from the Gulag: the Oppression of the German Minority in the Soviet Union|last=Merten|first=Ulrich|publisher=American Historical Society|year=2015|isbn=978-0-692-60337-6|location=Lincoln Nebraska|pages=77–80, 82}}</ref>
|style="width:18%;"|] (who was still commander-in-chief of the Western forces), after suffering serious defeats at the hands of the German army, decided to implement the decrees for the German Russians living under his army's control, principally in the Volhynia province. The lands were to be expropriated, and the owners deported to Siberia. The land was to be given to Russian war veterans once the war was over. In July 1915, without prior warning, 150,000 German settlers from Volhynia were arrested and shipped to internal exile in Siberia and Central Asia. (Some sources indicate that the number of deportees reached 200,000.) Ukrainian peasants took over their lands. The mortality rate from these deportations is estimated to have been 63,000 to 100,000, that is from 30% to 50%, but exact figures are impossible to determine.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
|- |-
|-style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="2" align="center"|]||colspan="2" align="center"|Japan
| colspan="2"|World War I|| colspan="2" style="text-align"|]
|- |-
|style="width:18%;"|]
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|style="width:18%;"|Summary executions
|style="width:18%;"|No prosecutions
|style="width:18%;"|The Surdulica massacre was the mass murder of Serbian men by Bulgarian occupational authorities in the southern Serbian town of ] between 1915 and 1916, during World War I. Members of the Serbian intelligentsia in the region, mostly functionaries, teachers, priests and former soldiers, were detained by Bulgarian forces—ostensibly so that they could be deported to the Bulgarian capital, Sofia—before being taken into the forests around Surdulica and killed. An estimated 2,000–3,000 Serbian men were executed by the Bulgarians in the town and its surroundings. Witnesses to the massacre were interviewed by American writer William A. Drayton in December 1918 and January 1919.<ref>{{cite book| last = Mitrović| first = Andrej| year = 2007
|pages=222–223 | title = Serbia's Great War, 1914–1918| publisher = Purdue University Press | location = ]| isbn = 978-1-55753-477-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5Wm8771EYC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jovana Lazić |year=2024 |title=The Routledge History of the First World War |chapter=Serbia at War |editor=Paul Robert Bartrop |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-0324-2603-7 |page=285}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:32%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, ethnic cleansing
| style="width:32%;"|Committed by ], ], ], ]
|- |-
|-style="text-align:center;"
|],<ref>References in the article</ref> China, 1937-38||Mass murder of civilian population, rape, looting || General ], commander, Japanese Shanghai Expeditionary Force, ]. General ], Commanding general of Japanese forces in China, Imperial Japanese Army. Minister of War ]. Debate still is ongoing as to the culpability of ] in the events.||
| colspan="2"|World War I|| colspan="2" style="text-align"|
After the ], on ], 1937, Japanese entered the city virtually resistance free. From then for a period of about 6 weeks after, until early February 1938, widespread ] were committed including mass ], ], ], the killing of ]s and ].
|- |-
|style="width:18%;"|]
|],China, 1943||Mass murder of civilian population, rape, looting || General ], commander, ] , Imperial Japanese Army. ||] were committed including mass ], ], ], the killing of ]s and ].
|style="width:18%;"|Summary executions
|style="width:18%;"|No prosecutions
|style="width:18%;"|The Štip massacre was the mass murder of Serbian soldiers by the ] paramilitaries in the village of Ljuboten, Štip on 15 October 1915, during World War I. Sick and wounded Serbian soldiers, recuperating at the ] town hospital, were detained by Bulgarian IMRO militants before being taken into the vicinity of Ljuboten and killed. An estimated 118–120 Serbian soldiers were executed in the massacre.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pissari |first=Milovan |date=2013 |title=Bulgarian Crimes against Civilians in Occupied Serbia during the First World War|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-7653/2013/0350-76531344357P.pdf|journal=Balcanica |publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies |issue=44 |pages=357–390 |doi=10.2298/BALC1344357P |access-date=8 May 2016|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|- |-
|],Hawaii, December 7, 1941||Surprise attack as part of an undeclared war against the ] || Admiral ], ] of the ] ||] were committed including mass murder, destruction of property, crimes against peace, and the killing of ]s.
|} |}


== 1915–1920: First and Second Caco War ==
==1939-1945 World War II==
* During the First (1915) and Second (1918–1920) Caco Wars waged during the ] (1915–1934), ] were committed against the native Haitians population.<ref name="Alcenat">{{Cite web|last=Alcenat|first=Westenly|title=The Case for Haitian Reparations|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2017/01/haiti-reparations-france-slavery-colonialism-debt/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-07-13|title=U.S. Invasion and Occupation of Haiti, 1915–34|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/88275.htm|access-date=2021-02-24|website=]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" >{{Cite web|last=Belleau |first=Jean-Philippe |date=25 January 2016 |title=Massacres perpetrated in the 20th Century in Haiti |publisher=]|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/massacres-perpetrated-20th-century-haiti.html|access-date=2021-02-24|website=]|language=en}}</ref> Overall, American troops and the Haitian gendarmerie killed several thousands of Haitian civilians during the rebellions between 1915 and 1920, though the exact death toll is unknown.<ref name=":6" />
===Axis powers (listed by country)===
* ]s of civilians were allegedly committed by United States Marines and their subordinates in the Haitian gendarmerie.<ref name=":6" /> According to Haitian historian ], such killings involved ], ], summary executions, burning villages and ]. Internal documents of the United States Army justified the killing of women and children, describing them as "auxiliaries" of rebels. A private memorandum of the Secretary of the Navy criticized "indiscriminate killings against natives". American officers who were responsible for acts of violence were given Creole names such as "Linx" for Commandant Freeman Lang and "Ouiliyanm" for Lieutenant Lee Williams. According to American journalist H. J. Seligman, Marines would practice "bumping off Gooks", describing the shooting of civilians in a manner which was similar to ].<ref name=":6" />
The ] were perhaps the most systematic perpetrators of war crimes in human history. Contributing factors included ] race theory, a desire for "living space" that justified the eradication of native populations, and militaristic indoctrination that encouraged the terrorization of conquered peoples and ]. The ], the German attack on ] and occupation of Western Europe, the Japanese occupation of ] and attack on ], and the Italian conquest of ] contributed to well over half of the civilian deaths in ] and the conflicts that led up to the war.
* During the Second Caco War of 1918–1919, many Caco prisoners were ] by Marines and the gendarmerie on orders from their superiors.<ref name=":6" /> On June 4, 1916, Marines executed caco General Mizrael Codio and ten others after they were captured in ].<ref name=":6" /> In ] in January 1919, Captain Ernest Lavoie of the gendarmerie, a former United States Marine, allegedly ordered the killing of nineteen caco rebels according to American officers, though no charges were ever filed against him due to the fact that no physical evidence of the killing was ever presented.<ref name=":6" />
* The torture of Haitian rebels and the torture of Haitians who were suspected of rebelling against the United States was a common practice among the occupying Marines. Some of the methods of torture included the use of ], hanging prisoners by their genitals and ''ceps'', which involved pushing both sides of the tibia with the butts of two guns.<ref name=":6" />


==1921–1927: Rif War==
* During the ], Spanish forces ] against Berber rebels and civilians in Morocco. These attacks marked the first widespread employment of gas warfare in the post-WWI era.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/152104/0/supervivientes/bombardeos/rif/ |title=Los últimos de Alhucemas |access-date=2007-04-13 |last=Rada |first=Javier |date= September 2006 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es |quote=Durante la guerra del Rif (1921–1927), la última pesadilla colonial, España fue una de las primeras potencias en utilizar armas químicas contra población civil. }}</ref> The Spanish army indiscriminately used ], ], ] and ] against civilian populations, markets and rivers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cataluna/ERC/exige/Espana/pida/perdon/uso/armas/quimicas/guerra/Rif/elpepuespcat/20050703elpcat_12/Tes |title=ERC exige que España pida perdón por el uso de armas químicas en la guerra del Rif |access-date=2007-04-13 |last=Noguer |first=Miquel |date= July 2005 |newspaper=] |language=es |quote=Tras tan estrepitosa derrota, el ejército español no tuvo reparos en utilizar productos como fosgeno, difosgeno, cloropicrina o el mismo gas mostaza contra la población civil. }}</ref><ref name="Enrique Cerro Aguilar">Enrique Cerro Aguilar. "España fue el primer país que utilizó armas químicas contra civiles en Marruecos en 1920". Revista Rebelión. 13 de enero de 2001. {{in lang|es}}</ref> Spain signed the Geneva Protocol in 1925, that prohibited chemical and biological warfare, while simultaneously employing these weapons across the Mediterranean.<ref name="Enrique Cerro Aguilar"/>
* According to Miguel Alonso, Alan Kramer and Javier Rodrigo in the book ''Fascist Warfare, 1922–1945: Aggression, Occupation, Annihilation'': "Apart from deciding not to use chemical weapons, ]'s campaign to 'cleanse Spain' resembled that in Morocco: intelligence-gathering through torture, summary executions, ], rape, and the sadistic killing of military prisoners."<ref>{{cite book |title=Fascist Warfare, 1922–1945: Aggression, Occupation, Annihilation |author1=Miguel Alonso |author2=Alan Kramer |author3=Javier Rodrigo |page=32 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-3030276478}}</ref>
* Spanish mutilations of captured Moroccans were reported, including ] and severing heads, noses and ears, which were collected by Spanish legionnaries as war trophies and worn as necklaces or spiked on bayonets.<ref name="Márquez">{{cite book |title=Disorientations: Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Performance of Identity |author= Susan Martin-Márquez |page=193 |year=2008 |publisher= Yale University Press}}</ref>
* On August 9, 1921, the ] occurred, in which 2,000 soldiers of the Spanish Army were killed by Riffian forces after surrendering the Monte Arruit garrison near ] following a 12-day siege.<ref> (Ministerio de Defensa de España, 2016) pp. 432 - 439</ref>


==1923–1932: Pacification of Libya==
====Italian perpetrated crimes====
* The ] resulted in mass deaths of the indigenous people in ] by Italy. 80,000 or over a quarter<ref name= Mann309>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGHGPgj1_tIC&pg=PA309|title=The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing|last=Mann|first=Michael|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521538541|page=309}}</ref><ref name="Duggan497">{{Cite book
|first=Christopher |last=Duggan
|title=The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796
|location=New York |publisher=Houghton Mifflin
|year=2007
|page=497
}}</ref> of the indigenous people in ] perished during the pacification.
* 100,000 ] citizens were ethnically cleansed by expulsion from their land.<ref name="Cardoza, 109">{{Cite book
|first=Anthony L. |last=Cardoza
|title=Benito Mussolini: the first fascist
|publisher=Pearson Longman
|year=2006
|page=109
}}</ref>
* Specific war crimes alleged to have been committed by the Italian armed forces against civilians include deliberate bombing of civilians, killing unarmed children, women, and the elderly, rape and ] of women, throwing prisoners out of aircraft to their death and running over others with ]s, regular daily executions of civilians in some areas, and bombing tribal villages with ] bombs beginning in 1930.<ref>], ] (British Member of Parliament, forward introduction). ''Libya: the struggle for survival''. St. Martin's Press, 1996, pg. 129.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>


== 1927-1949: Chinese Civil War==
*During the ] both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides.<ref>Rummel, Rudolph (1994), Death by Government.</ref> Benjamin Valentino has estimated atrocities in the Chinese Civil War resulted in the death of between 1.8&nbsp;million and 3.5&nbsp;million people between 1927 and 1949.<ref>Valentino, Benjamin A. Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. Cornell University Press. 8 December 2005. p. 88</ref>
*Over several years after the 1927 ], the Kuomintang killed between 300,000 and one million people, primarily peasants, in anti-communist campaigns as part of the White Terror.<ref name="Barnouin38">Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325202546/https://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC |date=25 March 2017 }}. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. {{ISBN|962-996-280-2}}. Retrieved 12 November 2022. p. 38</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Karl |first=Rebecca E. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503828045 |title=Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history |date=2010 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4 |location=Durham |pages=33 |oclc=503828045}}</ref> During the White Terror, the Nationalists specifically targeted women with short hair who had not been subjected to ], on the presumption that such "non-traditional" women were radicals.<ref name=":4" /> Nationalist forces cut off their breasts, shaved their heads, and displayed their mutilated bodies to intimidate the populace.<ref name=":4" /> From 1946 to 1949, the Nationalists arrested, tortured, and killed political dissidents via the Sino-American Cooperative Organization.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Rana |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141442704 |title=China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism |date=2020 |publisher=The Belknap Press of ] |isbn=978-0-674-98426-4 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=179 |oclc=1141442704}}</ref>
*During the December 1930 ], the communists executed 2,000 to 3,000 members of the Futian battalion after its leaders had mutinied against Mao Zedong.<ref>{{cite book |last=Feigon |first=Lee |author-link=Lee Feigon |title=Mao: A Reinterpretation |year=2002 |pages=51–53 |isbn=978-1566634588 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |location=Chicago}}</ref> Between 1931 and 1934 in the ], the communist authorities engaged in a widespread campaign of violence against civilians to ensure compliance with its policies and to stop defection to the advancing KMT, including mass executions, land confiscation and forced labor.<ref name="Revolution Defeated">{{cite journal|last=Opper|first=Marc|date=2018|title=Revolution Defeated: The Collapse of the Chinese Soviet Republic|journal=Twentieth-Century China|volume=43|issue=1|page=60|doi=10.1353/tcc.2018.0003 |s2cid=148775889|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to ], a high-ranking communist in Jiangxi at the time, in response to mass flight of civilians to KMT held areas, the local authorities authorities would "usually to send armed squads after those attempting to flee and kill them on the spot, producing numerous ]s throughout the CSR that would later be uncovered by the KMT and its allies." ], another high-ranking communist, reported that "the policy of annihilating landlords as an exploiting class had degenerated into a massacre"<ref>{{cite book|chapter=The Chinese Soviet Republic, 1931-1934|title= People's Wars in China, Malaya, and Vietnam|first=Marc|last=Opper|year= 2020|page=58|publisher= University of Michigan Press|doi= 10.3998/mpub.11413902|jstor= 10.3998/mpub.11413902.8|hdl= 20.500.12657/23824|isbn= 9780472131846|s2cid= 211359950|url= http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/23824|chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.3998/mpub.11413902.8.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118062521/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.3998/mpub.11413902.8.pdf|archive-date=2022-01-18}}</ref> The population of the communist controlled area fell by 700,000 from 1931 and 1935, of which a large proportion were murdered as “class enemies,” worked to death, committed suicide, or died in other circumstances attributable to the communists.<ref name="Halliday">{{cite book|last1=Halliday|first1=Jon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_bQX73aOvcC&pg=PA133|title=Mao: The Unknown Story|last2=Chang|first2=Jung|date=30 September 2012|isbn=9781448156863|page=133|publisher=Random House }} The Ruijin base, the seat of the first Red state, consisted of large parts of the provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian. These two provinces suffered the greatest population decrease in the whole of China from the year when the Communist state was founded, 1931, to the year after the Reds left, 1935. The population of Red Jiangxi fell by more than half a million — a drop of 20 percent. The fall in Red Fujian was comparable. Given that escapes were few, this means that altogether some 700,000 people died in the Ruijin base. A large part of these were murdered as “class enemies,” or were worked to death, or committed suicide, or died other premature deaths attributable to the regime.</ref>
*During the ] the ] implemented a military blockade on the KMT-held city of Changchun and prevented civilians from leaving the city during the blockade;<ref name=koga/> this blockade caused the starvation of tens<ref name=koga>Koga, Yukiko (2016). Inheritance of Loss: China, Japan, and the Political Economy of Redemption After Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|022641213X}}.</ref> to 150<ref>{{cite web |title=Pomfret, John (October 2, 2009). "Red Army Starved 150,000 Chinese Civilians, Books Says". Associated Press. The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on October 2, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2009. |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19901122/1105487/red-army-starved-150000-chinese-civilians-books-says |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025143728/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19901122&slug=1105487 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 October 2011}}</ref> thousand civilians. The PLA continued to use siege tactics throughout Northeast China.<ref name=lardi>Lary, Diana (2015). China's Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|1107054672}}.</ref>
*At the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War in 1946, Mao Zedong began to push for a return to radical policies to mobilize China against the landlord class, but protected the rights of middle peasants and specified that rich peasants were not landlords.<ref>DeMare, Brian James (2019). Land Wars: The Story of China's Agrarian Revolution. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|978-1503609525}}.</ref> The 7 July Directive of 1946 set off eighteen months of fierce conflict in which all rich peasant and landlord property of all types was to be confiscated and redistributed to poor peasants. Party work teams went quickly from village to village and divided the population into landlords, rich, middle, poor, and landless peasants. Because the work teams did not involve villagers in the process, however, rich and middle peasants quickly returned to power.<ref>{{citation|last=Tanner |first= Harold M. |title=Where Chiang Kai-shek Lost China: The Liao-Shen Campaign, 1948 |place= Bloomington|publisher= Indiana University Press|year=2015 |pages=134–135}}</ref> The Outline Land Law of October 1947 increased the pressure.<ref>Saich ''The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party'' </ref> Those condemned as landlords were buried alive, dismembered, strangled and shot.<ref name=Scheidel225>{{cite book | last = Scheidel| first = Walter | author-link =Walter Scheidel| title =The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century | publisher = ]| year =2017 | isbn =978-0-691-16502-8 |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10921.html|page=225}}</ref>
*In response to the aforementioned land reform campaign; the ] helped establish the "Huanxiang Tuan" ({{zh|labels=no|t=還鄉團}}), or Homecoming Legion, which was composed of landlords who sought the return of their redistributed land and property from peasants and CCP guerrillas, as well as forcibly conscripted peasants and communist POWs.<ref name="Liu">{{cite book | last = Liu | first = Zaiyu |script-title=zh:第二次國共戰爭時期的還鄉團 | publisher = Twenty First Century Bimonthly| location = Hong Kong| year = 2002 |url=http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c071-200104044.pdf}}</ref> The Homecoming legion conducted its guerrilla warfare campaign against CCP forces and purported collaborators up until the end of the civil war in 1949.<ref name="Liu"/>


==1935–1937: Second Italo-Abyssinian War==
* War crimes in the ], in ], ] and on the ]
* Italian use of ] against Ethiopian soldiers in 1936 violated the ], which bans the use of chemical weapons in warfare.
* No one has been brought to trial for war crimes, although in ] the former Italian defense minister was convicted for collaboration with Nazi Germany.
* Crimes by Ethiopian troops included the use of ] (in violation of the ]), the killing of civilian workmen (including during the ]), and the mutilation of captured ] and Italians (often with castration), beginning in the first weeks of war.<ref>Zamorani, Massimo. ''La strage della "Gondrand"'', in "Storia militare", 21, no. 236, May 2013, pp. 37–39</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Antonicelli |first=Franco |series=Reprints Einaudi |number=32 |title=Trent'anni di storia italiana: dall'antifascismo alla Resistenza (1915–1945) lezioni con testimonianze |language=it |trans-title=Thirty Years of Italian History: From Antifascism to the Resistance (1915–1945) Lessons with Testimonials |year=1975 |publisher=Giulio Einaudi Editore |location=Torino |oclc=878595757}}</ref>
* See ].
* ]—In response to the unsuccessful assassination of ] on 19 February 1937, thousands of Ethiopians were killed, including all of the monks residing at ], and over a thousand more detained at ] who were then exiled either to the ] or Italy.<ref>An account of this atrocity, known in Ethiopia as "Yekatit 12", is contained in chapter 14 of Anthony Mockler's ''Haile Selassie's War'' (New York: Olive Branch, 2003)<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
* The Ethiopians recorded 275,000 combatants killed in action, 78,500 patriots (guerrilla fighters) killed during the occupation, 17,800 civilians killed by aerial bombardment and 30,000 in the February 1937 massacre, 35,000 people died in concentration camps, 24,000 patriots executed by Summary Courts, 300,000 people died of privation due to the destruction of their villages, amounting to 760,300 deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c300k.htm#Eth35|title=Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides|website=necrometrics.com}}</ref>


==1936–1939: Spanish Civil War==
====German perpetrated crimes====
] at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War]]
According to the ], there were four major war crimes that were alleged against German military (and Waffen-SS and NSDAP) men and officers, each with individual events that made up the major charges.
At least 50,000 people were executed during the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9379223/Spanish-Civil-War|title=Spanish Civil War|publisher=Concise.britannica.com|access-date=2009-06-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118144905/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9379223/Spanish-Civil-War|archive-date=2008-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Not stated-->|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/06/11/bobee11.xml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106213240/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2006%2F06%2F11%2Fbobee11.xml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-01-06|title=A revelatory account of the Spanish civil war|publisher=The Telegraph|date=2006-06-11|access-date=2009-06-24|location=London}}</ref> In his updated history of the Spanish Civil War, ] writes, "Franco's ensuing ']' claimed 200,000 lives. The ']' had already killed 38,000."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Men of la Mancha|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2006/06/22/men-of-la-mancha|access-date=2023-01-01|issn=0013-0613 |date=22 June 2006}}</ref> Julius Ruiz {{Who|date=March 2018}}concludes that "although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in ]."<ref>Julius Ruiz, . ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 42.1 (2007): 97.</ref>


César Vidal puts the number of Republican victims at 110,965.<ref name="republicanas1">César Vidal, ''Checas de Madrid: Las cárceles republicanas al descubierto''. {{ISBN|978-84-9793-168-7}}</ref> In 2008 a Spanish judge, ], opened an investigation into the executions and disappearances of 114,266 people between 17 July 1936 and December 1951. Among the murders and executions investigated was that of poet and dramatist ].<ref name="spanjudge">{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/10/16/europe/spain.php|title=Spanish judge opens case into Franco's atrocities|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 16, 2008|access-date=2009-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latinreporters.com/espagneGarzonFrancoLorca16102008M.pdf|title=Decision of Juzgado Central de Instruccion No. 005, Audiencia Nacional, Madrid (16 October 2008)}}</ref>
'''1. Participation in a common plan of ] for the accomplishment of ]'''


== 1939–1945: World War II ==
'''2. Planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression and other crimes against peace'''
{{main|War crimes in World War II}}
*Planning and executing a campaign of invasion of its European neighbors, as well as the conspiracy to violate the ] and the ] through the ], and the annexations of ] and ].


== 1946–1954: Indochina War ==
'''3. War Crimes'''
The French Union's struggle against the ] backed by the Soviet Union and China claimed 400,000 to 1.5 million Vietnamese lives from 1945 to 1954.<ref name=Travis>{{cite book|last1=Travis|first1=Hannibal|title=Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|page=138}}</ref><ref name="Arthur J. Dommen"/> In the ] of November 1946, about 6,000 Vietnamese were killed by French naval artillery.<ref name=Travis/> The French employed electric shock treatment during interrogations of the Vietnamese, and nearly 10,000 Vietnamese perished in French concentration camps.<ref name=Travis/>
These were limited to atrocities against combatants or conventional crimes committed by military units(see ]), and include:
*], in the period of 1st September- 25th October 1939 German Wehrmacht during its military actions engaged in executions of Polish POWs, bombed hospitals, murdered civilians, shot refugees, executed wounded soldiers. The cautious estimates give a number of at least 16,000 murdered victims
*], during the occupation of Poland by German Reich, Wehrmacht forces took part in several pacification actions in rural areas, that resulted in murder of at least 20,000 Polish villagers
*], May 1940, British soldiers of the ], captured by the SS and subsequently murdered. ] tried, found guilty and hanged.
*], May 1940, British and French soldiers captured by the SS and subsequently murdered. No one found guilty of the crime.
*, June 1944 Canadian soldiers captured by the SS and Murdered by ]. SS General ] sentenced to be shot 1946; sentence commuted; released 1954
*], December 1944, United States POWs captured by '']'' were murdered outside of ], ].
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*The annihilation of the Czech city of ]
*]
*]
*The suppression of the 1944 ]
*The treatment of Soviet POWs throughout the war, who were not given the protections and guarantees of the ]
*] against merchant shipping
*].


According to Arthur J. Dommen, the ] assassinated 100,000–150,000 civilians during the war,<ref name="Arthur J. Dommen">{{Cite book | title=The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam| page=252 | isbn=978-0253109255| last1=Dommen| first1=Arthur J| date=2002-02-20| publisher=Indiana University Press }}</ref> while Benjamin Valentino estimates that the French were responsible for 60,000 to 250,000 civilian deaths.<ref>{{cite book|last=Valentino|first=Benjamin| title=Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century|publisher=]|year=2005|isbn=9780801472732|page=83}}</ref>
'''4. Crimes against Humanity'''
These were crimes that were committed well away from the lines of battle and were unconnected in any way to military activity.


About French massacres and war crimes during the conflict, ] wrote on ''The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam'': "] became a disturbing weapon used by the Expeditionary Corps, as did summary executions. Young Vietnamese women who could not escape approaching enemy patrols smeared themselves with any stinking thing they could find, including human excrement. Decapitated heads were raised on sticks, bodies were gruesomely ], and body parts were taken as 'souvenirs'; Vietnamese soldiers of all political colors also committed such acts. The non-communist nationalist singer, ], wrote a bone-chilling ballad about the mothers of Gio Linh village in central Vietnam, each of whom had lost a son to a French Army massacre in 1948. Troops decapitated their bodies and displayed their heads along a public road to strike fear into those tempted to accept the Democratic Republic of Vietnam's sovereignty. Massacres did not start with the Americans in ], or the Vietnamese communists in ] in 1968. And yet, the French Union's massacre of over two hundred Vietnamese women and children ] in 1948 remains virtually unknown in France to this day."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam |author=] |year=2016 |page=260 |place=London |publisher=]}}</ref>
*The major crime was the ], including:
** The construction and use of ], most prominently at ], ], ], ], ], and ]
*** The employment of other camps across Europe, including ], ], ] and ] which served unofficially as death camps to a degree
** ] of prisoners, particularly in the last months of the war when the aforementioned camps were being overrun by the ]
** The widespread use of ] and unfree labor by the Nazi regime, including the use of ] and ] prisoners as slaves
** The establishment of Jewish ]s in Eastern Europe
** The use of ]], mobile extermination squads
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
**The massacre of 100,000 Jews and Poles at ]
**The suppression of the 1943 ] which erupted when the SS came to clear the ghetto and send all of the occupants to extermination camps
**]
Other crimes against humanity included:
*The ], the Nazi pogrom against the ] peoples of Europe
*The ] or "Catching Game," -- Nazi roundups of Poles in the major cities for slave labor and other purposes
*]
*], the ] and the ], all Nazi actions in Poland meant to mass murder the Polish intelligentsia and other potential leaders of resistance.
*The Nazi ], an aborted eugenics program meant to kill German children who were mentally or physically handicapped. 200,000 people were gassed to death due to this program.


== 1947–1948: Malagasy Uprising ==
Well over 10 million people were systematically killed by the Nazi regime (Some accountings place the figure at over 20 million) from crimes against humanity, in particular the Holocaust. Of this figure, the largest amount of deaths happened among the ]. The common estimate is that 5 to 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis, although a complete count may never be known. After the war, the Nazi regime was put on trial in two ] in ], ] by the victorious ] from ] to ]. The ] ] 24 major Nazi war criminals, and resulted in 19 ] (of which 12 led to ]s) and 3 ]s. The ] indicted 185 members of the military, economic, and political leadership of Nazi Germany, of which 142 were convicted and 35 were acquitted. In subsequent decades, approximately 20 additional war criminals who escaped capture in the immediate aftermath of World War II were tried in ] and ]. In Germany and many other European nations, the Nazi Party is outlawed.
During the French suppression of the pro-independence ], numerous atrocities were carried out such as mass killings, village burnings, torture, war rape, collective punishment, and throwing live prisoners out of airplanes (]).<ref>Jean Fremigacci, "{{lang|fr|La vérité sur la grande révolte de Madagascar}}", '']'', n° 318, March 2007</ref> Between 11,000 and 90,000 Malagasy died in the fighting, along with about 800 French soldiers and other Europeans.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Gunther|pages=588|title=Inside Africa}}</ref><ref name=Travis/>


== 1948 Arab–Israeli War ==
====Hungarian perpetrated crimes====
{{Main|Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine War}}

Several massacres were committed during this war which could be described as war crimes.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} Nearly 15,000 people, mostly combatants and militants, were killed during the war, including 6,000 Jews and about 8,000 Arabs (mostly Muslims).

== 1945–1949: Indonesian War of Independence ==
* ], about 4,500 civilians killed by Pro-Indonesian and Indonesian forces and pro-Dutch and Dutch colonial forces (KNIL).
* ]: about 431 civilians killed by Dutch forces
* ] massacre: about 25,000 Indo-European civilians, Dutch, and loyalists killed by Indonesian nationalist forces.
* ]: About 100–150,000 Chinese, Communists, Europeans (French, German, British), pro-Dutch etc. were killed by Indonesian nationalist forces and Indonesian youth.

== 1948–1960: Malayan Emergency ==
* War crimes: In the ], about 24 unarmed villagers were killed by British troops. The British government claimed that these villagers were insurgents attempting to escape but this was later known to be entirely false as they were unarmed, nor actually supporting the insurgents nor attempting to escape after being detained by British troops. No British soldier was prosecuted for the murder at ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup |title=New documents reveal cover-up of 1948 British 'massacre' of villagers in Malaya |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 April 2011 |access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thesundaily.my/news/868710 |title=Batang Kali massacre families snubbed |newspaper=The Sun Daily |date= 29 October 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211224000/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/868710 |url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/18/malaysia-petition-batang-kali-massacre |title=UK urged to accept responsibility for 1948 Batang Kali massacre in Malaya |newspaper=] |date=18 June 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-19473258 |title= Malaysian lose fight for 1948 'massacre' inquiry|work= BBC News |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020-12-11 |title=Britain's My Lai? Remembering the Batang Kali massacre in Malaysia |url=https://southeastasiaglobe.com/remembering-the-batang-kali-massacre/|access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Southeast Asia Globe |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2015-04-18 |title=Batang Kali killings: Britain in the dock over 1948 massacre in |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/batang-kali-killings-britain-dock-over-1948-massacre-malaysia-10187309.html |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>
* War crimes: includes beating, torturing, and killing by British troops and communist insurgents of non-combatants.<ref name="MAY">{{Cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=polsci_pubs|title=The Other Forgotten War: Understanding atrocities during the Malayan Emergency}}</ref>
* War crimes: As part of the ] devised by British General ], 500,000 people (roughly ten percent of Malaya's population) were eventually removed from the land and ] in guarded camps called "]". The intent of this measure was to isolate villagers from contact with insurgents. While considered necessary, some of the cases involving the widespread destruction went beyond justification of ]. This practice was prohibited by the ] and ] which stated that the destruction of property must not happen unless rendered absolutely necessary by military operations.<ref name="MAY"/><ref name="MAL">{{cite book |title = Malaysian Chinese & China: Conversion in Identity Consciousness, 1945–1957 |pages=61–65 |author=Fujio Hara |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |date=December 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = The US-Malaysian nexus: Themes in superpower-small state relations |pages=284–290 |publisher=Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia |author=Pamela Sodhy |year=1991}}</ref>

== 1950–1953: Korean War ==
{{Main|War crimes in the Korean War}}

=== United States perpetrated crimes ===
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|- |-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
|]||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||{{Unreferenced|date=June 2006}}
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2" |United States
|- |-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|]||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||{{Unreferenced|date=June 2006}}
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes (murder of civilians)
| style="width:32%;"|United States
| style="width:32%;"|In July 1950, during the early weeks of the Korean War, an undetermined number of South Korean ] were killed by the 2nd Battalion, ] Regiment, and a U.S. air attack at a railroad bridge near the village of ], {{convert|100|mi}} southeast of ], South Korea. Commanders feared enemy infiltrators among such refugee columns. Estimates of the dead have ranged from dozens to 500. In 2005, a South Korean government committee certified the names of 163 dead or missing and 55 wounded and added that many other victims' names were not reported.<ref>{{rp|247–249,328,278}}</ref> The South Korean government-funded No Gun Ri Peace Foundation estimated in 2011 that 250–300 were killed, mostly women and children.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lee |first=B-C |url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=003&aid=0004768541 |title=No Gun Ri Foundation held special law seminar|language=ko |work=Newsis (online news agency) |date=2012-10-15 |access-date=2020-02-18 }}</ref>
|} |}
====Japanese perpetrated crimes====

{{main|Japanese war crimes}}

This section includes war crimes from ] 1941 when the United States declared war on Japan so entering World War II. For war crimes before this date which took place during the Second Sino-Japanese War please see the section above called ].


=== North Korean perpetrated crimes ===
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|- |-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
|World War II||]|| ||Were tried by the ]
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2" |North Korea and China
|- |-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|],<ref>References in the article</ref> ], 1942||{{Fact|date=February 2007}} || ? ||The merchant ship ''Vyner Brooke'' was sunk by Japanese aircraft. The survivors who made it to Banka Island were all shot or bayonetted. One nurse ] survived the massacre and later testified at a war crimes trial in Tokyo in 1947<ref></ref>
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
|],<ref>References in the article</ref> ], 1942<ref>References in the article</ref>||] and Murder of POWs
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, Crimes against humanity (Mass murder of civilians)
||General ] was convicted by an Allied commission of war crimes, including the atrocities of the death march out of Bataan, and the atrocities at ] and Cabanatuan that followed. He was executed on ], ] outside ].
| style="width:32%;"|]
||Approximately 75,000 Filipino and US soldiers, commanded by Major General ], Jr. formally surrendered to the Japanese, under General Masaharu Homma, on ], ], which forced Japan to accept emaciated captives outnumbering them. Captives were forced to march, beginning the next day, about 100 kilometers north to ] to Camp O'Donnell, a ]. Prisoners of war were beaten randomly and denied food and water for several days. Those who fell behind were executed through various means: shot, beheaded or bayoneted. Deaths estimated at 650-1,500 U.S. and 2,000 to over 5,000 Filipino,
| style="width:32%;"|The Seoul National University Hospital Massacre ({{langx|ko|서울대학교 부속병원 학살 사건}} ]: 서울國立大學校附属病院虐殺事件) was a ] committed by the ]n ] on June 18, 1950, of 700 to 900 doctors, nurses, inpatient civilians and wounded soldiers at the ], ] district of South Korea.<ref name=SNUH20100604>{{cite web |url = http://www.snuh.org/pub/snuh/sub02/sub01/1179268_3957.jsp |title = 서울대병원, 6.25전쟁 참전 용사들을 위한 추모제 가져 |publisher = ] |date = 2010-06-04 |access-date = 2012-07-19 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130120040603/http://www.snuh.org/pub/snuh/sub02/sub01/1179268_3957.jsp |archive-date = 2013-01-20 }}</ref><ref name=SEGYE20060803/><ref name=nw20110618>{{cite web
|url = http://www.newdaily.co.kr/news/article_s.html?no=82854&rvw_no=82
|title = <407>서울대 병원의 대학살
|publisher = ]
|date = 2011-06-18
|access-date = 2012-07-19
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130219020245/http://www.newdaily.co.kr/news/article_s.html?no=82854&rvw_no=82
|archive-date = 2013-02-19
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> During the ], the North Korean Army wiped out one platoon which guarded Seoul National University Hospital on June 28, 1950.<ref name=SNUH20100604/><ref name=SEGYE20060803/> They massacred medical personnel, inpatients and wounded soldiers.<ref name=SNUH20100604/><ref name=SEGYE20060803/> The North Korean Army shot or buried people alive.<ref name=SNUH20100604/><ref name=SEGYE20060803/> The victims amounted to 900.<ref name=SNUH20100604/><ref name=SEGYE20060803/> According to the ], the victims included 100 South Korean wounded soldiers.<ref name=SEGYE20060803>{{cite news|url=http://www.segye.com/Articles/Punch/Quick/Article.asp?aid=20060803000394&ctg1=&ctg2=&subctg1=&subctg2=&cid=0103040000000&dataid=200608031738002040|title='이름모를 자유전사의 비' 서울대 현충탑을 아시나요 한국전쟁때 죽은 군인과 민간인 위해 1963년 세워져"민족상잔의 아픔을 담은 장소로 계속 보존할 것"|author=Rhee Gwi-jeon|newspaper=]|date= 2006-08-03|access-date=2012-07-19}}</ref>
|- |-
|]
|],<ref>References in the article</ref> ], 1942||Murder of POWs
||War crimes (murder of wounded military personnel and a chaplain)
||] ], was convicted for this crime by an Australian Military Court and hanged on ], 1951.<ref>http://www.thisisfolkestone.co.uk/ms/info/massacresinthepacific.htm</ref>
||]
||Recently captured Australian and Indian POWs, who had been too badly wounded to escape through the jungle, were murdered by Japanese soldiers. Accounts differ on how they were killed. Two wounded Australians managed to escape the massacre and provide eyewitness accounts of the Japanese treatment of wounded prisoners of war, as did locals who witnessed the massacre. Official records indicate that 150 wounded men were killed.
||On July 16, 1950, 30 unarmed, critically wounded ] soldiers and an unarmed ] were killed by members of the ] during the ].
|- |-
|]
|],<ref>References in the article</ref> 1942||{{Fact|date=February 2007}} ||In ], the Laha massacre and other incidents which followed the fall of Ambon became the subject of the largest ever war crimes trial, when 93 Japanese personnel were tried by an Australian tribunal, at Ambon. Among other convictions, four men were executed as a result. An SNLF ], ], who was in direct command of the four massacres, was hanged; ] ], who was found to have ordered the killings, died before he could be tried.<ref></ref>
||War crimes (murder of prisoners of war)
||After the battle ], more than 300 Australian, Dutch (and probably US) ] were chosen at random and ], at or near Laha airfield in four separate massacres. "The Laha massacre was the largest of the atrocities committed against captured Allied troops in 1942.".<ref> Dr Peter Stanley '''' principal historian to ]</ref>
||]
||On August 12, 1950, 75 captured ] ] were executed by members of the ]n ] on a mountain above the village of Tunam, South Korea, during one of the smaller engagements of the ].
|- |-
|]
|], ], 1942|| || .
||War crimes (murder of prisoners of war)
||At about 1pm on ], Japanese soldiers approached Alexandra Barracks Hospital. Although no resistance was offered, some of them shot or ]ed staff members and patients. More staff and patients were murdered over the next two days.<ref>{{cite web | title=Alexandra Massacre | url=http://www.nesa.org.uk/html/alexandra_massacre.htm | accessdate=December 7 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref>
||]
||On August 17, 1950, following a UN airstrike on Hill 131 which was already occupied by the North Korean Army from the Americans, a North Korean officer said that the American soldiers were closing in on them and they could not continue to hold the captured American prisoners. The officer ordered the men shot, and the North Koreans then fired into the kneeling Americans as they rested in the gully, killing 41.
|- |-
|], 1942|| |Sunchon Tunnel Massacre
|War crimes (murder of prisoners of war)
||In ], the British Colonial authorities in Singapore held a ] trial to bring the perpetrators to justice. Seven officers, were charged with carrying out the massacre. While Lieutenant General ], Lieutenant Colonel ] received the ], the other five received ]s
|North Korea
||The massacre was a systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among the ] by the Japanese military administration during the ], after the ] surrendered in the ] on ] 1942.
|180 American prisoners of war, survivors of the Seoul-Pyongyang death march, were loaded onto a railroad car and brought to the Sunchon tunnel on October 30, 1950. Prisoners, who were already suffering from lack of food, water, and medical supplies were brought in groups of approximately 40 ostensibly to receive food and were shot by North Korean soldiers. 138 Americans in total died; 68 were murdered, 7 died of malnutrition, and the remainder died in the tunnel of pneumonia, dysentery, and malnutrition on the trip from Pyongyang.<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Congress. Senate Committee on Government Operations. ''Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. 83rd Congr., 1st sess., Part I. 2 December 1953:'' p. 37-39, 50-52, 137-138. |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/military-legal-resources/?q=pdf/KW-atrocities-part1.pdf|access-date=2023-01-01|website=Library of Congress}}</ref>
|- |-
|}
|]|| ||]||As commander of the ] in the Philippines, Gen. Yamashita failed to stop his troops from killing over 100,000 Filipino citizens of ] during the fighting with both native resistance forces and elements of the US ] during the capture of the city in February, ]. Yamashita pleaded inability to act and lack of knowledge of the massacre, due to his commanding other operations int the area. The defense failed, establishing the ], which holds that a commander who makes no meaningful effort to uncover and stop atrocities is as culpable as if he had ordered them.
* ] estimated that the North Korean Army executed at least 500,000 civilians during the Korean War with many dying in North Korea's drive to forcibly conscript South Koreans to their war effort. Throughout the conflict, North Korean and Chinese forces routinely mistreated and tortured U.S. and UN prisoners of war. Mass starvation and diseases swept through the Chinese-run ] during the winter of 1950–51. About 43 percent of all U.S. POWs died during this period. In violation of the ] which explicitly stated that captor states must ] prisoners of war to their homeland as quickly as possible, North Korea detained South Korean POWs for decades after the ceasefire. Over 88,000 South Korean soldiers were missing and the Communists' themselves had claimed they had captured 70,000 South Koreans.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP10.HTM |title = STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 10 |access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Heo2002">{{cite journal|last=Heo |first=Man-ho |title=North Korea's Continued Detention of South Korean POWs since the Korean and Vietnam Wars |journal=The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis |year=2002 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=141–165 |doi=10.1080/10163270209464030 |url=http://www.kida.re.kr/data/2006/04/14/08-heo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108084151/http://www.kida.re.kr/data/2006/04/14/08-heo.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-08 }}</ref>{{rp|141}}

