Dardania (Balkans): Difference between revisions

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	'''Dardania''' (]: ''Dardania''; ] and ]: Дарданија, ''Dardanija'', {{lang-el\|Δαρδανία, ''Dardania''}}) was an ancient country encompassing southern parts of present-day ] and ] and mostly, but not entirely, northern and western parts of the present-day ] including ], and parts of present-day north-eastern ].

	==Dardani==
	{{main\|Dardani}}
	{{splitsection\|Dardani}}
	===Name===
	Beginning with ] in 1854, 19th century ] speculated that ''Dardanoi'' and ''Dardania'' may be related to a proto-] word meaning ''pear tree'' (''dardhë'' in modern Albanian). Opinions differ whether the ultimate etymon of this word in ] was ''g'hord-'' (which would make it related also to Greek ''achrás'' 'wild pear'), or ''dheregh-''.<ref>Elsie, Robert (1998): "Dendronymica Albanica: A survey of Albanian tree and shrub names". ''Zeitschrift für Balkanologie'' 34: 163-200 </ref>.
	] connected ] δάρδανος "burned up" (from the verb δαρδάπτω ''dardapto'' "to wear, to slay, to burn up".<ref>The Greek Myths by Robert Graves, ISBN 0140171991</ref>.

	===History===
	The ] were an ] tribe. They seem to have often been a threat to the Greeks in the kingdom of ]. Dardania's largest towns were those of ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (Stoc, ]), and its capital was ].

	During the ancient times, the Dardanians were made from two larger groups: Galabri and Thunaki. <ref>]: in English translation, ed. H. L. Jones (1924), at LacusCurtius</ref>

	List of the rulers of Dardania:
	*],king,4th century BC
	*], king, 3rd century BC
	*], king, 3rd and 2nd century BC
	*], king, 3rd century BC

	==Roman period==
	{{main\|Moesia}}
	{{splitsection\|Moesia}}

	The region took its name from the ], a Thracian tribe that lived there before the Roman conquest ]-c. ] and formally became a ] of that name some years later (by ]), bordering on ].
	In ancient geographical sources, Moesia was bounded to the south by the ] (''Haemus'') and ] (''Scardus'', ''Scordus'', ''Scodrus'') mountains, to the west by the ] river (''Drinus''), on the north by the ] and on the east by the ] (Black Sea). The region was inhabited chiefly by ] and ] peoples.

	Moesia was re-organized personally by the Emperor ] in ] into two provinces: '''Moesia Superior''' - '''Upper Moesia''', (meaning up river) and '''Moesia Inferior''' - '''Lower Moesia''', (from the Danube river's mouth and then upstream) during ] for the province after the ] cross-Danube raids of ] and early 87 AD).
	Emperor ] later c. ] made Dardania into a separate province with its capital at Naissus (Niš).

	Emperor ] was a native of Dardania. Christianity was spread in the country in its initial phases, while individuals like ], authored the early Christian hymnals.

	==Byzantine period==
	], who assumed the throne in 527, oversaw a period of Byzantine expansion into former Roman territories. Justinian may already have exerted effective control during the reign of his uncle, ] (518–527).<ref name="BEv">{{cite encyclopedia\|title=Byzantine Empire\|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}<br />* Evans, </ref> He is often referred to by historians as the last "Roman" emperor because Latin was his native tongue and because he was the last emperor to make a serious attempt to reunite the Latin-speaking West with the East.<ref>Baker, George Philip: ''Justinian: The Last Roman Emperor'', Cooper Square Press, 2002, ISBN 0815412177</ref>

	Following the ] between the 5th and 8th century, the ] was marginalized to the mountainous areas of Dardania. The area remained part of the ] until the 9th century, when it was conquered by the ].
	Later it was briefly returned to the Byzantines, before it was absorbed into ] in the late 12th century.

	==References==
	{{Reflist}}

	==Literature==
	* Grace Harriet Macurdy. '''The Wanderings of Dardanus and the Dardani''', Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. 46 (1915), pp. 119-128

	==See also==
	*]
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Latest revision as of 23:56, 23 September 2020

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Dardania