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{{for|the village in Iran|Avroman, Iran}}
'''Hawrāmān''' (also Húrāmān) (]: Hewraman or هه‌ورامان) or '''Ōrāmān''' ({{PerB|اورامان}}) is a mountainous region located in western ] or ], which includes the cities of ] and ], and north-eastern ] or ], which includes the city ]. The inhabitants of Hewraman are ] Kurds who speak ], a sub-dialect of the greater ] branch of Kurdish dialects. Hewraman is best known for its unique arrangement of cities and villages built along the mountain slopes of the region. Ancient religions are also practiced throughout Hewraman and the region is home to the ancient holy places of the ] faith.
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Avroman<br>Hawraman
| native_name = {{langx|ku|هه‌ورامان|Hewraman}}<br>{{langx|fa|اورامان}}
| settlement_type = Region
| image_skyline = Hawraman in Iran by Mardetanha (1) 05.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = A typical Kurdish village in Hawraman, Kurdistan Province, Iran, 2015
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}}<br>{{flag|Iraq}}
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | child=yes
| Official_name = Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/]
| Location = A part of the Hawraman region in Iran
| Criteria = Cultural: (iii)(v)
| ID = 1647
| Session = 44th
| Year = 2021
}}
}}


'''Avroman''' or '''Hawraman''',<ref>D. N. MacKenzie, , Encyclopædia Iranica</ref> ({{langx|ku|هه‌ورامان|translit=Hewraman}},<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 July 2020|title=ڕاپۆرتی کوردستانی|language=ku|work=Peyserpress|url=https://www.peyserpress.com/detail/5823|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kemaloğlu|first=Nasır|date=2 March 2016|title=Zaravayên Kurdî|language=ku|work=zazaki.net|url=http://www.zazaki.net/haber/zaravayn-kurd-1986.htm|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> {{langx|fa|اورامان|translit=Owrāmān}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=حسين علي|first=رزم‌آرا|title=عملىات اورامان|publisher=پردىس دانش|year=2008|language=fa}}</ref>) is a mountainous region located within the provinces of ] and ] in western ] and in north-eastern ] in ]. The main part of the Hawraman region is located in Iran and encompasses two components of the Central-Eastern Valley (Zhawaro and Takht, in Kurdistan Province); and the Western Valley (Lahon, in Kermanshah Province). The mode of human habitation in these two valleys has been adapted over millennia to the rough mountainous environment. Tiered steep-slope planning and architecture, gardening on dry-stone terraces, livestock breeding, and seasonal vertical migration are among the distinctive features of the local culture and life of the Hawrami Kurdish people who dwell in lowlands and highlands during different seasons of each year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cultural sites in Africa, Arab Region, Asia, Europe, and Latin America inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/2319/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> On July 27, 2021, part of the Hawraman region along with ] were inscribed on the ] as a cultural site under the name "Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat".<ref name="en.mehrnews.com">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-27|title="Hawraman" rural landscape inscribed in World Heritage List|url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/176629/Hawraman-rural-landscape-inscribed-in-World-Heritage-List|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Mehr News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/2319|title=Cultural sites in Africa, Arab Region, Asia, Europe, and Latin America inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List|last=UNESCO|website=UNESCO|date=2021-07-27|access-date=2021-07-27|language=en}}</ref>
⚫ Some scholars believe that the name ''Hewraman'' or ''Huraman'' has strong connections to the ancient ] and claim that the name may have originated from ''Ahuraman'' or ].<ref>Nyberg, H.S. (1923), The Pahlavi documents of Avroman, Le Monde Oriental, XVII, p.189. This is very interesting for those interested in investigating the survival of Parthian usage of Zoroastrian terminology among the local Kurds of modern day Hawraman (Avroman).</ref> Ahura Mazda is the name of God in the ancient Indo-Iranian Avestan language and comes from the ancient Zoroastrian faith, which is still widely practiced throughout the region. Many areas in the Hewraman region are believed to be pilgrimage sites for believers of Zoroastranism prior to the advent of Islam.<ref>http://www.chnpress.com/tourism/Attractions/kurdestan/</ref>