=== South Korean perpetrated crimes ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- |-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
|]|| || ||
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2" |South Korea
|- |-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|]||violating human right laws||12 members of the Kantogun were found guilty for the manufacture and use of biological weapons. Including: General Yamada Otsuzo, former Commander-in-Chief of the Kwantung Army and Major General Kawashima Kiyoshi, former Chief of Unit 731.
||The Soviet Union tried some members of Unit 731 at the ]. However those who surrendered to the Americans were never brought to trial as General ], ], secretly granted immunity to the physicians of Unit 731 in exchange for providing America with their research on ]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
<!----------------------------------
|- |-
|]|| || || |]
|War crimes, Crimes against humanity (mass murder of civilians)
|South Korea
|The island of Jeju was considered a stronghold of the ] and the ].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Merrill|first=John|date=1980|title=Cheju-do Rebellion|journal=The Journal of Korean Studies|volume=2|pages=139–197|doi=10.1353/jks.1980.0004|s2cid=143130387}}</ref>{{rp|166–167}}<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|title=The Korean War 1945–1953|last=Deane|first=Hugh|publisher=China Books and Periodicals Inc.|year=1999|isbn=0-8351-2644-7|location=San Francisco|pages=54–58}}</ref> ] had proclaimed martial law to quell an insurgency.<ref name="jejuweekly20100331">{{cite news|url=http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=657|title=Islanders still mourn April 3 massacre|last=Jung Hee|first=Song|date=March 31, 2010|publisher=Jeju Weekly|access-date=May 5, 2013}}</ref>
Up to 10% of the island's population died (14,000 to 30,000) as a result of the conflict,<ref name=":12"/>{{rp|195}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Massacre at Mt. Halla: Sixty Years of Truth Seeking in South Korea|last=Kim|first=Hun Joon|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780801452390|pages=13–41}}</ref>{{rp|13}} and another 40,000 fled to Japan.<ref name=":04"/>
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
|]|| || ||
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, Crimes against humanity (mass murder of civilians)
Red links
| style="width:32%;"|South Korea
---------------------------------->
| style="width:32%;"|The Bodo League massacre ({{korean|hangul=보도연맹 사건|hanja=保導聯盟事件}}) was a ] and ] against ] and suspected sympathisers that occurred in the summer of 1950 during the ]. Estimates of the death toll vary. According to Prof. Kim Dong-Choon, Commissioner of the ], at least 100,000 people were executed on suspicion of supporting communism;<ref name="japanfocus">{{cite web|title=Khiem and Kim Sung-soo: Crime, Concealment and South Korea|publisher=Japan Focus|url=http://www.japanfocus.org/_______Khiem___Kim_Sung_soo-Crimes__Concealment_and_South_Korea___s_Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission|access-date=August 11, 2008|archive-date=2008-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007071649/http://www.japanfocus.org/_______Khiem___Kim_Sung_soo-Crimes__Concealment_and_South_Korea___s_Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission}}</ref> others estimate 200,000 deaths.<ref name=kt20090203>{{cite news
|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/03/117_40555.html
|title=Gov't Killed 3,400 Civilians During War
|newspaper=]
|author=Bae Ji-sook
|date=3 February 2009
|access-date=2011-07-18
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004181846/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/03/117_40555.html
|archive-date=2012-10-04
}}</ref> The massacre was wrongly blamed on the communists for decades.<ref name="smh_1226318928410">{{cite web |year=2007 |url = https://www.smh.com.au/news/world/south-korea-owns-up-to-brutal-past/2008/11/14/1226318928410.html |title = South Korea owns up to brutal past |newspaper = ] |access-date = 2013-04-05}}</ref>
|- |-
||]
|]||{{Fact|date=February 2007}} ||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||
||War crimes (Mass murder of civilians)
||South Korea
||The Goyang Geumjeong Cave Massacre ({{langx|ko|고양 금정굴 민간인 학살}}<ref name=Hankyoreh111129>{{cite news
|url = http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/507643.html
|title = 고양 금정굴 민간인 학살…법원 "유족에 국가배상을"
|author = Hwang Chun-hwa
|newspaper = ]
|date = 2011-11-29
|access-date = 2011-11-29
}}</ref><ref name="cbs111128">{{cite news |url = http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/Show.asp?IDX=1987703| title = '고양 금정굴 민간인 학살사건' 유족에게 1억원 국가 배상 판결 "헌법에 보장된 기본권인 신체의 자유와 적법절차에 따라 재판받을 권리 등 침해" |newspaper=CBS|date=2011-11-28| access-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> ]: 高陽衿井窟民間人虐殺<ref name=Hankyoreh111129/><ref name=cbs111128/> ''Goyang Geunjeong Cave civilian massacre''<ref name=Hankyoreh111129/><ref name=cbs111128/>) was a ] conducted by the police officers of Goyang Police Station of the ] under the commanding of head of Goyang police station between 9 October 1950 and 31 October 1950 of 150 or over 153 unarmed citizens in ], ] district of South Korea.<ref name=Hankyoreh111129/><ref name=cbs111128/><ref name=Hankyoreh100705>{{cite news |url = http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/428854.html |title = '금정굴 학살사건' 국가상대 소송 |author= Song Gyeong-hwa|newspaper= ]|date= 2010-07-05|access-date= 2012-01-20}}</ref> After the victory of the ], South Korean police arrested and killed people and their families who they suspected had been sympathisers during North Korean rule.<ref name=cbs111128/> During the massacre, ] conducted ] in ] near Goyang.<ref name=utsandiego20081206>{{cite news |url = http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2008/dec/06/korea-mass-executions-120608/ |title = Children 'executed' in 1950 South Korean killings |agency= ] |author= Charles J. Hanley |newspaper= ] |date=December 6, 2008 |access-date= 2012-08-30}}</ref>
|- |-
|]
|]||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||
|War Crimes (Mass murder of civilians)
|South Korea
|The Sancheong-Hamyang massacre ({{korean|hangul=산청・함양 양민 학살 사건 |hanja=山清・咸陽良民虐殺事件}}) was a ] conducted by a unit of the ] 11th Division during the ]. On February 7, 1951, 705 unarmed citizens in ] and ], ] district of South Korea were killed. The victims were civilians and 85% of them were women, children, and elderly people.
|- |-
||]
|]<ref>References in the article</ref>||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||Unit 1644 conducted tests to determine human susceptibility to a variety of harmful stimuli ranging from infectious diseases to poison gas. It was the largest germ experimentation center in China. Unit 1644 regularly carried out human ]s as well as infecting humans with ], ], and ].
||War crimes (Mass murder of civilians)
||South Korea
||The Ganghwa (Geochang) massacre ({{korean|hangul=거창 양민 학살 사건 |hanja=居昌良民虐殺事件}}) was a ] conducted by the third battalion of the 9th regiment of the 11th Division of the ] between February 9, 1951, and February 11, 1951, on 719 unarmed citizens in ], ] district of South Korea. The victims included 385 children.
|}

== 1952–1960: Mau Mau uprising ==
{{Main|Mau Mau uprising#War crimes}}
* In attempt to suppress the insurgency in ], British colonial authorities suspended ] within the country. In response to the rebellion, many Kikuyu were relocated. According to British authorities 80,000 were interned. ] estimated that between 160,000 and 320,000 were moved into ]. Other estimates are as high as 450,000 interned. Most of the remainder – more than a million – were held in "enclosed villages". Although some were Mau Mau guerillas, many were victims of ] that colonial authorities imposed on large areas of the country. Thousands suffered beatings and ] during "screenings" intended to extract information about the Mau Mau threat. Later, prisoners suffered even worse mistreatment in an attempt to force them to renounce their allegiance to the insurgency and to obey commands. Significant numbers were murdered; official accounts describe some prisoners being roasted alive. Prisoners were questioned with the help of "slicing off ears, boring holes in eardrums, flogging until death, pouring paraffin over suspects who were then set alight, and burning eardrums with lit cigarettes". The British colonial police used a "metal ] instrument" to cut off testicles and fingers. "By the time I cut his balls off", one settler boasted, "he had no ears, and his eyeball, the right one, I think, was hanging out of its socket. Too bad, he died before we got much out of him." According to David Anderson, the British hanged over 1,090 suspected rebels: far more than the French had executed in ] during the ].<ref name=Anderson/> Another 400 were sentenced to death but reprieved because they were under 18 or women. The British declared some areas prohibited zones where anyone could be shot. It was common for Kikuyu to be shot because they "failed to halt when challenged."<ref>{{cite book|title=WEB OF DECEIT: BRITAIN'S REAL FOREIGN POLICY: BRITAIN'S REAL ROLE IN THE WORLD|pages=324–30|publisher=VINTAGE|author=Mark Curtis|year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Britain's gulag: the brutal end of empire in Kenya|pages=124–45|publisher=Pimlico|author=Caroline Elkins|year=2005}}</ref><ref name=Anderson>{{cite book|title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire|pages=150–54|publisher=W.W. Norton|author=David Anderson|date=January 23, 2013}}</ref>
* The ], which happened in ], was perpetrated by members of the ] B Company in June 1953 with 20 unarmed people killed during the Mau Mau uprising. Members of the 5th KAR B Company entered the Chuka area on June 13, 1953, to flush out rebels suspected of hiding in the nearby forests. Over the next few days, the regiment had captured and executed 20 people suspected of being Mau Mau fighters for unknown reasons. It is found out that most of the people executed were actually belonged to the ] – a loyalist militia recruited by the British to fight an increasingly powerful and audacious guerrilla enemy. The commanding officer of the soldiers responsible, Major Gerald Griffiths, was court-martialed for murder. He was found guilty and sentenced to 7 years in prison. In an atmosphere of atrocity and reprisal, the matter was swept under the carpet and nobody else ever stood trial for the massacre.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=David |date=September 2008 |title=A Very British Massacre |url=https://historyslc.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/a-very-british-massacre.pdf |accessdate=16 August 2020 |website=]}}</ref>
* The ] was an incident during the conflict in ] against ] at a colonial detention camp in ]. By January 1959 the camp had a population of 506 detainees of whom 127 were held in a secluded "closed camp". This more remote camp near Garissa, eastern Kenya, was reserved for the most uncooperative of the detainees. They often refused, even when threats of force were made, to join in the colonial "rehabilitation process" or perform manual labour or obey colonial orders. The camp commandant outlined a plan that would force 88 of the detainees to bend to work. On 3 March 1959, the camp commandant put this plan into action – as a result, 11 detainees were clubbed to death by guards.<ref>Maloba, Wunyabari O. Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt.(Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN: 1993) pp. 142–43.</ref> 77 surviving detainees sustained serious permanent injuries.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} The British government accepts that the colonial administration tortured detainees, but denies liability.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20543140|title=Mau Mau massacre documents revealed|work=BBC News|date=30 November 2012|access-date=6 December 2013}}</ref>
* The ] in the settlement of ] occurred on the night of 25–26 March 1953, in which Mau Mau militants herded Kikuyu men, women and children into huts and set fire to them, killing anyone who attempted to escape. Official estimates place the death toll from the Lari massacre at 74 dead.<ref>Anderson, David (2005). Histories of the Hanged. W.W. Norton & Company, pg. 119–80<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
* Mau Mau militants also tortured, mutilated and murdered Kikuyu on many occasions.<ref>Ogot, Bethwell Allan (1995). "The Decisive Years: 1956–63" <!-- ISSN/ISBN needed, page(s) --></ref> Mau Mau racked up 1,819 murders of their fellow Africans, though again this number excludes the many additional hundreds who 'disappeared', whose bodies were never found.<ref>Anderson, David (2005). Histories of the Hanged. W. W. Norton & Company, pg. 84<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>

==1954–1962: Algerian War==
The insurgency began in 1945 and was ], winning independence in the early 1960s. The French army killed thousands of Algerians in the first round of fighting in 1945.<ref name=Travis/> After the Algerian independence movement formed a National Liberation Front (FLN) in 1954, the French Minister of the Interior joined the Minister of National Defense in 1955 in ordering that every rebel carrying a weapon, suspected of doing so, or suspected of fleeing, must be shot.<ref name=Travis/> French troops executed civilians from nearby villages when rebel attacks occurred, tortured both rebels and civilians, and interned Arabs in camps, where forced labor was required of some of them.<ref name=Travis/> 2,000,000 Algerians were displaced or forcibly resettled during the war,<ref>{{cite book|first=Martin|last=Windrow|pages=13|title=The Algerian War 1954–62|date=15 November 1997|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=1-85532-658-2}}</ref> and over 800 villages were destroyed from 1957 to 1960.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ztnVsIiefwC&pg=PA179 |title=The Algerian Novel and Colonial Discourse: Witnessing to a Différend |author=Abdelkader Aoudjit |year=2010 |page=179|publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=9781433110740 }}</ref>

Other French crimes included deliberate bombing, torture and mutilation of civilians, rape and sexual assaults, ] of pregnant women, imprisonment ] in small cells, ] and into the sea with concrete on their feet, and ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Middle Eastern and North African History |author1=Jens Hanssen |author2=Amal N. Ghazal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA261 |page=261 |year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-165279-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0iVpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |title= The Eloquence of Silence: Algerian Women in Question |page=122 |author= Marnia Lazreg |year= 1994 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 9781134713301 |quote=Reports of French soldiers, especially members from the French Legion, cutting up pregnant women's bellies were not uncommon during the war}}</ref><ref name="Huma00">{{cite news|url=http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/2000-06-24/2000-06-24-227522 |title=Prise de tête Marcel Bigeard, un soldat propre ?|newspaper= ]|date= 24 June 2000|language= fr|access-date= 15 February 2007}}</ref><ref> by ], ] and ] on the ] archive website {{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref><ref>, '']'', 1 November 2004.</ref><ref>, interview with ] by the ] (LDH, Human Rights League), 10 January 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181518/http://www.ldh-toulon.net/spip.php?article1778 |date=30 September 2007 }}</ref>

The FLN also indulged in a large amount of atrocities, both against French ] and against fellow Algerians whom they deemed as supporting the French or simply as refusing to support the Liberation effort.<ref>{{cite book|last=Horne|first=Alistair|title=A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962|year=1978|isbn=9781590172186|page=135|publisher=New York Review of Books }}</ref> These crimes included killing unarmed children, women and the elderly, rape and ] or decapitation of women and murdering children by slitting their throats or banging their heads against walls.<ref>{{cite book|title= Military Occupations in the Age of Self-Determination: The History Neocons Neglected |last=Gannon|first= James|publisher= Praeger Security International |year=2008|page=48|isbn=9780313353826|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sDgR3KKfBAC&pg=PA48}}</ref> French sources estimated that 70,000 Muslim civilians were killed, or abducted and presumed killed, by the FLN during the war. The FLN also killed 30,000 to 150,000 in people in post-war reprisals.<ref name="Horne 538">{{cite book|first=Alistair|last=Horne|pages=|title=A Savage War of Peace|year=1978|publisher=Viking Press |isbn=0-670-61964-7|url=https://archive.org/details/savagewarofpeace00horn/page/538}}</ref>

==1955–1975: Vietnam War==
{{Main|Vietnam War#War crimes}}{{See also|List of massacres in Vietnam}}

===United States perpetrated crimes===
During the war 95 U.S. Army personnel and 27 U.S. Marine Corps personnel were convicted by court-martial of the murder or manslaughter of Vietnamese.<ref name=Solis>{{cite book|last=Solis|first=Gary|title=Marines And Military Law In Vietnam: Trial By Fire|publisher=History and Museums Division, United States Marine Corps|year=1989|isbn=978-1494297602|url=https://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/Marines%20and%20Military%20Law%20in%20Vietnam_Trial%20by%20Fire%20%20PCN%2019000310600_1.PDF}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{rp|33}}

{| class="wikitable"
|- |-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
|]||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2" |United States
|- |-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|]||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||Women were forced to work in Japanese military brothels.
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|Marion McGhee, Chu Lai
|]|| ||Three Allied POWs survived to give evidence at war crimes trials in ] and ]. ] was found guilty and hanged on ], ]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}|| {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
| style="width:18%;"|Murder
| style="width:32%;"|Lance Corporal Marion McGhee
| style="width:32%;"|On 12 August 1965 Lcpl McGhee of Company M, ], walked through Marine lines at ] toward a nearby village. In answer to a Marine sentry's shouted question, he responded that he was going after a VC. Two Marines were dispatched to retrieve McGhee and as they approached the village they heard a shot and a woman's scream and then saw McGhee walking toward them from the village. McGhee said he had just killed a VC and other VC were following him. At trial Vietnamese prosecution witnesses testified that McGhee had kicked through the wall of the hut where their family slept. He seized a 14-year-old girl and pulled her toward the door. When her father interceded, McGhee shot and killed him. Once outside the house the girl escaped McGhee with the help of her grandmother. McGhee was found guilty of unpremeditated murder and sentenced him to confinement at hard labor for ten years. On appeal this was reduced to 7 years and he actually served 6 years and 1 month.<ref name=Solis/>{{rp|33–4}}
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|Xuan Ngoc (2)
|]|| || || {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
| style="width:18%;"|Murder and rape
| style="width:32%;"|PFC John D. Potter Jr.<br />Hospitalman John R. Bretag<br />PFC James H. Boyd Jr.<br />Sergeant Ronald L. Vogel
| style="width:32%;"|On 23 September 1966, a nine-man ambush patrol from the ], left Hill 22, northwest of Chu Lai. Private First Class John D. Potter Jr. took effective command of the patrol. They entered the hamlet of Xuan Ngoc (2) and seized Dao Quang Thinh, whom they accused of being a Viet Cong, and dragged him from his hut. While they beat him, other patrol members forced his wife, Bui Thi Huong, from their hut and four of them raped her. A few minutes later three other patrol members shot Dao Quang Thinh, Bui, their child, Bui's sister-in-law, and her sister in- law's child. Bui Thi Huong survived to testify at the courts-martial. The company commander suspicious of the reported "enemy contact" sent Second Lieutenant Stephen J. Talty, to return to the scene with the patrol. Once there, Talty realized what had happened and attempted to cover up the incident. A wounded child was discovered alive and Potter bludgeoned it to death with his rifle. Potter was convicted of premeditated murder and rape, and sentenced to confinement at hard labor for life, but was released in February 1978, having served 12 years and 1 month. Hospitalman John R. Bretag testified against Potter and was sentenced to 6 month's confinement for rape. PFC James H. Boyd Jr., pleaded guilty to murder and was sentenced to 4 years confinement at hard labor. Sergeant Ronald L. Vogel was convicted for murder of one of the children and rape and was sentenced to 50 years confinement at hard labor, which was reduced on appeal to 10 years, of which he served 9 years. Two patrol members were acquitted of major charges, but were convicted of assault with intent to commit rape and sentenced to 6 months' confinement. Lt Talty was found guilty of making a false report and dismissed from the Marine Corps, but this was overturned on appeal.<ref name=Solis/>{{rp|53–4}}<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://classic.esquire.com/article/1969/8/1/an-american-atrocity|title=An American Atrocity|author=Normand Poirier|magazine=Esquire Magazine|date=August 1969|access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref>
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|Charles W. Keenan and Stanley J. Luczko
|]|| || || {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
| style="width:18%;"|Murder
| style="width:32%;"|PFC Charles W. Keenan<br />CPL Stanley J. Luczko
| style="width:32%;"|PFC Charles W. Keenan was convicted of murder by firing at point-blank range into an unarmed, elderly Vietnamese woman, and an unarmed Vietnamese man. His life sentence was reduced to 25 years confinement. Upon appeal, the conviction for the woman's murder was dismissed and confinement was reduced to five years. Later clemency action further reduced his confinement to 2 years and 9 months. Corporal Stanley J. Luczko, was found guilty of voluntary manslaughter and sentenced to confinement for three years<ref name=Solis/>{{rp|79–81}}
|- |-
|]
|]|| || ||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
|Murder (disputed)
|Company H, ]
|From 31 January to 1 February 1967 145 civilians were purported to have been killed by Company H, 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines. Marine accounts record 101 Viet Cong and 22 civilians killed during a 2-day battle. Marines casualties were 5 dead and 26 wounded.
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
|] ||{{Fact|date=February 2007}} ||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||These alleged attacks were a joint ] and ] endeavor.
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes (Various crimes)
| style="width:32%;"|Lt. ] convicted in 1971 of premeditated murder of 22 civilians for his role in the massacre and sentenced to life in prison. He served 3½ years under house arrest. Others were indicted but not convicted.
| style="width:32%;"|On March 16, 1968, a US army platoon led by Lt. William Calley killed (and in some cases beat, raped, tortured, or maimed) 347 to 504 unarmed civilians – primarily women, children, and old men – in the hamlets of ] and My Khe of Sơn Mỹ. The My Lai Massacre was allegedly an operation of the Phoenix Program. 26 US soldiers, including 14 officers, were charged with crimes related to the My Lai massacre and its coverup. Most of the charges were eventually dropped, and only Lt. Calley was convicted.
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|Huế
|Alleged ] April and May, 1943||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||Alleged Chemical weapons supplied by ].
| style="width:18%;"|Murder
| style="width:32%;"|Lcpl Denzil R. Allen<br />Pvt Martin R. Alvarez<br />Lcpl John D. Belknap<br />Lcpl James A. Maushart<br />PFC Robert J. Vickers
| style="width:32%;"|On 5 May 1968, Lcpl Denzil R. Allen led a six-man ambush patrol from the ] near Huế. They stopped and interrogated two unarmed Vietnamese men who Allen and Private Martin R. Alvarez then executed. After an attack on their base that night the unit sent out a patrol who brought back three Vietnamese men. Allen, Alvarez, Lance Corporals John D. Belknap, James A. Maushart, PFC Robert J. Vickers, and two others then formed a firing squad and executed two of the Vietnamese. The third captive was taken into a building where Allen, Belknap, and Anthony Licciardo Jr., hanged him, when the rope broke Allen cut the man's throat, killing him. Allen pleaded guilty to five counts of unpremeditated murder and was sentenced to confinement at hard labor for life reduced to 20 years in exchange for the guilty plea. Allen's confinement was reduced to 7 years and he was paroled after having served only 2 years and 11 months confinement. Maushart pleaded guilty to one count of unpremeditated murder and was sentenced to 2 years confinement of which he served 1 year and 8 months. Belknap and Licciardo each pleaded guilty to single murders and were sentenced to 2 years confinement. Belknap served 15 months while Licciardo served his full sentence. Alvarez was found to lack mental responsibility and found not guilty. Vickers was found guilty of two counts of unpremeditated murder, but his convictions were overturned on review
<ref name=Solis/>{{rp|111–4}}
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|Ronald J. Reese and Stephen D. Crider
<!--|]|| || || 1928 -->
| style="width:18%;"|Murder
|}
| style="width:32%;"|Cpl Ronald J. Reese<br />Lcpl Stephen D. Crider

| style="width:32%;"|On the morning of 1 March 1969 an eight-man Marine ambush was discovered by three Vietnamese girls, aged about 13, 17, and 19, and a Vietnamese boy, about 11. The four shouted their discovery to those being observed by the ambush. Seized by the Marines, the four were bound, gagged, and led away by Corporal Ronald J. Reese and Lance Corporal Stephen D. Crider. Minutes later, the 4 children were seen, apparently dead, in a small bunker. The Marines tossed a fragmentation grenade into the bunker, which then collapsed the damaged structure atop the bodies. Reese and Crider were each convicted of four counts of murder and sentenced to confinement at hard labor for life. On appeal both sentences were reduced to 3 years confinement.<ref name=Solis/>{{rp|140}}
====Romanian perpetrated crimes====
{| class="wikitable"
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|- |-
|]
|]||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||
|Murder
|Company B, ]. One person was sentenced to life in prison, another sentenced to 5 years, but both sentences were reduced to less than a year.<ref name=Tucker>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC&pg=PA1054|title=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition : A Political, Social, and Military History|last=Tucker|first=Spencer C.|date=2011-05-20|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851099610|pages=1054|language=en}}</ref>
|16 unarmed women and children were killed in the Son Thang Hamlet, on February 19, 1970, with those killed reported as enemy combatant.<ref name=Tucker/>
|- |-
|]
|]||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||
|War crimes; crime of torture and murder
|}
|Tiger Force ]
|Tiger Force was the name of a ] unit<ref>{{cite book|last=Rottman|first=Gordon|title=US Army Long-Range Patrol Scout in Vietnam 1965-71|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2008|page=33}}</ref> of the 1st Battalion (Airborne), ], 1st Brigade (Separate), ], which fought in the from November 1965 to November 1967.<ref name=Tiger>{{cite book|last1=Sallah|first1=Michael|last2=Weiss|first2=Mitch|title=Tiger Force: A True Story of Men and War|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|year=2006|isbn=0316159972}}</ref>{{rp|22–3}} The unit gained notoriety after investigations during the course of the war and decades afterwards revealed extensive war crimes against civilians, which numbered into the hundreds. They were accused of routine torture, execution of prisoners of war and the intentional killing of civilians. US army investigators concluded that many of the alleged war crimes took place.<ref name=Ward>{{Cite book|title=The Vietnam War: An Intimate History|last1=Ward|first1=Geoffrey C.|last2=Burns|first2=Ken|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=2017|isbn=9781524733100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4KyDQAAQBAJ|pages=235–8}}</ref>
|- |-
|]
|]||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||
|War Crimes (Various crimes)(disputed)
|] under ]
|A six-month operation across several provinces in the ], which were internally reported between 5,000 and 7,000 civilian casualties. The official U.S. body count was 10,889 enemy combatants killed with 748 weapons recovered. The commander of the 9th Division, MG Ewell, was allegedly known to be obsessed with body counts and favorable kill ratios and said "the hearts and minds approach can be overdone....in the delta the only way to overcome VC control and terror is with brute force applied against the VC". ], a battalion commander during Speedy Express, said "a lot of innocent Vietnamese civilians got slaughtered because of the Ewell-Hunt drive to have the highest count in the land."<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewy|first=Guenter|title=America in Vietnam|year=1980|isbn=0195027329|page=|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/americainvietnam00lewy/page/142}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4KyDQAAQBAJ|title=The Vietnam War: An Intimate History|last1=Ward|first1=Geoffrey C.|last2=Burns|first2=Ken|date=2017-09-05|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=9781524733100|pages=356–357|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/04/AR2009080403187.html|title=Julian J. Ewell, 93, Dies; Decorated General Led Forces in Vietnam|last=Sullivan|first=Patricia|date=August 5, 2009|newspaper=Washington Post|quote=civilian casualties may have amounted to several thousand (between 5,000 and 7,000).}}</ref>
|-
|Brigadier General ]
|Murder
|]
Commander: Brigadier General ]
|On 2 June 1971, Donaldson was charged with the murder of six Vietnamese civilians but was acquitted due to lack of evidence. In 13 separate incidences John Donaldson was reported to have flown over civilian areas shooting at civilians. He was the first U.S. general charged with war crimes since General ] in 1902 and the highest ranking American to be accused of war crimes during the Vietnam War.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a955421.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711170223/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a955421.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=July 11, 2019|title=1971 Command History Volume II|publisher=United States Military Assistance Command Vietnam|page=J-21|access-date=18 January 2015}}</ref> The charges were dropped due to lack of evidence.
|} |}
{{Wikiquote}}
===Allied powers (listed by country)===
* "]"<ref>Turse, Nick. Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt and Co, 2013.</ref> – Briefly declassified (1994) and subsequently reclassified (2002) documentary evidence compiled by a Pentagon task force detailing endemic war crimes committed by U.S. soldiers in Vietnam. Substantiating 320 incidents by Army investigators, includes seven massacres from 1967 through 1971 in which at least 137 South Vietnamese civilians died (not including the ones at My Lai), 78 other attacks on noncombatants in which at least 57 were killed, 56 wounded and 15 sexually assaulted, and 141 instances in which U.S. soldiers tortured civilian detainees or prisoners of war.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
:''Main article ]''


====Soviet Union perpetrated crimes==== ===South Korean perpetrated crimes===
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
!colspan="4" align="center"|Concurrent with World War II ! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
!
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2" |South Korea
|
|- |-
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes ! Incident !! Type of crime !! Persons responsible !! Notes
!
|- |-
|]
|]||Murder of Polish POWs||], ]||An ]-committed massacre of tens of thousands of Polish officers and intelligentsia throughout the spring of ]. Originally believed to have been committed by the ]s in 1941 (after the invasion of eastern Poland and the USSR), it was finally admitted by ] in ] that it had been a Soviet operation.
|massacre (disputed)
|South Korea
|Around 1,004 civilians were purported to have been killed between 12 February and 17 March 1966, as part of ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/762491.html|title=In Vietnam, a rare discussion of South Korean soldiers' wartime civilian massacres|access-date=2018-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/vietnam-memorial-recalls-massacre-by-korean-troops/article1036372/|title=Vietnam memorial recalls massacre by Korean troops|access-date=2018-06-08}}</ref>
|
|- |-
|]
|]||Deportation and murder of civilian population||], ], ], ], ]||An ]-committed deportation of hundreds of thousands of Baltic intelligentsia, land holders and their families in June ] and again in January ].
||massacre (disputed)
||South Korea
||This was a massacre purportedly conducted on 9 October 1966 of 29 to 168 South Vietnamese villagers in Binh Tai village of ] in ].<ref name="Armstrong530">Armstrong, p. 530</ref><ref name="Armstrong533-534">Armstrong, pp. 533-534</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003032158/http://phapluattp.vn/2011101012044067p0c1013/tuong-niem-45-nam-vu-tham-sat-dien-nien-phuoc-binh.htm |date=2013-10-03 }} + {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106184044/http://ditichlichsuquocgia.violet.vn/chi-tiet-di-tich-lich-su-van-hoa/1162/1162.html |date=2014-01-06 }}</ref>
|
|-
|]
||massacre (disputed)
||South Korea
||This was a massacre purportedly conducted between December 3–6, 1966, of 430 unarmed citizens in Bình Hòa village, ] in South Vietnam.<ref name="alJazeera20090104">{{cite news
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tQtgo4hKsM&feature=feedf
|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/1tQtgo4hKsM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=On War extra - Vietnam's massacre survivors
|newspaper = ]
|date = 2009-01-04
|access-date = 2011-07-09
}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="wintle">{{cite book |last= Wintle |first= Justin |title= Romancing Vietnam: inside the boat country |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C953OFzcZUYC&q=Binh+Hoa+massacre&pg=PA260 |publisher= Signal Books Ltd |page=266 |year=2006 |isbn=1-904955-15-0}}</ref><ref name="QuangNgaigovernmenten">{{cite web
|url=http://www.quangngai.gov.vn/quangngai/english//homepage/20128761658_1995/
|title=Bình Hòa Massacre
|publisher=Quảng Ngãi government
|access-date=2011-07-09
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808080044/http://www.quangngai.gov.vn/quangngai/english/homepage/20128761658_1995/
|archive-date=2011-08-08
}}</ref>
|
|-
|]
||massacre (disputed)
||South Korea
||This was a massacre purportedly conducted by the South Korean Marines on 25 February 1968 of 135 civilians in Hà My village, ] in South Vietnam.<ref>Kwon, Heonik. ''After the Massacre: Commemoration and Consolation in Ha My and My Lai''. University of California Press. pg. 2.<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref>
|
|-
|]
||massacre (disputed)
||South Korea
||This was a massacre purportedly conducted by the ] of the ] on 12 February 1968 of 69 to 79 unarmed citizens in Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất village, ] of Quảng Nam Province in South Vietnam.<ref name="auarmy">{{cite web|url=http://www.army.gov.au/ahu/docs/The_Australian_Army_and_the_Vietnam_War_Kil.pdf |title=The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1962-1972 The making of tigers: south Korea's experience in the Vietnam War|publisher=Australian Army|access-date=27 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321214020/http://www.army.gov.au/AHU/docs/The_Australian_Army_and_the_Vietnam_War_Kil.pdf|archive-date=21 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="hani001115b">{{cite news|url=http://h21.hani.co.kr/section-021003000/2000/021003000200011150334040.html|script-title=ko:잠자던 진실, 30년만에 깨어나다 "한국군은 베트남에서 무엇을 했는가"… 미국 국립문서보관소 비밀해제 보고서·사진 최초공개|author=Go Gyeong-tae|newspaper=]|access-date=27 January 2011|language=ko}}</ref>
|
|} |}