The word hawraman is formed of two parts ‘Hawra’ means ‘Ahoora’ and ‘Man’ means ‘house, position’. Hawraman is the region of Ahooramzda. ‘howr’ in Avesta means sun, in this case Hawraman would be translated as ‘Territory of Sun’.
==Bibliography==The natural abilities of howraman is more than this.but beacuas of political and calcural conditions this region can not be known

⚫ ;References
“Avroman Takht” village is located in the center of ] in the southwest of Kurdistan province and "Pir Shaliar" ceremony is held there every year. According to the people belief, Hawraman has been a large city and had a prominent centrality, because of that it has been called the throne or the center of government, and the ancient Iranian religions are in the historical memory of the ancestors of the people of this region and are preserved; and still the historical memories of people arising from the ancestors bear the historical rituals and it is strongly revered. Language, culture, and conventions of people express this ancient history. In this region, Zartoshti religion used to be taught before Islamic era. The language was derived from Sasanid Pahlavi .<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hewraman Taxt: A memorial of Ancients A heritage to posteritie|publisher=Tehran, Sharif|year=1386}}</ref>>

Avroman has many springs and rivers that most their water mainly flows into ]. ] (or Kani Bil) is one of these springs which has a discharge about 3000-4000 liters per second. The river which is made of Bil spring is the shortest river in the world with a total length of 15 meters.<ref>{{cite web| title = Kani Bil:Iranian TV; Kurdistan province| url = http://kordestan.irib.ir/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41156| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113436/http://kordestan.irib.ir/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41156| archive-date = 2014-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Rudaw:Kani Bil is in crisis | url = http://rudaw.net/sorani/kurdistan/0707201418 | access-date = 2014-08-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114754/http://rudaw.net/sorani/kurdistan/0707201418 | archive-date = 2014-08-26 | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} Construction of Darian Dam on the Sirwan River between 2009 and 2015 initiated ] that led to discovery of many archaeological sites before flooding of the reservoir.

==Archaeology and history==

===Prehistoric periods===

The earliest archaeological evidence shows that the region was inhabited by humans since ] Period (more than 40,000 years ago). This evidence was discovered by archaeologists near ] village and between Naw and Asparez villages in the Sirwan valley. These earliest finds include stone tools that made by ]s or Early Modern Humans.<ref>{{cite web | title = Digs hint 40,000 yrs. of man life in Hawraman| date = 23 June 2015| url = http://en.mehrnews.com/news/108126/Digs-hint-40-000-yrs-of-man-life-in-Hawraman}}</ref> Evidence for Late Paleolithic occupation discovered in a cave site called Kenacheh in the Perdi Mala valley.<ref>Biglari, F and S. Shidrang (2019) Rescuing the Paleolithic Heritage of Hawraman, Kurdistan, Iranian Zagros, Near Eastern Archaeology 82 (4): 226-235.https://doi.org/10.1086/706536</ref>
These archaeological finds were unearthed during ] that conducted several seasons of archaeological surveys and excavations within the area of the reservoir that led to the discovery of a number of important Paleolithic and more later sites. The Main excavated sites were Dārāi Rockshelter (Middle Paleolithic), Kenācheh Cave (Upper Paleolithic), Ruwār tomb (Iron Age), Sar Cham (Chalcolithic and Iron Age), and Barda Mār (19th century). Except for Ruwar sites, all other excavated sites were flooded in 2015-2016.<ref>Biglari, F., (2021) Construction de barrage et archéologie de sauvetage dans le Zagros, ARCHÉOLOGIA 595: 10-11.</ref>
Several Paleolithic sites have been recorded in the south of Hawraman where Paleolithic hunters used two rock shelters for seasonal or short-term habitation near the villages of Shamshir and Zardui during a period that archaeologists call Middle Paleolithic.

===Historic periods===

] pass near the village of Tang-i Var, indicates that the region was occupied by Assyrians during their military campaigns into Zagros. This Royal Inscription belongs to Sargon II, King of Assyria (721–705 BC).<ref>Frame, G. (1999). The inscription of Sargon II at Tang-i Var. ''Orientalia'', 68(1), 31-57.</ref>

The ], a set of three documents from the ] and ] eras, were found in the region in 1909. They were discovered in a cave on Kuh-e Salan Mountain, near the village of Shar Hawraman, and subsequently sent to London. The documents date from 88/87 BC to 33 AD, with two written in Greek and one in Parthian. They document the sale of a vineyard and another land, and include the names of Pātaspak, son of Tīrēn and Awīl, son of Baænīn.<ref>Edmonds, C. J. (1952). "The Place Names of the Avroman Parchments". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 14 (3): 478–82. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00088455. ISSN 0041-977X</ref>

⚫ Ancient religions are also practiced throughout Avroman and the region is home to the ancient holy places of the ] faith. Some scholars believe that the name ''Hawraman'' or ''Huraman'' has strong connections to the ancient ] and claim that the name may have originated from ''Ahuraman'' or ].<ref>Nyberg, H.S. (1923), The Pahlavi documents of Avroman, Le Monde Oriental, XVII, p.189. This is very interesting for those interested in investigating the survival of Parthian usage of Zoroastrian terminology among the local Kurds of modern-day Hawraman (Avroman).</ref> Ahura Mazda is the name of God in the ancient ] ] language and comes from the ancient ] faith, which is still being practiced by very small numbers of people in the region. Many areas in the Avroman region are believed to have been pilgrimage sites for ] prior to the advent of Islam.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010141023/http://www.chnpress.com/tourism/Attractions/kurdestan |date=2008-10-10 }}</ref> One of the oldest Islamic period evidence is Negel quran. A leather-bound Quran written in the Kufic script with gilded page borders, dates to 4th century AH (913 CE – 1009 CE) which is kept in a mosque in the ] village.

=== Iran-Iraq war ===
At the start of the ], most of Avroman came under the control of ], an anti-government militant group backed by Iraq. In September–October 1981, the city of Avroman Takht and surrounding settlements were retaken by Iranian forces.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2017 |title=عملیات اورامان تخت و پایان عمر سیاسی گروهک رزگاری |trans-title=The Owraman Takht operation and the end of the political life of Rizgari group |url=https://dana.ir/1312604/عملیات-اورامان-تخت-و-پایان-عمر-سیاسی-گروهک-رزگاری |website=Šabake-ye Ettelāresāni-ye Rāh-e Dānā |language=fa}}</ref>

==Culture==

The inhabitants of Avroman are ],<ref>Edmonds, Cecil. Kurds, Turks, and Arabs: politics, travel, and research in northeastern Iraq, 1919-1925. Oxford University Press, 1957.</ref><ref>home.hum.uva.nl/oz/leezenberg/GInflCK.pd</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=KURDISH TRIBES – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-tribes |website=www.iranicaonline.org}}</ref><ref></ref> who speak the ] dialect of the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=KurdishAcademy |url=http://kurdishacademy.org/?q=node%2F159 |website=kurdishacademy.org}}</ref> Traditional clothing for women includes either a vest or long-sleeved jacket or long overcoat worn over a gown. An under dress and puffy pants is worn beneath the gown. Traditionally women wore Hewrami hats ornamented with valued coloured stones, beads and gold pieces. Usually younger women and young girls wear brightly coloured dresses adorned with many beads and sequins and the older women wear darker colours and white head-cover. Hawrami men generally wear a shirt; a vest with an open neck; and baggy trousers fitted at the ankles. A cotton sash 3–4 m long is folded in half lengthwise and wrapped tightly around the torso on waist. Men also wore traditional brown felt jackets with pointed shoulders called Kolabal.

] is a style of singing practiced by the Hewrams in Avroman people and means hymn song in ]. It is performed without the use of any instruments, with the exception of the occasional use of a Kurdish hand-drum or Daff. Today, the Siya Cheman style is used mostly for storytelling and entertainment.

==Wildlife==
Hawraman is home to divers fauna, including the ] (''Panthera pardus tulliana''), ] (''Ursus arctos''), ] (''Ovis orientalis orientalis''), ] (''Canis lupus''), and ] (''Capra aegrarus'') that can be found throughout the region. Buzin and Markhil Protected Area (Kurdish: بوزین و مارخێڵ) is located at the southwest of Hawraman in ] and ] counties of Kermanshah province. Hunting and shooting is prohibited and in 1999, it was registered as a protected area.