=== North Vietnamese and Vietcong perpetrated crimes ===
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
!colspan="4" align="center"|World War II ! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2" |] and ]
|- |-
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes ! Incident !! Type of crime !! Persons responsible !! Notes
|- |-
|]
|], ]||Alleged pillage, and rape and murder of civilians, in contravention of ] "''IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land''"<ref name="HagueIV"> in the ] at ]</ref> Articles: 28,43,46,47,50{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||No prosecutions{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||Nemmersdorf (today Mayakovskoye in ]) was one of the first German settlements to fall to the advancing ] on ], ]. It was recaptured by the Germans soon afterwards and the German authorities reported that the Red Army killed civilians there. ] ] widely disseminated the description of the event with horrible details, supposedly to boost the determination of German soldiers to resist the general Soviet advance. Because the incident was investigated by the Nazis and reports were disseminated as Nazi propaganda, discerning the facts from the fiction of the incident is difficult.
||Murder and kidnapping
||] and ]
||VC/PAVN forces murdered between 106,000 and 227,000 civilians between 1954 and 1975 in ].<ref> Power Kills R.J. Rummel</ref> VC terror squads, in the years 1967 to 1972, were claimed by the US Department of Defense as having assassinated at least 36,000 people and abducted almost 58,000 people.<ref name="Lanning and Cragg, pp. 186-188">], pp. 186–188.</ref> Statistics for 1968–72 suggest that "about 80 percent of the terrorist victims were ordinary civilians and only about 20 percent were government officials, policemen, members of the self-defence forces or pacification cadres."<ref>], p. 273.</ref>
|- |-
|]
|]||Alleged war crimes in contravention of ] "''IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land''"<ref name="HagueIV"/>||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||War crimes committed by Soviet troops in the areas of Germany occupied by the Red Army. Estimated number of civilian victims in the years 1944-46: at least 300.000 (but not all of them victims of war crimes, many died through starvation, the cold climate and diseases<ref> The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945-2002 - ] - 2003 - ISBN 0-385-49798-9 (No pages cited)</ref><ref>A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950 - ] - ] - ISBN 0-312-12159-8 (No pages cited)</ref><ref>Barefoot in the Rubble - ] - ] - ISBN 0-9657793-0-0 (No pages cited)</ref>
||Terrorist bombing
||]
||On 30 March 1965 the Viet Cong detonated a car bomb in the street outside the U.S. Embassy in Saigon killing two Americans, 19 Vietnamese and one Filipino and injuring 183 others<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/barbara-robbins-a-slain-cia-secretarys-life-and-death/2012/05/06/gIQANtw25T_story.html|title=Barbara Robbins: A slain CIA secretary's life and death|last=Shapira|first=Ian|date=6 May 2012|access-date=24 July 2020|newspaper=]}}</ref>
|- |-
|]
|]|| Murder of German civilians||||Following the capture of the German city of Treuenbrietzen after fierce fighting. Over a period of several days at the end of April and beginning of May roughly 1000 inhabitants of the city, most of them men, were executed by Soviet troops.<ref>Claus-Dieter Steyer, ''"Stadt ohne Männer"'' (''City without men'') , ] online June 21 2006 , viewed November 11 2006 at </ref>
||Terrorist bombing
||]
||On 25 June 1965 the Viet Cong detonated a bomb on a floating restaurant "My Canh Café" on the banks of the Saigon River. 31–32 people were killed, and 42 were wounded. Of the casualties, 13 were American and most others were Vietnamese citizens. Another bomb exploded next to a tobacco stall on the riverbank near the restaurant, killing at least one American.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Sailor Responds to the Bombing of the My Canh Café: 26 June 1965|url=http://www.navalhistory.org/2010/06/26/a-sailor-responds-to-the-bombing-of-the-my-canh-cafe-26-june-1965/|work=Naval History Blog|publisher=], U.S. Navy|access-date=24 July 2020|date=25 June 2010}}</ref>
|- |-
|]
|Battle of Berlin||Mass rape<ref> ] '''' in ] ], ] </ref>|| ||
||massacre
||]
||On December 5, 1967, two battalions of Viet Cong were reported to have killed 252 civilians in a "vengeance" attack on the hamlet of Đắk Sơn, home to over 2,000 ]. Its alleged that the Vietcong believed that the hamlet had at one point given aid to refugees fleeing Viet Cong forces.<ref>{{cite book|last=Spector |first=Ronald H.|author-link=Ronald H. Spector|title=After Tet: The Bloodiest Year in Vietnam}}</ref>
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
|]||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}|| ||{{Unreferenced|date=June 2006}}
| style="width:18%;"|massacre
| style="width:32%;"|] and ]
| style="width:32%;"| During the months and years that followed the ], which began on January 31, 1968, and lasted a total of 28 days, dozens of ]s were discovered in and around Huế. North Vietnamese troops executed between 2,800 and 6,000 ]s and ].<ref>Anderson, David L. ''The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War''. 2004, page 98–9</ref> Victims were found bound, tortured, and sometimes apparently ].<ref>Kendrick Oliver, ''The My Lai Massacre in American History and Memory'' (Manchester University Press, 2006), p. 27.</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'', edited by James Minahan, vol. 4 (Greenwood, 2002), p. 1761.</ref><ref>Pierre Journod, "La France, les États-Unis et la guerre du Vietnam: l'année 1968", in ''Les relations franco-américaines au XX siècle'', edited by Pierre Melandri and Serge Ricard (L'Harmattan, 2003), p. 176.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
|- |-
|]
|]|| {{Fact|date=February 2007}}|| ||{{Unreferenced|date=June 2006}}
||massacre
|}
||]

|On the night of 28/9 June 1968 the Viet Cong attacked Sơn Trà, a fishing village located approximately 5 miles (8.0&nbsp;km) southeast of ]. It had a population of approximately 4,000 people including many resettled refugees. After a mortar attack which forced many of the civilians to take shelter in their defensive bunkers, between 75 and 300 VC then moved through the village throwing ]s into bunkers killing their occupants and starting fires killing 73 civilians and 15 pacification workers; a further 103 civilians were wounded. 570 homes were destroyed in the attack and the resulting fires leaving almost 2,800 people homeless.<ref name=MACVJune1968>{{cite web|url=https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/reports/images.php?img=/images/1683/168300010773.pdf|title=Headquarters MACV Monthly Summary June 1968|publisher=Headquarters United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam|date=26 October 1968|access-date=18 June 2020|page=33}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>
==== United Kingdom perpetrated crimes====
{| class="wikitable"
|- |-
|]
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
||massacre
||]
|In the early morning of 11 June 1970 the Viet Cong launched a coordinated attack on Phu Thanh village, a complex of several hamlets, straddling ] about 3 miles (4.8&nbsp;km) north of ]. Two groups of sappers entered the village, armed with grenades and satchel charges, most began burning houses and hurling their grenades and satchel charges into family bomb shelters filled with civilians who had fled to them for protection from the shelling. Civilian casualties totalled 74 dead, many of them women and children; 60 severely injured; and over 100 lightly wounded with 156 houses destroyed and 35 damaged.<ref name=Cosmas>{{cite book|last=Cosmas|first=Graham|title=U.S. Marines in Vietnam : Vietnamization and redeployment, 1970-1971|date=1886|publisher=History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps|url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/US%20Marines%20In%20Vietnam%20Vietmanization%20and%20Redeployment%201970-1971%20PCN%2019000309600.pdf|isbn=978-1494287498}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>{{rp|177–9}}
|- |-
|]
|] against merchant shipping||Breach of ](1930)||no prosecutions||It was the conclusion of the ] of ] that Britain had been in breach of the Treaty "in particular of an order of the British Admiralty announced on the ], 1940, according to which all vessels should be sunk at sight in the ]"<ref name="NT"> the ] at the ]</ref>
||massacre
||]
||On 29 March 1971 the PAVN attacked Duc Duc in Quảng Nam Province systematically destroying the civilian hamlets with satchel charges and by setting fires. 103 civilians died in the blazing hamlets; 96 were injured and 37 kidnapped. At least 1,500 homes were destroyed.<ref name=Cosmas/>{{rp|231–2}}
|-
|]
||Indiscriminate fire
||]
||From 29 April to 2 May 1972 indiscriminate PAVN fire on civilians fleeing ] down Highway 1 killed over 2,000 civilians.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Van Nguyen-Marshall|title=Appeasing the Spirits Along the "Highway of Horror"|journal=War & Society |volume=37 |issue=3 |year=2018|url=https://diacritics.org/2019/07/appeasing-the-spirits-along-the-highway-of-horror/|access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|]
||Indiscriminate fire
||]
||On 30 August 1973 during a Viet Cong attack on South Vietnamese positions mortar fire hit a schoolyard killing approximately 20 civilians.<ref>{{Cite news|title=New Vietcong Drive To Cut Saigon Link With Delta Reported|work=The New York Times|date=30 August 1973|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/31/archives/new-vietcong-drive-to-cut-saigon-link-with-delta-reported.html|access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref>
|} |}
* Up to 155,000 refugees fleeing the final North Vietnamese ] were alleged to have been killed or abducted on the road to ] in 1975.<ref>Wiesner, Louis (1988), ''Victims and Survivors: Displaced Persons and Other War Victims in Viet-Nam, 1954–1975'' Greenwood Press, pp. 318–9.</ref>


== 1965 Indo-Pakistani War ==
====United States perpetrated crimes====
* ] ] was a Pakistani soldier who was wounded and captured by Indian forces during the ]. For the next 40 years, Maqbool was deprived of his ] and was subjected to violent torture during which his Indian counterparts pulled out his finger nails, cut out his tongue since he didn't ] and various other brutal acts which would've been a violation of the Geneva accords.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sign of valor and audacity dies: Sepoy Maqbool Hussain to be laid to rest with full honor|url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/454488-Sepoy-Maqbool-Hussain-spent-40-years-in-Indian-jail-dies-today|website=Dunya News|date=14 February 2008 |access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=An Immortal story: Soldier Maqbool Hussain|url=https://www.dailyparliamenttimes.com/2018/09/05/immortal-story-soldier-maqbool-hussain/|date=2018-09-05|website=Daily Parliament Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1429610|title=Pakistani soldier who spent 40 years in Indian jails dies|date=29 August 2018|publisher=DAWN}}</ref>


== Late 1960s – 1998: The Troubles ==
* War crimes: Various unarmed male civilians (some of whom were named during a 2013 television programme) were shot, two of them (Patrick McVeigh, Daniel Rooney) fatally, in 1972, allegedly by the ] (MRF), an ] military unit tasked with targeting ] paramilitaries during the last installment of ]. Two brothers, whose names and casualty status were not mentioned in an article regarding the same matter in ''The Irish Times'', ran a fruit stall in west Belfast, and were shot after being mistaken for IRA paramilitaries.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/army-sanctioned-shoot-to-kill-policy-in-belfast-1.1601882 |title = Army sanctioned "shoot to kill policy"|work=irishtimes.com|access-date=21 November 2013}}</ref>
* War crimes: The British security forces employed widespread ] and ] on prisoners in Northern Ireland during ] in the 1970s. ] was wrongfully arrested by the security forces for the murder of a British Army soldier and became the last person in the United Kingdom to be sentenced to hang after being convicted in 1973, largely on the basis of an unsigned confession produced by torture.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/dec/21/british-army-northern-ireland-interrogations |title = British army 'waterboarded' suspects in 70s |work=BBC News|date=21 December 2009}}</ref> His death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and he spent 17 years behind bars. On 21 June 2012, in the light of ] investigations which confirmed that the methods used to extract confessions were unlawful,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/may/04/convicted-belfast-murderer-appeal-waterboarding-evidence |title = Man granted soldier m urder appeal following waterboarding evidence (''The Guardian'', 4 May 2012) |author = Henry McDonald |newspaper = The Guardian |date = 4 May 2012 |access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref> Holden had his conviction quashed by the Court of Appeal in ], at the age of 58.<ref name="Irish Times 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/murder-verdict-of-man-sentenced-to-death-quashed-1.1067877|title=Murder verdict of man sentenced to death quashed|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/law/2012/jun/21/army-waterboarding-victim-cleared-murder |title = Army 'waterboarding victim' who spent 17 years in jail is cleared of murder |work=BBC News|date=21 June 2012}}</ref> Former ] (RUC) interrogators during the Troubles admitted that beatings, the sleep deprivation, waterboarding, and the other tortures were systematic, and were, at times, sanctioned at a very high level within the force.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/oct/11/inside-castlereagh-confessions-torture |title = Inside Castlereagh: 'We got confessions by torture' |work=Guardian |date=11 October 2010}}</ref>
* War crimes: The British Army and the RUC also operated under a ], under which suspects were alleged to have been deliberately killed without any attempt to arrest them. In four separate cases considered by the European court of human rights – involving the deaths of ten IRA men, a Sinn Féin member and a civilian – seven judges ruled unanimously that Article 2 of the ] guaranteeing a right to life had been violated by Britain.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/may/04/northernireland |title = Killing of IRA men was 'human rights violation' |work=BBC News |date=4 May 2001}}</ref>
* War crimes: British soldiers and police ],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Loyalist paramilitaries admit collusion with army and RUC|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/loyalist-paramilitaries-admit-collusion-with-army-and-ruc-1.159922|access-date=2023-01-01|newspaper=]|language=en |date=6 March 1999}}</ref> such as the attacks by the ], which carried out a string of attacks against ] and ] in an area of Northern Ireland known as the "murder triangle" and also carried out some attacks in the Republic of Ireland.<ref>The Cassel Report (2006), pp. 8, 14, 21, 25, 51, 56, 58–65.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-04-26|title=Collusion in the South Armagh / Mid Ulster Area in the mid-1970s |url=http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sarmagh/sarmagh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426121606/http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sarmagh/sarmagh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-04-26|access-date=2021-05-07}}</ref> Evidence suggests that the group was responsible for the deaths of about 120 civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Lethal Allies: British Collusion in Ireland'|url=http://patfinucanecentre.org/collusion/PFC%20Conclusions%20-%20Lethal%20Allies%20%28Oct%2023%29.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222181333/http://patfinucanecentre.org/collusion/PFC%20Conclusions%20-%20Lethal%20Allies%20%28Oct%2023%29.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-22|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-07}}</ref> The ''Cassel Report'' investigated 76 killings attributed to the group and found evidence that British security forces were involved in 74 of those.<ref name=cassel4> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050645/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf |date=2015-02-20 }}, p. 4</ref> One former member, RUC officer ], said his superiors knew of the group's activities but allowed it to continue.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050645/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf |date=2015-02-20 }}, p.63</ref><ref name="Village">{{cite news|first=Frank|last=Connolly|title=I'm lucky to be above the ground|url=http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Feature/%27I%27m_lucky_to_be_above_the_ground%27/|work=Village: Ireland's Current Affairs Weekly|date=November 16, 2006|access-date=2006-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120061944/http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Feature/'I'm_lucky_to_be_above_the_ground'/|archive-date=November 20, 2007}}</ref> Attacks attributed to the group include the ] (which killed 34 civilians), the ], the ] and the ].<ref name=":2" /><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050645/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf |date=2015-02-20 }}, p. 8</ref>

== 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War ==
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|1971 ]
| colspan="2" |Pakistan
|- |-
! Incident !! Type of crime !! Persons responsible !! Notes
|] against merchant shipping||Breach of ] (1930)||no prosecutions||During the post war ], in evidence presented at the trial of ] on his orders to the ] fleet to breach the London Rules, Admiral ] stated that unrestricted submarine warfare was carried on in the ] by the United States from the first day that nation entered the war.<ref name="NT"/>
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
|]||Murder of civilians||no prosecutions||During the ], at least a dozen unarmed Italian civilians, including six children, were killed by U.S. military policemen. The incident was covered up fearing that it would lead to reprisals from the civilian population. See the article for citations
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity, crime of genocide (murder of civilians; genocide)
| style="width:32%;"|Allegedly the Pakistan Government, and the ] and its local collaborators. A case was filed in the Federal Court of Australia on September 20, 2006, for crimes of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rayimmigration.com.au/pressrelease.htm |title=Immigration Citizenship-Australia |publisher=Rayimmigration.com.au |access-date=2011-01-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214084924/http://www.rayimmigration.com.au/pressrelease.htm |archive-date=2009-12-14 }}</ref> Starting in 2010, numerous perpetrators were imprisoned and executed for their involvement under the jurisdiction of the ].
| style="width:32%;"|During the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, widespread atrocities were committed against the ]i population of ] (now Bangladesh). With 1–3 million people killed in nine months, 'genocide' is the term that is used to describe the event in almost every major publication and newspaper.<ref name="bangladeshobserver">{{cite news |title=The Jamaat Talks Back |url=http://www.bangladeshobserveronline.com/new/2005/12/30/editorial.htm |newspaper=The Bangladesh Observer |type=Editorial |date=30 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123033307/http://www.bangladeshobserveronline.com/new/2005/12/30/editorial.htm |archive-date=2007-01-23 |access-date=2006-04-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Dr. N.Rabbee">{{Cite web|title=Remembering a Martyr|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2005/12/03/remembrance.htm|access-date=2023-01-01|website=Star weekend Magazine, The ] |last=Rabbee |first=N. |date=December 16, 2005}}</ref> Although the word 'genocide' was and is still used frequently amongst observers and scholars of the events that transpired during the 1971 war, the allegations that a genocide took place during the Bangladesh War of 1971 were never investigated by an international tribunal set up under the auspices of the United Nations, due to complications arising from the Cold War. Starting from 2010, indictments were issued to numerous participants. Several of them has since been executed or imprisoned.
|- |-
|]
|]||Murder of POWs||Sergeant Horace T. West: court-martialed and was found guilty, stripped of rank and sentenced to life in prison, though he was later released as a private. Captain John T. Compton was court-martialed for killing 40 POWs in his charge. He claimed to be following orders. The investigating officer and the Judge Advocate declared that Compton's actions were unlawful, but he was acquitted.|| Following the capture of Biscari Airfield in Sicily on July 14, 1943, seventy-six German and Italian POWs were shot by American troops of the 180th Regimental Combat Team, 45th Division during the ] invasion of ]. These killings occurred in two separate incidents between July and August 1943.
||War crimes (mass murder of civilians)
||Several imprisoned and executed under the jurisdiction of the ] since 2010.
||The number of civilians that died in the liberation war of Bangladesh is not known in any reliable accuracy. There has been a great disparity in the casualty figures put forth by Pakistan on one hand (26,000, as reported in the now discredited ]<ref name="auto"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816211333/http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm |date=2016-08-16 }}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130637/http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm |date=2014-10-12 }}, Paragraph 33</ref>) and India and Bangladesh on the other hand (From 1972 to 1975 the first post-war ] of Bangladesh, Sheikh ], estimated that 3 million died<ref>F. Hossain '' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060416081635/http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~faisal/Genocide.html |date=2006-04-16 }}'' Correspondence with the ] on the number of dead</ref>). This is the figure officially maintained by the Government of Bangladesh. Most scholarship on the topic estimate the number killed to be between 1 and 3 million.<ref name=MathewWhite>White, Matthew, ''''</ref> A further eight to ten million people fled the country to seek safety in India.<ref name="Rummel-8-2">Rummel, Rudolph J., ; {{ISBN|3-8258-4010-7}}, Chapter 8, : lowest estimate 2 million claimed by Pakistan (reported by Aziz, Qutubuddin. ''Blood and tears'' Karachi: United Press of Pakistan, 1974. pp. 74,226), all the other sources used by Rummel suggest a figure of between 8 and 10 million with one (Johnson, B. L. C. ''Bangladesh''. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1975. pp. 73-75) that "could have been" 12 million.</ref>
|- |-
|]
|]||Murder of POWs||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||
||Crimes against humanity; crime of genocide; crime of torture (torture, rape and murder of civilians)
||Several imprisoned and executed under the jurisdiction of the ] since 2010.
||The minorities of Bangladesh, especially the ], were specific targets of the Pakistan army.<ref name="usconsulate_cable_march31">U.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: , March 31, 1971 (Confidential, 3 pages)</ref> Numerous East Pakistani women were tortured, raped and killed during the war. The exact numbers are not known and are a subject of debate. Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of war-babies. Some other sources, for example ], refer to an even higher number of over 400,000. Pakistani sources claim the number is much lower, though having not completely denied rape incidents.<ref>Debasish Roy Chowdhury , '']'', June 23, 2005.<br />
"''In Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, ] likens it to the Japanese rapes in Nanjing and German rapes in Russia during World War II. "...&nbsp;200,000, 300,000 or possibly 400,000 women (three sets of statistics have been variously quoted) were raped."''"</ref><ref name="susanbrownmiller">Brownmiller, Susan, "Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape"; {{ISBN|0-449-90820-8}}, pg. 81<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816211333/http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm |date=2016-08-16 }}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130637/http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm |date=2014-10-12 }}, Paragraphs 32, 34.</ref>
|-
|]
||War crimes (mass murder of civilians)
||Several imprisoned and executed under the jurisdiction of the ] since 2010.
||During the war, the Pakistan Army and its local supporters carried out a systematic execution of the leading Bengali intellectuals. A number of university professors from Dhaka University were killed during the first few days of the war.<ref name="SelectiveGenocide">Blood, Archer, , Department of State, United States</ref><ref name="roy02homage">Ajoy Roy, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015022357/https://mukto-mona.com/Articles/ajoy/martyr_intellectual.htm |date=2016-10-15 }}, mukto-mona.com; accessed March 30, 2018.</ref> However, the most extreme cases of targeted killing of intellectuals took place during the last few days of the war. On December 14, 1971, only two days before surrendering to the Indian military and the Mukhti Bahini forces, the Pakistani army – with the assistance of the Al Badr and Al Shams – systematically executed well over 200 of East Pakistan's intellectuals and scholars.<ref>Shahiduzzaman {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201162513/http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html|date=2010-12-01}} ''The New Age'', December 15, 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Muazzam Hussain|year=2012 |chapter=Killing of Intellectuals|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Killing_of_Intellectuals|editor1-last=Islam|editor1-first=Sirajul|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam|editor2-last=Jamal|editor2-first=Ahmed A.|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|edition=Second|publisher=]}}</ref>
|} |}


==1970–1975: Cambodian civil war==
The ] for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea, commonly known as the Cambodia Tribunal, is a joint court established by the Royal Government of Cambodia and the United Nations to try senior members of the ] for crimes against humanity committed during the ]. The Khmer Rouge killed many people due to their political affiliation, education, class origin, occupation, or ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gsp.yale.edu/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051111224805/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/wcrimes.html|url-status=dead|title=Welcome &#124; Genocide Studies Program|archive-date=November 11, 2005|website=gsp.yale.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambodian.com/dithpran/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613051706/http://cambodian.com/Dithpran/|url-status=dead|title=Cambodian Holocaust Survivor<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=June 13, 2006}}</ref>

==1973 Yom Kippur war==
{{Main|Yom Kippur War#Atrocities}}

==1975-1999: Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor==
{{Main|Indonesian invasion of East Timor|East Timor genocide|Santa Cruz massacre}}

During the 1975 invasion and the subsequent occupation, a significant portion of East Timor's population died. Researcher ] says that "a toll of 150,000 is likely close to the truth", although estimates of 200,000 or higher have been suggested.<ref>Kiernan, Ben. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209110553/http://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/KiernanRevised1.pdf |date=9 February 2021 }}. ''Critical Asian Studies''. 35:4 (2003), 585–597.</ref>

== 1975–1990: Lebanese Civil War ==
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
!colspan="4" align="center"|Post World War II ! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |]
| colspan="2" |Various
|- |-
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes !Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crime (200 to 600 killed)
| style="width:32%;"|]
| style="width:32%;"|On December 6, 1975, Black Saturday was a series of massacres and armed clashes in Beirut, that occurred in the first stages of the Lebanese Civil War.
|-
|]
||War crime (Estimated 1,000 to 1,500 killed)
||], ], ]
||Took place early in the Lebanese Civil War on January 18, 1976. ] was overrun by the Lebanese Christian militias, resulting in the deaths of approximately 1,000–1,500 people.
|-
|]
||War Crime (Estimated 1,000 to 3,000 killed)
||], ], ], ]
||The Tel al-Zaatar Battle took place during the Lebanese Civil War from June 22 – August 12, 1976. Tel al-Zaatar was a UNRWA administered Palestinian Refugee camp housing approximately 50,000–60,000 refugees in northeast Beirut. Tel al-Zaatar massacre refers to crimes committed around this battle.
|-
|]
||War crime (Estimated 684 civilians killed)
||], ]
||Took place on January 20, 1976. Damour, a Christian town on the main highway south of Beirut. It was attacked by the Palestine Liberation Organisation units. Part of its population died in battle or in the massacre that followed, and the remainder were forced to flee.
|- |-
|]
|]||Murder of POWs||Private Clarence V. Bertucci determined to be insane and confined to a mental institution|| Private Clarence V. Bertucci fired a machine gun from one of the guard towers into the tents that were being used to accommodate the German prisoners of war. Nine were killed and 20 were injured.
||War crime (460 to 3,500 (number disputed))
||] militia under ]
||Took place in ] ] camps in ], ] between September 16 and September 18, 1982. ] and ] civilians were ]d in the camps by ] ] while the camp was surrounded by the ]. Israeli forces controlled the entrances to the refugee camps of ] and controlled the entrance to the city. The massacre was immediately preceded by the assassination of ], the leader of the Lebanese ]. Following the assassination, an armed group entered the camp and murdered inhabitants during the night. It is now generally agreed that the killers were "the ]", a gang recruited by ].<ref>''Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban : Du coup d'état de Béchir Gémayel aux massacres des camps palestiniens'', by Alain Menargues, final chapter</ref>
|- |-
|]
|]<ref> </ref>||Deaths of POWs||no prosecutions||The Rheinwiesenlager (Rhine meadow camps) were transit camps for millions of German POWs after World War II. There were at least thousands of deaths, dying mostly from starvation and exposure. These estimates range from just over 3.000 to as many as 71.000.
||War crime (500–700 killed during the fighting. Additionally at least 240 unarmed prisoners executed, including civilians)
||], ]
||Took place on October 13, 1990, during the final moments of the ], when hundreds of Lebanese soldiers were executed after they surrendered to Syrian forces.<ref>''The Middle East enters the twenty-first century'', By Robert Owen Freedman, Baltimore University 2002, page 214</ref>
|} |}


== {{anchor|Civil_war_in_Afghanistan_1978-present|Civil_war_in_Afghanistan_1978–present}}1978–2021: Civil war in Afghanistan ==
====Yugoslavian partisans perpetrated crimes====
This war ravaged the country for over 40 years, with several foreign actors playing important roles during different periods. From 2001 until 2021, US and other NATO troops took part in the fighting in Afghanistan in the "]" that is also treated in the corresponding section below.


{| class="wikitable" {| class=wikitable
|- |-
!colspan="2" align="center"|Armed conflict ! colspan=3 |Armed conflict
!colspan="2" align="center"|perpetrator ! colspan=2 |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=3|] || colspan=2|] and ]
|- |-
! Incident !! Date !! Type of crime !! Persons responsible !! Notes
|colspan="2" align="center"|]||colspan="2" align="center"|]
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
||{{#DATEFORMAT:August 8, 1998}} – {{#DATEFORMAT:August 10, 1998}}
| style="width:18%;"| War crimes; crime of torture (Murder, cruel or degrading treatment and torture; summary execution)
| style="width:32%;"| Taliban
| style="width:32%;"| Mass killing of the locals; 4,000 to 5,000 civilians were executed, and many more reported tortured.
|- |-
|]
|]||Murder of prisoners of war and civilians||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}|| Following ] 1943 armistice with the Allied powers, Yugoslavian resistance forces executed an estimated 1,300-1,600 Italian troops and ethnic Italians living in ]n/]n territories adjacent to Italy.<ref>see the article ], (lots of references but no citations)</ref>
|| {{#DATEFORMAT:August 8, 1998}}
|| War crimes; offenses against the customary law of nations (outrages upon diplomatic plenipotentiaries and agents)
|| Taliban
|| Eight Iranian diplomats were assassinated and an Iranian press correspondent was murdered by the Taliban.
|- |-
|Murder of ]
|]||Murder of prisoners of war and civilians||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}|| The victims were Croatian soldiers and civilians (as well as a number of ]s), executed without trial as an act of vengeance for the crimes committed by the pro-Axis ] regime controlled territories during World War II<ref>Words from the article ], (lots of references no citations)</ref>. Estimates vary, from 55,000 to 500,000.
||{{#DATEFORMAT:September 9, 2001}}
|}
||War crimes (Perfidious use of ]s disguised as journalists (who are protected persons) in murder.)

||], Al Qaeda
== 1968-1973: Vietnam War==
||Perfidiously used suicide bombers disguised as television journalists to murder ], leader of the ], the leader of the only remaining military opponent of the Taliban, two days before the ], constituting a failure to bear arms openly, and misuse of the status of protected persons, to wit, journalists in war zones.

|- style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan=3|] || colspan=2|]
|- |-
!Incident !! Date !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
!colspan="2" align="center"|Armed conflict
!colspan="2" align="center"|perpetrator
|- |-
|]
|colspan="2" align="center"|]||colspan="2" align="center"|]
||December 2001
||War crimes (Maltreatment leading to death of Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban) prisoners of war)
||Northern Alliance partisans
||Allegedly placed captured Taliban POWs in cargo containers, and did seal them, leading to deaths of those within due to suffocation and excessive heat, thereby constituting war crimes.
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=3|] || colspan=2|] / ] / ]
|- |-
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes !Incident !! Date !! Type of crime !! Persons responsible !! Notes
|- |-
|]
|]||Murder of civilians||Lt. ] convicted in 1971 of premeditated murder of 22 civilians for his role in the massacre and sentenced to life in prison. He served 3½ years under house arrest.||In March, 1968, a US army platoon led by Lt. William Calley killed (and in some cases raped) hundreds of civilians &ndash; primarily women, children, and old men &ndash; in the village of ]. 26 US soldiers, including 14 officers, were charged with crimes related to the My Lai massacre and its coverup. Most of the charges were eventually dropped, and only Lt. Calley was convicted.
||December 2002
|-
||War crimes (Maltreatment leading to death of prisoners)
|]||Use of chemical weapon on civilians||
||United States Armed Forces
||homicides of at least two unarmed prisoners, allegations of widespread pattern of abuse
|-
|]
||{{#DATEFORMAT:11 March 2012}}
||Murder and wounding of civilians
||US Army soldier:<br />Staff Sergeant ]
||Nine of the victims were children. Some of the corpses were partially burned.
|-
|]
||June 2009 – June 2010
||Murder of at least 3 Afghans
||US Army soldiers:<br />Staff Sergeant Calvin Gibbs<br />Staff Sergeant David Bram<br />SPC Jeremy Morlock<br />PFC Andrew Holmes<br />SPC Adam Winfield<br />SPC Corey Moore
||Five members of a platoon were indicted for murder and collecting body parts as trophies. In addition, seven soldiers were charged with crimes such as hashish use, impeding an investigation, and attacking their team member who blew the whistle after he had participated in the crimes.
|-
| ] crimes
| 2007–2013
| Murder of multiple prisoners of war
| Australian Special Air Service Regiment
| Multiple substantiated claims that prisoners of war were murdered to allow the "blooding" of junior Australian Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) troopers, in addition to events where unarmed civilians were killed. Report of investigation released in November 2020.<ref>Inspector general of the Australian Defence Force - Afghanistan Inquiry Report. Released Nov 2020. https://afghanistaninquiry.defence.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-11/IGADF-Afghanistan-Inquiry-Public-Release-Version.pdf</ref> Led to disbanding of 2nd squadron of SASR and currently ongoing criminal investigation into events.
|-
|]
||{{#DATEFORMAT:15 September 2011}}
||Murder of a wounded prisoner
||British Royal Marine:<br />Alexander Blackman
||(Description/notes missing)
|} |}
{{wikiquote}}
*"]" - Briefly declassified (1994) and subsequently reclassified (2002?) documentary evidence compiled by a Pentagon task force detailing endemic war crimes. Substantiating 320 incidents by Army investigators, including seven massacres from 1967 through 1971 in which at least 137 civilians died (not including My Lai). Seventy-eight other attacks on noncombatants in which at least 57 were killed, 56 wounded and 15 sexually assaulted. One hundred forty-one instances in which U.S. soldiers tortured civilian detainees or prisoners of war.


During the war against the Coalition and Afghan government, the Taliban committed war crimes including massacres, suicide bombing, terrorism, and targeting civilians.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070419/wl_nm/afghan_rights_dc_2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514111954/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070419/wl_nm/afghan_rights_dc_2 |archive-date=14 May 2007 |title=Taliban attack civilians to spread fear: Amnesty|publisher=Reuters|date=24 April 2007|access-date=9 December 2007}}</ref> United Nations reports have consistently blamed the Taliban and other anti-government forces for the majority of civilian deaths in the conflict, with the Taliban responsible for 75% of civilian deaths in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Afghan Rights Groups Shift Focus to Taliban|author=Rod Nordland|date=10 February 2011|page=A6|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/asia/10afghanistan.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=29 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614213613/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/asia/10afghanistan.html|archive-date=14 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UNAMA_AF_civilians_midyear2021">{{cite web | title= Afghanistan – Protection of civilians in armed conflict midyear update: 1 January to 30 June 2021 | website= ] |date = 2021-07-25 | url = https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/unama_poc_midyear_report_2021_26_july.pdf | access-date = 2021-08-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210726183031/https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/unama_poc_midyear_report_2021_26_july.pdf |archive-date= 2021-07-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Taliban also perpetrated mass rapes and executions of surrendered soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/afghanistan-harrowing-accounts-emerge-of-the-talibans-reign-of-terror-in-kunduz/|title=Afghanistan: Harrowing accounts emerge of the Taliban's reign of terror in Kunduz|date=1 October 2015|website=Amnesty International|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209230457/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/afghanistan-harrowing-accounts-emerge-of-the-talibans-reign-of-terror-in-kunduz/|archive-date=9 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Coren |first1=Anna |last2=Sidhu |first2=Sandi |last3=Lister |first3=Tim |last4=Bina |first4=Abdul |title=Taliban fighters execute 22 Afghan commandos as they try to surrender |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/13/asia/afghanistan-taliban-commandos-killed-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=28 July 2021 |work=CNN |date=14 July 2021}}</ref>
===North Vietnam===
]:
* North Vietnamese troops executed 2500 civilians while occupying the city of ] in 1968. An additional 3500 people are suspected to have been executed, but never found. See: ].
* U.S. Prisoners of war held at the so-called "]" were subject to torture and other mistreatment by their North Vietnamese captors.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
* Thousands of South Vietnamese perished in the concentration or "re-education" camps shortly after the fall of Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City)


Following the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan in 2021, the Taliban has also executed civilians and captured insurgents during the ongoing ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58545892|title=Afghanistan crisis: Taliban kill civilians in resistance stronghold|date=13 September 2021|access-date=2021-09-14|work=BBC}}</ref>
== 1971: Bangladesh War ==


== 1980–2001: Internal conflict in Peru ==
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
!colspan="2" align="center"|Armed conflict ! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
!colspan="2" align="center"|perpetrator ! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2" |], ], and ]
|- |-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|colspan="2" align="center"|] ]||colspan="2" align="center"|]
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
| style="width:18%;"|Crimes against humanity; mass murder; massacre; attacks against civilians
| style="width:18%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:18%;"|Massacre carried out by the ] that killed 123 peasants
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
|]|| ||Allegedly the Pakistan Government, and the ] and its local collaborators. A case was filed in the Federal Court of Australia on September 20, 2006 for crimes of Genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.||During the Bangladesh War of 1971, widespread atrocities were committed against the ]i population of ] (now ]), at a level that within Bangladesh, ‘genocide’ is the term that is still used to describe the event in almost every major publication and newspaper.<ref name="bangladeshobserver">Editorial ''''in The ] December 30, 2005</ref><ref name="Dr. N.Rabbee">Dr. N. Rabbee '''' Star weekend Magazine, The ] December 16, 2005</ref> Although and the word ‘genocide’ was and is still used frequently amongst observers and scholars of the events that transpired during the 1971 war, the allegations that a genocide took place during the Bangladesh War of 1971 were never investigated by an international tribunal set up under the auspices of the United Nations, so the alleged genocide is not recognised as a genocide under international law.
| style="width:18%;"|Crimes against humanity; mass murder; massacre; attacks against civilians
| style="width:18%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:18%;"|Massacre carried out by the Peruvian army that killed 74 civilians
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
|]|| || ||The number of civilians that died in the liberation war of Bangladesh is not known in any reliable accuracy. There has been a great disparity in the casualty figures put forth by Pakistan on one hand (26,000, as reported in the ]<ref>, , Paragraph 33</ref>) and India and Bangladesh on the other hand (From 1972 to 1975 the first post-war ] of Bangladesh, Sheikh ], mentioned that 3 million died on a dozen occasions<ref>F. Hossain '''' Correspondence with the ] on the number of dead</ref>).
| style="width:18%;"|Crimes against humanity; mass murder; massacre; attacks against civilians
| style="width:18%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:18%;"|Massacre carried out by the ] that killed 15 civilians
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
|]|| || ||The minorities of Bangladesh, especially the ], were specific targets of the Pakistan army.<ref name="usconsulate_cable_march31">U.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: , March 31, 1971, Confidential, 3 pp</ref> Numerous East Pakistani women were tortured, raped and killed during the war. The exact numbers are not known and are a subject of debate. Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of war-babies. Some other sources, for example ], refer to an even higher number of over 400,000. Pakistani sources claim the number is much lower, though having not completely denied rape incidents.<ref>Debasish Roy Chowdhury '''' in ] ], 2005
| style="width:18%;"|Crimes against humanity; mass murder; massacre; attacks against civilians
"''In Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, Susan Brownmiller likens it to the Japanese rapes in Nanjing and German rapes in Russia during World War II. "... 200,000, 300,000 or possibly 400,000 women (three sets of statistics have been variously quoted) were raped."''"</ref><ref name="susanbrownmiller">Brownmiller, Susan, "Against Our Will : Men, Women, and Rape" ISBN 0-449-90820-8, page 81</ref><ref>, , Paragraphs 32,34</ref>
| style="width:18%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:18%;"|Massacre carried out by the ] that killed 9 civilians
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
|]|| || ||During the war, the Pakistan Army and its local collaborators carried out a systematic execution of the leading Bengali intellectuals. A number of university professors from Dhaka University were killed during the first few days of the war.<ref name="SelectiveGenocide">Blood, Archer, , Department of State, United States</ref><ref name="roy02homage">Ajoy Roy, , 2002</ref> However, the most extreme cases of targeted killing of intellectuals took place during the last few days of the war. On ], ], only two days before surrendering to the Indian military and the Mukhti Bahini forces, the Pakistani army &ndash; with the assistance of the Al Badr and Al Shams &ndash; systematically executed well over 200 of East Pakistan's intellectuals and scholars.<ref>Shahiduzzaman '''' The New Age, December 15, 2005</ref><ref> Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</ref>
| style="width:18%;"|Crimes against humanity; mass murder; massacre; attacks against civilians
| style="width:18%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:18%;"|Massacre carried out by the ] that killed 10 civilians
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|Crimes against humanity; forced sterilization; genocide; ethnic cleansing;
| style="width:18%;"|] charged in Chile
| style="width:18%;"|Carried out under the ]
|} |}


== 1980–1988: Iran–Iraq War ==
==Cambodian civil war 1970-1994==

Khmer Rouge killed many persons due to political affiliation, education, class origin, occupation, and ethnicity.

==] 1960-1975==

Murder of the royal family and people associated with the former government in re-education camps.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

==1980-1988: Iran-Iraq War==

{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
!colspan="2" align="center"|Armed conflict ! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
!colspan="2" align="center"|perpetrator ! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2" |]
|- |-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|colspan="2" align="center"|]||colspan="2" align="center"|]
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsibe!!Notes
| style="width:18%;"|Crimes against peace (waging a war of aggression)
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|In 1980, Iraq invaded neighboring Iran, allegedly to capture Iraqi territory held by Iran.
|- |-
|Use of ]||War crimes, use of poisons as weapons (violation of the ]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_v24/ai_5197499 |work=UN Chronicle |title=Security Council members condemn use of chemical weapons in Iran-Iraq conflict; demand observance of Geneva protocol |year=1987 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204230032/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_v24/ai_5197499 |archive-date=2007-12-04 }}</ref>)|| ]||Iraq made extensive use of chemical weapons, including ] and ]s such as ]. Iraqi chemical weapons were responsible for over 100,000 Iranian casualties (including 20,000 deaths).<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213061050/http://www.nj.com/specialprojects/index.ssf?%2Fspecialprojects%2Fmideaststories%2Fme1209.html |date=2007-12-13 }} by the ]</ref>
|Waging a war of aggression||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||Iraqi Government||In 1980, Iraq invaded neighboring Iran, allegedly to capture Iraqi territory held by Iran.
|- |-
|] || Crimes against humanity; crime of genocide|| ]|| A ] campaign by Baathist Iraq against the ] (and other non-Arab populations) in northern Iraq, led by President ] and headed by ] in the final stages of ]. The campaign also targeted other minority communities in Iraq including ], ], ], ]s, ], and many villages belonging to these ethnic groups were also destroyed.<ref>{{cite book|author1=G. Black |author2=Human Rights Watch |author3=Middle East Watch |title = Genocide in Iraq: the Anfal campaign against the Kurds|year=1993|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-1-56432-108-4|pages=312–313 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qidfVsS-z8YC&pg=PA312}}</ref>
|Use of ]||Violation of 1925 Geneva Protocol|| ||Iraq made extensive use of chemical weapons, including ] and ]s such as ]. Iraqi chemical weapons were responsible for over 100,000 Iranian casualties (including 20,000 deaths).<ref>Link to article by the '']'': http://www.nj.com/specialprojects/index.ssf?/specialprojects/mideaststories/me1209.html</ref>
|- |-
|]
|Attacks against parties not involved in the war||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}|| || Iraq attacked ]s from neutral nations in an attempt to disrupt enemy trade
||Dutch court has ruled that the incident involved ]s and ] (part of the ]); also may involve the use of poisons as weapons and crimes against humanity.
|-
||]Trial of ]
|]||Dutch court has ruled that the incident involved ]s and ]. ||To date no prosecutions of Iraqi nationals.<br>] war crime.||Iraq also used chemical weapons against their own ] population causing casualties estimated between several hundred up to 5,000 deaths. On ] ] a Dutch court ruled in a case brought against ] for supplying chemicals to Iraq, that " thinks and considers legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets the requirement under the genocide conventions as an ethnic group. The court has no other conclusion that these attacks were committed with the intent to destroy the Kurdish population of Iraq." and because he supplied the chemicals before ] 1988, the date of the ] attack, he is guilty of a war crime but not guilty of complicity in genocide.<ref> by Anne Penketh and Robert Verkaik in ] ] ]</ref><ref> ] ] ]</ref>
||Iraq also used chemical weapons against their own ] population causing casualties estimated between several hundred up to 5,000 deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/IRAQ913.htm#6|title=Whatever Happened To The Iraqi Kurds? |publisher=Human Rights Watch Report |date=March 11, 1991}}</ref> On December 23, 2005, a Dutch court ruled in a case brought against ] for supplying chemicals to Iraq, that " thinks and considers legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets the requirement under the genocide conventions as an ethnic group. The court has no other conclusion that these attacks were committed with the ] the Kurdish population of Iraq." Because he supplied the chemicals before 16 March 1988, the date of the ] attack, he is guilty of a war crime but not guilty of ].<ref>Anne Penketh and Robert Verkaik (December 24, 2005). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228094516/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article334972.ece |date=2005-12-28 }} '']''</ref><ref>. ], December 23, 2005</ref>
|} |}


{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
!colspan="2" align="center"|Armed conflict ! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
!colspan="2" align="center"|perpetrator ! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|Iran–Iraq War
| colspan="2" |Iran
|- |-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|colspan="2" align="center"|Iran-Iraq War||colspan="2" align="center"|]
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|Attacks on neutral shipping {{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsibe!!Notes
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against peace (attacks against parties not involved in the war)
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Iran attacked ]s from neutral nations in an attempt to disrupt enemy trade.
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|Using child soldiers in suicide missions{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}
|Attacks against parties not involved in the war||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}||||Iran attacked ]s from neutral nations in an attempt to disrupt enemy trade.
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes (using ])
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Iran allegedly used volunteers (among them children) in high risk operations for example in clearing mine fields within hours to allow the advancement of regular troops. One source estimates 3% of the Iran–Iraq War's casualties were under the age of 14.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kurzman |first1=Charles |author-link=Charles Kurzman |date=31 October 2013 |title=Death Tolls of the Iran-Iraq War |url=http://kurzman.unc.edu/death-tolls-of-the-iran-iraq-war/ |website=Charles Kurzman website}}</ref>
|- |-
|Laid mines in international waters||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}|| ||Mines damaged the US frigate ] |Laid mines in international waters {{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}
||War crimes (hampered ])
||No prosecutions
||Mines damaged the US frigate {{USS|Samuel B. Roberts|FFG-58|6}}
|} |}
Over 100,000 civilians other than those killed in ] are estimated to have been killed by both sides of the war by ]


== 1986–1994: Uganda ==
==Circa 1985-: Lord's Resistance Army v. Ugandan Government (kidnap, rape, and forced murder involving children)==
'']'' reports (November 26, 2005 p.&nbsp;27):
* 20 years warfare

* '']'' reports (Nov 26 2005 p.27):
::''Almost 20 years of fighting... has killed half a million people. Many of the dead are children... The ] <ref>The LRA is described by sources such as '']'' as a "cannibalistic cult that has slaughtered whole villages and left its victims without hands, feet or faces". </ref> ]s children and forces them to join its ranks. And so, incredibly, children are not only the main victims of this war, but also its unwilling perpetrators... The girls told me they had been given to rebel commanders as "wives" and forced to bear them children. The boys said they had been forced to walk for days knowing they would be killed if they showed any weakness, and in some cases forced even to murder their family members... every night up to 10,000 children walk into the centre of ]... because they are not safe in their own beds... more than 25,000 children have been kidnapped ...this year an average of 20 children have been abducted every week.'' <blockquote>Almost 20 years of fighting... has killed half a million people. Many of the dead are children... The ] <ref>The LRA is described by sources such as '']'' as a "cannibalistic cult that has slaughtered whole villages and left its victims without hands, feet or faces".{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> kidnaps children and forces them to join its ranks. And so, incredibly, children are not only the main victims of this war, but also its unwilling perpetrators... The girls told me they had been given to rebel commanders as "wives" and forced to bear them children. The boys said they had been forced to walk for days knowing they would be killed if they showed any weakness, and in some cases forced even to murder their family members... every night up to 10,000 children walk into the centre of ]... because they are not safe in their own beds... more than 25,000 children have been kidnapped ...this year an average of 20 children have been abducted every week.</blockquote>
* The ] has launched an investigation and has issued indictments against LRA leaders. * The ] has launched an investigation and has issued indictments against LRA leaders.