===Cultural Landscape of Uramanat===
Cultural Landscape of Hawraman or ] is the 26th tangible cultural heritage of Iran.The property is located in the provinces of ] and ] along the western border of Iran.<ref name="whc2"></ref>

The Uramanat Villages are located in the mountainous ] and ] Provinces of ] and ] of ]. The villages are unique in terms of architecture, lifestyle, and agricultural methodology. Villages are integrated with nature by incorporating steep-slope agriculture.<ref name="whc"></ref> The 12 villages included in the property illustrate the Hawrami people's evolving responses to the scarcity of productive land in their mountainous environment through the millennia.<ref name="whc2" /> On July 28, 2021,

This site was first added to the ] ] Tentative List on August 9, 2007.<ref name="whc" /> On July 27, 2021, it along with part of the Hawraman region were officially inscribed on the World Heritage List as a cultural site under the name "Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat".<ref name="en.mehrnews.com"/><ref name="UNESCO"/>

Hawraman Cultural Landscape was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as the 26th tangible cultural heritage of Iran at the 44th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

⚫ ==References==
{{reflist|1}} {{reflist|1}}
.


==External links== ==Gallery==
<gallery widths="159">
* http://www.howraman.com
File:Selin village.JPG|A Hawrami child in Kurdish clothing.
File:Kurdish dance at Hawraman, Kurdistan.jpg|alt=Kurdish_dance_at_Hawraman,_Kurdistan.|Kurdish dance at Hawraman, Kurdistan.
File:A typical landscape of the Hawraman region, Kurdistan.jpg|alt=A_typical_landscape_of_the_Hawraman_region,_Kurdistan.|A typical landscape of the Hawraman region, Kurdistan.
File:Kurdish cloth from Hawraman.jpg|alt=Kurdish_cloth_from_Hawraman.|Kurdish cloth from Hawraman.
File:A group of Kurdish men with traditional clothing at Hawraman, Kurdistan.jpg|alt=A_group_of_Kurdish_men_with_traditional_clothing_at_Hawraman,_Kurdistan.|A group of Kurdish men mwith traditional clothing at Hawraman, Kurdistan.
File:Wedding ceremony at a Kurdish village.jpg|alt=Wedding_ceremony_at_a_Kurdish_village.|Wedding ceremony at a Kurdish village.
File:A Hawrami man with traditional clothing, Kurdistan.jpg|alt=A_Hawrami_man_with_traditional_clothing,_Kurdistan.|A Hawrami man with traditional clothing, Kurdistan.
File:Kurdish New Year ceremony of Nawroz, Palangan village, Hawraman,Kurdistan.jpg|alt=Kurdish_New_Year_ceremony_of_Nawroz,_Palangan_village,_Hawraman,Kurdistan.|Kurdish New Year ceremony of ], Palangan village, Hawraman, Kurdistan.
</gallery>


==External links==
* Omid Sālehi, ''Customs of the Land of Stone and Wind'' (''Ā'in-e Sar'zamin-e Sang va Bād''), in Persian, Jadid Online, 5 May 2009, .<br />Audio slideshow: (5 min 39 sec).<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">'''Note:''' The place shown in the above audio slideshow is Orāmān, to the North of ]. As of today (May 2009), this place has a population of approximately 3500.</span>
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Latest revision as of 01:53, 7 December 2024

For the village in Iran, see Avroman, Iran. Region
Avroman
Hawraman Kurdish: هه‌ورامان, romanized: Hewraman
Persian: اورامان
Region
A typical Kurdish village in Hawraman, Kurdistan Province, Iran, 2015A typical Kurdish village in Hawraman, Kurdistan Province, Iran, 2015
Country Iran
 Iraq
UNESCO World Heritage Site
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official nameCultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat
LocationA part of the Hawraman region in Iran
CriteriaCultural: (iii)(v)
Reference1647
Inscription2021 (44th Session)

Avroman or Hawraman, (Kurdish: هه‌ورامان, romanized: Hewraman, Persian: اورامان, romanized: Owrāmān) is a mountainous region located within the provinces of Kurdistan and Kermanshah in western Iran and in north-eastern Kurdistan Region in Iraq. The main part of the Hawraman region is located in Iran and encompasses two components of the Central-Eastern Valley (Zhawaro and Takht, in Kurdistan Province); and the Western Valley (Lahon, in Kermanshah Province). The mode of human habitation in these two valleys has been adapted over millennia to the rough mountainous environment. Tiered steep-slope planning and architecture, gardening on dry-stone terraces, livestock breeding, and seasonal vertical migration are among the distinctive features of the local culture and life of the Hawrami Kurdish people who dwell in lowlands and highlands during different seasons of each year. On July 27, 2021, part of the Hawraman region along with Uramanat were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a cultural site under the name "Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat".

The word hawraman is formed of two parts ‘Hawra’ means ‘Ahoora’ and ‘Man’ means ‘house, position’. Hawraman is the region of Ahooramzda. ‘howr’ in Avesta means sun, in this case Hawraman would be translated as ‘Territory of Sun’.

“Avroman Takht” village is located in the center of Oraman district in the southwest of Kurdistan province and "Pir Shaliar" ceremony is held there every year. According to the people belief, Hawraman has been a large city and had a prominent centrality, because of that it has been called the throne or the center of government, and the ancient Iranian religions are in the historical memory of the ancestors of the people of this region and are preserved; and still the historical memories of people arising from the ancestors bear the historical rituals and it is strongly revered. Language, culture, and conventions of people express this ancient history. In this region, Zartoshti religion used to be taught before Islamic era. The language was derived from Sasanid Pahlavi .>

Avroman has many springs and rivers that most their water mainly flows into Sirwan River. Bil spring (or Kani Bil) is one of these springs which has a discharge about 3000-4000 liters per second. The river which is made of Bil spring is the shortest river in the world with a total length of 15 meters. Construction of Darian Dam on the Sirwan River between 2009 and 2015 initiated The Darian Dam Archaeological Salvage Program that led to discovery of many archaeological sites before flooding of the reservoir.

Archaeology and history

Prehistoric periods

The earliest archaeological evidence shows that the region was inhabited by humans since Middle Paleolithic Period (more than 40,000 years ago). This evidence was discovered by archaeologists near Hajij village and between Naw and Asparez villages in the Sirwan valley. These earliest finds include stone tools that made by Neanderthals or Early Modern Humans. Evidence for Late Paleolithic occupation discovered in a cave site called Kenacheh in the Perdi Mala valley. These archaeological finds were unearthed during Darian Dam Archaeological Salvage Program that conducted several seasons of archaeological surveys and excavations within the area of the reservoir that led to the discovery of a number of important Paleolithic and more later sites. The Main excavated sites were Dārāi Rockshelter (Middle Paleolithic), Kenācheh Cave (Upper Paleolithic), Ruwār tomb (Iron Age), Sar Cham (Chalcolithic and Iron Age), and Barda Mār (19th century). Except for Ruwar sites, all other excavated sites were flooded in 2015-2016. Several Paleolithic sites have been recorded in the south of Hawraman where Paleolithic hunters used two rock shelters for seasonal or short-term habitation near the villages of Shamshir and Zardui during a period that archaeologists call Middle Paleolithic.(Arkeonews)

Historic periods

The Inscription of Sargon II at Tang-i Var pass near the village of Tang-i Var, indicates that the region was occupied by Assyrians during their military campaigns into Zagros. This Royal Inscription belongs to Sargon II, King of Assyria (721–705 BC).

The Parchments of Avroman, a set of three documents from the Seleucid and Parthian eras, were found in the region in 1909. They were discovered in a cave on Kuh-e Salan Mountain, near the village of Shar Hawraman, and subsequently sent to London. The documents date from 88/87 BC to 33 AD, with two written in Greek and one in Parthian. They document the sale of a vineyard and another land, and include the names of Pātaspak, son of Tīrēn and Awīl, son of Baænīn.