==1991–1999: Yugoslav wars==
==Sabra and Shatila massacre 1982==
===1991–1995: Croatian War of Independence===
==1991-1999 Yugoslav Wars==
Also see ] for a variety of war criminals and crimes during this era.
===Croatian War of Independence 1991-1995===

{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
!colspan="2" align="center"|Armed conflict ! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
!colspan="2" align="center"|perpetrator ! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2" |], Army of Serbian Krajina and paramilitary units.
|- |-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|colspan="2" align="center"|]||colspan="2" align="center"|], Army of ] and Serb paramilitary units.
|- |-
|]
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|| War crimes (indiscriminate shelling of city for 87 days until it was leveled to the ground. At least 1,798 killed, civilians and soldiers)<ref name="un">Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts, established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992), Annex VIII – Prison camps; Under the Direction of: M. Cherif Bassiouni; S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol. IV), 27 May 1994, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020043447/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/III-A.htm |date=2010-10-20 }}, (p. 1070). Accessdate 20 October 2010.</ref>
||], ]. ] and ] sentenced by the ICTY.
||August 25-November 18, 1991
|- |-
|]<ref name=verdict>{{Cite news|date=2007-09-27|title=Two jailed over Croatia massacre|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7016290.stm|access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref>
|]||Murders of 12 Croatian policemen on 2 May 1991, followed by putting their bodies on display||Serb paramilitary units commanded by ]. Šešelj is on trial at ].||
|| War crimes (Over 264 civilians and wounded POWs executed after ])
||Serb Territorial Defense and paramilitary units. ] sentenced to 20 years, ] sentenced to 10 years. ] acquitted.
||18–21 November 1991; bodies buried in a mass grave
|- |-
|], ], ], ], ]
|]||Almost 2000 soldiers and civilians killed in ruthless shellings of civilian targets, including hospitals.||JNA and Serb paramilitary units. Several JNA commanders indicted, including commander ].||
||Torture of POWs and illegal detention of civilians
||Milosevic indicted by the ICTY.
||November 1991-March 1992
|- |-
|]<ref name=autogenerated5>{{in lang|hr}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319132645/http://www.dorh.hr/default.asp?gl=200708230000003&jezik=1&sid=|date=2008-03-19}} Priopćenje povodom obilježavanja 16. obljetnice pogibije 39 branitelja u Dalju</ref>
|]||Over 200 civilians and wounded POWs executed after ] on 18 November 1991.||JNA and Serb paramilitary units. Dozens of commanders and soldiers convicted by ICTY and Croatian courts. Several JNA commanders charged, including commander ].||Civilians and wounded POWs buried in mass graves at ].
||War crimes (Execution of 11 detainees)
||Territorial Defense of SAO SBWS under ]. Dalj was also one of the charges on the ] ICTY indictment.
||September 21, 1991; bodies buried in a mass grave in the village of Celija
|- |-
|]<ref name=autogenerated5/>
|]||Shelling of civilian targets that killed almost 90 civilians||JNA and Montenegro territorial forces. Several JNA commanders sentenced.||Shelling of UNESCO protected ].
||War crimes (Massacre of 28 detainees)
||Territorial Defense of SAO SBWS under ]. In 2023, the follow-up ] sentenced Serbian State Security officers ] and ] for ] a ] in Daljska Planina in June 1992 through their control of Serb paramilitary, as well as other crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina, included them in a ], and sentenced them each to 15 years in prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=UN commends Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia, as final judgement is delivered| work=UN News| date=31 May 2023| url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/05/1137222| access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=STANIŠIĆ and SIMATOVIĆ (MICT-15-96-A)| url=https://www.irmct.org/en/cases/mict-15-96| publisher=International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals| location=The Hague| date=31 May 2023| access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>
||October 4, 1991
|- |-
|]<ref name="Krvava">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lovas.hr/Izdava%C5%A1tvo/tabid/60/Default.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928104557/http://www.lovas.hr/Izdava%C5%A1tvo/tabid/60/Default.aspx|url-status=dead|title= Link leading to a downloadable booklet "Krvava Istina o Lovasu" |trans-title=Bloody Truth on Lovas |language=hr |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}</ref>
|]|| Massacre of captured Croatian policemen. || Serb-led JNA and rebel Serbs militia. || Assault on Croatian police station in Dalj, E Croatia. On August 1, 1991.
||War crimes
||], Territorial Defense of SAO SBWS and ] paramilitary unit. ] and 17 individuals are being tried by Croatian courts. Lovas was also one of the charges on the ] ICTY indictment.
||On October 10, 1991
|- |-
|]<ref name="Martić"/>
|]|| Massacre of 13 civilians. || Serb-led JNA and rebel Serbs militia. ] and ] convicted. || Vaganac near Gospić. On October 9, 1991.
||War crimes
||JNA and Krajina Serb Territorial Defense.
||Široka Kula near Gospić on October 13, 1991.
|- |-
|]<ref name="Martić">
|]||Massacre of 75 civilians.||Serb forces. 17 are being tried by Croatian Courts. Lovas was also one of the charges on ] and ] indictments.|| On October 10 - end of 1991.
http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e.htm Summary of judgement: Milan Martić sentenced to 35 years for crimes against humanity and war crimes
</ref>
||War crimes
||Serb Territorial Defense forces and SAO Krajina militia. ] and ] convicted by ]. Baćin was also one of the charges on the ] ICTY indictment.
||On October 21, 1991.
|- |-
|]<ref name="Martić"/>
|]|| Massacre of 40 civilians. || Serb-led JNA and rebel Serbs militia. || Široka Kula near Gospić. On October 13, 1991.
||War crimes
||Serb-led JNA (special JNA unit from Niš), TO forces, rebel Serbs militia. ] and ] convicted.
||On October 28, November 7, and November 12, 1991.
|- |-
|]
|]||Massacre of 110 civilians.|| Rebel Serbs' forces. ] and ] convicted.|| On October 21, 1991.
||War crimes (killing of 37 civilians)<ref name="icty">{{cite web|url=http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/icty/miloseviccroatiaindtmt100801.pdf|title=The Prosecutor of the Tribunal against Slobodan Milošević (p. 53, 54, 56, 57, 58)|publisher=]|year=2001|access-date=29 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806132757/http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/icty/miloseviccroatiaindtmt100801.pdf|archive-date=2012-08-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>
||], ], ], ] and ] indicted by the ].
||November 1991-February 1992
|- |-
|]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e.htm|title=Summary of judgement: the case of Milan Martić|access-date=October 24, 2014}}</ref>
|]|| Massacre of 10 civilians. || Serb-led JNA and TO forces. ] and ] convicted. || On November 7, 1991.
||War crimes
||Serb forces. ] and ] convicted.
||On November 18, 1991.
|- |-
|]<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204025/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/XI-A.htm|date=2013-10-29}}, Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts</ref>
|]|| Massacre of 29 civilians. || Serb-led JNA (special JNA unit from Niš) and rebel Serbs militia. ] and ] convicted. || On November 12, 1991.
||War crimes
||JNA and Montenegrin territorial forces. Several JNA commanders sentenced.
||Shelling of UNESCO protected ]. October 1991.
|- |-
|]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/ses-ii030115e.htm|title=Šešelj Indictment|access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref>
|]||Massacre of 86 civilians and POWs.||Serb forces. ] and ] convicted. || On November 18, 1991.
||War crimes
||] paramilitary group under ], indicted by ]. Voćin was also one of the charges on the ] ICTY indictment.
||13 December 1991.
|- |-
|]<ref name=autogenerated3> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818162418/http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e-summary.htm|date=2007-08-18}}, summary of judgement</ref>
|]||Massacre of 60 civilians.||] group. ] indicted.|| December of 1991.
||War crimes
||Serb forces. ] and ] convicted.
||On December 21, 1991.
|- |-
|]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-01/2007-01-10-voa46.cfm?CFID=161290729&CFTOKEN=38299627|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070214080626/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-01/2007-01-10-voa46.cfm?CFID=109712538&CFTOKEN=91717947
|]||Massacre of 10 civilians.||Serb forces. ] nad ] convicted. || On December 21, 1991.
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2007-02-14
|title=Prosecutors Seek Life Sentence for War Crimes Suspect Martić
|access-date=2007-06-12
|date=2007-01-10
|publisher=]
}}</ref>
||War crimes
||] Serb forces. Leader ] bragged on Television about ordering the assault, the videotape being used against him at ], convicted.
||Rocket attack was started as revenge for Serb military defeat in ].
|- |-
|] in ]||Expulsion of almost 78'000 Croat and other non-Serbs with looting, rapes and murders.||JNA and Serb paramilitaries. Many people, including leaders ] and ], convicted at ICTY and Croatian courts.|| |] in ]<ref name="Martić"/>
||Crimes against humanity (Serb forces forcibly removed virtually all non-Serbs living there-nearly a quarter of a million people (mostly Croats))<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2001/10/28/milosevic-important-new-charges-croatia|title=Milosevic: Important New Charges on Croatia|access-date=October 29, 2010|date=October 21, 2001|publisher=]}}</ref>
||JNA and Serb paramilitaries. Many people, including leaders ] and ], convicted at ICTY and Croatian courts.
|| June–December 1991
|- |-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Armed conflict
|]||Shelling of civilian targets in 1995 that killed 6 and wounded at least 175.||] Serb forces. Leader ] bragged on Television about ordering the assault, the videotape being used against him at ].||Rocket attack was started as revenge for Serb military defeat in ].
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|] and paramilitary units
|- |-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
!colspan="2" align="center"|Armed conflict
!colspan="2" align="center"|perpetrator
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]
|colspan="2" align="center"|]||colspan="2" align="center"|] and paramilitary units
| style="width:18%;"|Crime of torture, War crimes (Torture of POWs)
| style="width:32%;"|Croatian army. Several people convicted by Croatian courts. {{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}
| style="width:32%;"|Croatian internment camp for Serb soldiers and civilians between 1992 and 1997
|- |-
|]
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
||War crimes, extortion
||Croatian army, ] special forces and paramilitary formations.{{br}} Commander ], and various subordinates and accessories found guilty of war crimes by Croatian courts.<ref name="mercep">{{cite web |last1=Milekic |first1=Sven |title=Croatian Police Official's War Crimes Sentence Increased |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2017/02/13/croatian-police-official-war-crimes-sentence-pro-longed-02-13-2017/ |website=Balkan Insight |access-date=16 September 2022 |date=13 February 2017}}</ref>
||November 1991-February 1992
|- |-
|]
|]||Torture of POWs||Croatian army. Several people convicted by Croatian courts.||
||War crimes
||Croatian Army. Commander ] and others convicted by Croatian courts.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
||16–18 October 1991
|- |-
|]<ref name=autogenerated2> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504142243/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/IV.htm|date=May 4, 2012}}</ref>
|]||Killings of about 100 civilians||Croatian army. Commander ] and others convicted by Croatian courts.||
||War crimes
||Croatian Army. No prosecutions
||31 October – 4 November 1991
|- |-
|]
||War crimes
||Croatian Army
||11 December 1991
|-
|]
||War crimes (killings of 40 militiamen)
||Croatian Army. No prosecutions
||21 June 1992; invasion and permanent occupation of territory under international protection; bodies buried in mass graves nearby
|-
|] || War crimes (Killings of 490 or 491 individuals, including civilians)
||Croatian Army. No prosecutions
||22 January – 1 February 1993; invasion of territory under international protection
|-
|]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hri.org/docs/USSD-Rights/93/Croatia93.html|title=CROATIA HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES, 1993|website=www.hri.org}}</ref>
||War crimes
||Croatian paramilitaries. No prosecutions
||6 September 1993; five men and two women, four shot dead; three burned alive
|-
|]
||War crimes, Crime against peace (killings of 29 civilians and 71 soldiers;<ref name="ny">{{cite news|title=Croatia Protects a General Charged With War Crimes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/03/world/croatia-protects-a-general-charged-with-war-crimes.html?scp=1&sq=medak%20pocket&st=cse|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Daniel Simpson|date=2002-12-03|access-date=2010-10-06}}</ref> wounding 4 UN peacekeepers)
||Croatian Army. Commanders ], ] and ]. Ademi acquitted, Bobetko died in the meantime, Norac sentenced to seven years.
||9–17 September 1993; invasion of territory under international protection and assault on UN peacekeeping forces
|-
|]
||War crimes
||Croatian Army. No prosecutions
||1–3 May 1995; invasion and permanent occupation of territory under international protection; Western Slavonia fully taken from RSK; 53 were killed in their own homes, while 30 during the Croatian raids of the refugee colons.
|-
|]
||War crimes (Killings of at least 677 civilians, 150–200,000 Serbian refugees<ref>]</ref>)
||Croatian Army. Generals ] and ] ultimately acquitted by the ICTY.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icty.org/cases/party/691/4 |title=ICTY - TPIY :: The Cases |website=www.icty.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330220307/http://www.icty.org/cases/party/691/4 |archive-date=2009-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20352187|title=War court clears Croatia generals|work=BBC News|date=November 17, 2012}}</ref>
||4–8 August 1995
|-
|]
||War crimes
||Croatian Army. No prosecutions
||28 September 1995
|} |}


===Bosnian War 1992-1995=== ===1992–1995: Bosnian War===
{{main|Bosnian genocide}}
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
!colspan="2" align="center"|Armed conflict ! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
!colspan="2" align="center"|perpetrator ! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2" |Serb forces, ], Paramilitary units from Serbia, local Serb police and civilians.
|- |-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|colspan="2" align="center"|]||colspan="2" align="center"|], Paramilitary units from Serbia, local Serb police and civilians.
|- |-
| style="width:18%;"|]<ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Srebrenica 1995 - Preliminarni Spisak Žrtava Genocida u Srebrenici 1995. Godine|trans-title=Srebrenica 1995 - Preliminary List of Missing and Killed in Srebrenica |publisher=Federal Commission for Missing Persons in Sarajevo |url=http://hamdijadobruna.com/sreb/Preliminarni_spisak_Srebrenica_1995.pdf}}. See also .</ref>
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
| style="width:18%;"|Crimes against humanity;] (murder of over 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys)
| style="width:32%;"|Army of Republika Srpska. President ] sentenced to 40 years and General ] to a ] for genocide by the ICTY;<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=58143#.WhadpdLiXIU|title=UN hails conviction of Mladic, the 'epitome of evil,' a momentous victory for justice|date=22 November 2017|publisher=UN News Centre|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref> later Radovan Karadžić was sentenced to life imprisonment on appeal.<ref name=washpost>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/pb/world/un-appeals-court-increases-radovan-karadzics-sentence-to-life-imprisonment/2019/03/20/ece3a78e-4b18-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html|title=UN appeals court increases Radovan Karadzic's sentence to life imprisonment|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2019-03-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322075741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/un-appeals-court-increases-radovan-karadzics-sentence-to-life-imprisonment/2019/03/20/ece3a78e-4b18-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html|archive-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>
| style="width:32%;"|Following the fall of the eastern Bosnian enclave of Srebrenica the men were separated from the women and executed over a period of several days in July 1995.
|- |-
|]<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-01-18-3032725234_x.htm | work=USA Today | title = Exhibit details Bosnia ethnic cleansing | date=2008-01-18 | access-date=2010-05-11 | first=Cheryl | last=Wittenauer}}</ref>
|]||], according to ] and ]; Murder of 8,200 Bosniak men and boys||Army of Republika Srpska|| Following the fall of the eastern Bosnian enclave of Srebrenica the men were separated from the women and executed over a period of several days in July 1995.
|| Crimes against humanity (3515 Bosniak and 186 Croat civilians killed and missing)
||Army of Republika Srpska. ] convicted.
||Numerous war crimes committed during the Bosnian war by the Serb political and military leadership mostly on Bosniak civilians in the Prijedor region of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
|- |-
|]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://css.ethz.ch/en/services.html|title=Resources|website=css.ethz.ch|date=15 June 2023 }}</ref>
|]||Murder of civilians||Army of Republika Srpska|| The victims were civilians who were shopping in an open air market in ] when Serb forces shelled the market. Two separate incidents. Feb 1994; 68 killed and 144 wounded and August 1995; 37 killed and 90 wounded.
||Crimes against humanity (murder of 1,000 - 3,000 civilians)
||Serbian police and military forces. Seven officers convicted.
||Acts of ethnic cleansing and mass murder of Bosniak civilians that occurred in the town of Višegrad in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, committed by Serb police and military forces at the start of the Bosnian War during the spring of 1992.
|- |-
|]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html|title=Prosecutor v. Dario Kordic & Mario Cerkez - Trial Chamber III - Judgment - en IT-95-14/2 ICTY 8 (26 February 2001)|website=www.worldlii.org}}</ref>
|]||Murder of 72 and wounding of more than 200 civilians ||Army of Republika Srpska|| On May 25, 1995 the Serb army shelled the city of ] and killed 72 people with a single shell.
||Crimes against humanity (murder of over 1513 Bosniak civilians)
||Army of Republika Srpska. Eight officers and soldiers convicted.
||A series of killings committed by Serb military, police and paramilitary forces on Bosniak civilians in the Foča region of Bosnia-Herzegovina (including the towns of Gacko and Kalinovik) from April 7, 1992, to January 1994. In numerous verdicts, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ruled that these killings constituted crimes against humanity and acts of genocide.
|- |-
|]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-02-05|last=Fish |first=Jim |title=Sarajevo massacre remembered|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3459965.stm|access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref>
|]||More than 200 men executed.||Serbian reserve police. Darko Mrđa was convicted.||
||War crimes
||Army of Republika Srpska. ] convicted
||The victims were civilians who were shopping in an open-air market in ] when Serb forces shelled the market. Two separate incidents. February 1994; 68 killed and 144 wounded and August 1995; 37 killed and 90 wounded.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|- |-
|]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/icty/galic/trialc/judgement/gal-tj031205-1.htm#IIIC2 |title=PROSECUTOR v. STANISLAV GALIC|website=www.un.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807042536/http://www.un.org/icty/galic/trialc/judgement/gal-tj031205-1.htm |archive-date=August 7, 2009}}</ref>
|]||64 men and boys tortured, 56 killed.||Serb forces||Rounded up in an attack on a village, they were tortured. Claiming they were going to be exchanged, Serb forces put them on a bus, which they attacked with machineguns and granades on June 14, 1992. 8 survived by hiding under bodies of the dead.
||War crimes
||Army of Republika Srpska. ] and ], were sentenced to life imprisonment and to 33 years imprisonment, respectively.
||The longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare. Republika Srpska and the Yugoslav People's Army besieged Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, from April 5, 1992, to February 29, 1996.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|- |-
|]
!colspan="2" align="center"|Armed conflict
||War crimes
!colspan="2" align="center"|perpetrator
||Army of Republika Srpska.
||From April 1992 to August 1995.
|- |-
|]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/|title=Sud Bosne i Hercegovine - Naslovna|website=Sud Bosne i Hercegovine}}</ref>
|colspan="2" align="center"|]||colspan="2" align="center"|Croat forces ].
||War crimes
||Army of Republika Srpska. ARS Officer ] on trial.
||On May 25, 1995, the Serb army shelled the city of ] and killed 72 people with a single shell.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|- |-
|]<ref>https://www.un.org/icty/cases-e/cis/mrdja/cis-mrdja.pdf {{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/icty/mrdja/trialc/judgement/index.htm |title= Darko Mrdja - Sentencing Judgement|website=www.un.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060311223435/http://www.un.org/icty/mrdja/trialc/judgement/index.htm |archive-date=March 11, 2006}}</ref>
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes|-
||War crimes
||Serbian reserve police. ] was convicted.
||Mass murder of more than 200 Bosniak men on 21 August 1992 at the Korićani Cliffs (Korićanske Stijene) location on Mount Vlašić, Bosnia and Herzegovina{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|- |-
|]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iwpr.net/world|title=Home|website=Institute for War and Peace Reporting|access-date=2020-05-03|archive-date=2020-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414153710/https://iwpr.net/world|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|]||] according to ICTY; Murder of 116 civilians in the village of Ahmići ||]|| On April 16, 1993 the Croatian Defence Council attacked the village of Ahmići and killed 116 Bosniaks.
||War crimes; crime of torture (64 men and boys tortured, 56 killed)
||Army of the Republika Srpska. No prosecutions.
||Rounded up in an attack on a village, they were tortured. Claiming they were going to be exchanged, Serb forces put them on a bus, which they attacked with machine guns and grenades on June 14, 1992. Eight survived by hiding under bodies of the dead.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|- |-
|]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bosnia.org.uk/bosrep/report_format.cfm?articleid=709&reportid=146 |title=Bosnia Report – July–September 2000 |access-date=2009-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052014/http://www.bosnia.org.uk/bosrep/report_format.cfm?articleid=709&reportid=146 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|]||] according to ICTY; Murder of 37 civilians in the village of Stupni Do ||]|| On October 23, 1993 the Croatian Defence Council attacked the village of Stupni do and killed 37 Bosniaks.
||War crimes
||Army of the Republika Srpska. Four indicted.
||Massacre of at least 50 Bosniaks by Bosnian Serb Army in the Rogatica Municipality on June 15, 1992.
|- |-
|]<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921211207/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/sdrpt1.htm|date=2010-09-21}}</ref>
||War crimes
||Army of the Republika Srpska. No prosecutions.
||The execution of 17 Bosniak civilians from Višegrad on May 26, 1992, all men.
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Armed conflict
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Perpetrator
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|]|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Croat forces, ].
|-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes|-
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/603420.stm|work=BBC News|title=Flashback: The Ahmici massacre|date=2000-01-14|access-date=2010-05-11}}</ref>
| style="width:18%;"|] according to ICTY, (ethnic cleansing, murder of civilians)
| style="width:32%;"|], ] convicted.
| style="width:32%;"|On April 16, 1993, the Croatian Defence Council attacked the village of Ahmići and killed 116 Bosniaks.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|-
|]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/rajic/tjug/en/raj-tj0060508e.pdf|title=Microsoft Word – ~8822308.doc|access-date=2011-01-01}}</ref>
||Crimes against humanity according to ICTY (murder of 37 civilians)
||Croatian Defence Council, ] convicted.
||On October 23, 1993, the Croatian Defence Council attacked the village of Stupni do and killed 37 Bosniaks {{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|-
|]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/icty/blaskic/trialc1/judgement/bla-tj000303e-3.htm#IIIA |title=III. FACTS AND DISCUSSION |website=www.un.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426110215/http://www.un.org/icty/blaskic/trialc1/judgement/bla-tj000303e-3.htm |archive-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref>
||Crimes against humanity according to ICTY. (2,000 civilians killed and missing)
||Croatian Defence Council. Nine politicians and officers convicted, among them ].
||Numerous war crimes committed by the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia's political and military leadership on Bosnian Muslim (Bosniak) civilians in the Lašva Valley region of Bosnia-Herzegovina, from April 1993 to February 1994.
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Armed conflict
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Bosniak forces, ]
|-
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes|-
|-
|]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/prl-ii040304e.htm |title= Prlic et al. Initial Indictment|website=www.un.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802021727/http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/prl-ii040304e.htm |archive-date=August 2, 2009}}</ref>
||War crimes (13 civilians murdered)
||Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ], ] and ] convicted.
||13 Croatian inhabitants of Grabovica village by members of the 9th Brigade and unidentified members of the Bosnian Army on the 8th or 9 September 1993.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|-
|]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grebo |first1=Lamija |last2=Dizdarevic |first2=Emina |title=Bosnian Serbs' Deaths in Village Massacre Go Unpunished |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/09/05/bosnian-serbs-deaths-in-village-massacre-go-unpunished/ |date=September 5, 2019}}</ref>
||War crimes (56 civilians murdered)
||Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. No prosecutions.
||56 Bosnian Serb civilians, including 21 women and three children, in the village of Gornja Jošanica. Victims were stabbed multiple times, had their throats slit, skulls and body parts crushed or mutilated.
|} |}


===Kosovo War 1999=== ===1998–1999: Kosovo War===
{{main|War crimes in the Kosovo War}}
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
!colspan="2" align="center"|Armed conflict ! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
!colspan="2" align="center"|perpetrator ! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2" |Yugoslav army, Serbian police and paramilitary forces
|- |-
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|colspan="2" align="center"|]||colspan="2" align="center"|], Paramilitary units from Serbia, local Serb police and civilians.
|-
|]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/256453.stm|work=BBC News|title=Nato crisis talks on massacre|date=1999-01-17|access-date=2010-05-11}}</ref>
||War crimes
||Serbian police, No prosecutions
||45 Kosovo Albanians were killed in the village of ] in central ]. The government of the ] asserted that the casualties were all members of the ] who had been killed in a clash with state security forces.
|-
|]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9905/19/massacre.02/index.html|work=CNN|title=U.S.: Massacre video matches mass grave evidence|access-date=2010-05-11}}</ref>
||War crimes
||Serbian police and paramilitaries, No prosecutions.
||120 Albanian civilians killed by Serbian forces in the village of ], in the ] region of central Kosovo on 28 March 1999.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|-
|]
||War crimes
||Serbian police. Four former-policemen were convicted and received prison sentences ranging from 13 to 20 years.
||The massacre took place in ], in central Kosovo on 26 March 1999. The victims were locked inside a pizzeria into which two hand grenades were thrown. Before taking the bodies out of the pizzeria, the police allegedly shot anyone still showing signs of life.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|-
|]
||War crimes
||Yugoslav Army, Serbian police, paramilitary and ] volunteers, No prosecutions.
||Serbian forces summarily executed 41 Albanians in ] on 14 May 1999, taking three groups of men into three different houses, where they were shot with automatic weapons and set on fire.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|-
|]<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607200233/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/Kosovo/Kosovo-Massacres4.htm|date=7 June 2009}}</ref>
||War crimes
||Serbian special forces, No prosecutions.
||Massacre at Velika Kruša near ], took place during the Kosovo War on the afternoon of March 25, 1999, the day after the ] air campaign began.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|-
|]
||War crimes
||Serbian paramilitaries. Four convicted and sentenced to lengthy prison sentences.
||19 Kosovo Albanian civilians, all women and children, were executed by Serbian paramilitary forces in March, 1999 in ], in eastern Kosovo.
|-
|]
|War crimes
|Yugoslav Army, Serbian police. Twenty charged in relation to the massacre.
|At least 377 Albanian civilians were executed in the Catholic village of Meja on 27 and 28 March 1999.
|-
|Mass deportations
|Ethnic cleansing
|Yugoslav Army, Serbian Police, Serbian paramilliaries. ] tried but died in captivity.
|Approximately 850,000 Albanian civilians expelled from Kosovo to nearby regions and 590,000 internally displaced.
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|]
|- |-
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes !Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|- |-
|]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/icty/bhs/outreach/articles/eng/article-041117e.htm |title= Outreach Programme - Articles published by magazine Balkan - Llapushnik Camp Victims Deserve Justice, 17 November 2004|website=www.un.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614093103/http://www.un.org/icty/bhs/outreach/articles/eng/article-041117e.htm |archive-date=June 14, 2009}}</ref>
|Ethnic cleansing in ]||Expulsion several thousand people with looting, rapes and murders.||Serb military and paramilitary forces. Many people convicted at ICTY courts.||
||War crimes
||]; ] sentenced to 13 years.
||Detention camp (also referred to as a prison and concentration camp) near the city of ] in central Kosovo during the Kosovo War, in 1998. The camp was used by ] insurgents to collect and confine hundreds of male prisoners of Serb and non-Albanian ethnicity.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|- |-
|]
|]||Murder of 45 Albanian civilians.||Yugoslav military and paramilitary forces.||
||War crime; (murder of 22 Serbian civilians)
|], No prosecutions
|22 ] civilians were killed by Albanian insurgents in the village of Klečka, and their remains were ] in a lime ].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/160978.stm|title=Serbs highlight 'KLA atrocity'|date=August 29, 1998|access-date=April 2, 2013}}</ref>
|- |-
|]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=613776|title=Vreme 901 – Ratni zlocini: U ime zakona Leke Dukadjina|work=Nedeljnik Vreme| date=9 April 2008 |access-date=October 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pogledi.rs/galerija/sz/index.php|title=Погледи|access-date=2012-03-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310182750/http://www.pogledi.rs/galerija/sz/index.php|archive-date=2012-03-10}}</ref>
||War crime; (murder of 34 civilians)
|], No prosecutions
|34 Serbs, non-Albanians and moderate Kosovo Albanians were killed by members of the Kosovo Liberation Army near Lake Radonjić<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/kosovo/undword.htm|title=Human Rights Watch report|access-date=October 24, 2014}}</ref>
|-
|]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=B92|url= http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=07&dd=23&nav_category=640&nav_id=628784|title=KiM: 13 godina od ubistva žetelaca|date=July 23, 2012|access-date=April 2, 2013}}</ref>
||War crime; (murder of 14 Serb civilians)
|], No prosecutions
|14 ] farmers were executed by ] gunmen, who then disfigured their corpses with blunt instruments.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
|} |}


==1990-2000: Liberia / Sierra Leone == == 1990–2000: Liberia / Sierra Leone ==
From '']'' March 28 2006 p.43: From '']'' March 28, 2006 p.&nbsp;43:
:''"], the former ]n President who is one of ]s most wanted men, has gone into hiding in ] to avoid ] to a UN war crimes trimbunal... The UN war crimes tribunal in ] holds Mr Taylor responsible for about 250,000 deaths. Throughout the ], his armies and supporters, made up of child soldiers orphaned by the conflict wreaked havoc through a swath of ]. In Sierra Leone he supported the ] (R.U.F) whose rebel fighters were notorious for hacking off the limbs of civilians.'' : ''"], the former ]n President who is one of Africas most wanted men, has gone into hiding in ] to avoid ] to a UN war crimes tribunal... The UN war crimes tribunal in ] holds Mr Taylor responsible for about 250,000 deaths. Throughout the 1990s, his armies and supporters, made up of child soldiers orphaned by the conflict wreaked havoc through a swath of West Africa. In Sierra Leone he supported the ] (R.U.F) whose rebel fighters were notorious for hacking off the limbs of civilians.''
* Current action – Indicted on 17 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity by the UN, which has issued an international warrant for his arrest. As of April 2006 located, extradited, and facing trial in ] but then transferred to the Netherlands as requested by the ]n government. As of the status of the main state actor in the war crimes in Liberia, Sierra Leone and the ongoing war crimes tribunal in the Hague for violating the UN sanctions, Libya's Muamar Gaddafi was elected to the post of President of the African Union. As of late January, 2011, Exxon/Mobile has resumed explorationary drilling in Libya after the exchange of the Lockerbie bombing terrorist was returned to Libya and Libya was taken off terrorist list by the Bush administration with the legal stipulation that Libya could never be prosecuted for past war crimes(regardless of guilt)in the future.


== 1990: Gulf War ==
* Current action - Indicted on 17 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity by the UN, which has issued an international warrant for his arrest. As of ] located, extradited, and facing trial in ] but then transferred to ] as requested by the ]n government.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |]
| colspan="2" |]
|-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|-
| style="width:18%;"|] {{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}
| style="width:18%;"|Crimes against peace (waging a ] for territorial aggrandisement; "''breach of international peace and security''" (]))
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Did conspire to levy and did levy a war of aggression against ], a ] state, took it by force of arms, did occupy it, and did annex it, by ], a right utterly alien, hostile, and repugnant to all extant international law, being a grave breach of the ], and the customary international law, adhered to by all civilised nations and armed groups, thus constituting Crimes against peace.
|}

== 1991–2000/2002: Algerian Civil War ==
{{Main|List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War}}

During the ] of the 1990s, a variety of ]s occurred through the country, many being identified as war crimes. The ] has avowed its responsibility for many of them, while for others no group has claimed responsibility. In addition to generating a widespread sense of fear, these massacres and the ensuing flight of population have resulted in serious depopulation of the worst-affected areas. The massacres peaked in 1997 (with a smaller peak in 1994), and were particularly concentrated in the areas between ] and ], with very few occurring in the east or in the ].