Ancient religions are also practiced throughout Avroman and the region is home to the ancient holy places of the Yarsan faith. Some scholars believe that the name Hawraman or Huraman has strong connections to the ancient Zoroastrian faith and claim that the name may have originated from Ahuraman or Ahura Mazda. Ahura Mazda is the name of God in the ancient Indo-Iranian Avestan language and comes from the ancient Zoroastrian faith, which is still being practiced by very small numbers of people in the region. Many areas in the Avroman region are believed to have been pilgrimage sites for Zoroastrians prior to the advent of Islam. One of the oldest Islamic period evidence is Negel quran. A leather-bound Quran written in the Kufic script with gilded page borders, dates to 4th century AH (913 CE – 1009 CE) which is kept in a mosque in the Negel village.

Iran-Iraq war

At the start of the Iran-Iraq war, most of Avroman came under the control of Sipay Rizgari, an anti-government militant group backed by Iraq. In September–October 1981, the city of Avroman Takht and surrounding settlements were retaken by Iranian forces.

Culture

The inhabitants of Avroman are Hewrami, who speak the Hawrami dialect of the Gorani language. Traditional clothing for women includes either a vest or long-sleeved jacket or long overcoat worn over a gown. An under dress and puffy pants is worn beneath the gown. Traditionally women wore Hewrami hats ornamented with valued coloured stones, beads and gold pieces. Usually younger women and young girls wear brightly coloured dresses adorned with many beads and sequins and the older women wear darker colours and white head-cover. Hawrami men generally wear a shirt; a vest with an open neck; and baggy trousers fitted at the ankles. A cotton sash 3–4 m long is folded in half lengthwise and wrapped tightly around the torso on waist. Men also wore traditional brown felt jackets with pointed shoulders called Kolabal.

Siyaw Chemane is a style of singing practiced by the Hewrams in Avroman people and means hymn song in Hewrami. It is performed without the use of any instruments, with the exception of the occasional use of a Kurdish hand-drum or Daff. Today, the Siya Cheman style is used mostly for storytelling and entertainment.

Wildlife

Hawraman is home to divers fauna, including the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana), brown bear (Ursus arctos), mouflon (Ovis orientalis orientalis), wolf (Canis lupus), and Wild goat (Capra aegrarus) that can be found throughout the region. Buzin and Markhil Protected Area (Kurdish: بوزین و مارخێڵ) is located at the southwest of Hawraman in Paveh and Javanrud counties of Kermanshah province. Hunting and shooting is prohibited and in 1999, it was registered as a protected area.

Cultural Landscape of Uramanat

Cultural Landscape of Hawraman or Cultural Landscape of Uramanat is the 26th tangible cultural heritage of Iran.The property is located in the provinces of Kurdistan and Kermanshah along the western border of Iran.

The Uramanat Villages are located in the mountainous Kermanshah and Kurdistan Provinces of Iran and Halabja Governorate of Iraqi Kurdistan. The villages are unique in terms of architecture, lifestyle, and agricultural methodology. Villages are integrated with nature by incorporating steep-slope agriculture. The 12 villages included in the property illustrate the Hawrami people's evolving responses to the scarcity of productive land in their mountainous environment through the millennia. On July 28, 2021,

This site was first added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on August 9, 2007. On July 27, 2021, it along with part of the Hawraman region were officially inscribed on the World Heritage List as a cultural site under the name "Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat".

Hawraman Cultural Landscape was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as the 26th tangible cultural heritage of Iran at the 44th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