== 1994–1996/1999–2009: Russia-Chechnya Wars ==
{{Main|Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism|Russian war crimes}}


During the ] (1994–1996) and ] (1999–2000 battle phase, 2000–2009 insurgency phase) there were many allegations of war crimes and terrorism against both sides from various human rights organizations.
==1990: Invasion of Kuwait==


{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
!colspan="2" align="center"|Armed conflict ! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
!colspan="2" align="center"|perpetrator ! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|], ]
| colspan="2" |]
|- |-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|colspan="2" align="center"|] of ]||colspan="2" align="center"|]
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against peace (attacks against parties not involved in the war), crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Russian fighter jets dropped ] on the town of ]. Targets included a school; cemetery, hospital, fuel station and a collective farm.
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against peace (attacks against parties not involved in the war), crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|The massacre of 100–300 civilians in the village of Samashki by Russian paramilitary troops.
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against peace (attacks against parties not involved in the war), crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Two ] ] use cluster munitions on the remote mountain village of Elistanzhi. The local school is destroyed with nine children inside.
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against peace (attacks against parties not involved in the war), crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Over 100 Chechen civilians die in indiscriminate bombing on the Chechen capital of Grozny by the Strategic Missile Troops.
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Thousands civilians die from bombings
|-
|]
|Crimes against humanity
|No prosecutions
|Low flying ] helicopters perform repeated attack runs on a large numbers refugees trying to enter ].
|-
|]
|War crimes, crimes against humanity
|No prosecutions
|] officers use automatic rifles on a convoy of refugees at a federal roadblock on the road to ].
|-
|]
|War crimes, crimes against humanity
|No prosecutions
|Over two weeks drunken Russian troops under the command of General ] went on the rampage after taking the town from the forces of ].
|-
|]
|War crimes, crimes against humanity
|No prosecutions
|]s of at least 38&nbsp;confirmed civilians by Russian federal soldiers in ], ].
|-
|]
|War crimes, crimes against humanity
|No prosecutions
|Indiscriminate bombing by the Russian Air Force of the village of Katyr-Yurt and a refugee convoy under white flags.
|-
|]
|War crimes, crimes against humanity
|No prosecutions
|The killings, including executions, of 60 to 82 local civilians by ] unit, ], and rapes of at least six women along with ] and robbery in ], ].
|-
|]
|War crimes, crimes against humanity
|No prosecutions
|Chechen combantants who surrendered after the ] on the public promise of amnesty are killed and "disappeared" shortly after.
|}

== 1998–2006: Second Congo War ==
{{See also|Cases before the International Criminal Court#Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
* Civil war 1998–2002, est. 5 million deaths; war "sucked in" ], ], ], ] and ], as well as 17,000 ] peacekeepers, its "largest and most costly" peace mission and "the bloodiest conflict since the end of the Second World War."
* Fighting involves ] militia and ] government soldiers. The Government originally armed the Mai-Mai as civil defence against external invaders, who then turned to banditry.
* 100,000 refugees living in remote disease ridden areas to avoid both sides
* Estimated 1000 deaths a day according to ]:
: ''"The army attacks the local population as it passes through, often raping and pillaging like the militias. Those who resist are branded Mai-mai supporters and face detention or death. The Mai-mai accuse the villagers of collaborating with the army, they return to the villages at night and {{sic|exact revenge}}. Sometimes they ] the villagers into the bush to work as human mules."''<ref>] World News, April 3, 2006, p.29</ref>
* In 2003, Sinafasi Makelo, a representative of ] ], told the UN's Indigenous People's Forum that during the ], his people were hunted down and eaten as though they were game animals. Both sides of the war regarded them as "subhuman". Makelo asked the ] to recognise ] as a crime against humanity and an act of ].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3869489.stm |title = DR Congo pygmies 'exterminated'|date = 6 July 2004|access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2933524.stm |title = DR Congo Pygmies appeal to UN|date = 23 May 2003|access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref>

== 2003–2017: Iraqi conflict ==
During the ]
* ] On September 16, 2007, ] ]s shot and killed 17 Iraqi civilians in ], ].<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Johnston |author2=John M. Broder |title = F.B.I. Says Guards Killed 14 Iraqis Without Cause |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/world/middleeast/14blackwater.html |newspaper = The New York Times |date=2007-11-14 |access-date=2007-11-30 }}</ref> The fatalities occurred while a Blackwater ] (PSD) was escorting a convoy of ] vehicles en route to a meeting in ] with ] officials. The shooting led to the unraveling of the North Carolina-based company, which since has replaced its management and changed its name to Xe Services.
* Beginning in 2004, accounts of ], ], and ], including ],<ref name="Benjamin2009" /><ref name="hersh2007" /> ],<ref name="Benjamin2009">{{Cite news
|first = Mark
|last = Benjamin
|title = Taguba denies he's seen abuse photos suppressed by Obama: The general told a U.K. paper about images he saw investigating Abu Ghraib -- not photos Obama wants kept secret.
|url = http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/05/30/taguba/
|work = Salon.com
|date = 2008-05-30
|access-date = 2009-06-06
|quote = The paper quoted Taguba as saying, "These pictures show torture, abuse, rape and every indecency." The actual quote in the Telegraph was accurate, Taguba said -- but he was referring to the hundreds of images he reviewed as an investigator of the abuse at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090611145722/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/05/30/taguba/
|archive-date = 2009-06-11
}}</ref> ],<ref name="hersh2007">{{cite magazine
|quote = Taguba said that he saw "a video of a male American soldier in uniform sodomizing a female detainee."
|first=Seymour Myron
|last=Hersh
|author-link=Seymour Hersh
|title = The general's report: how Antonio Taguba, who investigated the Abu Ghraib scandal, became one of its casualties.
|url = https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/06/25/070625fa_fact_hersh?printable=true
|magazine=]
|date=2007-06-25
|access-date=2007-06-17
}}</ref> and ]<ref>{{cite news
|first1=Michael
|last1=Scherer
|first2=Mark
|last2=Benjamin
|date=4 November 2003
|title=Other government agencies
|work=The Abu Ghraib files
|publisher=salon.com
|quote=The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology later ruled al-Jamadi's death a homicide, caused by "blunt force injuries to the torso complicated by compromised respiration."
|url=http://www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/chapter_5/index.html
|access-date=2008-02-24
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212035108/https://www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/chapter_5/index.html
|archive-date=2008-02-12
}}</ref> of ]ers held in the ''']''' in ] (also known as ] Correctional Facility) came to public attention. These acts were committed by military police personnel of the ] together with the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/chapter_5/index.html |title=Other government agencies |access-date=24 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212035108/http://www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/chapter_5/index.html |archive-date=12 February 2008 }}</ref> In January 2014, evidence accuses British troops of being involved in widespread torture and abuse towards Iraqi civilians and prisoners.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/exclusive-devastating-dossier-on-abuse-by-uk-forces-in-iraq-goes-to-international-criminal-court-9053735.html |title = Exclusive: Devastating dossier on 'abuse' by UK forces in Iraq goes to International Criminal Court |work=Independent|date=12 January 2014}}</ref>
* War crimes: ] by ]. The bombing was followed by retaliatory violence with over a hundred dead bodies being found the next day<ref>{{cite news |title = Muslim Clerics Call for an End to Iraqi Rioting |work=The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/25/international/middleeast/25iraq.html |access-date=February 24, 2006 | first=Robert F. | last=Worth | date=February 25, 2006}}</ref> and well over 1,000 people killed in the days following the bombing – by some counts, over 1,000 on the first day alone.<ref name="foreignpolicy.com">{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/10/25/Blood_on_Our_Hands?page=full|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101174010/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/10/25/Blood_on_Our_Hands?page=full|url-status=dead|title=Blood on Our Hands: What WikiLeaks Revealed about the Iraqi Death Toll – By Ellen Knickmeyer &#124; Foreign Policy|archive-date=January 1, 2011}}</ref>
* The ] were the ] and murder of 14-year-old ] girl Abeer Qassim Hamza al-Janabi and the murder of her family by ] soldiers on March 12, 2006. It occurred in the family's house to the southwest of ], a village to the west of the town of ], ]. Other members of al-Janabi's family murdered by Americans included her 34-year-old mother Fakhriyah Taha Muhasen, 45-year-old father Qassim Hamza Raheem, and 6-year-old sister Hadeel Qassim Hamza Al-Janabi.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/08/08/iraq.mahmoudiya/index.html | title=Soldier: 'Death walk' drives troops 'nuts' | publisher=CNN | date=Aug 8, 2006 | access-date=2012-11-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018144832/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/08/08/iraq.mahmoudiya/index.html | archive-date=2012-10-18 | url-status=live }}</ref> The two remaining survivors of the family, 9-year-old brother Ahmed and 11-year-old brother Mohammed, who were at school during the massacre, were orphaned by the event.
* War crimes: Iraqi insurgent groups have committed many armed attacks and bombings targeting civilians. According to Iraqi Interior Minister ] insurgents killed over 12,000 Iraqis from January 2005 to June 2006, giving the first official count for the victims of bombings, ambushes and other deadly attacks.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/02/AR2005060201098.html |title = Iraq Puts Civilian Toll at 12,000|newspaper=The Washington Post|author=Ellen Knickmeyer|date=2005-06-03}}</ref> ] project data shows that 33% of civilian deaths during the Iraq War resulted from execution after abduction or capture. These were overwhelmingly carried out by unknown actors including insurgents, sectarian militias and criminals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hicks|first1=Madelyn Hsiao-Rei|last2=Dardagan|first2=Hamit|last3=Serdán|first3=Gabriela Guerrero|last4=Bagnall|first4=Peter M.|last5=Sloboda|first5=John A.|last6=Spagat|first6=Michael|date=2009-04-16|title=The Weapons That Kill Civilians — Deaths of Children and Noncombatants in Iraq, 2003–2008|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=360|issue=16|pages=1585–1588|doi=10.1056/NEJMp0807240|pmid=19369663 |issn=0028-4793|doi-access=free}}</ref> See: ], ] and ] for a more comprehensive list.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2"|]
|- |-
!Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes !Incident !! type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|-
|]||"''breach of international peace and security''" (])||Iraqi Government||
|- |-
|]
| Looting, raping and killing of civilians in Kuwait||{{Fact|date=February 2007}}|| ||country devastated, resources wantonly destroyed
||Crimes against peace (waging a ]); war crimes
||No prosecution
||{{further|Legality of the Iraq War|Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq}}
|- |-
|]
| Highway of Death|| Killing of Civilians and use of illegal weaponry|| ||<ref>http://deoxy.org/wc/warcrime.htm</ref>
||Mass murder; Attacks against civilians; mass shooting
||No prosecution
||
|-
|]
||Torture of POWs; rape; killing of POW
||]
||
|-
|]
||Torture and death of POW
||Charges dropped
||
|-
|]
||Rape; mass murder; war crimes; attacks against civilians
||6 soldiers charged
||
|-
|]
||massacre; attack against civilians; mass murder
||No prosecution
||
|-
|]
||massacre
||No prosecution
||
|-
|]
||massacre; airstrike against civilians; war crimes
||No prosecution
||
|-
|]
||massacre; mass murder; mass shooting
||Perpetrated by ]
||
|-
|]
||airstrike against civilians
||No prosecution
||
|-
||]
||airstrike; use of force
||No prosecution
||See ]
|} |}


== 2006 Lebanon War ==
{{Main|Allegations of war crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War}}


Allegations of war crimes in the ] refer to claims of various groups and individuals, including ], ], and ] officials, who accused both ] and Israel of violating ] during the 2006 Lebanon War, and warned of possible ].<ref name="BBC 2006-07-20">{{cite news |title = UN warning on Mid-East war crimes |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5197544.stm|work=]|date=20 July 2006}}</ref> These allegations included intentional attacks on ] or ], ] or indiscriminate attacks in densely populated residential districts.


According to various media reports, between 1,000 and 1,200 Lebanese citizens (including Hezbollah fighters) were reported dead; there were between 1,500 and 2,500 people wounded and over 1,000,000 were temporarily displaced. Over 150 Israelis were killed (120 military); thousands wounded; and 300,000–500,000 were displaced because of Hezbollah firing tens of thousands of rockets at major cities in Israel.<ref name="mfa_casualties">{{Cite web|title=Hizbullah attacks northern Israel and Israel's response |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Terrorism+from+Lebanon-+Hizbullah/Hizbullah+attack+in+northern+Israel+and+Israels+response+12-Jul-2006.htm |access-date=2023-01-01|website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=12 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715204623/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Terrorism+from+Lebanon-+Hizbullah/Hizbullah+attack+in+northern+Israel+and+Israels+response+12-Jul-2006.htm|archive-date=July 15, 2006}}</ref><ref name = "BBC: Middle East crisis: Facts and Figures">{{cite news
==1998-2006: Second Congo War==
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5257128.stm
| title = Middle East crisis: Facts and Figures
|work=BBC News
| date = August 31, 2006
| access-date =December 11, 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103553/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5257128.stm| archive-date= July 19, 2008 | url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="USA Today: Israel says it will relinquish positions to Lebanese army">{{cite news
| url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-08-14-mideast_x.htm
| title = Israel says it will relinquish positions to Lebanese army
| work = USA Today
| date = August 15, 2006}}</ref>


== 2003–2020 War in Darfur and Chadian Civil War ==
See also: ]
{{Main|Darfur genocide}}
* Civil war 1998-2002, est. 4 million deaths; war "sucked in" ], ], ], ] and ], as well as 17,000 ] peacekeepers, its "largest and most costly" peace mission and "the bloodiest conflict since the end of the ]."
During the ] and the ], reports of humans rights abuses and genocide surfaced, accusing the ] and ] militias in ] and Eastern ].
* Fighting involves ] militia and ]lese government soldiers. The Government originally armed the Mai-Mai as civil defence against external invaders, who then turned to banditry.
* 100,000 refugees living in remote disease ridden areas to avoid both sides
* Estimated 1000 deaths a day according to ]:
:''"The army attacks the local population as it passes through, often raping and pillaging like the militias. Those who resist are branded Mai-mai supporters and face detention or death. The Mai-mai accuse the villagers of collaborating with the army, they return to the villages at night and extract revenge. Sometimes they ] the villagers into the bush to work as human mules."''


Sudanese authorities claim a death toll of roughly 19,500 civilians<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514212051/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/822/re72.htm |date=2013-05-14 }}</ref> while many ]s, such as the ], claim over 400,000 people have been killed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lacey |first=Marc |title = Tallying Darfur Terror: Guesswork with a Cause |url = http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/05/10/news/journal.php |work=International Herald Tribune|date=2005-05-11|access-date=2008-04-07}}</ref>
(Source: '']'' World News, April 3 2006, p.29)


In September 2004, the ] estimated there had been 50,000 deaths in Darfur since the beginning of the conflict, an 18-month period, mostly due to ]. An updated estimate the following month put the number of deaths for the six-month period from March to October 2004 due to starvation and disease at 70,000; These figures were criticised, because they only considered short periods and did not include deaths from violence.<ref name="How many have died">{{Cite news|date=2005-02-16|title=How many have died in Darfur?|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4268733.stm|access-date=2023-01-01 |first=Russell |last=Smith}}</ref> A more recent British Parliamentary Report has estimated that over 300,000 people have died,<ref name="death toll may be 300,000"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050421141330/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L30582172.htm |date=2005-04-21 }} (Reuters), 30 March 2005</ref> and others have estimated even more.
==Notes==

<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
== 2008–2009 Gaza War ==
{{See also|Goldstone Report}}

There were allegations of war crimes by both the Israeli military and ]. Criticism of Israel's conduct focused on the proportionality of its measures against Hamas, and on its alleged use of weaponised white phosphorus. Numerous reports from human right groups during the war claimed that white phosphorus shells were being used by Israel, often in or near populated areas.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7831424.stm |title = UN accuses Israel over phosphorus |access-date=16 January 2009 |work=BBC News |date=15 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Gaza: Israel under fire for alleged white phosphorus use|work=Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2009/0114/p07s01-wome.html|access-date=2023-01-01|issn=0882-7729 |date=24 January 2009 |first1=Robert |last1=Marquand |first2=Nicholas |last2=Blanford}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/01/10/israel-stop-unlawful-use-white-phosphorus-gaza |title = Israel: Stop Unlawful Use of White Phosphorus in Gaza |access-date=16 January 2009 |publisher=] |date=10 January 2009 }}</ref> In its early statements the Israeli military denied using any form of white phosphorus, saying "We categorically deny the use of white phosphorus". It eventually admitted to its limited use and stopped using the shells, including as a ]. The ] investigating possible war crimes in the 2009 war accepted that white phosphorus is not illegal under international law but did find that the Israelis were "systematically reckless in determining its use in build-up areas". It also called for serious consideration to be given to the banning of its use as an obscurant.<ref name="Goldstone Report">, Goldstone report, UNHRC, para. 49</ref>

== 1983 - 2009 Sri Lankan Civil War ==
{{Main|War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War}}

There are ] were committed by the ] and the rebel ] during the ], particularly during the final months of the conflict in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by the government of Sri Lanka; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/10/22/sri-lanka-us-war-crimes-report-details-extensive-abuses |title = Sri Lanka: US War Crimes Report Details Extensive Abuses|date=22 October 2009 |publisher=] |access-date = 17 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/12/08/govt-ltte-executed-soldiers/ |title = Govt.: LTTE Executed Soldiers |date = 8 December 2010 |newspaper = ] |access-date = 17 January 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101212104240/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/12/08/govt-ltte-executed-soldiers/ |archive-date = 2010-12-12 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

A ] appointed by ] (UNSG) ] to advise him on the issue of ] with regard to any alleged violations of ] and ] during the final stages of the civil war found "credible allegations" which, if proven, indicated that ] and ] were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the Tamil Tigers.<ref name=Island160411>{{cite news |title = Report of the UNSG's panel of experts on accountability in SL |url = http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=23146 |newspaper = The Island, Sri Lanka|date=16 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="TN160411">{{cite news |title = UN panel admits international failure in Vanni war, calls for investigations |url = http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=33808 |newspaper = ] |date = 16 April 2011}}</ref><ref name=DM160411>{{cite news |title = Summary of UN Panel report |url = http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/10913-summary-of-un-panel-report.html |newspaper = ] |date = 16 April 2011 |access-date = 22 April 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110419065233/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/10913-summary-of-un-panel-report.html |archive-date = 19 April 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The panel has called on the UNSG to conduct an independent international inquiry into the alleged violations of ].<ref>{{cite news |title = Sri Lankan military committed war crimes: U.N. panel |url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article1701700.ece |newspaper = ] |date = 16 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="france24">{{cite news|title=Leaked UN report urges Sri Lanka war crimes probe |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20110416-leaked-un-report-urges-sri-lanka-war-crimes-probe |newspaper=] |date=16 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503173006/http://www.france24.com/en/20110416-leaked-un-report-urges-sri-lanka-war-crimes-probe |archive-date=2011-05-03 }}</ref> The ] has denied that its forces committed any war crimes and has strongly opposed any international investigation. It has condemned the UN report as "fundamentally flawed in many respects" and "based on patently biased material which is presented without any verification".<ref>{{cite web |title = The Government of Sri Lanka states that the report of the UN Secretary General's Panel of Experts is fundamentally flawed in many respects |url = http://www.mea.gov.lk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2730&Itemid=75 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110501105809/http://www.mea.gov.lk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2730&Itemid=75 |url-status = dead |archive-date = 1 May 2011 |publisher = ] |date = 13 April 2011 }}</ref>

== 2011–Present: Syrian civil war ==
{{main|Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war}}
{{See also|List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War|Prosecution of Syrian civil war criminals}}
{{expand section|date=August 2015}}

International organizations have accused the Syrian government, ISIL and other opposition forces of severe human rights violations, with ].<ref name="businessinsider1">{{cite web |url = http://www.businessinsider.com/r-islamic-state-and-syrian-government-committing-war-crimes-un-2014-8 |title = UN Details Rampant War Crimes By ISIS And Assad's Regime |website = ] |date = 27 August 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Abdelaziz |first1 = Salma |title = Syrian rebels blame 'heinous' executions on 'extremists' |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/02/world/meast/syria-civil-war/index.html|website=CNN|date = 2 November 2012 |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/27/syria-isis-war-crimes-united-nations-un |title = Syria and Isis committing war crimes, says UN |website = ] |date = 27 August 2014 |access-date = 15 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="UN-20120524">{{cite news |title = UN human rights probe panel reports continuing 'gross' violations in Syria |url = https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42079 |date=24 May 2012 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = UN chief warns of Syrian civil war if massacres continue |url = http://article.wn.com/view/2012/05/31/UN_chief_warns_of_Syrian_civil_war_if_massacres_continue/ |website = WN |access-date = 15 October 2014}}</ref> ]s have been ] as well.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-23999066 |title = Obama: US cannot ignore Syria chemical weapons |publisher=BBC |date=7 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-03-14|title=Syria: The story of the conflict|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868|access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-12-03|work=BBC News |title=Syria's war|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17258397|access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref> The Syrian government is reportedly responsible for the majority of civilian casualties and ]s, often through bombings.<ref name="businessinsider1" /><ref name="theguardian.com" /><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/16/un-commission-syria_n_5828414.html |title = UN Commission: ISIS Not The Sole Agent Of Death And Destruction In Syria |date = 16 September 2014 |newspaper = The Huffington Post |access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Karim Lahidji |date=16 March 2015 |title=Syria: ISIL's brutality must not overshadow the crimes of the Syrian regime |website=FIDH - Worldwide Movement for Human Rights |url=https://www.fidh.org/International-Federation-for-Human-Rights/north-africa-middle-east/syria/syria-isil-s-brutality-must-not-overshadow-the-crimes-of-the-syrian |access-date=17 June 2015 }}</ref> In addition, tens of thousands of protesters and activists have been imprisoned and there are reports of ] in state prisons.<ref name=Spiegel,10Oct13>{{cite web |last = Salloum |first = Raniah |url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/former-prisoners-fight-in-syrian-insurgency-a-927158.html |title = Spiegel, October 10, 2013 |website = Spiegel |date = 2013-10-10 |access-date = 2014-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/nations/syria/2012/07/03/Syria-Torture-archipelago-27-detention-centres-HRW-says_7136931.html |title = Syria torture archipelago| work=ANSAMed | date=3 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/07/07/u-s-assad-s-machinery-of-death-worst-since-the-nazis.html |title = thedailybeast 7 July 2014 |website = The Daily Beast |date = 7 July 2014 |access-date = 2 October 2014|last1 = Rogin |first1 = Josh }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://news.yahoo.com/bashar-al-assad-s-syrian-torture-chambers-205323124.html?soc_src=mediacontentstory |title = inside bashar assads torture chambers |website = yahoo news |date = 14 October 2014 |access-date = 15 October 2014}}</ref> Over 470,000 people were killed in the war by 2017.<ref>{{cite book |url =https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/syria |title=Syria: Events of 2016|year=2017| publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |]
| colspan="2" |]
|-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|-
| style="width:18%;"|Repression of the ]
|Crimes against peace (armed suppression of popular uprising leading to war), crimes against civilians, torture,
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|
|-
| style="width:18%;"|Mass detention and torture of Syrian civilians and political prisoners in ] and ]
| style="width:18%;"|war crimes, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|Syrian former colonel ] sentenced in Germany to life in prison for crimes against humanity.<ref>{{Cite news |title=German court finds Syrian colonel guilty of crimes against humanity| work=BBC News| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59949924| date=13 January 2022}}</ref> Former intelligence officer Eyad al-Gharib sentenced in Germany to {{frac|4|1|2}} years in prison.<ref>{{Cite news| title=In world first, Germany convicts Syrian regime officer of crimes against humanity| work=CNN| url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/24/middleeast/syria-germany-officer-convicted-intl/index.html| date=24 February 2021}}</ref>
| style="width:32%;"|] estimated in February 2017 "that between 5,000 and 13,000 people were extrajudicially executed at ] between September 2011 and December 2015."<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/a-human-slaughterhouse-in-syria/2017/02/11/4534820c-ee3a-11e6-9973-c5efb7ccfb0d_story.html
|title=A 'human slaughterhouse' in Syria
|date=February 11, 2017
|newspaper=The Washington Post
|author = Editorial Board
}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| Crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|In August 2012, U.N. investigators released a report which stated that it was likely that Syrian troops and Shabiha militia were responsible for the massacre.<ref name=UNDOC>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-50.doc |title=UN Report 15 Aug 2012 |access-date=2013-08-31}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|Crimes against humanity, mass murder, massacre, attacks against civilians, use of banned chemical and cluster weapons
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|] emerged during the battle, including the use of chemical weapons by both Syrian government forces and rebel forces,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-chemicalweapons-idUSKBN15S1W7|title=Syrian government forces used chemical weapons in Aleppo: rights group|date=13 February 2017|newspaper=Reuters|last1=Deutsch|first1=Anthony}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/world-news/middle-east-dont-use/kurdish-officials-rebels-may-have-used-chemicals-aleppo|title=Kurdish Officials: Rebels May Have Used Chemicals in Aleppo &#124; Voice of America - English|website=www.voanews.com}}</ref> the use ]s by the ],<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/in-syria-barrel-bombs-bring-a-new-form-of-terror-and-death-to-aleppo/2013/12/23/6f8a7f0c-6bed-11e3-aecc-85cb037b7236_story.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | first1=Abigail | last1=Hauslohner | first2=Ahmed | last2=Ramadan | title=Middle East | date=24 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/bashar-al-assad-syria-president-regime-13000-barrel-bombs-rebels-aleppo-douma-2016-a7521656.html|title=Assad 'dropped 13,000 illegal barrel bombs on Syria in 2016', watchdog says|website=]|date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.publications.atlanticcouncil.org/breakingaleppo/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BreakingAleppo.pdf|title=Breaking Aleppo|last1=Czuperski|first1=Maks|last2=Itani|first2=Faysal|last3=Nimmo|first3=Ben|last4=Higgins|first4=Eliot|last5=Beals|first5=Emma|publisher=Atlantic Council|year=2017|isbn=978-1-61977-449-0|access-date=2018-03-25|archive-date=2019-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413221722/http://www.publications.atlanticcouncil.org/breakingaleppo/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BreakingAleppo.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/05/syria-forces-war-crime-barrel-bombs-aleppo-amnesty-report|title=Syria war: 'unthinkable atrocities' documented in report on Aleppo|first=Kareem|last=Shaheen|date=5 May 2015|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> the dropping of ]s on populated areas by Russian and Syrian forces, the carrying out of ] to target rescue workers responding to previous strikes,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/25/aleppo-horror-dozens-of-civilians-killed-in-russian-and-syrian-s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/25/aleppo-horror-dozens-of-civilians-killed-in-russian-and-syrian-s |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Aleppo horror: dozens of civilians killed in Russian and Syrian strikes|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=25 September 2016|last1=Sanchez|first1=Raf}}{{cbignore}}</ref> summary executions of civilians and captured soldiers by both sides,<ref name="TORTURE WAS MY PUNISHMENT">{{cite web |title=TORTURE WAS MY PUNISHMENT' ABDUCTIONS, TORTURE AND SUMMARY KILLINGS UNDER ARMED GROUP RULE IN ALEPPO AND IDLEB, SYRIA|publisher= Amnesty International |date=5 July 2016 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde24/4227/2016/en/|access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> indiscriminate shelling and use of highly inaccurate ] by rebel forces.<ref name="Ara News">{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2016/03/syrian-islamist-rebels-renew-chemical-attack-kurdish-district-aleppo/|title=Syrian Islamist rebels renew chemical attack on Kurdish district in Aleppo|publisher=Ara News|date=14 March 2016|access-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516001625/http://aranews.net/2016/03/syrian-islamist-rebels-renew-chemical-attack-kurdish-district-aleppo/|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Fields|first1=Liz|title='Hell Cannons' Have Slaughtered More Than 300 Syrian Civilians|url=https://news.vice.com/article/hell-cannons-have-slaughtered-more-than-300-syrian-civilians|website=Vice News|date=12 December 2014 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> During the ], the ] warned that "crimes of historic proportions" were being committed in Aleppo.<ref>{{cite web|title='Crimes of historic proportions' being committed in Aleppo, UN rights chief warns|date=21 October 2016|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55364#.WFGWadLNzIU|publisher=UN News Center|access-date=23 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes; crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Summary killings of up to 288 people in April 2013.<ref name="hrw16122024">{{cite web| work=Human Rights Watch| title=Syria: Mass Grave in Damascus Should be Protected, Investigated| date=16 December 2024| url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/12/16/syria-mass-grave-damascus-should-be-protected-investigated}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes; use of poison gas as a weapon
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|The Ghouta chemical attack occurred during the Syrian Civil War in the early hours of 21 August 2013. Several opposition-controlled areas in the suburbs around Damascus, Syria, were struck by rockets containing the chemical agent sarin. Estimates of the death toll range from at least 281 people to 1,729.
|-
||]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|The Syrian Air Force launched strikes on the rebel-held town of Douma, northeast of Damascus, killing at least 96 civilians and injuring at least 200 others.
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| Crimes against humanity, war crimes
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"| mass murder, attacks on civilians
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| Crimes against humanity, war crimes
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"| mass murder, attacks on civilians<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/31/russia/syria-deadly-airstrikes-trapped-civilians|title=Russia/Syria: Deadly Airstrikes on Trapped Civilians|work=Human Rights Watch|date=31 October 2017|accessdate=31 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
||]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes; use of poison gas as a weapon
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions.
| style- "width:32%;"| The Syrian Government ordered an attack on the rebel-held town of Khan Shaykhun in Northwestern Syria in the early morning of 4 April 2017. The chemical caused at least 80 civilians deaths, and three medical workers were injured. The chemical caused asphyxiation and mouth foaming. It is suspected by Turkish authorities to be the poison Sarin.
|-
||]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes; crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions.
| style- "width:32%;"| use of poison gas as a weapon; bombardments; ] of population under siege; attacks against protected objects (], ])<ref name="1 February 2018 U.N. Report">{{cite web|title=Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic|url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A-HRC-37-72_EN.pdf|publisher=United Nations Human Rights Council|pages=20–25|date=1 February 2018|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |]
| colspan="2" |]
|-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|-
| style="width:18%;"|] murder of neutral civilians; journalists; and aid workers
| style="width:18%;"|Crimes against peace (murder of uninvolved parties); war crimes
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|
|-
|-
| style="width:18%;"|Chemical attacks on Kurdish ]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes; use of poison as a weapon
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|(description/notes missing)
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|Crimes against humanity (ethnic cleansing, systematic forced conversions, crime of slaving); war crimes (murder of Yazidi POWs); crime of genocide (recognized by the UN as an attempted genocide)
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|
|-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |]
| colspan="2" |] and allies
|-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|-
|Human rights violations
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, kidnappings, crimes against civilians, torture, extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearance, sexual violence, use of human shields
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Several human rights outlets and activists have gathered evidence of severe war crimes committed by the ],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/03/20/syria-armed-opposition-groups-committing-abuses|title=Syria: Armed Opposition Groups Committing Abuses|date=20 March 2012|publisher=Hrw.org|access-date=31 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.naharnet.com/stories/en/41069-free-syrian-army-abducts-16-lebanese-shiite-pilgrims-in-aleppo|title=Free Syrian Army Abducts 16 Lebanese Shiite Pilgrims in Aleppo|date=22 May 2012|newspaper=]|access-date=16 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/syria-rebels-seize-iraq-border/story-e6frf7k6-1226430521076|title=Syria rebels take border as UN bid blocked|date=2 February 2012|publisher=Heraldsun.com.au|agency=Australian Associated Press|author=Samantha Maiden|access-date=31 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-justice-idUKBRE8700KJ20120801|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208220107/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-justice-idUKBRE8700KJ20120801|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 8, 2015|title=Syrian soldier executed after graveside "trial"|last=Shalchi|first=Hadeel Al|date=1 August 2012|publisher=Reuters|access-date=31 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncronline.org/printpdf/news/global/expert-peace-syria-will-not-come-outside|title=Expert: Peace for Syria will not come from the outside|access-date=31 August 2013|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505094800/https://www.ncronline.org/printpdf/news/global/expert-peace-syria-will-not-come-outside|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec12/othernews_08-01.html|title=PBS NewsHour, August 1, 2012|publisher=Pbs.org|access-date=31 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829072254/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec12/othernews_08-01.html|archive-date=29 August 2013}}</ref> the ],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/reports-afrin-women-enslaved-transferred-to-libya-by-mercenaries-h21685.html |title=Reports: Afrin women enslaved, transferred to Libya by mercenaries |website=Hawar News |date=23 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rudaw.net/arabic/kurdistan/300520205|title="الجيش الوطني" يرد على حادثة النساء الكورديات المعتقلات بسجون "فرقة الحمزة" في عفرين|website=Rudaw|language=ar|date=30 May 2020}}</ref> the ],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/27/turkey-shells-kurdish-held-village-in-syria|title=Turkey accused of shelling Kurdish-held village in Syria|work=The Guardian|date=27 July 2015|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2016/02/turkey-bombs-kurdish-city-of-afrin-northern-syria-civilian-casualties-reported/|title=Turkey strikes Kurdish city of Afrin northern Syria, civilian casualties reported|publisher=Ara News|date=19 February 2016|access-date=9 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103054447/http://aranews.net/2016/02/turkey-bombs-kurdish-city-of-afrin-northern-syria-civilian-casualties-reported/|archive-date=3 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Turkish forces commit war crimes in Syria offensive - fresh evidence |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/turkish-forces-commit-war-crimes-syria-offensive-fresh-evidence |publisher=Amnesty International |date=18 October 2019}}</ref> and their allies.<ref>Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, February 2013, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105204115/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/IICISyria/Pages/IndependentInternationalCommission.aspx|date=5 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes; Airstrikes against civilians
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|At least 20 civilians have been killed by Israeli airstrikes in Syria<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/291981/ | title=Syrian Revolution 12 years on &#124; Nearly 614,000 persons killed since the onset of the revolution in March 2011 • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights | date=15 March 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| Summary executions, attacks against civilians, crimes against peace
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|] stated that it had gathered evidence of war crimes and other violations committed by ] and ] who are said to "have displayed a shameful disregard for civilian life, carrying out serious violations and war crimes, including ] and unlawful attacks that have killed and injured civilians".<ref>{{cite web |title=Damning evidence of war crimes by Turkish forces and allies in Syria |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/10/syria-damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-and-other-violations-by-turkish-forces-and-their-allies/ |website=Amnesty International |date=18 October 2019}}</ref> Syrian Kurdish authorities accused Turkey of employing the chemical ] to target people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haddad |first1=Tareq |title=Turkey accused of war crimes after suspected white phosphorus use against civilian Kurds in Syria |url=https://www.newsweek.com/turkey-accused-war-crimes-suspected-white-phosphorous-chemical-weapons-use-against-kurds-syria-1466248 |website=Newsweek |date=18 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UK sells white phosphorus to Turkey as evidence grows of chemical attacks on Kurds |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/uk-sells-white-phosphorus-to-turkey-as-evidence-grows-of-chemical-attacks-on-kurds-72zx9ss87 |work=] |date=27 October 2019}}</ref>
|}

== 2015–present: Kurdish–Turkish conflict ==
{{main|Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)}}
According to the U.S. State Department 2016 Human Rights Report, in February 2016, Turkish security forces killed at least 130 people, including unarmed civilians, who had taken shelter in the basements of three buildings in the town of ]. A domestic ], The Human Rights Association (HRA), said the security forces killed more than 300 civilians in the first eight months of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=265482|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 Turkey|website=U.S. Department of State|pages=3, 22}}</ref> In March 2017, the ] voiced "concern" over the Turkish government's operations and called for an independent assessment of the "massive destruction, killings and numerous other serious human rights violations" against the ethnic Kurdish minority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=56330#.WMMp5DvyuM8|title=UN News - Turkey: UN report details allegations of serious rights violations in country's southeast|first=United Nations News Service|last=Section|date=10 March 2017}}</ref>

== 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war ==
{{main|2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war}}
UN Secretary-General ] stated that "indiscriminate attacks on populated areas anywhere, including in ], ] and other localities in and around the immediate Nagorno-Karabakh zone of conflict, were totally unacceptable".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1075672|title=Both sides obliged to 'spare and protect civilians' over Nagorno-Karabakh fighting declares UN's Guterres|date=2020-10-18|access-date=2020-10-19|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> ] stated that both Azerbaijani and Armenian forces committed war crimes during recent fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh, and called on Azerbaijani and Armenian authorities to immediately conduct independent, impartial investigations, identify all those responsible, and bring them to justice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/12/armenia-azerbaijan-decapitation-and-war-crimes-in-gruesome-videos-must-be-urgently-investigated/|title=Armenia/Azerbaijan: Decapitation and war crimes in gruesome videos must be urgently investigated|date=2020-12-10|website=amnesty.org|publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/10/human-rights-groups-detail-war-crimes-in-nagorno-karabakh|title=Human rights groups detail 'war crimes' in Nagorno-Karabakh|author=Andrew Roth|date=2020-12-10|website=]}}</ref>

== 2020–2022: Tigray War ==
{{main|War crimes in the Tigray War}}
During the ], which included fighting between the ] (ENDF) soldiers and ] (TPLF) forces in the ], the ] (EHRC) described the 9–10 November 2020 ] committed by Tigray youth group "Samri" in its 24 November 2020 preliminary report as "grave human rights violations which may amount to crimes against humanity and war crimes".<ref name="EHRC_Preliminary">{{Cite web|url=https://ehrc.org/ethiopian-human-rights-commission-rapid-investigation-into-grave-human-rights-violation-maikadra-preliminary-findings/|title=Rapid Investigation into Grave Human Rights Violation Maikadra - Preliminary Findings|date=November 24, 2020|website=]}}</ref>

== 2022–present: Russo-Ukrainian War==
{{Main article|War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Claims of genocide of Ukrainians in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Attacks on civilians in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
]]]
].]]
]]]

During the ], multiple buildings such as airports, hospitals, kindergartens were bombed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2022/feb/24/explosions-hit-ukraines-major-airports-as-russia-begins-invasion-video|title = Explosions hit Ukraine's major airports as Russia begins invasion – video|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 24 February 2022}}</ref> There has been abuse of prisoners of war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine / Russia: Prisoners of war |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2022/11/ukraine-russia-prisoners-war |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2022 bodies of ] were found in the town of ], which had been left after the occupation of the town. It was confirmed at least more than 300 bodies were in mass graves or stranded on the streets of the city. As of 22 April 2022 there have been more than 500 confirmed bodies.

The ] started on 24 February 2022 and ended on 20 May 2022. It has been confirmed at thousands of lives have been claimed through the siege and that the city has been reduced to rubble.

On 21 April 2022, Satellite images showed mass graves around the besieged city of ]. It has been confirmed at least 9,000+ bodies have been found since. On the same day ] ordered troops to blockade the ], the last Ukrainian controlled place in the besieged city of ]. The steel plant had more than 1,000 Ukrainians confirmed inside of it.

On 17 March 2023, the ] (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Russia's Commissioner for Children's Rights ] for war crimes of deportation and ] of children from ] to Russia.<ref>{{cite news| date=17 March 2023| work=UN News| title=Russia: International Criminal Court issues arrest warrant for Putin| url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/03/1134732}}</ref>

On 13 June 2023, Russian troops murdered 6 civilians in ] near ], mutilated their bodies, and then mined the place to kill people who tried to retrieve their bodies. They also blocked retrieval of bodies for 2 more days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tsn.ua/exclusive/rosiyska-drg-rozstrilyala-6-lisivnikiv-na-sumschini-i-pivtori-dobi-znuschalas-z-drona-podrobici-tragediyi-2350810.html|title=Російська ДРГ розстріляла 6 лісівників на Сумщині і півтори доби знущалась за допомогою дрона: подробиці трагедії|date=June 15, 2023|website=ТСН.ua}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suspilne.media/507121-vnaslidok-artobstrilu-u-sostkinskomu-rajoni-zaginulo-sestero-lisnikiv-u-prokuraturi-vidkrili-kriminalne-provadzenna/|title=Через артобстріл з боку РФ у Шосткинському районі загинуло шестеро лісників|date=14 June 2023 }}</ref> This case is currently being investigated by Ukrainian authorities.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2" |]
|-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Russian soldiers indiscriminately fired at refugees trying to flee across a collapsed bridge. 8 killed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ukrainian Family's Dash for Safety Ends in Death|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/06/world/europe/ukrainian-family-killed-war.html|author=Lynsey Addario, Andrew E. Kramer|work=The New York Times|date=March 6, 2022|access-date=March 9, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Russian soldiers indiscriminately fired banned cluster bombs in the centre of the city. 9 died.<ref name="HRW Kharkiv 2802">{{cite web|title=Ukraine: Cluster Munitions Launched Into Kharkiv Neighborhoods |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/04/ukraine-cluster-munitions-launched-kharkiv-neighborhoods|work=Human Rights Watch|date=March 4, 2022 |access-date=March 29, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|Murder of Oleksandr Shelipov
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes
| style="width:32%;"|] convicted in Ukraine<ref>{{cite news |last=Petrasyuk |first=Oleg |date=29 July 2022 |title=Ukraine Reduces Russian Soldier's Life Sentence to 15 Years |work=] |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/07/29/ukraine-reduces-russian-soldiers-life-sentence-to-15-years-a78444 |access-date=}}</ref>
| style="width:32%;"|Shelipov was shot by a Russian soldier on the instructions of several others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=Lawyer asks Kyiv war crimes trial to acquit Russian soldier |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/lawyer-asks-kyiv-war-crimes-trial-to-acquit-russian-soldier.956290 |access-date= |website=] |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Russian air strike with eight ] hits people waiting in line at a store to get bread. 47 dead.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ukraine: Russian 'dumb bomb' air strike killed civilians in Chernihiv – new investigation and testimony|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/03/ukraine-russian-dumb-bomb-air-strike-kills-civilians-in-chernihiv-new-investigation-and-testimony/|work=Amnesty International|date=March 3, 2022|access-date=March 9, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Russian Army starts a siege of Mariupol, levelling the city to the ground. Targets include ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine fears 300 people were killed in Mariupol theatre bombed by Russia as families sheltered |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/urkraine-mariupol-theatre-bombing-death-toll-b2043871.html |access-date=2022-03-25 |work=The Independent |date=25 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=EU condemns Russian bombing of Mariupol maternity hospital as a 'war crime' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/eu-condemns-russian-bombing-of-mariupol-maternity-hospital-as-a-war-crime/|author=AFP |work=Times of Israel|date=March 10, 2022|access-date=March 11, 2022}}</ref> 10,000 dead in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title= Over 10,000 Mariupol Residents Have Died, Mayor Says—And Death Toll Could Double |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joewalsh/2022/04/11/over-10000-mariupol-residents-have-died-mayor-says-and-death-toll-could-double/?sh=5b41a48e1b4d |author=Joe Walsh |work=Forbes|date=11 April 2022|access-date= }}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide
| style="width:32%;"|Kyiv courts indict 10 Russian soldiers from the ]<ref>{{cite news| title=Ukraine Charges Russian Soldiers For Involvement In Bucha Massacre |work=Forbes| author=Madeline Halpert| date=28 April 2022| url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/madelinehalpert/2022/04/28/ukraine-charges-russian-soldiers-for-involvement-in-bucha-massacre/}}</ref>
| style="width:32%;"|Russian Army massacres from 650 up to a thousand civilians during the occupation of Bucha.<ref>{{cite news| date=16 May 2022|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61442387 |title=Ukraine: The children's camp that became an execution ground |work=]|access-date= }}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecution
| style="width:32%;"|Several ], including one site containing at least 440 bodies were found in woods near ] after it was recaptured by Ukrainian forces from Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lamb |first=William |date=15 September 2022 |title=A mass grave site with 440 bodies was found in Izium, a police official said. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/world/europe/a-mass-grave-site-with-440-bodies-was-found-in-izium-a-police-official-said.html |access-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916090946/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/world/europe/a-mass-grave-site-with-440-bodies-was-found-in-izium-a-police-official-said.html |archive-date=16 September 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2022 |title=Mass grave of more than 440 bodies found in Izium, Ukraine, police say |publisher=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/mass-grave-more-than-440-bodies-found-izium-ukraine-police-2022-09-15/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915215245/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/mass-grave-more-than-440-bodies-found-izium-ukraine-police-2022-09-15/ |archive-date=15 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Russian Army missile strike at refugees trying to flee at a railway station.<ref>{{cite news|author=John Sparks| date=April 9, 2022|url=https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-war-kramatorsk-railway-station-attack-survivors-and-witnesses-describe-terror-on-the-platforms-12585641 |title=Ukraine war: Kramatorsk railway station attack survivors and witnesses describe terror on the platforms |work=]|access-date=April 19, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Russian Army missile strike at a shopping mall full of civilians.
|-
| style="width:18%;"|], ]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, torture
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Videos of the execution and torture of Ukrainian prisoners of war by ] with a knife.
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|Russian Army's reckless missile strikes against civilians in Vinnytsia. Dozens killed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ukraine War: 23 Killed in Russian Rocket Attack on Vinnytsia |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62163071 |last=Wright |first=George |date=14 July 2022 |work=] |access-date=2022-07-15 |archive-date=2022-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715134500/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62163071 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|crimes against humanity, genocide
| style="width:32%;"|] and ] indicted by the ]
| style="width:32%;"|Deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|crimes against humanity, war crimes
| style="width:32%;"|The ] indicted Lieutenant General ], Commander of ]; Admiral ] Commander of the ];<ref>{{cite news| title=Russia/Ukraine: ICC issues arrest warrants for top Russian commanders for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity| date=5 March 2024| work=Amnesty International| url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/russia-ukraine-icc-issues-arrest-warrants-for-top-russian-commanders-for-alleged-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=ICC issues arrest warrants for top Russian commanders| work=BBC News| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68483012| date=5 March 2024}}</ref> former ] ]; and Head of ] ].<ref>{{cite news| title=Russia/Ukraine: ICC arrest warrants for senior Russian officials 'a crucial step towards justice'| date=25 June 2024| work=Amnesty International| url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/06/russia-ukraine-icc-arrest-warrants-for-senior-russian-officials-a-crucial-step-towards-justice/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=International Criminal Court issues war crimes arrest warrants for Russia's Shoigu and Gerasimov| url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/25/europe/icc-arrest-warrants-shoigu-gerasimov-intl/index.html| date=25 June 2024 |work=CNN| author=Ivana Kottasová}}</ref>
| style="width:32%;"|Attacks on electrical grid during winter, leaving millions without heat, water or electricity during the cold weather
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|crimes against humanity, genocide, ecocide
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"| Yet unknown estimate of human deaths. Hundreds of homes destroyed. Thousands of people displaced. Ecocide. Deaths of uncountable number of animals. "Ukraine's agriculture ministry said 10,000 hectares of agricultural land on the Ukrainian-controlled side of the Dnipro had been flooded, and several times more on the Russian-occupied.<ref></ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"| ]
| style="width:18%;"| crimes against humanity, war crimes
| style="width:32%;"| Kyiv courts ] to 11 1/2 years each for firing artillery on two villages in the ]<ref>{{cite news|work=Times of Israel|author=|title=Ukrainian court jails two Russian soldiers for 11 years for firing at civilians|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/two-russian-soldiers-sentenced-to-over-11-years-by-ukrainian-court/|date=31 May 2022|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531170707/https://www.timesofisrael.com/two-russian-soldiers-sentenced-to-over-11-years-by-ukrainian-court/|url-status=live}}</ref> and a Russian pilot to 12 years in prison for dropping eight bombs on the Kharkiv TV and radio station.<ref>{{cite news|work=Meduza|url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2023/03/03/russian-pilot-who-bombed-kharkiv-gets-12-year-prison-term-in-ukraine| title=Russian pilot who bombed Kharkiv gets 12-year prison term in Ukraine|date=3 March 2023}}</ref>
| style="width:32%;"| Indiscriminate attacks against residential areas in ], including with ].
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2"|]
|-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, Summary execution; torture of POWs
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|
|}

== 2023–2025: Israel–Hamas war ==
{{Main article|2023 Israel–Hamas war|2023 evacuation of northern Gaza|War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war|2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel}}
An ongoing armed conflict between ] and ] militant groups led by ]<ref name="auto15">{{Cite news |last=Simpson |first=John |date=11 October 2023 |title= Why BBC doesn't call Hamas militants 'terrorists' - John Simpson |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67083432 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=BBC News |language=en}}</ref> began on 7 October 2023 with a ] on Israel.

In April 2024, the ] (UNHRC) adopted a resolution calling for Israel to be held accountable for possible war crimes and ] in the ], and demanding a halt to all arms sales to the country. 28 countries voted in favor, 13 abstained, and six voted against. Israel's ambassador accused the UN of anti-Israeli bias.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-rights-body-adopts-resolution-israel-accountability-possible-war-crimes-2024-04-05/|title=UN body demands Israel be held accountable for possible war crimes|first1=Gabrielle|last1=Tétrault-Farber|first2=Cecile|last2=Mantovani|access-date=2024-04-07|date=2024-04-04|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/un-rights-council-calls-for-arms-embargo-on-israel-citing-risk-of-genocide/amp/|title=UN rights council calls for arms embargo on Israel, citing 'risk of genocide'|access-date=2024-04-07|date=2024-04-04|work=The Times of Israel}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2"|]
|-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity, massacre, hostage-taking
| style="width:32%;"|] arrest warrant for ]<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2024 |title=ICC issues arrest warrants for Israel's Netanyahu, Gallant and Hamas leader|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/icc-issues-arrest-warrants-israels-netanyahu-gallant-hamas-leader-2024-11-21/|work=]}}</ref>
| style="width:32%;"|260 people at the "Supernova Sukkot Gathering" music festival were murdered<ref name="Gillett">{{cite news |last1=Gillett |first1=Francesca |date=8 October 2023 |title=How an Israel music festival turned into a nightmare after Hamas attack |agency=] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143208/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 |archive-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity, massacre
| style="width:32%;"|] arrest warrant for ]
| style="width:32%;"|At least 110 people were killed in the attack, including women and children,<ref name="washingtonpost">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-hostage-death/ |title=Video shows apparent death of Israeli hostages in Hamas custody |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009204926/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-hostage-death/ |url-status=live|newspaper=] }}</ref> claiming the lives of 10% of the farming community's residents. Dozens of homes were also burned down.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sktjpy11wt|title='After a minute, my friend was murdered in front of me'|author1=Matan Tzuri|author2=Roni Green Shaulov|author3=Adam Kutub|date=9 October 2023|work=]|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010062239/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sktjpy11wt|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|] arrest warrant for ]
| style="width:32%;"|Over 50 people were murdered<ref name="NBCnews">{{Cite news |last1=Tenbarge |first1=Kat |last2=Chan |first2=Melissa |date=12 October 2023 |title=Unverified reports of '40 babies beheaded' in Israel-Hamas war inflame social media |work=]|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/unverified-allegations-beheaded-babies-israel-hamas-war-inflame-social-rcna119902 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012182948/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/unverified-allegations-beheaded-babies-israel-hamas-war-inflame-social-rcna119902 |archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|]
|War crimes, crimes against humanity
|] arrest warrant for ]
|180 of 400 residents were killed or kidnapped.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Blumenfeld |first1=David |last2=Hoomash |first2=Carmit |last3=Eaton |first3=Alexandra |last4=Throop |first4=Noah |last5=Reneau |first5=Natalie |date=2023-10-15 |title=Video: 'A Day of Horror:' Kibbutz Massacre Survivors Recount Hamas Attack |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/middleeast/100000009131432/israel-hamas-kibbutz-massacre-survivors.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Armed conflict
! colspan="2" |Perpetrator
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|]
| colspan="2"|]
|-
!Incident !! Type of crime!!Persons responsible!!Notes
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes against civilians
| style="width:32%;"|No prosecutions
| style="width:32%;"|60 people were killed when the ] conducted an airstrike on a market in Jabalia refugee camp, which was packed with civilians at the time of the attack<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-market-air-strike-jabaliya.html|title=Israeli Airstrike Hits Marketplace in Gazan Refugee Camp, Killing Dozens|first1=Raja|last1=Abdulrahim|first2=Ameera|last2=Harouda|work=The New York Times |date=October 9, 2023|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=October 9, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|Starvation, blockade, crimes against civilians, collective punishment
| style="width:32%;"|] for ] and ]
| style="width:32%;"|On 9 October 2023, Israel imposed a "total blockade" of the ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |url-status=live }}</ref> blocking the entry of food, water, medicine, fuel and electricity.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|title=Gaza 'soon without fuel, medicine and food'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67051292|work=BBC News|date=9 October 2023|access-date=9 October 2023|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009192127/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67051292|url-status=live}}</ref> The ICC described it as ]. HRW estimates thousands of Palestinians were deprived of access to drinking water and died.<ref>{{Cite web| work=Human Rights Watch| title=Israel's Crime of Extermination, Acts of Genocide in Gaza| date=19 December 2024| url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/12/19/israels-crime-extermination-acts-genocide-gaza}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|Crimes against civilians, collective punishment
| style="width:32%;"|ICC arrest warrant for Netanyahu and Gallant
| style="width:32%;"|On 13 October, Israel directed over 1 million residents of northern Gaza to ] within 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Israel orders the evacuation of 1.1 million people from northern part of Gaza, the UN says |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-airstrikes-cabinet-beb1fa2b9e4ede6cf4568dd6c86ff11a |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=MSF: Israeli order to evacuate northern Gaza 'outrageous' |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-israeli-order-evacuate-northern-gaza-outrageous |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013220725/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-israeli-order-evacuate-northern-gaza-outrageous |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=Doctors Without Borders - USA |ref={{sfnref | Doctors Without Borders - USA | 2023}}}}</ref> 70 were killed in explosions on the road south. Sources disagree about the source of the attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deadly strike on convoy fleeing northern Gaza |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-67113144 |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 October 2023 |title=One million Gazans displaced as Israel readies for ground attack |language=en |work=France 24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231015-israel-readies-for-gaza-invasion-as-civilians-flee |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against civilians, massacre
| style="width:32%;"|ICC arrest warrant for Netanyahu and Gallant
| style="width:32%;"|On 29 February 2024, Israeli soldiers opened fire on a crowd of Gazan civilians seeking food from a humanitarian aid convoy, killing at least 118 and wounding many more.<ref>{{cite news |title=Death toll from aid-seekers attack rises to 118 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-medics-say-many-gaza-aid-attack-victims-shot?update=2744882 |work=] |access-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303030846/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-medics-say-many-gaza-aid-attack-victims-shot?update=2744882 |archive-date=3 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|ICC arrest warrant for Netanyahu and Gallant
| style="width:32%;"|] bombs Rufaida school-turned-shelter. The airstrikes killed at least 28 ] and injured more than 54.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author1=Mohammad al-Sawalihi |author2=Abeer Salman |author3=Nadeen Ebrahim |author4=Sana Noor Haq |date=2024-10-10 |title=Israeli strike kills at least 28 Palestinians at school in central Gaza, Red Crescent says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/10/middleeast/israeli-strike-kills-at-least-28-palestinians-at-school-gaza-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|ICC arrest warrant for Netanyahu and Gallant
| style="width:32%;"|] bombs ] area.
|-
| style="width:18%;"|]
| style="width:18%;"|War crimes, crimes against humanity
| style="width:32%;"|ICC arrest warrant for Netanyahu and Gallant
| style="width:32%;"|] bombs a displacement camp in ], Rafah.
|}


== See also == == See also ==
{{Portal|Politics}}
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== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}


==External links== == References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em|refs=
*
<!--ref name=Ka-Lu2007_1001>{{cite book |editor1-last=Kacowicz |editor1-first=Arie Marcelo |editor2-last=Lutomski |editor2-first=Pawel |year=2007 |title=Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study |publisher=Lexington Books |pages=100–1 |isbn=978-0-7391-1607-4 |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&pg=PA103&dq=expulsion+germans+poland&lr=&as_brr=3#PPA100,M1}}</ref>
<ref name=Hitchcock03>{{cite book |author=Hitchcock, William I. |year=2003 |title=The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945–2002 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=0-385-49798-9 |at=(online excerpt) |url=https://archive.org/details/struggleforeurop00hitc}}</ref>
<ref name=deZayas94>''A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944–1950'' ] 1994. {{ISBN|0-312-12159-8}} (No pages cited)</ref>
<ref name=Walter97>''Barefoot in the Rubble'' Elizabeth B. Walter 1997. {{ISBN|0-9657793-0-0}} (No pages cited)</ref-->
}}


== External links ==
{{international Criminal Law}}
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* Kramer, Alan: , in: .
{{War crimes}}{{International Criminal Law|state=collapsed}}


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This article lists and summarizes the war crimes that have violated the laws and customs of war since the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907.

Since many war crimes are not prosecuted (due to lack of political will, lack of effective procedures, or other practical and political reasons), historians and lawyers will frequently make a serious case in order to prove that war crimes occurred, even though the alleged perpetrators of these crimes were never formally prosecuted because investigations cleared them of all charges.

Under international law, war crimes were formally defined as crimes during international trials such as the Nuremberg Trials and the Tokyo Trials, in which Austrian, German and Japanese leaders were prosecuted for war crimes which were committed during World War II.

1899–1902 Second Boer War

See also: British concentration camps
Lizzie van Zyl, a Boer child in a British concentration camp

The term "concentration camp" was used to describe camps operated by the British Empire in South Africa during the Second Boer War in the years 1900–1902. As Boer farms were destroyed by the British under their "scorched earth" policy, many tens of thousands of women and children were forcibly moved into the concentration camps. Over 26,000 Boer women and children were to perish in these concentration camps.

Six officers from the Bushveldt Carbineers were court-martialed for massacring POWs and civilians. Lieutenants Harry Morant, Peter Handcock, and George Witton were each found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. Morant and Handcock were executed, while Witton was reprieved and served a short prison sentence. Two of the other defendants, Major Robert Lenehan and Lieutenant Henry Picton, were found guilty of lesser charges. They were dismissed from the military and deported from South Africa after being found guilty of neglecting one's duty and manslaughter, respectively. The last defendant, Captain Alfred Taylor, was acquitted.

1899–1902 Philippine–American War

See also: United States Senate Committee on the Philippines § Investigation, and American war crimes
New York Journal cartoon of May 5, 1902 about General Jacob H. Smith's infamous order "Kill Everyone Over Ten". The caption at the bottom reads: "Criminals Because They Were Born Ten Years Before We Took the Philippines".

Reported American war crimes and atrocities during the Philippine–American War included the summary execution of civilians and prisoners, burning of villages, and torture. 298,000 Filipinos were also moved to concentration camps, where thousands died.

In November 1901, the Manila correspondent of the Philadelphia Ledger wrote: "The present war is no bloodless, opera bouffe engagement; our men have been relentless, have killed to exterminate men, women, children, prisoners and captives, active insurgents and suspected people from lads of ten up, the idea prevailing that the Filipino as such was little better than a dog".

In response to the Balangiga massacre, which wiped out a U.S. company garrisoning Samar town, U.S. Brigadier General Jacob H. Smith launched a retaliatory march across Samar with the instructions: "I want no prisoners. I wish you to kill and burn, the more you kill and burn the better it will please me. I want all persons killed who are capable of bearing arms in actual hostilities against the United States".

1904–1908: Herero Wars

Chained prisoners during the Herero and Namaqua genocide

In August, German General Lothar von Trotha defeated the Ovaherero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of dehydration. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans, only to suffer a similar fate. Between 24,000 and 100,000 Hereros, 10,000 Nama and an unknown number of San died in the parallel Herero and Namaqua genocide. Once defeated, thousands of Hereros and Namas were also imprisoned in concentration camps, where the majority died of diseases, abuse, and exhaustion. German soldiers also regularly engaged in gang rapes before killing the women or leaving them in the desert to die; a number of Herero women were also forced into involuntary prostitution.

1912-1913: Balkan Wars

Photograph of Albanian civilians that were taken prisoner by the Royal Serbian Army in Prishtina during the Balkan wars

The Balkan Wars were marked by ethnic cleansing with all parties being responsible for grave atrocities against civilians and helped inspire later atrocities including war crimes during the 1990s Yugoslav Wars.

Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars were perpetrated on several occasions by Serbian and Montenegrin armies and paramilitaries. According to contemporary accounts, between 20,000 and 25,000 Albanians were massacred in the Kosovo Vilayet during the first two to four months of the conflict; with at least 120,000 being killed in total. Most of the victims were children, women and the elderly. In addition to the massacres, some civilians had their tongues, lips, ears and noses severed. Philip J. Cohen also cited Durham as saying that Serbian soldiers helped bury people alive in Kosovo. Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective, a 2017 study published in Belgrade by the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, said that villages were burned to ashes and Albanian Muslims forced to flee when Serbo-Montenegrin forces invaded Kosovo in 1912. Some chronicles cited decapitation as well as mutilation.

Serbian army also brutally suppressed the Tikveš uprising and terrorized the Bulgarian population in the rebelling regions. According to some sources 363 civilian Bulgarians were killed in Kavadarci, 230 - in Negotino and 40 - in Vatasha.

1914–1918: World War I

Austro-Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians, 1917. Serbia lost about 850,000 people during the war, a quarter of its pre-war population.
Main article: War crimes in World War I

World War I was the first major international conflict to take place following the codification of war crimes at the Hague Convention of 1907, including derived war crimes, such as the use of poisons as weapons, as well as crimes against humanity, and derivative crimes against humanity, such as torture, and genocide. Before, the Second Boer War took place after the Hague Convention of 1899. The Second Boer War (1899 until 1902) is known for the first concentration camps (1900 until 1902) for civilians in the 20th century.

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
World War I German Empire (Imperial Germany)
Rape of Belgium War crimes Leipzig war crimes trials In defiance of the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare, the German occupiers engaged in mass atrocities against the civilian population of Belgium and looting and destruction of civilian property, in order to flush out the Belgian guerrilla fighters, or francs-tireurs, in the first two months of the war, after the German invasion of Belgium in August 1914.

As Belgium was officially neutral after hostilities in Europe broke out and Germany invaded the country without explicit warning, this act was also in breach of the treaty of 1839 and the 1907 Hague Convention on Opening of Hostilities.

Killings of Duala civilians during the Kamerun campaign War crimes, Crime against humanity No prosecutions German forces ordered a scorched earth policy against the indigenous Duala people to repress an alleged "people's war." Numerous killings were committed by German forces including in Jabassi where a white commander reportedly gave the order to "kill every native they saw."
Sexual violence toward Duala civilians during the Kamerun campaign War crimes, Crime against humanity No prosecutions Duala women women were victims of wartime sexual violence by the German forces.
World War I All major belligerents
Employment of poison gas Use of poisons as weapons No prosecutions Poison gas was introduced by Imperial Germany, and was subsequently used by all major belligerents in the war, in violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare.
World War I Ottoman Empire
Armenian genocide War crimes, crimes against humanity, crime of genocide (extermination of Armenians in Western Armenia) The Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–20 as well as the incomplete Malta Tribunals were trials of some of the perpetrators.

Several key perpetrators of the genocide were assassinated by Armenian vigilantes as part of Operation Nemesis.

The Young Turk regime ordered the wholesale extermination of Armenians living within Western Armenia. This was carried out by certain elements of their military forces, who either massacred Armenians outright, or deported them to Syria and then massacred them. Over 1.5 million Armenians perished.

The Republic of Turkey, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, does not accept the word genocide as an accurate description of the events surrounding this matter.

Assyrian genocide War crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, ethnic cleansing Several key perpetrators of the genocide were assassinated by Armenian vigilantes as part of Operation Nemesis Mass killing of Assyrian civilians by the Ottoman Empire's forces resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands. Turkey does not call the event genocide.
Greek genocide War crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, ethnic cleansing The Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–20 as well as the incomplete Malta Tribunals were trials of some of the perpetrators.

Several key perpetrators of the genocide were assassinated by Armenian vigilantes as part of Operation Nemesis.

Violent ethnic cleansing campaign against Greeks in Anatolia resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands. Turkey does not call the event mass genocide.
World War I United Kingdom
Baralong Incidents War crimes (murder of shipwreck survivors) No prosecutions On 19 August 1915, a German submarine, U-27, while preparing to sink the British freighter Nicosian, which was loaded with war supplies, after the crew had boarded the lifeboats, was sunk by the British Q-ship HMS Baralong. Afterwards, Lieutenant Godfrey Herbert ordered his Baralong crew to kill the survivors of the German submarine while still at sea, including those who were summarily executed after boarding the Nicosian. The massacre was reported to a newspaper by American citizens who were also on board the Nicosian. Another attack occurred on 24 September a month later when Baralong destroyed U-41, which was in the process of sinking the cargo ship Urbino. According to U41's commander Karl Goetz, the British vessel was flying the American flag even after opening fire on the submarine, and the lifeboat carrying the German survivors was rammed and sunk by the British Q-ship.
World War I Russian Empire
Urkun War crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide No prosecutions

Urukun was not covered by Soviet textbooks, and monographs on the subject were removed from Soviet printing houses. As the Soviet Union was disintegrating in 1991, interest in Urkun grew. Some survivors have begun to label the events a "massacre" or "genocide". In August 2016, a public commission in Kyrgyzstan concluded that the 1916 mass crackdown was labelled as "genocide". Arnold Toynbee alleges 500,000 Central Asian Turks perished under the Russian Empire, though he admits this is speculative. Rudolph Rummel citing Toynbee states 500,000 perished within the revolt. Kyrgyz sources put the death toll between 100,000 and 270,000. Russian sources put the figure at 3,000. Kyrgyz historians Shayyrkul Batyrbaeva puts the death toll at 40,000, based on population tallies.

Deportation of Volhynia Germans War crimes, crimes against humanity Although Germans were permitted to return and attempt to reclaim their land, it is estimated that only one-half of their number did so. Many found their houses destroyed and their farms occupied by strangers. Grand Duke Nicholas (who was still commander-in-chief of the Western forces), after suffering serious defeats at the hands of the German army, decided to implement the decrees for the German Russians living under his army's control, principally in the Volhynia province. The lands were to be expropriated, and the owners deported to Siberia. The land was to be given to Russian war veterans once the war was over. In July 1915, without prior warning, 150,000 German settlers from Volhynia were arrested and shipped to internal exile in Siberia and Central Asia. (Some sources indicate that the number of deportees reached 200,000.) Ukrainian peasants took over their lands. The mortality rate from these deportations is estimated to have been 63,000 to 100,000, that is from 30% to 50%, but exact figures are impossible to determine.
World War I Kingdom of Bulgaria
Surdulica massacre Summary executions No prosecutions The Surdulica massacre was the mass murder of Serbian men by Bulgarian occupational authorities in the southern Serbian town of Surdulica between 1915 and 1916, during World War I. Members of the Serbian intelligentsia in the region, mostly functionaries, teachers, priests and former soldiers, were detained by Bulgarian forces—ostensibly so that they could be deported to the Bulgarian capital, Sofia—before being taken into the forests around Surdulica and killed. An estimated 2,000–3,000 Serbian men were executed by the Bulgarians in the town and its surroundings. Witnesses to the massacre were interviewed by American writer William A. Drayton in December 1918 and January 1919.
Massacres of Albanians in World War I War crimes War crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, ethnic cleansing Committed by Kingdom of Serbia, Kingdom of Montenegro, Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Greece
World War I
Štip massacre Summary executions No prosecutions The Štip massacre was the mass murder of Serbian soldiers by the IMRO paramilitaries in the village of Ljuboten, Štip on 15 October 1915, during World War I. Sick and wounded Serbian soldiers, recuperating at the Štip town hospital, were detained by Bulgarian IMRO militants before being taken into the vicinity of Ljuboten and killed. An estimated 118–120 Serbian soldiers were executed in the massacre.

1915–1920: First and Second Caco War

  • During the First (1915) and Second (1918–1920) Caco Wars waged during the United States occupation of Haiti (1915–1934), human rights abuses were committed against the native Haitians population. Overall, American troops and the Haitian gendarmerie killed several thousands of Haitian civilians during the rebellions between 1915 and 1920, though the exact death toll is unknown.
  • Mass killings of civilians were allegedly committed by United States Marines and their subordinates in the Haitian gendarmerie. According to Haitian historian Roger Gaillard, such killings involved rape, lynchings, summary executions, burning villages and deaths by burning. Internal documents of the United States Army justified the killing of women and children, describing them as "auxiliaries" of rebels. A private memorandum of the Secretary of the Navy criticized "indiscriminate killings against natives". American officers who were responsible for acts of violence were given Creole names such as "Linx" for Commandant Freeman Lang and "Ouiliyanm" for Lieutenant Lee Williams. According to American journalist H. J. Seligman, Marines would practice "bumping off Gooks", describing the shooting of civilians in a manner which was similar to killing for sport.
  • During the Second Caco War of 1918–1919, many Caco prisoners were summarily executed by Marines and the gendarmerie on orders from their superiors. On June 4, 1916, Marines executed caco General Mizrael Codio and ten others after they were captured in Fonds-Verrettes. In Hinche in January 1919, Captain Ernest Lavoie of the gendarmerie, a former United States Marine, allegedly ordered the killing of nineteen caco rebels according to American officers, though no charges were ever filed against him due to the fact that no physical evidence of the killing was ever presented.
  • The torture of Haitian rebels and the torture of Haitians who were suspected of rebelling against the United States was a common practice among the occupying Marines. Some of the methods of torture included the use of water cure, hanging prisoners by their genitals and ceps, which involved pushing both sides of the tibia with the butts of two guns.

1921–1927: Rif War

  • During the Rif War, Spanish forces used chemical weapons against Berber rebels and civilians in Morocco. These attacks marked the first widespread employment of gas warfare in the post-WWI era. The Spanish army indiscriminately used phosgene, diphosgene, chloropicrin and mustard gas against civilian populations, markets and rivers. Spain signed the Geneva Protocol in 1925, that prohibited chemical and biological warfare, while simultaneously employing these weapons across the Mediterranean.
  • According to Miguel Alonso, Alan Kramer and Javier Rodrigo in the book Fascist Warfare, 1922–1945: Aggression, Occupation, Annihilation: "Apart from deciding not to use chemical weapons, Franco's campaign to 'cleanse Spain' resembled that in Morocco: intelligence-gathering through torture, summary executions, forced labour, rape, and the sadistic killing of military prisoners."
  • Spanish mutilations of captured Moroccans were reported, including castration and severing heads, noses and ears, which were collected by Spanish legionnaries as war trophies and worn as necklaces or spiked on bayonets.
  • On August 9, 1921, the Massacre of Monte Arruit occurred, in which 2,000 soldiers of the Spanish Army were killed by Riffian forces after surrendering the Monte Arruit garrison near Al Aaroui following a 12-day siege.

1923–1932: Pacification of Libya

  • The Pacification of Libya resulted in mass deaths of the indigenous people in Cyrenaica by Italy. 80,000 or over a quarter of the indigenous people in Cyrenaica perished during the pacification.
  • 100,000 Bedouin citizens were ethnically cleansed by expulsion from their land.
  • Specific war crimes alleged to have been committed by the Italian armed forces against civilians include deliberate bombing of civilians, killing unarmed children, women, and the elderly, rape and disembowelment of women, throwing prisoners out of aircraft to their death and running over others with tanks, regular daily executions of civilians in some areas, and bombing tribal villages with mustard gas bombs beginning in 1930.

1927-1949: Chinese Civil War

  • During the Chinese Civil War both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides. Benjamin Valentino has estimated atrocities in the Chinese Civil War resulted in the death of between 1.8 million and 3.5 million people between 1927 and 1949.
  • Over several years after the 1927 Shanghai massacre, the Kuomintang killed between 300,000 and one million people, primarily peasants, in anti-communist campaigns as part of the White Terror. During the White Terror, the Nationalists specifically targeted women with short hair who had not been subjected to foot binding, on the presumption that such "non-traditional" women were radicals. Nationalist forces cut off their breasts, shaved their heads, and displayed their mutilated bodies to intimidate the populace. From 1946 to 1949, the Nationalists arrested, tortured, and killed political dissidents via the Sino-American Cooperative Organization.
  • During the December 1930 Futian incident, the communists executed 2,000 to 3,000 members of the Futian battalion after its leaders had mutinied against Mao Zedong. Between 1931 and 1934 in the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet, the communist authorities engaged in a widespread campaign of violence against civilians to ensure compliance with its policies and to stop defection to the advancing KMT, including mass executions, land confiscation and forced labor. According to Li Weihan, a high-ranking communist in Jiangxi at the time, in response to mass flight of civilians to KMT held areas, the local authorities authorities would "usually to send armed squads after those attempting to flee and kill them on the spot, producing numerous mass graves throughout the CSR that would later be uncovered by the KMT and its allies." Zhang Wentian, another high-ranking communist, reported that "the policy of annihilating landlords as an exploiting class had degenerated into a massacre" The population of the communist controlled area fell by 700,000 from 1931 and 1935, of which a large proportion were murdered as “class enemies,” worked to death, committed suicide, or died in other circumstances attributable to the communists.
  • During the Siege of Changchun the People's Liberation Army implemented a military blockade on the KMT-held city of Changchun and prevented civilians from leaving the city during the blockade; this blockade caused the starvation of tens to 150 thousand civilians. The PLA continued to use siege tactics throughout Northeast China.
  • At the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War in 1946, Mao Zedong began to push for a return to radical policies to mobilize China against the landlord class, but protected the rights of middle peasants and specified that rich peasants were not landlords. The 7 July Directive of 1946 set off eighteen months of fierce conflict in which all rich peasant and landlord property of all types was to be confiscated and redistributed to poor peasants. Party work teams went quickly from village to village and divided the population into landlords, rich, middle, poor, and landless peasants. Because the work teams did not involve villagers in the process, however, rich and middle peasants quickly returned to power. The Outline Land Law of October 1947 increased the pressure. Those condemned as landlords were buried alive, dismembered, strangled and shot.
  • In response to the aforementioned land reform campaign; the Kuomintang helped establish the "Huanxiang Tuan" (還鄉團), or Homecoming Legion, which was composed of landlords who sought the return of their redistributed land and property from peasants and CCP guerrillas, as well as forcibly conscripted peasants and communist POWs. The Homecoming legion conducted its guerrilla warfare campaign against CCP forces and purported collaborators up until the end of the civil war in 1949.

1935–1937: Second Italo-Abyssinian War

  • Italian use of mustard gas against Ethiopian soldiers in 1936 violated the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which bans the use of chemical weapons in warfare.
  • Crimes by Ethiopian troops included the use of dum-dum bullets (in violation of the Hague Conventions), the killing of civilian workmen (including during the Gondrand massacre), and the mutilation of captured Eritrean Ascari and Italians (often with castration), beginning in the first weeks of war.
  • Yekatit 12—In response to the unsuccessful assassination of Rodolfo Graziani on 19 February 1937, thousands of Ethiopians were killed, including all of the monks residing at Debre Libanos, and over a thousand more detained at Danan who were then exiled either to the Dahlak Islands or Italy.
  • The Ethiopians recorded 275,000 combatants killed in action, 78,500 patriots (guerrilla fighters) killed during the occupation, 17,800 civilians killed by aerial bombardment and 30,000 in the February 1937 massacre, 35,000 people died in concentration camps, 24,000 patriots executed by Summary Courts, 300,000 people died of privation due to the destruction of their villages, amounting to 760,300 deaths.

1936–1939: Spanish Civil War

Republicans executed by Francoists at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War

At least 50,000 people were executed during the Spanish Civil War. In his updated history of the Spanish Civil War, Antony Beevor writes, "Franco's ensuing 'white terror' claimed 200,000 lives. The 'red terror' had already killed 38,000." Julius Ruiz concludes that "although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in Nationalist Spain."

César Vidal puts the number of Republican victims at 110,965. In 2008 a Spanish judge, Baltasar Garzón, opened an investigation into the executions and disappearances of 114,266 people between 17 July 1936 and December 1951. Among the murders and executions investigated was that of poet and dramatist Federico García Lorca.

1939–1945: World War II

Main article: War crimes in World War II

1946–1954: Indochina War

The French Union's struggle against the independence movement backed by the Soviet Union and China claimed 400,000 to 1.5 million Vietnamese lives from 1945 to 1954. In the Haiphong massacre of November 1946, about 6,000 Vietnamese were killed by French naval artillery. The French employed electric shock treatment during interrogations of the Vietnamese, and nearly 10,000 Vietnamese perished in French concentration camps.

According to Arthur J. Dommen, the Viet Minh assassinated 100,000–150,000 civilians during the war, while Benjamin Valentino estimates that the French were responsible for 60,000 to 250,000 civilian deaths.

About French massacres and war crimes during the conflict, Christopher Goscha wrote on The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam: "Rape became a disturbing weapon used by the Expeditionary Corps, as did summary executions. Young Vietnamese women who could not escape approaching enemy patrols smeared themselves with any stinking thing they could find, including human excrement. Decapitated heads were raised on sticks, bodies were gruesomely disemboweled, and body parts were taken as 'souvenirs'; Vietnamese soldiers of all political colors also committed such acts. The non-communist nationalist singer, Phạm Duy, wrote a bone-chilling ballad about the mothers of Gio Linh village in central Vietnam, each of whom had lost a son to a French Army massacre in 1948. Troops decapitated their bodies and displayed their heads along a public road to strike fear into those tempted to accept the Democratic Republic of Vietnam's sovereignty. Massacres did not start with the Americans in My Lai, or the Vietnamese communists in Hue in 1968. And yet, the French Union's massacre of over two hundred Vietnamese women and children in My Tratch in 1948 remains virtually unknown in France to this day."

1947–1948: Malagasy Uprising

During the French suppression of the pro-independence Malagasy Uprising, numerous atrocities were carried out such as mass killings, village burnings, torture, war rape, collective punishment, and throwing live prisoners out of airplanes (death flights). Between 11,000 and 90,000 Malagasy died in the fighting, along with about 800 French soldiers and other Europeans.

1948 Arab–Israeli War

Main article: Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine War

Several massacres were committed during this war which could be described as war crimes. Nearly 15,000 people, mostly combatants and militants, were killed during the war, including 6,000 Jews and about 8,000 Arabs (mostly Muslims).

1945–1949: Indonesian War of Independence

  • South Sulawesi Campaign, about 4,500 civilians killed by Pro-Indonesian and Indonesian forces and pro-Dutch and Dutch colonial forces (KNIL).
  • Rawagede massacre: about 431 civilians killed by Dutch forces
  • Bersiap massacre: about 25,000 Indo-European civilians, Dutch, and loyalists killed by Indonesian nationalist forces.
  • Indonesian National Revolution: About 100–150,000 Chinese, Communists, Europeans (French, German, British), pro-Dutch etc. were killed by Indonesian nationalist forces and Indonesian youth.

1948–1960: Malayan Emergency

  • War crimes: In the Batang Kali massacre, about 24 unarmed villagers were killed by British troops. The British government claimed that these villagers were insurgents attempting to escape but this was later known to be entirely false as they were unarmed, nor actually supporting the insurgents nor attempting to escape after being detained by British troops. No British soldier was prosecuted for the murder at Batang Kali.
  • War crimes: includes beating, torturing, and killing by British troops and communist insurgents of non-combatants.
  • War crimes: As part of the Briggs Plan devised by British General Sir Harold Briggs, 500,000 people (roughly ten percent of Malaya's population) were eventually removed from the land and interned in guarded camps called "New Villages". The intent of this measure was to isolate villagers from contact with insurgents. While considered necessary, some of the cases involving the widespread destruction went beyond justification of military necessity. This practice was prohibited by the Geneva Conventions and customary international law which stated that the destruction of property must not happen unless rendered absolutely necessary by military operations.

1950–1953: Korean War

Main article: War crimes in the Korean War

United States perpetrated crimes

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Korean War United States
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
No Gun Ri massacre War crimes (murder of civilians) United States In July 1950, during the early weeks of the Korean War, an undetermined number of South Korean refugees were killed by the 2nd Battalion, 7th U.S. Cavalry Regiment, and a U.S. air attack at a railroad bridge near the village of No Gun Ri, 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Seoul, South Korea. Commanders feared enemy infiltrators among such refugee columns. Estimates of the dead have ranged from dozens to 500. In 2005, a South Korean government committee certified the names of 163 dead or missing and 55 wounded and added that many other victims' names were not reported. The South Korean government-funded No Gun Ri Peace Foundation estimated in 2011 that 250–300 were killed, mostly women and children.

North Korean perpetrated crimes

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Korean War North Korea and China
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Seoul National University Hospital Massacre War crimes, Crimes against humanity (Mass murder of civilians) North Korea The Seoul National University Hospital Massacre (Korean: 서울대학교 부속병원 학살 사건 Hanja: 서울國立大學校附属病院虐殺事件) was a massacre committed by the North Korean Army on June 18, 1950, of 700 to 900 doctors, nurses, inpatient civilians and wounded soldiers at the Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul district of South Korea. During the First Battle of Seoul, the North Korean Army wiped out one platoon which guarded Seoul National University Hospital on June 28, 1950. They massacred medical personnel, inpatients and wounded soldiers. The North Korean Army shot or buried people alive. The victims amounted to 900. According to the South Korean Ministry of National Defense, the victims included 100 South Korean wounded soldiers.
Chaplain–Medic massacre War crimes (murder of wounded military personnel and a chaplain) North Korea On July 16, 1950, 30 unarmed, critically wounded U.S. Army soldiers and an unarmed chaplain were killed by members of the North Korean People's Army during the Battle of Taejon.
Bloody Gulch massacre War crimes (murder of prisoners of war) North Korea On August 12, 1950, 75 captured U.S. Army prisoners of war were executed by members of the North Korean People's Army on a mountain above the village of Tunam, South Korea, during one of the smaller engagements of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter.
Hill 303 massacre War crimes (murder of prisoners of war) North Korea On August 17, 1950, following a UN airstrike on Hill 131 which was already occupied by the North Korean Army from the Americans, a North Korean officer said that the American soldiers were closing in on them and they could not continue to hold the captured American prisoners. The officer ordered the men shot, and the North Koreans then fired into the kneeling Americans as they rested in the gully, killing 41.
Sunchon Tunnel Massacre War crimes (murder of prisoners of war) North Korea 180 American prisoners of war, survivors of the Seoul-Pyongyang death march, were loaded onto a railroad car and brought to the Sunchon tunnel on October 30, 1950. Prisoners, who were already suffering from lack of food, water, and medical supplies were brought in groups of approximately 40 ostensibly to receive food and were shot by North Korean soldiers. 138 Americans in total died; 68 were murdered, 7 died of malnutrition, and the remainder died in the tunnel of pneumonia, dysentery, and malnutrition on the trip from Pyongyang.
  • Rudolph Rummel estimated that the North Korean Army executed at least 500,000 civilians during the Korean War with many dying in North Korea's drive to forcibly conscript South Koreans to their war effort. Throughout the conflict, North Korean and Chinese forces routinely mistreated and tortured U.S. and UN prisoners of war. Mass starvation and diseases swept through the Chinese-run POW camps during the winter of 1950–51. About 43 percent of all U.S. POWs died during this period. In violation of the Geneva Conventions which explicitly stated that captor states must repatriate prisoners of war to their homeland as quickly as possible, North Korea detained South Korean POWs for decades after the ceasefire. Over 88,000 South Korean soldiers were missing and the Communists' themselves had claimed they had captured 70,000 South Koreans.