References

  1. D. N. MacKenzie, Avroman, Encyclopædia Iranica
  2. "ڕاپۆرتی کوردستانی". Peyserpress (in Kurdish). 12 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  3. Kemaloğlu, Nasır (2 March 2016). "Zaravayên Kurdî". zazaki.net (in Kurdish). Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  4. حسين علي, رزم‌آرا (2008). عملىات اورامان (in Persian). پردىس دانش.
  5. "Cultural sites in Africa, Arab Region, Asia, Europe, and Latin America inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  6. ^ ""Hawraman" rural landscape inscribed in World Heritage List". Mehr News Agency. 2021-07-27. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  7. ^ UNESCO (2021-07-27). "Cultural sites in Africa, Arab Region, Asia, Europe, and Latin America inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  8. Hewraman Taxt: A memorial of Ancients A heritage to posteritie. Tehran, Sharif. 1386.
  9. "Kani Bil:Iranian TV; Kurdistan province". Archived from the original on 2014-08-26.
  10. "Rudaw:Kani Bil is in crisis". Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
  11. "Digs hint 40,000 yrs. of man life in Hawraman". 23 June 2015.
  12. Biglari, F and S. Shidrang (2019) Rescuing the Paleolithic Heritage of Hawraman, Kurdistan, Iranian Zagros, Near Eastern Archaeology 82 (4): 226-235.https://doi.org/10.1086/706536
  13. Biglari, F., (2021) Construction de barrage et archéologie de sauvetage dans le Zagros, ARCHÉOLOGIA 595: 10-11.
  14. Frame, G. (1999). The inscription of Sargon II at Tang-i Var. Orientalia, 68(1), 31-57.
  15. Edmonds, C. J. (1952). "The Place Names of the Avroman Parchments". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 14 (3): 478–82. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00088455. ISSN 0041-977X
  16. Nyberg, H.S. (1923), The Pahlavi documents of Avroman, Le Monde Oriental, XVII, p.189. This is very interesting for those interested in investigating the survival of Parthian usage of Zoroastrian terminology among the local Kurds of modern-day Hawraman (Avroman).
  17. CHN | Tourism and Travel Archived 2008-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
  18. "عملیات اورامان تخت و پایان عمر سیاسی گروهک رزگاری" [The Owraman Takht operation and the end of the political life of Rizgari group]. Šabake-ye Ettelāresāni-ye Rāh-e Dānā (in Persian). 13 February 2017.
  19. Edmonds, Cecil. Kurds, Turks, and Arabs: politics, travel, and research in northeastern Iraq, 1919-1925. Oxford University Press, 1957.
  20. home.hum.uva.nl/oz/leezenberg/GInflCK.pd
  21. "KURDISH TRIBES – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org.
  22. The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development by Wadie Jwaideh page 307
  23. "KurdishAcademy". kurdishacademy.org.
  24. ^ Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
  25. ^ The Cultural Landscape of Uramanat - UNESCO World Heritage Centre

Gallery

  • A Hawrami child in Kurdish clothing. A Hawrami child in Kurdish clothing.
  • Kurdish_dance_at_Hawraman,_Kurdistan. Kurdish dance at Hawraman, Kurdistan.
  • A_typical_landscape_of_the_Hawraman_region,_Kurdistan. A typical landscape of the Hawraman region, Kurdistan.
  • Kurdish_cloth_from_Hawraman. Kurdish cloth from Hawraman.
  • A_group_of_Kurdish_men_with_traditional_clothing_at_Hawraman,_Kurdistan. A group of Kurdish men mwith traditional clothing at Hawraman, Kurdistan.
  • Wedding_ceremony_at_a_Kurdish_village. Wedding ceremony at a Kurdish village.
  • A_Hawrami_man_with_traditional_clothing,_Kurdistan. A Hawrami man with traditional clothing, Kurdistan.
  • Kurdish_New_Year_ceremony_of_Nawroz,_Palangan_village,_Hawraman,Kurdistan. Kurdish New Year ceremony of Newroz, Palangan village, Hawraman, Kurdistan.

External links

  • Omid Sālehi, Customs of the Land of Stone and Wind (Ā'in-e Sar'zamin-e Sang va Bād), in Persian, Jadid Online, 5 May 2009, .
    Audio slideshow: (5 min 39 sec).
    Note: The place shown in the above audio slideshow is Orāmān, to the North of Pāveh. As of today (May 2009), this place has a population of approximately 3500.
Kurdistan province, Iran
Capital
Counties and cities
Baneh County
Bijar County
Dehgolan County
Divandarreh County
Kamyaran County
Marivan County
Qorveh County
Sanandaj County
Saqqez County
Sarvabad County
Sights
populated places

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