South Korean perpetrated crimes

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Korean War South Korea
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Jeju uprising War crimes, Crimes against humanity (mass murder of civilians) South Korea The island of Jeju was considered a stronghold of the Korean independence movement and the South Korean Labor Party. Syngman Rhee had proclaimed martial law to quell an insurgency.

Up to 10% of the island's population died (14,000 to 30,000) as a result of the conflict, and another 40,000 fled to Japan.

Bodo League massacre War crimes, Crimes against humanity (mass murder of civilians) South Korea The Bodo League massacre (Korean: 보도연맹 사건; Hanja: 保導聯盟事件) was a massacre and war crime against communists and suspected sympathisers that occurred in the summer of 1950 during the Korean War. Estimates of the death toll vary. According to Prof. Kim Dong-Choon, Commissioner of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, at least 100,000 people were executed on suspicion of supporting communism; others estimate 200,000 deaths. The massacre was wrongly blamed on the communists for decades.
Goyang Geumjeong Cave Massacre War crimes (Mass murder of civilians) South Korea The Goyang Geumjeong Cave Massacre (Korean: 고양 금정굴 민간인 학살 Hanja: 高陽衿井窟民間人虐殺 Goyang Geunjeong Cave civilian massacre) was a massacre conducted by the police officers of Goyang Police Station of the South Korean Police under the commanding of head of Goyang police station between 9 October 1950 and 31 October 1950 of 150 or over 153 unarmed citizens in Goyang, Gyeonggi-do district of South Korea. After the victory of the Second Battle of Seoul, South Korean police arrested and killed people and their families who they suspected had been sympathisers during North Korean rule. During the massacre, South Korean Police conducted Namyangju Massacre in Namyangju near Goyang.
Sancheong-Hamyang massacre War Crimes (Mass murder of civilians) South Korea The Sancheong-Hamyang massacre (Korean: 산청・함양 양민 학살 사건; Hanja: 山清・咸陽良民虐殺事件) was a massacre conducted by a unit of the South Korean Army 11th Division during the Korean War. On February 7, 1951, 705 unarmed citizens in Sancheong and Hamyang, South Gyeongsang district of South Korea were killed. The victims were civilians and 85% of them were women, children, and elderly people.
Ganghwa massacre War crimes (Mass murder of civilians) South Korea The Ganghwa (Geochang) massacre (Korean: 거창 양민 학살 사건; Hanja: 居昌良民虐殺事件) was a massacre conducted by the third battalion of the 9th regiment of the 11th Division of the South Korean Army between February 9, 1951, and February 11, 1951, on 719 unarmed citizens in Geochang, South Gyeongsang district of South Korea. The victims included 385 children.

1952–1960: Mau Mau uprising

Main article: Mau Mau uprising § War crimes
  • In attempt to suppress the insurgency in Kenya, British colonial authorities suspended civil liberties within the country. In response to the rebellion, many Kikuyu were relocated. According to British authorities 80,000 were interned. Caroline Elkins estimated that between 160,000 and 320,000 were moved into concentration camps. Other estimates are as high as 450,000 interned. Most of the remainder – more than a million – were held in "enclosed villages". Although some were Mau Mau guerillas, many were victims of collective punishment that colonial authorities imposed on large areas of the country. Thousands suffered beatings and sexual assaults during "screenings" intended to extract information about the Mau Mau threat. Later, prisoners suffered even worse mistreatment in an attempt to force them to renounce their allegiance to the insurgency and to obey commands. Significant numbers were murdered; official accounts describe some prisoners being roasted alive. Prisoners were questioned with the help of "slicing off ears, boring holes in eardrums, flogging until death, pouring paraffin over suspects who were then set alight, and burning eardrums with lit cigarettes". The British colonial police used a "metal castrating instrument" to cut off testicles and fingers. "By the time I cut his balls off", one settler boasted, "he had no ears, and his eyeball, the right one, I think, was hanging out of its socket. Too bad, he died before we got much out of him." According to David Anderson, the British hanged over 1,090 suspected rebels: far more than the French had executed in Algeria during the Algerian War. Another 400 were sentenced to death but reprieved because they were under 18 or women. The British declared some areas prohibited zones where anyone could be shot. It was common for Kikuyu to be shot because they "failed to halt when challenged."
  • The Chuka Massacre, which happened in Chuka, Kenya, was perpetrated by members of the King's African Rifles B Company in June 1953 with 20 unarmed people killed during the Mau Mau uprising. Members of the 5th KAR B Company entered the Chuka area on June 13, 1953, to flush out rebels suspected of hiding in the nearby forests. Over the next few days, the regiment had captured and executed 20 people suspected of being Mau Mau fighters for unknown reasons. It is found out that most of the people executed were actually belonged to the Kikuyu Home Guard – a loyalist militia recruited by the British to fight an increasingly powerful and audacious guerrilla enemy. The commanding officer of the soldiers responsible, Major Gerald Griffiths, was court-martialed for murder. He was found guilty and sentenced to 7 years in prison. In an atmosphere of atrocity and reprisal, the matter was swept under the carpet and nobody else ever stood trial for the massacre.
  • The Hola massacre was an incident during the conflict in Kenya against British colonial rule at a colonial detention camp in Hola, Kenya. By January 1959 the camp had a population of 506 detainees of whom 127 were held in a secluded "closed camp". This more remote camp near Garissa, eastern Kenya, was reserved for the most uncooperative of the detainees. They often refused, even when threats of force were made, to join in the colonial "rehabilitation process" or perform manual labour or obey colonial orders. The camp commandant outlined a plan that would force 88 of the detainees to bend to work. On 3 March 1959, the camp commandant put this plan into action – as a result, 11 detainees were clubbed to death by guards. 77 surviving detainees sustained serious permanent injuries. The British government accepts that the colonial administration tortured detainees, but denies liability.
  • The Lari massacre in the settlement of Lari occurred on the night of 25–26 March 1953, in which Mau Mau militants herded Kikuyu men, women and children into huts and set fire to them, killing anyone who attempted to escape. Official estimates place the death toll from the Lari massacre at 74 dead.
  • Mau Mau militants also tortured, mutilated and murdered Kikuyu on many occasions. Mau Mau racked up 1,819 murders of their fellow Africans, though again this number excludes the many additional hundreds who 'disappeared', whose bodies were never found.

1954–1962: Algerian War

The insurgency began in 1945 and was revived in 1954, winning independence in the early 1960s. The French army killed thousands of Algerians in the first round of fighting in 1945. After the Algerian independence movement formed a National Liberation Front (FLN) in 1954, the French Minister of the Interior joined the Minister of National Defense in 1955 in ordering that every rebel carrying a weapon, suspected of doing so, or suspected of fleeing, must be shot. French troops executed civilians from nearby villages when rebel attacks occurred, tortured both rebels and civilians, and interned Arabs in camps, where forced labor was required of some of them. 2,000,000 Algerians were displaced or forcibly resettled during the war, and over 800 villages were destroyed from 1957 to 1960.

Other French crimes included deliberate bombing, torture and mutilation of civilians, rape and sexual assaults, disembowelment of pregnant women, imprisonment without food in small cells, throwing detainees from helicopters and into the sea with concrete on their feet, and burying people alive.

The FLN also indulged in a large amount of atrocities, both against French pieds-noirs and against fellow Algerians whom they deemed as supporting the French or simply as refusing to support the Liberation effort. These crimes included killing unarmed children, women and the elderly, rape and disembowelment or decapitation of women and murdering children by slitting their throats or banging their heads against walls. French sources estimated that 70,000 Muslim civilians were killed, or abducted and presumed killed, by the FLN during the war. The FLN also killed 30,000 to 150,000 in people in post-war reprisals.

1955–1975: Vietnam War

Main article: Vietnam War § War crimesSee also: List of massacres in Vietnam

United States perpetrated crimes

During the war 95 U.S. Army personnel and 27 U.S. Marine Corps personnel were convicted by court-martial of the murder or manslaughter of Vietnamese.

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Vietnam War United States
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Marion McGhee, Chu Lai Murder Lance Corporal Marion McGhee On 12 August 1965 Lcpl McGhee of Company M, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines, walked through Marine lines at Chu Lai Base Area toward a nearby village. In answer to a Marine sentry's shouted question, he responded that he was going after a VC. Two Marines were dispatched to retrieve McGhee and as they approached the village they heard a shot and a woman's scream and then saw McGhee walking toward them from the village. McGhee said he had just killed a VC and other VC were following him. At trial Vietnamese prosecution witnesses testified that McGhee had kicked through the wall of the hut where their family slept. He seized a 14-year-old girl and pulled her toward the door. When her father interceded, McGhee shot and killed him. Once outside the house the girl escaped McGhee with the help of her grandmother. McGhee was found guilty of unpremeditated murder and sentenced him to confinement at hard labor for ten years. On appeal this was reduced to 7 years and he actually served 6 years and 1 month.
Xuan Ngoc (2) Murder and rape PFC John D. Potter Jr.
Hospitalman John R. Bretag
PFC James H. Boyd Jr.
Sergeant Ronald L. Vogel 		On 23 September 1966, a nine-man ambush patrol from the 1st Battalion, 5th Marines, left Hill 22, northwest of Chu Lai. Private First Class John D. Potter Jr. took effective command of the patrol. They entered the hamlet of Xuan Ngoc (2) and seized Dao Quang Thinh, whom they accused of being a Viet Cong, and dragged him from his hut. While they beat him, other patrol members forced his wife, Bui Thi Huong, from their hut and four of them raped her. A few minutes later three other patrol members shot Dao Quang Thinh, Bui, their child, Bui's sister-in-law, and her sister in- law's child. Bui Thi Huong survived to testify at the courts-martial. The company commander suspicious of the reported "enemy contact" sent Second Lieutenant Stephen J. Talty, to return to the scene with the patrol. Once there, Talty realized what had happened and attempted to cover up the incident. A wounded child was discovered alive and Potter bludgeoned it to death with his rifle. Potter was convicted of premeditated murder and rape, and sentenced to confinement at hard labor for life, but was released in February 1978, having served 12 years and 1 month. Hospitalman John R. Bretag testified against Potter and was sentenced to 6 month's confinement for rape. PFC James H. Boyd Jr., pleaded guilty to murder and was sentenced to 4 years confinement at hard labor. Sergeant Ronald L. Vogel was convicted for murder of one of the children and rape and was sentenced to 50 years confinement at hard labor, which was reduced on appeal to 10 years, of which he served 9 years. Two patrol members were acquitted of major charges, but were convicted of assault with intent to commit rape and sentenced to 6 months' confinement. Lt Talty was found guilty of making a false report and dismissed from the Marine Corps, but this was overturned on appeal.
Charles W. Keenan and Stanley J. Luczko Murder PFC Charles W. Keenan
CPL Stanley J. Luczko 		PFC Charles W. Keenan was convicted of murder by firing at point-blank range into an unarmed, elderly Vietnamese woman, and an unarmed Vietnamese man. His life sentence was reduced to 25 years confinement. Upon appeal, the conviction for the woman's murder was dismissed and confinement was reduced to five years. Later clemency action further reduced his confinement to 2 years and 9 months. Corporal Stanley J. Luczko, was found guilty of voluntary manslaughter and sentenced to confinement for three years
Thuy Bo incident Murder (disputed) Company H, 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines From 31 January to 1 February 1967 145 civilians were purported to have been killed by Company H, 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines. Marine accounts record 101 Viet Cong and 22 civilians killed during a 2-day battle. Marines casualties were 5 dead and 26 wounded.
My Lai Massacre War crimes (Various crimes) Lt. William Calley convicted in 1971 of premeditated murder of 22 civilians for his role in the massacre and sentenced to life in prison. He served 3½ years under house arrest. Others were indicted but not convicted. On March 16, 1968, a US army platoon led by Lt. William Calley killed (and in some cases beat, raped, tortured, or maimed) 347 to 504 unarmed civilians – primarily women, children, and old men – in the hamlets of My Lai and My Khe of Sơn Mỹ. The My Lai Massacre was allegedly an operation of the Phoenix Program. 26 US soldiers, including 14 officers, were charged with crimes related to the My Lai massacre and its coverup. Most of the charges were eventually dropped, and only Lt. Calley was convicted.
Huế Murder Lcpl Denzil R. Allen
Pvt Martin R. Alvarez
Lcpl John D. Belknap
Lcpl James A. Maushart
PFC Robert J. Vickers 		On 5 May 1968, Lcpl Denzil R. Allen led a six-man ambush patrol from the 1st Battalion, 27th Marines near Huế. They stopped and interrogated two unarmed Vietnamese men who Allen and Private Martin R. Alvarez then executed. After an attack on their base that night the unit sent out a patrol who brought back three Vietnamese men. Allen, Alvarez, Lance Corporals John D. Belknap, James A. Maushart, PFC Robert J. Vickers, and two others then formed a firing squad and executed two of the Vietnamese. The third captive was taken into a building where Allen, Belknap, and Anthony Licciardo Jr., hanged him, when the rope broke Allen cut the man's throat, killing him. Allen pleaded guilty to five counts of unpremeditated murder and was sentenced to confinement at hard labor for life reduced to 20 years in exchange for the guilty plea. Allen's confinement was reduced to 7 years and he was paroled after having served only 2 years and 11 months confinement. Maushart pleaded guilty to one count of unpremeditated murder and was sentenced to 2 years confinement of which he served 1 year and 8 months. Belknap and Licciardo each pleaded guilty to single murders and were sentenced to 2 years confinement. Belknap served 15 months while Licciardo served his full sentence. Alvarez was found to lack mental responsibility and found not guilty. Vickers was found guilty of two counts of unpremeditated murder, but his convictions were overturned on review

Ronald J. Reese and Stephen D. Crider Murder Cpl Ronald J. Reese
Lcpl Stephen D. Crider 		On the morning of 1 March 1969 an eight-man Marine ambush was discovered by three Vietnamese girls, aged about 13, 17, and 19, and a Vietnamese boy, about 11. The four shouted their discovery to those being observed by the ambush. Seized by the Marines, the four were bound, gagged, and led away by Corporal Ronald J. Reese and Lance Corporal Stephen D. Crider. Minutes later, the 4 children were seen, apparently dead, in a small bunker. The Marines tossed a fragmentation grenade into the bunker, which then collapsed the damaged structure atop the bodies. Reese and Crider were each convicted of four counts of murder and sentenced to confinement at hard labor for life. On appeal both sentences were reduced to 3 years confinement.
Son Thang massacre Murder Company B, 1st Battalion, 7th Marines. One person was sentenced to life in prison, another sentenced to 5 years, but both sentences were reduced to less than a year. 16 unarmed women and children were killed in the Son Thang Hamlet, on February 19, 1970, with those killed reported as enemy combatant.
Tiger Force War crimes; crime of torture and murder Tiger Force LRRP Tiger Force was the name of a long-range reconnaissance patrol unit of the 1st Battalion (Airborne), 327th Infantry, 1st Brigade (Separate), 101st Airborne Division, which fought in the from November 1965 to November 1967. The unit gained notoriety after investigations during the course of the war and decades afterwards revealed extensive war crimes against civilians, which numbered into the hundreds. They were accused of routine torture, execution of prisoners of war and the intentional killing of civilians. US army investigators concluded that many of the alleged war crimes took place.
Operation Speedy Express War Crimes (Various crimes)(disputed) 9th Infantry Division (US Army) under General Julian Ewell A six-month operation across several provinces in the Mekong Delta, which were internally reported between 5,000 and 7,000 civilian casualties. The official U.S. body count was 10,889 enemy combatants killed with 748 weapons recovered. The commander of the 9th Division, MG Ewell, was allegedly known to be obsessed with body counts and favorable kill ratios and said "the hearts and minds approach can be overdone....in the delta the only way to overcome VC control and terror is with brute force applied against the VC". David Hackworth, a battalion commander during Speedy Express, said "a lot of innocent Vietnamese civilians got slaughtered because of the Ewell-Hunt drive to have the highest count in the land."
Brigadier General John W. Donaldson Murder 11th Infantry Brigade

Commander: Brigadier General John W. Donaldson

On 2 June 1971, Donaldson was charged with the murder of six Vietnamese civilians but was acquitted due to lack of evidence. In 13 separate incidences John Donaldson was reported to have flown over civilian areas shooting at civilians. He was the first U.S. general charged with war crimes since General Jacob H. Smith in 1902 and the highest ranking American to be accused of war crimes during the Vietnam War. The charges were dropped due to lack of evidence.
  • "Vietnam War Crimes Working Group" – Briefly declassified (1994) and subsequently reclassified (2002) documentary evidence compiled by a Pentagon task force detailing endemic war crimes committed by U.S. soldiers in Vietnam. Substantiating 320 incidents by Army investigators, includes seven massacres from 1967 through 1971 in which at least 137 South Vietnamese civilians died (not including the ones at My Lai), 78 other attacks on noncombatants in which at least 57 were killed, 56 wounded and 15 sexually assaulted, and 141 instances in which U.S. soldiers tortured civilian detainees or prisoners of war.

South Korean perpetrated crimes

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Vietnam War South Korea
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Bình An/Tây Vinh massacre massacre (disputed) South Korea Around 1,004 civilians were purported to have been killed between 12 February and 17 March 1966, as part of Operation Masher.
Binh Tai Massacre massacre (disputed) South Korea This was a massacre purportedly conducted on 9 October 1966 of 29 to 168 South Vietnamese villagers in Binh Tai village of Bình Định Province in South Vietnam.
Bình Hòa massacre massacre (disputed) South Korea This was a massacre purportedly conducted between December 3–6, 1966, of 430 unarmed citizens in Bình Hòa village, Quảng Ngãi Province in South Vietnam.
Hà My massacre massacre (disputed) South Korea This was a massacre purportedly conducted by the South Korean Marines on 25 February 1968 of 135 civilians in Hà My village, Quảng Nam Province in South Vietnam.
Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre massacre (disputed) South Korea This was a massacre purportedly conducted by the 2nd Marine Division of the South Korean Marines on 12 February 1968 of 69 to 79 unarmed citizens in Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất village, Điện Bàn District of Quảng Nam Province in South Vietnam.

North Vietnamese and Vietcong perpetrated crimes

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Vietnam War People's Army of Vietnam and Viet Cong
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
VC/PAVN terrorism Murder and kidnapping Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam VC/PAVN forces murdered between 106,000 and 227,000 civilians between 1954 and 1975 in South Vietnam. VC terror squads, in the years 1967 to 1972, were claimed by the US Department of Defense as having assassinated at least 36,000 people and abducted almost 58,000 people. Statistics for 1968–72 suggest that "about 80 percent of the terrorist victims were ordinary civilians and only about 20 percent were government officials, policemen, members of the self-defence forces or pacification cadres."
U.S. Embassy bombing Terrorist bombing Viet Cong On 30 March 1965 the Viet Cong detonated a car bomb in the street outside the U.S. Embassy in Saigon killing two Americans, 19 Vietnamese and one Filipino and injuring 183 others
1965 Saigon bombing Terrorist bombing Viet Cong On 25 June 1965 the Viet Cong detonated a bomb on a floating restaurant "My Canh Café" on the banks of the Saigon River. 31–32 people were killed, and 42 were wounded. Of the casualties, 13 were American and most others were Vietnamese citizens. Another bomb exploded next to a tobacco stall on the riverbank near the restaurant, killing at least one American.
Đắk Sơn massacre massacre Viet Cong On December 5, 1967, two battalions of Viet Cong were reported to have killed 252 civilians in a "vengeance" attack on the hamlet of Đắk Sơn, home to over 2,000 Montagnards. Its alleged that the Vietcong believed that the hamlet had at one point given aid to refugees fleeing Viet Cong forces.
Massacre at Huế massacre People's Army of Vietnam and Viet Cong During the months and years that followed the Battle of Huế, which began on January 31, 1968, and lasted a total of 28 days, dozens of mass graves were discovered in and around Huế. North Vietnamese troops executed between 2,800 and 6,000 civilians and prisoners of war. Victims were found bound, tortured, and sometimes apparently buried alive.
Son Tra massacre massacre Viet Cong On the night of 28/9 June 1968 the Viet Cong attacked Sơn Trà, a fishing village located approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) southeast of Chu Lai Base Area. It had a population of approximately 4,000 people including many resettled refugees. After a mortar attack which forced many of the civilians to take shelter in their defensive bunkers, between 75 and 300 VC then moved through the village throwing satchel charges into bunkers killing their occupants and starting fires killing 73 civilians and 15 pacification workers; a further 103 civilians were wounded. 570 homes were destroyed in the attack and the resulting fires leaving almost 2,800 people homeless.
Thanh My massacre massacre Viet Cong In the early morning of 11 June 1970 the Viet Cong launched a coordinated attack on Phu Thanh village, a complex of several hamlets, straddling Highway 1 about 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Landing Zone Baldy. Two groups of sappers entered the village, armed with grenades and satchel charges, most began burning houses and hurling their grenades and satchel charges into family bomb shelters filled with civilians who had fled to them for protection from the shelling. Civilian casualties totalled 74 dead, many of them women and children; 60 severely injured; and over 100 lightly wounded with 156 houses destroyed and 35 damaged.
Duc Duc massacre massacre People's Army of Vietnam On 29 March 1971 the PAVN attacked Duc Duc in Quảng Nam Province systematically destroying the civilian hamlets with satchel charges and by setting fires. 103 civilians died in the blazing hamlets; 96 were injured and 37 kidnapped. At least 1,500 homes were destroyed.
Shelling of Highway 1 Indiscriminate fire People's Army of Vietnam From 29 April to 2 May 1972 indiscriminate PAVN fire on civilians fleeing Quảng Trị down Highway 1 killed over 2,000 civilians.
Shelling of Cai Lay schoolyard Indiscriminate fire Viet Cong On 30 August 1973 during a Viet Cong attack on South Vietnamese positions mortar fire hit a schoolyard killing approximately 20 civilians.
  • Up to 155,000 refugees fleeing the final North Vietnamese Spring Offensive were alleged to have been killed or abducted on the road to Tuy Hòa in 1975.

1965 Indo-Pakistani War

  • Sepoy Maqbool Hussain was a Pakistani soldier who was wounded and captured by Indian forces during the 1965 War. For the next 40 years, Maqbool was deprived of his rights and was subjected to violent torture during which his Indian counterparts pulled out his finger nails, cut out his tongue since he didn't chant anti Pakistan slogans and various other brutal acts which would've been a violation of the Geneva accords.

Late 1960s – 1998: The Troubles

  • War crimes: Various unarmed male civilians (some of whom were named during a 2013 television programme) were shot, two of them (Patrick McVeigh, Daniel Rooney) fatally, in 1972, allegedly by the Military Reaction Force (MRF), an undercover military unit tasked with targeting Irish Republican Army paramilitaries during the last installment of the Troubles. Two brothers, whose names and casualty status were not mentioned in an article regarding the same matter in The Irish Times, ran a fruit stall in west Belfast, and were shot after being mistaken for IRA paramilitaries.
  • War crimes: The British security forces employed widespread torture and waterboarding on prisoners in Northern Ireland during interrogations in the 1970s. Liam Holden was wrongfully arrested by the security forces for the murder of a British Army soldier and became the last person in the United Kingdom to be sentenced to hang after being convicted in 1973, largely on the basis of an unsigned confession produced by torture. His death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and he spent 17 years behind bars. On 21 June 2012, in the light of CCRC investigations which confirmed that the methods used to extract confessions were unlawful, Holden had his conviction quashed by the Court of Appeal in Belfast, at the age of 58. Former Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) interrogators during the Troubles admitted that beatings, the sleep deprivation, waterboarding, and the other tortures were systematic, and were, at times, sanctioned at a very high level within the force.
  • War crimes: The British Army and the RUC also operated under a shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland, under which suspects were alleged to have been deliberately killed without any attempt to arrest them. In four separate cases considered by the European court of human rights – involving the deaths of ten IRA men, a Sinn Féin member and a civilian – seven judges ruled unanimously that Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights guaranteeing a right to life had been violated by Britain.
  • War crimes: British soldiers and police colluded with loyalist paramilitaries, such as the attacks by the Glenanne group, which carried out a string of attacks against Irish Catholics and nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the "murder triangle" and also carried out some attacks in the Republic of Ireland. Evidence suggests that the group was responsible for the deaths of about 120 civilians. The Cassel Report investigated 76 killings attributed to the group and found evidence that British security forces were involved in 74 of those. One former member, RUC officer John Weir, said his superiors knew of the group's activities but allowed it to continue. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (which killed 34 civilians), the Miami Showband killings, the Reavey and O'Dowd killings and the Hillcrest Bar bombing.

1971 Bangladesh Liberation War

Armed conflict Perpetrator
1971 Bangladesh War Pakistan
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
1971 Bangladesh genocide War crimes, crimes against humanity, crime of genocide (murder of civilians; genocide) Allegedly the Pakistan Government, and the Pakistan Army and its local collaborators. A case was filed in the Federal Court of Australia on September 20, 2006, for crimes of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Starting in 2010, numerous perpetrators were imprisoned and executed for their involvement under the jurisdiction of the International Crimes Tribunal. During the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, widespread atrocities were committed against the Bengali population of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). With 1–3 million people killed in nine months, 'genocide' is the term that is used to describe the event in almost every major publication and newspaper. Although the word 'genocide' was and is still used frequently amongst observers and scholars of the events that transpired during the 1971 war, the allegations that a genocide took place during the Bangladesh War of 1971 were never investigated by an international tribunal set up under the auspices of the United Nations, due to complications arising from the Cold War. Starting from 2010, indictments were issued to numerous participants. Several of them has since been executed or imprisoned.
Civilian Casualties War crimes (mass murder of civilians) Several imprisoned and executed under the jurisdiction of the International Crimes Tribunal since 2010. The number of civilians that died in the liberation war of Bangladesh is not known in any reliable accuracy. There has been a great disparity in the casualty figures put forth by Pakistan on one hand (26,000, as reported in the now discredited Hamoodur Rahman Commission) and India and Bangladesh on the other hand (From 1972 to 1975 the first post-war prime minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, estimated that 3 million died). This is the figure officially maintained by the Government of Bangladesh. Most scholarship on the topic estimate the number killed to be between 1 and 3 million. A further eight to ten million people fled the country to seek safety in India.
Atrocities on women and minorities Crimes against humanity; crime of genocide; crime of torture (torture, rape and murder of civilians) Several imprisoned and executed under the jurisdiction of the International Crimes Tribunal since 2010. The minorities of Bangladesh, especially the Hindus, were specific targets of the Pakistan army. Numerous East Pakistani women were tortured, raped and killed during the war. The exact numbers are not known and are a subject of debate. Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of war-babies. Some other sources, for example Susan Brownmiller, refer to an even higher number of over 400,000. Pakistani sources claim the number is much lower, though having not completely denied rape incidents.
Killing of intellectuals War crimes (mass murder of civilians) Several imprisoned and executed under the jurisdiction of the International Crimes Tribunal since 2010. During the war, the Pakistan Army and its local supporters carried out a systematic execution of the leading Bengali intellectuals. A number of university professors from Dhaka University were killed during the first few days of the war. However, the most extreme cases of targeted killing of intellectuals took place during the last few days of the war. On December 14, 1971, only two days before surrendering to the Indian military and the Mukhti Bahini forces, the Pakistani army – with the assistance of the Al Badr and Al Shams – systematically executed well over 200 of East Pakistan's intellectuals and scholars.

1970–1975: Cambodian civil war

The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea, commonly known as the Cambodia Tribunal, is a joint court established by the Royal Government of Cambodia and the United Nations to try senior members of the Khmer Rouge for crimes against humanity committed during the Cambodian Civil War. The Khmer Rouge killed many people due to their political affiliation, education, class origin, occupation, or ethnicity.

1973 Yom Kippur war

Main article: Yom Kippur War § Atrocities

1975-1999: Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor

Main articles: Indonesian invasion of East Timor, East Timor genocide, and Santa Cruz massacre

During the 1975 invasion and the subsequent occupation, a significant portion of East Timor's population died. Researcher Ben Kiernan says that "a toll of 150,000 is likely close to the truth", although estimates of 200,000 or higher have been suggested.

1975–1990: Lebanese Civil War

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Lebanese Civil War Various
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Black Saturday War crime (200 to 600 killed) Kataeb Party On December 6, 1975, Black Saturday was a series of massacres and armed clashes in Beirut, that occurred in the first stages of the Lebanese Civil War.
Karantina massacre War crime (Estimated 1,000 to 1,500 killed) Kataeb Party, Guardians of the Cedars, Tigers Militia Took place early in the Lebanese Civil War on January 18, 1976. Karantina was overrun by the Lebanese Christian militias, resulting in the deaths of approximately 1,000–1,500 people.
Tel al-Zaatar massacre War Crime (Estimated 1,000 to 3,000 killed) Lebanese Front, Tigers Militia, Syrian Army, Lebanese Armed Forces The Tel al-Zaatar Battle took place during the Lebanese Civil War from June 22 – August 12, 1976. Tel al-Zaatar was a UNRWA administered Palestinian Refugee camp housing approximately 50,000–60,000 refugees in northeast Beirut. Tel al-Zaatar massacre refers to crimes committed around this battle.
Damour massacre War crime (Estimated 684 civilians killed) PLO, Lebanese National Movement Took place on January 20, 1976. Damour, a Christian town on the main highway south of Beirut. It was attacked by the Palestine Liberation Organisation units. Part of its population died in battle or in the massacre that followed, and the remainder were forced to flee.
Sabra and Shatila massacre War crime (460 to 3,500 (number disputed)) Lebanese Forces militia under Elie Hobeika Took place in Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp Palestinian refugee camps in Beirut, Lebanon between September 16 and September 18, 1982. Palestinian and Lebanese civilians were massacred in the camps by Christian Lebanese Phalangists while the camp was surrounded by the Israel Defense Forces. Israeli forces controlled the entrances to the refugee camps of Palestinians and controlled the entrance to the city. The massacre was immediately preceded by the assassination of Bachir Gemayel, the leader of the Lebanese Kataeb Party. Following the assassination, an armed group entered the camp and murdered inhabitants during the night. It is now generally agreed that the killers were "the Young Men", a gang recruited by Elie Hobeika.
October 13 massacre War crime (500–700 killed during the fighting. Additionally at least 240 unarmed prisoners executed, including civilians) Syrian Army, Hafez al-Assad Took place on October 13, 1990, during the final moments of the Lebanese Civil War, when hundreds of Lebanese soldiers were executed after they surrendered to Syrian forces.

1978–2021: Civil war in Afghanistan

This war ravaged the country for over 40 years, with several foreign actors playing important roles during different periods. From 2001 until 2021, US and other NATO troops took part in the fighting in Afghanistan in the "War on Terror" that is also treated in the corresponding section below.

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Civil war in Afghanistan Taliban and Al Qaeda
Incident Date Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Executions and torture after the Battle of Mazar-i-Sharif August 8, 1998 – August 10, 1998 War crimes; crime of torture (Murder, cruel or degrading treatment and torture; summary execution) Taliban Mass killing of the locals; 4,000 to 5,000 civilians were executed, and many more reported tortured.
Assassination of Iranian diplomats August 8, 1998 War crimes; offenses against the customary law of nations (outrages upon diplomatic plenipotentiaries and agents) Taliban Eight Iranian diplomats were assassinated and an Iranian press correspondent was murdered by the Taliban.
Murder of Ahmed Shah Massoud September 9, 2001 War crimes (Perfidious use of suicide bombers disguised as journalists (who are protected persons) in murder.) Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, Al Qaeda Perfidiously used suicide bombers disguised as television journalists to murder Ahmed Shah Massoud, leader of the Northern Alliance, the leader of the only remaining military opponent of the Taliban, two days before the September 11th Attacks, constituting a failure to bear arms openly, and misuse of the status of protected persons, to wit, journalists in war zones.
Civil war in Afghanistan Northern Alliance
Incident Date Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Dasht-i-Leili massacre December 2001 War crimes (Maltreatment leading to death of Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban) prisoners of war) Northern Alliance partisans Allegedly placed captured Taliban POWs in cargo containers, and did seal them, leading to deaths of those within due to suffocation and excessive heat, thereby constituting war crimes.
Civil war in Afghanistan United States Army / British Royal Marines / Australian Army
Incident Date Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Bagram torture and prisoner abuse December 2002 War crimes (Maltreatment leading to death of prisoners) United States Armed Forces homicides of at least two unarmed prisoners, allegations of widespread pattern of abuse
Kandahar massacre 11 March 2012 Murder and wounding of civilians US Army soldier:
Staff Sergeant Robert Bales 		Nine of the victims were children. Some of the corpses were partially burned.
Maywand District murders June 2009 – June 2010 Murder of at least 3 Afghans US Army soldiers:
Staff Sergeant Calvin Gibbs
Staff Sergeant David Bram
SPC Jeremy Morlock
PFC Andrew Holmes
SPC Adam Winfield
SPC Corey Moore 		Five members of a platoon were indicted for murder and collecting body parts as trophies. In addition, seven soldiers were charged with crimes such as hashish use, impeding an investigation, and attacking their team member who blew the whistle after he had participated in the crimes.
Brereton Report crimes 2007–2013 Murder of multiple prisoners of war Australian Special Air Service Regiment Multiple substantiated claims that prisoners of war were murdered to allow the "blooding" of junior Australian Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) troopers, in addition to events where unarmed civilians were killed. Report of investigation released in November 2020. Led to disbanding of 2nd squadron of SASR and currently ongoing criminal investigation into events.
2011 Helmand Province incident 15 September 2011 Murder of a wounded prisoner British Royal Marine:
Alexander Blackman 		(Description/notes missing)

During the war against the Coalition and Afghan government, the Taliban committed war crimes including massacres, suicide bombing, terrorism, and targeting civilians. United Nations reports have consistently blamed the Taliban and other anti-government forces for the majority of civilian deaths in the conflict, with the Taliban responsible for 75% of civilian deaths in 2011. The Taliban also perpetrated mass rapes and executions of surrendered soldiers.

Following the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan in 2021, the Taliban has also executed civilians and captured insurgents during the ongoing Republican insurgency in Afghanistan.

1980–2001: Internal conflict in Peru

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Internal conflict in Peru Government of Peru, Peruvian Armed Forces, and National Police of Peru
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Putis massacre Crimes against humanity; mass murder; massacre; attacks against civilians No prosecutions Massacre carried out by the Peruvian army that killed 123 peasants
Accomarca massacre Crimes against humanity; mass murder; massacre; attacks against civilians No prosecutions Massacre carried out by the Peruvian army that killed 74 civilians
Barrios Altos massacre Crimes against humanity; mass murder; massacre; attacks against civilians No prosecutions Massacre carried out by the Grupo Colina that killed 15 civilians
Santa massacre Crimes against humanity; mass murder; massacre; attacks against civilians No prosecutions Massacre carried out by the Grupo Colina that killed 9 civilians
La Cantuta massacre Crimes against humanity; mass murder; massacre; attacks against civilians No prosecutions Massacre carried out by the Grupo Colina that killed 10 civilians
Forced sterilization in Peru Crimes against humanity; forced sterilization; genocide; ethnic cleansing; Alberto Fujimori charged in Chile Carried out under the National Population Program

1980–1988: Iran–Iraq War

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Iran–Iraq War Iraq
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Iraqi invasion of Iran Crimes against peace (waging a war of aggression) No prosecutions In 1980, Iraq invaded neighboring Iran, allegedly to capture Iraqi territory held by Iran.
Use of chemical weapons War crimes, use of poisons as weapons (violation of the 1925 Geneva Protocol) Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal Iraq made extensive use of chemical weapons, including mustard gas and nerve agents such as tabun. Iraqi chemical weapons were responsible for over 100,000 Iranian casualties (including 20,000 deaths).
Al-Anfal Campaign Crimes against humanity; crime of genocide Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal A genocidal campaign by Baathist Iraq against the Kurdish people (and other non-Arab populations) in northern Iraq, led by President Saddam Hussein and headed by Ali Hassan al-Majid in the final stages of Iran–Iraq War. The campaign also targeted other minority communities in Iraq including Assyrians, Shabaks, Iraqi Turkmens, Yazidis, Mandeans, and many villages belonging to these ethnic groups were also destroyed.
Halabja poison gas attack Dutch court has ruled that the incident involved war crimes and genocide (part of the Al-Anfal Campaign); also may involve the use of poisons as weapons and crimes against humanity. Supreme Iraqi Criminal TribunalTrial of Frans van Anraat Iraq also used chemical weapons against their own Kurdish population causing casualties estimated between several hundred up to 5,000 deaths. On December 23, 2005, a Dutch court ruled in a case brought against Frans van Anraat for supplying chemicals to Iraq, that " thinks and considers legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets the requirement under the genocide conventions as an ethnic group. The court has no other conclusion that these attacks were committed with the intent to destroy the Kurdish population of Iraq." Because he supplied the chemicals before 16 March 1988, the date of the Halabja attack, he is guilty of a war crime but not guilty of complicity in genocide.
Armed conflict Perpetrator
Iran–Iraq War Iran
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Attacks on neutral shipping War crimes, crimes against peace (attacks against parties not involved in the war) No prosecutions Iran attacked oil tankers from neutral nations in an attempt to disrupt enemy trade.
Using child soldiers in suicide missions War crimes (using child soldiers) No prosecutions Iran allegedly used volunteers (among them children) in high risk operations for example in clearing mine fields within hours to allow the advancement of regular troops. One source estimates 3% of the Iran–Iraq War's casualties were under the age of 14.
Laid mines in international waters War crimes (hampered transit passage) No prosecutions Mines damaged the US frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts

Over 100,000 civilians other than those killed in Saddam's genocide are estimated to have been killed by both sides of the war by R.J.Rummel.

1986–1994: Uganda

The Times reports (November 26, 2005 p. 27):

Almost 20 years of fighting... has killed half a million people. Many of the dead are children... The LRA kidnaps children and forces them to join its ranks. And so, incredibly, children are not only the main victims of this war, but also its unwilling perpetrators... The girls told me they had been given to rebel commanders as "wives" and forced to bear them children. The boys said they had been forced to walk for days knowing they would be killed if they showed any weakness, and in some cases forced even to murder their family members... every night up to 10,000 children walk into the centre of Kitgum... because they are not safe in their own beds... more than 25,000 children have been kidnapped ...this year an average of 20 children have been abducted every week.

1991–1999: Yugoslav wars

1991–1995: Croatian War of Independence

Also see List of ICTY indictees for a variety of war criminals and crimes during this era.

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Croatian War of Independence Yugoslav People's Army, Army of Serbian Krajina and paramilitary units.
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Battle of Vukovar War crimes (indiscriminate shelling of city for 87 days until it was leveled to the ground. At least 1,798 killed, civilians and soldiers) JNA, Serb Volunteer Guard. Mile Mrkšić and Veselin Šljivančanin sentenced by the ICTY. August 25-November 18, 1991
Ovčara massacre War crimes (Over 264 civilians and wounded POWs executed after Battle of Vukovar) Serb Territorial Defense and paramilitary units. Mile Mrkšić sentenced to 20 years, Veselin Šljivančanin sentenced to 10 years. Miroslav Radić acquitted. 18–21 November 1991; bodies buried in a mass grave
Stajićevo camp, Morinj camp, Sremska Mitrovica camp, Velepromet camp, Knin camp Torture of POWs and illegal detention of civilians Milosevic indicted by the ICTY. November 1991-March 1992
Dalj killings War crimes (Execution of 11 detainees) Territorial Defense of SAO SBWS under Željko Ražnatović. Dalj was also one of the charges on the Slobodan Milošević ICTY indictment. September 21, 1991; bodies buried in a mass grave in the village of Celija
Dalj massacre War crimes (Massacre of 28 detainees) Territorial Defense of SAO SBWS under Željko Ražnatović. In 2023, the follow-up International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals sentenced Serbian State Security officers Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović for aiding and abetting a murder in Daljska Planina in June 1992 through their control of Serb paramilitary, as well as other crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina, included them in a joint criminal enterprise, and sentenced them each to 15 years in prison. October 4, 1991
Lovas massacre War crimes Yugoslav People's Army, Territorial Defense of SAO SBWS and Dušan Silni paramilitary unit. Ljuban Devetak and 17 individuals are being tried by Croatian courts. Lovas was also one of the charges on the Slobodan Milošević ICTY indictment. On October 10, 1991
Široka Kula massacre War crimes JNA and Krajina Serb Territorial Defense. Široka Kula near Gospić on October 13, 1991.
Baćin massacre War crimes Serb Territorial Defense forces and SAO Krajina militia. Milan Babić and Milan Martić convicted by ICTY. Baćin was also one of the charges on the Slobodan Milošević ICTY indictment. On October 21, 1991.
Saborsko massacre War crimes Serb-led JNA (special JNA unit from Niš), TO forces, rebel Serbs militia. Milan Babić and Milan Martić convicted. On October 28, November 7, and November 12, 1991.
Erdut massacre War crimes (killing of 37 civilians) Željko Ražnatović, Slobodan Milošević, Goran Hadžić, Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović indicted by the ICTY. November 1991-February 1992
Škabrnja massacre War crimes Serb forces. Milan Babić and Milan Martić convicted. On November 18, 1991.
Siege of Dubrovnik War crimes JNA and Montenegrin territorial forces. Several JNA commanders sentenced. Shelling of UNESCO protected World Heritage Site. October 1991.
Voćin massacre War crimes White Eagles paramilitary group under Vojislav Šešelj, indicted by ICTY. Voćin was also one of the charges on the Slobodan Milošević ICTY indictment. 13 December 1991.
Bruška massacre War crimes Serb forces. Milan Babić and Milan Martić convicted. On December 21, 1991.
Zagreb rocket attack War crimes RSK Serb forces. Leader Milan Martić bragged on Television about ordering the assault, the videotape being used against him at ICTY, convicted. Rocket attack was started as revenge for Serb military defeat in Operation Flash.
Ethnic cleansing in Serb Krajina Crimes against humanity (Serb forces forcibly removed virtually all non-Serbs living there-nearly a quarter of a million people (mostly Croats)) JNA and Serb paramilitaries. Many people, including leaders Milan Babić and Milan Martić, convicted at ICTY and Croatian courts. June–December 1991
Armed conflict Perpetrator
Croatian War of Independence Croatian Army and paramilitary units
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Lora prison camp Crime of torture, War crimes (Torture of POWs) Croatian army. Several people convicted by Croatian courts. Croatian internment camp for Serb soldiers and civilians between 1992 and 1997
Pakračka Poljana camp War crimes, extortion Croatian army, Ministry of Interior special forces and paramilitary formations.
Commander Tomislav Merčep, and various subordinates and accessories found guilty of war crimes by Croatian courts. 		November 1991-February 1992
Gospić massacre War crimes Croatian Army. Commander Mirko Norac and others convicted by Croatian courts. 16–18 October 1991
Operation Otkos 10 War crimes Croatian Army. No prosecutions 31 October – 4 November 1991
Paulin Dvor massacre War crimes Croatian Army 11 December 1991
Miljevci plateau incident War crimes (killings of 40 militiamen) Croatian Army. No prosecutions 21 June 1992; invasion and permanent occupation of territory under international protection; bodies buried in mass graves nearby
Battle for Maslenica Bridge War crimes (Killings of 490 or 491 individuals, including civilians) Croatian Army. No prosecutions 22 January – 1 February 1993; invasion of territory under international protection
Mirlovic Polje incident War crimes Croatian paramilitaries. No prosecutions 6 September 1993; five men and two women, four shot dead; three burned alive
Operation Medak Pocket War crimes, Crime against peace (killings of 29 civilians and 71 soldiers; wounding 4 UN peacekeepers) Croatian Army. Commanders Janko Bobetko, Rahim Ademi and Mirko Norac. Ademi acquitted, Bobetko died in the meantime, Norac sentenced to seven years. 9–17 September 1993; invasion of territory under international protection and assault on UN peacekeeping forces
Operation Flash War crimes Croatian Army. No prosecutions 1–3 May 1995; invasion and permanent occupation of territory under international protection; Western Slavonia fully taken from RSK; 53 were killed in their own homes, while 30 during the Croatian raids of the refugee colons.
Operation Storm War crimes (Killings of at least 677 civilians, 150–200,000 Serbian refugees) Croatian Army. Generals Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač ultimately acquitted by the ICTY. 4–8 August 1995
Varivode massacre War crimes Croatian Army. No prosecutions 28 September 1995

1992–1995: Bosnian War

Main article: Bosnian genocide
Armed conflict Perpetrator
Bosnian War Serb forces, Army of Republika Srpska, Paramilitary units from Serbia, local Serb police and civilians.
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Srebrenica massacre Crimes against humanity;Crime of genocide (murder of over 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys) Army of Republika Srpska. President Radovan Karadžić sentenced to 40 years and General Ratko Mladić to a life in prison for genocide by the ICTY; later Radovan Karadžić was sentenced to life imprisonment on appeal. Following the fall of the eastern Bosnian enclave of Srebrenica the men were separated from the women and executed over a period of several days in July 1995.
Prijedor massacre Crimes against humanity (3515 Bosniak and 186 Croat civilians killed and missing) Army of Republika Srpska. Milomir Stakić convicted. Numerous war crimes committed during the Bosnian war by the Serb political and military leadership mostly on Bosniak civilians in the Prijedor region of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Višegrad massacre Crimes against humanity (murder of 1,000 - 3,000 civilians) Serbian police and military forces. Seven officers convicted. Acts of ethnic cleansing and mass murder of Bosniak civilians that occurred in the town of Višegrad in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, committed by Serb police and military forces at the start of the Bosnian War during the spring of 1992.
Foča massacres Crimes against humanity (murder of over 1513 Bosniak civilians) Army of Republika Srpska. Eight officers and soldiers convicted. A series of killings committed by Serb military, police and paramilitary forces on Bosniak civilians in the Foča region of Bosnia-Herzegovina (including the towns of Gacko and Kalinovik) from April 7, 1992, to January 1994. In numerous verdicts, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ruled that these killings constituted crimes against humanity and acts of genocide.
Markale massacre War crimes Army of Republika Srpska. Stanislav Galić convicted The victims were civilians who were shopping in an open-air market in Sarajevo when Serb forces shelled the market. Two separate incidents. February 1994; 68 killed and 144 wounded and August 1995; 37 killed and 90 wounded.
Siege of Sarajevo War crimes Army of Republika Srpska. Stanislav Galić and Dragomir Milošević, were sentenced to life imprisonment and to 33 years imprisonment, respectively. The longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare. Republika Srpska and the Yugoslav People's Army besieged Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, from April 5, 1992, to February 29, 1996.
Siege of Bihać War crimes Army of Republika Srpska. From April 1992 to August 1995.
Tuzla massacre War crimes Army of Republika Srpska. ARS Officer Novak Đukić on trial. On May 25, 1995, the Serb army shelled the city of Tuzla and killed 72 people with a single shell.
Korićani Cliffs massacre War crimes Serbian reserve police. Darko Mrđa was convicted. Mass murder of more than 200 Bosniak men on 21 August 1992 at the Korićani Cliffs (Korićanske Stijene) location on Mount Vlašić, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ahatovići massacre War crimes; crime of torture (64 men and boys tortured, 56 killed) Army of the Republika Srpska. No prosecutions. Rounded up in an attack on a village, they were tortured. Claiming they were going to be exchanged, Serb forces put them on a bus, which they attacked with machine guns and grenades on June 14, 1992. Eight survived by hiding under bodies of the dead.
Paklenik Massacre War crimes Army of the Republika Srpska. Four indicted. Massacre of at least 50 Bosniaks by Bosnian Serb Army in the Rogatica Municipality on June 15, 1992.
Bosanska Jagodina massacre War crimes Army of the Republika Srpska. No prosecutions. The execution of 17 Bosniak civilians from Višegrad on May 26, 1992, all men.
Armed conflict Perpetrator
Bosnian War Croat forces, HVO.
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible -
Ahmići massacre Crimes against humanity according to ICTY, (ethnic cleansing, murder of civilians) Croatian Defence Council, Tihomir Blaškić convicted. On April 16, 1993, the Croatian Defence Council attacked the village of Ahmići and killed 116 Bosniaks.
Stupni Do massacre Crimes against humanity according to ICTY (murder of 37 civilians) Croatian Defence Council, Ivica Rajić convicted. On October 23, 1993, the Croatian Defence Council attacked the village of Stupni do and killed 37 Bosniaks
Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing Crimes against humanity according to ICTY. (2,000 civilians killed and missing) Croatian Defence Council. Nine politicians and officers convicted, among them Dario Kordić. Numerous war crimes committed by the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia's political and military leadership on Bosnian Muslim (Bosniak) civilians in the Lašva Valley region of Bosnia-Herzegovina, from April 1993 to February 1994.
Armed conflict Perpetrator
Bosnian War Bosniak forces, Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Incident type of crime Persons responsible -
Massacre in Grabovica War crimes (13 civilians murdered) Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nihad Vlahovljak, Sead Karagićm and Haris Rajkić convicted. 13 Croatian inhabitants of Grabovica village by members of the 9th Brigade and unidentified members of the Bosnian Army on the 8th or 9 September 1993.
Gornja Jošanica massacre War crimes (56 civilians murdered) Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. No prosecutions. 56 Bosnian Serb civilians, including 21 women and three children, in the village of Gornja Jošanica. Victims were stabbed multiple times, had their throats slit, skulls and body parts crushed or mutilated.

1998–1999: Kosovo War

Main article: War crimes in the Kosovo War
Armed conflict Perpetrator
Kosovo War Yugoslav army, Serbian police and paramilitary forces
Incident type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Račak massacre War crimes Serbian police, No prosecutions 45 Kosovo Albanians were killed in the village of Račak in central Kosovo. The government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia asserted that the casualties were all members of the Kosovo Liberation Army who had been killed in a clash with state security forces.
Izbica massacre War crimes Serbian police and paramilitaries, No prosecutions. 120 Albanian civilians killed by Serbian forces in the village of Izbica, in the Drenica region of central Kosovo on 28 March 1999.
Suva Reka massacre War crimes Serbian police. Four former-policemen were convicted and received prison sentences ranging from 13 to 20 years. The massacre took place in Suva Reka, in central Kosovo on 26 March 1999. The victims were locked inside a pizzeria into which two hand grenades were thrown. Before taking the bodies out of the pizzeria, the police allegedly shot anyone still showing signs of life.
Ćuška massacre War crimes Yugoslav Army, Serbian police, paramilitary and Bosnian Serb volunteers, No prosecutions. Serbian forces summarily executed 41 Albanians in Ćuška on 14 May 1999, taking three groups of men into three different houses, where they were shot with automatic weapons and set on fire.
Massacre at Velika Kruša War crimes Serbian special forces, No prosecutions. Massacre at Velika Kruša near Orahovac, Kosovo, took place during the Kosovo War on the afternoon of March 25, 1999, the day after the NATO air campaign began.
Podujevo massacre War crimes Serbian paramilitaries. Four convicted and sentenced to lengthy prison sentences. 19 Kosovo Albanian civilians, all women and children, were executed by Serbian paramilitary forces in March, 1999 in Podujevo, in eastern Kosovo.
Meja massacre War crimes Yugoslav Army, Serbian police. Twenty charged in relation to the massacre. At least 377 Albanian civilians were executed in the Catholic village of Meja on 27 and 28 March 1999.
Mass deportations Ethnic cleansing Yugoslav Army, Serbian Police, Serbian paramilliaries. Slobodan Milošević tried but died in captivity. Approximately 850,000 Albanian civilians expelled from Kosovo to nearby regions and 590,000 internally displaced.
Kosovo War Kosovo Liberation Army
Incident type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Lapušnik prison camp War crimes Kosovo Liberation Army; Haradin Bala sentenced to 13 years. Detention camp (also referred to as a prison and concentration camp) near the city of Glogovac in central Kosovo during the Kosovo War, in 1998. The camp was used by Kosovo Albanian insurgents to collect and confine hundreds of male prisoners of Serb and non-Albanian ethnicity.
Klečka killings War crime; (murder of 22 Serbian civilians) Kosovo Liberation Army, No prosecutions 22 Kosovo Serb civilians were killed by Albanian insurgents in the village of Klečka, and their remains were cremated in a lime kiln.
Lake Radonjić massacre War crime; (murder of 34 civilians) Kosovo Liberation Army, No prosecutions 34 Serbs, non-Albanians and moderate Kosovo Albanians were killed by members of the Kosovo Liberation Army near Lake Radonjić
Staro Gračko massacre War crime; (murder of 14 Serb civilians) Kosovo Liberation Army, No prosecutions 14 Kosovo Serb farmers were executed by Kosovo Liberation Army gunmen, who then disfigured their corpses with blunt instruments.

1990–2000: Liberia / Sierra Leone

From The Times March 28, 2006 p. 43:

"Charles Taylor, the former Liberian President who is one of Africas most wanted men, has gone into hiding in Nigeria to avoid extradition to a UN war crimes tribunal... The UN war crimes tribunal in Sierra Leone holds Mr Taylor responsible for about 250,000 deaths. Throughout the 1990s, his armies and supporters, made up of child soldiers orphaned by the conflict wreaked havoc through a swath of West Africa. In Sierra Leone he supported the Revolutionary United Front (R.U.F) whose rebel fighters were notorious for hacking off the limbs of civilians.
  • Current action – Indicted on 17 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity by the UN, which has issued an international warrant for his arrest. As of April 2006 located, extradited, and facing trial in Sierra Leone but then transferred to the Netherlands as requested by the Liberian government. As of the status of the main state actor in the war crimes in Liberia, Sierra Leone and the ongoing war crimes tribunal in the Hague for violating the UN sanctions, Libya's Muamar Gaddafi was elected to the post of President of the African Union. As of late January, 2011, Exxon/Mobile has resumed explorationary drilling in Libya after the exchange of the Lockerbie bombing terrorist was returned to Libya and Libya was taken off terrorist list by the Bush administration with the legal stipulation that Libya could never be prosecuted for past war crimes(regardless of guilt)in the future.

1990: Gulf War

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Gulf War Iraq
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Invasion of Kuwait Crimes against peace (waging a war of aggression for territorial aggrandisement; "breach of international peace and security" (UN Security Council Resolution 660)) No prosecutions Did conspire to levy and did levy a war of aggression against Kuwait, a sovereign state, took it by force of arms, did occupy it, and did annex it, by right of conquest, a right utterly alien, hostile, and repugnant to all extant international law, being a grave breach of the Charter of the United Nations, and the customary international law, adhered to by all civilised nations and armed groups, thus constituting Crimes against peace.

1991–2000/2002: Algerian Civil War

Main article: List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War

During the Algerian Civil War of the 1990s, a variety of massacres occurred through the country, many being identified as war crimes. The Armed Islamic Group (GIA) has avowed its responsibility for many of them, while for others no group has claimed responsibility. In addition to generating a widespread sense of fear, these massacres and the ensuing flight of population have resulted in serious depopulation of the worst-affected areas. The massacres peaked in 1997 (with a smaller peak in 1994), and were particularly concentrated in the areas between Algiers and Oran, with very few occurring in the east or in the Sahara.

1994–1996/1999–2009: Russia-Chechnya Wars

Main articles: Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism and Russian war crimes

During the First Chechen War (1994–1996) and Second Chechen War (1999–2000 battle phase, 2000–2009 insurgency phase) there were many allegations of war crimes and terrorism against both sides from various human rights organizations.

Armed conflict Perpetrator
First Chechen War, Second Chechen War Russian Federation
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
1995 Shali cluster bomb attack War crimes, crimes against peace (attacks against parties not involved in the war), crimes against humanity No prosecutions Russian fighter jets dropped cluster munitions on the town of Shali. Targets included a school; cemetery, hospital, fuel station and a collective farm.
Samashki massacre War crimes, crimes against peace (attacks against parties not involved in the war), crimes against humanity No prosecutions The massacre of 100–300 civilians in the village of Samashki by Russian paramilitary troops.
Elistanzhi cluster bomb attack War crimes, crimes against peace (attacks against parties not involved in the war), crimes against humanity No prosecutions Two Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24 use cluster munitions on the remote mountain village of Elistanzhi. The local school is destroyed with nine children inside.
Grozny ballistic missile attack War crimes, crimes against peace (attacks against parties not involved in the war), crimes against humanity No prosecutions Over 100 Chechen civilians die in indiscriminate bombing on the Chechen capital of Grozny by the Strategic Missile Troops.
Siege of Grozny War crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity No prosecutions Thousands civilians die from bombings
Baku–Rostov highway bombing Crimes against humanity No prosecutions Low flying Russian Air Force helicopters perform repeated attack runs on a large numbers refugees trying to enter Ingushetia.
1999 Grozny refugee convoy shooting War crimes, crimes against humanity No prosecutions OMON officers use automatic rifles on a convoy of refugees at a federal roadblock on the road to Ingushetia.
Alkhan-Yurt massacre War crimes, crimes against humanity No prosecutions Over two weeks drunken Russian troops under the command of General Vladimir Shamanov went on the rampage after taking the town from the forces of Akhmed Zakayev.
Staropromyslovski massacre War crimes, crimes against humanity No prosecutions Summary executions of at least 38 confirmed civilians by Russian federal soldiers in Grozny, Chechnya.
Bombing of Katyr-Yurt War crimes, crimes against humanity No prosecutions Indiscriminate bombing by the Russian Air Force of the village of Katyr-Yurt and a refugee convoy under white flags.
Novye Aldi massacre War crimes, crimes against humanity No prosecutions The killings, including executions, of 60 to 82 local civilians by special police unit, OMON, and rapes of at least six women along with arson and robbery in Grozny, Chechnya.
Komsomolskoye massacre War crimes, crimes against humanity No prosecutions Chechen combantants who surrendered after the Battle of Komsomolskoye on the public promise of amnesty are killed and "disappeared" shortly after.

1998–2006: Second Congo War

See also: Cases before the International Criminal Court § Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Civil war 1998–2002, est. 5 million deaths; war "sucked in" Rwanda, Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe and Namibia, as well as 17,000 United Nations peacekeepers, its "largest and most costly" peace mission and "the bloodiest conflict since the end of the Second World War."
  • Fighting involves Mai-Mai militia and Congolese government soldiers. The Government originally armed the Mai-Mai as civil defence against external invaders, who then turned to banditry.
  • 100,000 refugees living in remote disease ridden areas to avoid both sides
  • Estimated 1000 deaths a day according to Oxfam:
"The army attacks the local population as it passes through, often raping and pillaging like the militias. Those who resist are branded Mai-mai supporters and face detention or death. The Mai-mai accuse the villagers of collaborating with the army, they return to the villages at night and exact revenge [sic]. Sometimes they march the villagers into the bush to work as human mules."
  • In 2003, Sinafasi Makelo, a representative of Mbuti Pygmies, told the UN's Indigenous People's Forum that during the Congo Civil War, his people were hunted down and eaten as though they were game animals. Both sides of the war regarded them as "subhuman". Makelo asked the UN Security Council to recognise cannibalism as a crime against humanity and an act of genocide.

2003–2017: Iraqi conflict

During the Iraq War

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Iraqi conflict United States
Incident type of crime Persons responsible Notes
2003 invasion of Iraq Crimes against peace (waging a war of aggression); war crimes No prosecution Further information: Legality of the Iraq War and Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Fallujah killings of April 2003 Mass murder; Attacks against civilians; mass shooting No prosecution
Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Torture of POWs; rape; killing of POW 12 soldiers convicted
Death of Nagem Hatab Torture and death of POW Charges dropped
Mahmudiyah rape and killings Rape; mass murder; war crimes; attacks against civilians 6 soldiers charged
Haditha massacre massacre; attack against civilians; mass murder No prosecution
Ishaqi massacre massacre No prosecution
July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike massacre; airstrike against civilians; war crimes No prosecution
Nisour Square massacre massacre; mass murder; mass shooting Perpetrated by Blackwater
2017 Mosul airstrike airstrike against civilians No prosecution
Assassination of Qasem Soleimani airstrike; use of force No prosecution See Legality

2006 Lebanon War

Main article: Allegations of war crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War

Allegations of war crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War refer to claims of various groups and individuals, including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and United Nations officials, who accused both Hezbollah and Israel of violating international humanitarian law during the 2006 Lebanon War, and warned of possible war crimes. These allegations included intentional attacks on civilian populations or infrastructure, disproportionate or indiscriminate attacks in densely populated residential districts.

According to various media reports, between 1,000 and 1,200 Lebanese citizens (including Hezbollah fighters) were reported dead; there were between 1,500 and 2,500 people wounded and over 1,000,000 were temporarily displaced. Over 150 Israelis were killed (120 military); thousands wounded; and 300,000–500,000 were displaced because of Hezbollah firing tens of thousands of rockets at major cities in Israel.

2003–2020 War in Darfur and Chadian Civil War

Main article: Darfur genocide

During the War in Darfur and the Chadian Civil War, reports of humans rights abuses and genocide surfaced, accusing the Sudanese Armed Forces and Janjaweed militias in Darfur and Eastern Chad.

Sudanese authorities claim a death toll of roughly 19,500 civilians while many non-governmental organizations, such as the Coalition for International Justice, claim over 400,000 people have been killed.

In September 2004, the World Health Organization estimated there had been 50,000 deaths in Darfur since the beginning of the conflict, an 18-month period, mostly due to starvation. An updated estimate the following month put the number of deaths for the six-month period from March to October 2004 due to starvation and disease at 70,000; These figures were criticised, because they only considered short periods and did not include deaths from violence. A more recent British Parliamentary Report has estimated that over 300,000 people have died, and others have estimated even more.

2008–2009 Gaza War

See also: Goldstone Report

There were allegations of war crimes by both the Israeli military and Hamas. Criticism of Israel's conduct focused on the proportionality of its measures against Hamas, and on its alleged use of weaponised white phosphorus. Numerous reports from human right groups during the war claimed that white phosphorus shells were being used by Israel, often in or near populated areas. In its early statements the Israeli military denied using any form of white phosphorus, saying "We categorically deny the use of white phosphorus". It eventually admitted to its limited use and stopped using the shells, including as a smoke screen. The Goldstone report investigating possible war crimes in the 2009 war accepted that white phosphorus is not illegal under international law but did find that the Israelis were "systematically reckless in determining its use in build-up areas". It also called for serious consideration to be given to the banning of its use as an obscurant.

1983 - 2009 Sri Lankan Civil War

Main article: War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War

There are allegations that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam during the Sri Lankan Civil War, particularly during the final months of the conflict in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by the government of Sri Lanka; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers.

A panel of experts appointed by UN Secretary-General (UNSG) Ban Ki-moon to advise him on the issue of accountability with regard to any alleged violations of international human rights and humanitarian law during the final stages of the civil war found "credible allegations" which, if proven, indicated that war crimes and crimes against humanity were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the Tamil Tigers. The panel has called on the UNSG to conduct an independent international inquiry into the alleged violations of international law. The Sri Lankan government has denied that its forces committed any war crimes and has strongly opposed any international investigation. It has condemned the UN report as "fundamentally flawed in many respects" and "based on patently biased material which is presented without any verification".

2011–Present: Syrian civil war

Main article: Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war See also: List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War and Prosecution of Syrian civil war criminals
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2015)

International organizations have accused the Syrian government, ISIL and other opposition forces of severe human rights violations, with many massacres occurring. Chemical weapons have been used many times during the conflict as well. The Syrian government is reportedly responsible for the majority of civilian casualties and war crimes, often through bombings. In addition, tens of thousands of protesters and activists have been imprisoned and there are reports of torture in state prisons. Over 470,000 people were killed in the war by 2017.

Armed conflict Perpetrator
Syrian Civil War Syrian Government
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Repression of the Syrian revolution Crimes against peace (armed suppression of popular uprising leading to war), crimes against civilians, torture, No prosecutions
Mass detention and torture of Syrian civilians and political prisoners in Al-Khatib prison and Sednaya Prison war crimes, crimes against humanity Syrian former colonel Anwar Raslan sentenced in Germany to life in prison for crimes against humanity. Former intelligence officer Eyad al-Gharib sentenced in Germany to 4+1⁄2 years in prison. Amnesty International estimated in February 2017 "that between 5,000 and 13,000 people were extrajudicially executed at Saydnaya Prison between September 2011 and December 2015."
Houla massacre Crimes against humanity No prosecutions In August 2012, U.N. investigators released a report which stated that it was likely that Syrian troops and Shabiha militia were responsible for the massacre.
Siege of Aleppo Crimes against humanity, mass murder, massacre, attacks against civilians, use of banned chemical and cluster weapons No prosecutions War crimes emerged during the battle, including the use of chemical weapons by both Syrian government forces and rebel forces, the use barrel bombs by the Syrian Air Force, the dropping of cluster munitions on populated areas by Russian and Syrian forces, the carrying out of "double tap" airstrikes to target rescue workers responding to previous strikes, summary executions of civilians and captured soldiers by both sides, indiscriminate shelling and use of highly inaccurate improvised artillery by rebel forces. During the 2016 Syrian government offensive, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights warned that "crimes of historic proportions" were being committed in Aleppo.
Tadamon massacre War crimes; crimes against humanity No prosecutions Summary killings of up to 288 people in April 2013.
Ghouta chemical attack War crimes; use of poison gas as a weapon No prosecutions The Ghouta chemical attack occurred during the Syrian Civil War in the early hours of 21 August 2013. Several opposition-controlled areas in the suburbs around Damascus, Syria, were struck by rockets containing the chemical agent sarin. Estimates of the death toll range from at least 281 people to 1,729.
2015 Douma market massacre War crimes No prosecutions The Syrian Air Force launched strikes on the rebel-held town of Douma, northeast of Damascus, killing at least 96 civilians and injuring at least 200 others.
Atarib market massacre Crimes against humanity, war crimes No prosecutions mass murder, attacks on civilians
Armanaz massacre Crimes against humanity, war crimes No prosecutions mass murder, attacks on civilians
2017 Khan Shaykhun chemical attack War crimes; use of poison gas as a weapon No prosecutions. The Syrian Government ordered an attack on the rebel-held town of Khan Shaykhun in Northwestern Syria in the early morning of 4 April 2017. The chemical caused at least 80 civilians deaths, and three medical workers were injured. The chemical caused asphyxiation and mouth foaming. It is suspected by Turkish authorities to be the poison Sarin.
Siege of Eastern Ghouta War crimes; crimes against humanity No prosecutions. use of poison gas as a weapon; bombardments; starvation of population under siege; attacks against protected objects (schools, hospitals)
Armed conflict Perpetrator
Syrian Civil War Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
ISIL beheading incidents murder of neutral civilians; journalists; and aid workers Crimes against peace (murder of uninvolved parties); war crimes No prosecutions
Chemical attacks on Kurdish YPG War crimes; use of poison as a weapon No prosecutions (description/notes missing)
Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL Crimes against humanity (ethnic cleansing, systematic forced conversions, crime of slaving); war crimes (murder of Yazidi POWs); crime of genocide (recognized by the UN as an attempted genocide) No prosecutions
Armed conflict Perpetrator
Syrian Civil War Syrian opposition and allies
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Human rights violations War crimes, kidnappings, crimes against civilians, torture, extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearance, sexual violence, use of human shields No prosecutions Several human rights outlets and activists have gathered evidence of severe war crimes committed by the Free Syrian Army, the Syrian National Army, the Turkish Armed Forces, and their allies.
Israeli airstrikes in Syria War crimes; Airstrikes against civilians No prosecutions At least 20 civilians have been killed by Israeli airstrikes in Syria
2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria Summary executions, attacks against civilians, crimes against peace No prosecutions Amnesty International stated that it had gathered evidence of war crimes and other violations committed by Turkish and Turkey-backed Syrian forces who are said to "have displayed a shameful disregard for civilian life, carrying out serious violations and war crimes, including summary killings and unlawful attacks that have killed and injured civilians". Syrian Kurdish authorities accused Turkey of employing the chemical white phosphorus to target people.

2015–present: Kurdish–Turkish conflict

Main article: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)

According to the U.S. State Department 2016 Human Rights Report, in February 2016, Turkish security forces killed at least 130 people, including unarmed civilians, who had taken shelter in the basements of three buildings in the town of Cizre. A domestic NGO, The Human Rights Association (HRA), said the security forces killed more than 300 civilians in the first eight months of 2016. In March 2017, the United Nations voiced "concern" over the Turkish government's operations and called for an independent assessment of the "massive destruction, killings and numerous other serious human rights violations" against the ethnic Kurdish minority.

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

Main article: 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated that "indiscriminate attacks on populated areas anywhere, including in Stepanakert, Ganja and other localities in and around the immediate Nagorno-Karabakh zone of conflict, were totally unacceptable". Amnesty International stated that both Azerbaijani and Armenian forces committed war crimes during recent fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh, and called on Azerbaijani and Armenian authorities to immediately conduct independent, impartial investigations, identify all those responsible, and bring them to justice.

2020–2022: Tigray War

Main article: War crimes in the Tigray War

During the Tigray War, which included fighting between the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) soldiers and Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) forces in the Tigray Region, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) described the 9–10 November 2020 Mai Kadra massacre committed by Tigray youth group "Samri" in its 24 November 2020 preliminary report as "grave human rights violations which may amount to crimes against humanity and war crimes".

2022–present: Russo-Ukrainian War

Main articles: War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Claims of genocide of Ukrainians in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and Attacks on civilians in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Bodies of civilians shot by Russian soldiers lie on a street in Bucha. The hands of one of the victims are tied behind his back. April 3, 2022
Women killed during the Bucha massacre.
16 March 2022 Chernihiv breadline attack

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, multiple buildings such as airports, hospitals, kindergartens were bombed. There has been abuse of prisoners of war.

In April 2022 bodies of civilians murdered by Russian forces were found in the town of Bucha, which had been left after the occupation of the town. It was confirmed at least more than 300 bodies were in mass graves or stranded on the streets of the city. As of 22 April 2022 there have been more than 500 confirmed bodies.

The Siege of Mariupol started on 24 February 2022 and ended on 20 May 2022. It has been confirmed at thousands of lives have been claimed through the siege and that the city has been reduced to rubble.

On 21 April 2022, Satellite images showed mass graves around the besieged city of Mariupol. It has been confirmed at least 9,000+ bodies have been found since. On the same day Vladimir Putin ordered troops to blockade the Azovstal Steel Plant, the last Ukrainian controlled place in the besieged city of Mariupol. The steel plant had more than 1,000 Ukrainians confirmed inside of it.

On 17 March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Russia's Commissioner for Children's Rights Maria Lvova-Belova for war crimes of deportation and illegal transfer of children from occupied Ukraine to Russia.

On 13 June 2023, Russian troops murdered 6 civilians in Sumy Oblast near Seredyna-Buda, mutilated their bodies, and then mined the place to kill people who tried to retrieve their bodies. They also blocked retrieval of bodies for 2 more days. This case is currently being investigated by Ukrainian authorities.

Armed conflict Perpetrator
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Russian Federation
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Irpin refugee column shelling War crimes, crimes against humanity No prosecutions Russian soldiers indiscriminately fired at refugees trying to flee across a collapsed bridge. 8 killed.
February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing War crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity No prosecutions Russian soldiers indiscriminately fired banned cluster bombs in the centre of the city. 9 died.
Murder of Oleksandr Shelipov War crimes Vadim Shishimarin convicted in Ukraine Shelipov was shot by a Russian soldier on the instructions of several others.
3 March 2022 Chernihiv bombing War crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity No prosecutions Russian air strike with eight unguided aerial bombs hits people waiting in line at a store to get bread. 47 dead.
Siege of Mariupol War crimes, crimes against humanity No prosecutions Russian Army starts a siege of Mariupol, levelling the city to the ground. Targets include theatres, schools and maternity hospitals. 10,000 dead in the city.
Bucha massacre War crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide Kyiv courts indict 10 Russian soldiers from the 64th Motor Rifle Brigade Russian Army massacres from 650 up to a thousand civilians during the occupation of Bucha.
Izium massacre War crimes, crimes against humanity No prosecution Several mass graves, including one site containing at least 440 bodies were found in woods near Izium after it was recaptured by Ukrainian forces from Russia.
Kramatorsk railway station attack War crimes, crimes against humanity No prosecutions Russian Army missile strike at refugees trying to flee at a railway station.
Kremenchuk shopping mall attack War crimes, crimes against humanity No prosecutions Russian Army missile strike at a shopping mall full of civilians.
Beheading of a Ukrainian prisoner of war in summer 2022, Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia War crimes, torture No prosecutions Videos of the execution and torture of Ukrainian prisoners of war by decapitation with a knife.
2022 Vinnytsia missile attacks War crimes, crimes against humanity No prosecutions Russian Army's reckless missile strikes against civilians in Vinnytsia. Dozens killed.
Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine crimes against humanity, genocide Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova indicted by the ICC for war crimes Deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia
Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure crimes against humanity, war crimes The ICC indicted Lieutenant General Sergei Kobylash, Commander of Russian Aerospace Forces; Admiral Viktor Sokolov Commander of the Black Sea Fleet; former Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu; and Head of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Valery Gerasimov. Attacks on electrical grid during winter, leaving millions without heat, water or electricity during the cold weather
Destruction of Kakhovka dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant crimes against humanity, genocide, ecocide No prosecutions Yet unknown estimate of human deaths. Hundreds of homes destroyed. Thousands of people displaced. Ecocide. Deaths of uncountable number of animals. "Ukraine's agriculture ministry said 10,000 hectares of agricultural land on the Ukrainian-controlled side of the Dnipro had been flooded, and several times more on the Russian-occupied.
Bombing of Kharkiv crimes against humanity, war crimes Kyiv courts sentenced two Russian soldiers to 11 1/2 years each for firing artillery on two villages in the Kharkiv Oblast and a Russian pilot to 12 years in prison for dropping eight bombs on the Kharkiv TV and radio station. Indiscriminate attacks against residential areas in Kharkiv Oblast, including with cluster munition.
Armed conflict Perpetrator
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Ukraine
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan War crimes, Summary execution; torture of POWs No prosecutions

2023–2025: Israel–Hamas war

Main articles: 2023 Israel–Hamas war, 2023 evacuation of northern Gaza, War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war, and 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel

An ongoing armed conflict between Israel and Palestinian militant groups led by Hamas began on 7 October 2023 with a coordinated surprise attack on Israel.

In April 2024, the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) adopted a resolution calling for Israel to be held accountable for possible war crimes and crimes against humanity in the Gaza Strip, and demanding a halt to all arms sales to the country. 28 countries voted in favor, 13 abstained, and six voted against. Israel's ambassador accused the UN of anti-Israeli bias.

Armed conflict Perpetrator
2023 Israel–Hamas war Hamas
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Re'im music festival massacre War crimes, crimes against humanity, massacre, hostage-taking ICC arrest warrant for Mohammed Deif 260 people at the "Supernova Sukkot Gathering" music festival were murdered
Be'eri massacre War crimes, crimes against humanity, massacre ICC arrest warrant for Mohammed Deif At least 110 people were killed in the attack, including women and children, claiming the lives of 10% of the farming community's residents. Dozens of homes were also burned down.
Kfar Aza massacre War crimes, crimes against humanity ICC arrest warrant for Mohammed Deif Over 50 people were murdered
Nir Oz massacre War crimes, crimes against humanity ICC arrest warrant for Mohammed Deif 180 of 400 residents were killed or kidnapped.
Armed conflict Perpetrator
2023 Israel–Hamas war Israel
Incident Type of crime Persons responsible Notes
Jabalia refugee camp market airstrike War crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes against civilians No prosecutions 60 people were killed when the Israel Defense Forces conducted an airstrike on a market in Jabalia refugee camp, which was packed with civilians at the time of the attack
Gaza Strip famine Starvation, blockade, crimes against civilians, collective punishment ICC issues arrest warrant for Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant On 9 October 2023, Israel imposed a "total blockade" of the Gaza Strip, blocking the entry of food, water, medicine, fuel and electricity. The ICC described it as starvation as a war crime. HRW estimates thousands of Palestinians were deprived of access to drinking water and died.
Attacks on Palestinians evacuating Gaza Crimes against civilians, collective punishment ICC arrest warrant for Netanyahu and Gallant On 13 October, Israel directed over 1 million residents of northern Gaza to evacuate within 24 hours. 70 were killed in explosions on the road south. Sources disagree about the source of the attacks.
Flour massacre War crimes, crimes against civilians, massacre ICC arrest warrant for Netanyahu and Gallant On 29 February 2024, Israeli soldiers opened fire on a crowd of Gazan civilians seeking food from a humanitarian aid convoy, killing at least 118 and wounding many more.
October 2024 Rufaida school attack War crimes, crimes against humanity ICC arrest warrant for Netanyahu and Gallant Israeli Air Force bombs Rufaida school-turned-shelter. The airstrikes killed at least 28 Palestinians and injured more than 54.
19 October 2024 Beit Lahia attacks War crimes, crimes against humanity ICC arrest warrant for Netanyahu and Gallant Israeli Air Force bombs Beit Lahia area.
Tel al-Sultan attack War crimes, crimes against humanity ICC arrest warrant for Netanyahu and Gallant Israeli Air Force bombs a displacement camp in Tel al-Sultan, Rafah.

See also

Notes

References

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