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{{Short description|none}}
''']''' is the theory and application of ] to the ] including hypothesis generation, ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] from those results to the ] from which the experimental sample was drawn. This article lists ] who have been instrumental in the development of ] and ].
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
] is the theory and application of ] to the ] including hypothesis generation, ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] from those results to the ] from which the experimental sample was drawn. ]s are skilled people who thus apply statistical methods. ]. This article lists '''statisticians who have been especially instrumental in the development''' of ] and ].


<!-- Default order is year of birth -->
== Founders of statistics ==
{| class = "sortable wikitable" width="100%"
<!-- Sort order is year of birth -->
! width="18%" | Name !! Nationality !! Birth !! Death !! Contribution !! References
* ] (English, 1702&ndash;1761)
|- valign="top"
** Developed the interpretation of ] now known as ]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm#ba | work = Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics | title = Thomas Bayes | publisher = ]}}</ref>
| ] || Abbasid Caliphate || 801 || 873 || Developed the first code breaking algorithm based on ]. He wrote a book entitled "Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages", containing detailed discussions on statistics || <ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Simon| author-link = Simon Singh |title=The code book : the science of secrecy from ancient Egypt to quantum cryptography|year=2000|publisher=Anchor Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-385-49532-5|edition=1st Anchor Books|title-link=The code book : the science of secrecy from ancient Egypt to quantum cryptography}}</ref>

|- valign="top"
* ] (German, 1777&ndash;1855)
| ] || English || 1620 || 1674 || Pioneer of ] who produced the first ] || <ref>Willcox, Walter (1938) Review of the ] 5(4):321–328.</ref>
** Invented ] estimation methods
|- valign="top"

| ] || English || 1702 || 1761 || Developed the interpretation of ] now known as ] || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm#ba | work = Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics | title = Thomas Bayes | publisher = ] }}</ref>
* ] (Belgian, 1796&ndash;1874)
|- valign="top"
** Pioneered the use of probability and statistics in the ]
| ] || French || 1749 || 1827 || Co-invented ]. Invented ] (]), ] distributions, ] of estimators (including negligibility of regular priors). Used ] and posterior-mode estimation and considered (]) ] ||

|- valign="top"
* ] (English, 1822&ndash;1911)
| ] || Scottish || 1759 || 1823 || Pioneer of ] ||
** Invented the concepts of ], ], ]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm#gal | work = Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics | title = Francis Galton | publisher = ]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://galton.org/ | title = Sir Francis Galton F.R.S: 1822&ndash;1911}}</ref>
|- valign="top"

| ] || German || 1777 || 1855 || Invented ] estimation methods (with ]). Used ] and ] estimation ||
* ] (English, 1857&ndash;1936)
|- valign="top"
** Numerous innovations, including the development of the ] and the ]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticians/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=18 | title = Pearson, Karl | publisher = ] | work = Statisticians in History}}</ref><ref name=PearsonUCL>{{cite web | year = | title = Karl Pearson (1857-1936) | publisher = Department of Statistical Science - ] | url = http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/department/pearson.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | year = 2003 | title = Karl Pearson | publisher = School of Mathematics and Statistics, ] | url = http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/Biographies/Pearson.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | year = 2008 | title = Karl Pearson: A Reader’s Guide | author = John Aldrich | publisher = ] | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/kpreader.htm}}</ref>
| ] || Belgian || 1796 || 1874 || Pioneered the use of probability and statistics in the ] ||
|- valign="top"
| ] || English || 1820 || 1910 || Applied statistical analysis to health problems, contributing to the establishment of epidemiology and public health practice. Developed ] especially for mobilizing public opinion. First female member of the ]. ||
|- valign="top"
| ] || English || 1822 || 1911 || Invented the concepts of ], ], ] || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm#gal | work = Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics | title = Francis Galton | publisher = ] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://galton.org/ | title = Sir Francis Galton F.R.S: 1822–1911 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| ] || Danish || 1838 || 1910 || Introduced ] and the term "]". Introduced a ] in ] ||
|- valign="top"
| ] || American || 1839 || 1914 || Formulated modern statistics in "]" (1877–1878) and "]" (1883). With a ], introduced ], ] (before ]). Invented ] for experiments on gravity, in which he "]". He used ], ], and improved the treatment of ]. Introduced terms "]" and "]" (before ] and ]). While largely a ], Peirce's ] introduced the "]" theory of probability. See the historical books of ] ||
|- valign="top"
| ] || Irish || 1845 || 1926 || Revived ] (]s) in statistics. Extended ]'s (]) theory of ] estimation. Introduced basic results on ], which were extended and popularized by ] ||
|- valign="top"
| ] || English || 1857 || 1936 || Numerous innovations, including the development of the ] and the ]. Founded the Biometrical Society and ], the first journal of ] and ] || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=18 | title = Pearson, Karl | publisher = ] | work = Statisticians in History | date = 30 November 2016 }}</ref><ref name=PearsonUCL>{{cite web | title = Karl Pearson (1857 - 1936) | publisher = Department of Statistical Science&nbsp;– ] | url = http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/department/pearson.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080925065418/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/department/pearson.html | archive-date = 25 September 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | year = 2003 | title = Karl Pearson | publisher = School of Mathematics and Statistics, ] | url = http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/Biographies/Pearson.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | year = 2008 | title = Karl Pearson: A Reader's Guide | author = John Aldrich | publisher = ] | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/kpreader.htm }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| ] || English || 1863 || 1945 || Extended the Pearson correlation coefficient to the ] || <ref>{{cite journal | year = 2003 | title = Charles Spearman: British Behavioral Scientist | journal = Human Nature Review | volume = 3 | pages = 114–118 | url = http://human-nature.com/nibbs/03/spearman.html | author = Williams, RH, Zimmerman, DW, Zumbo, BD & Ross, D}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| ] (known as "Student") || English || 1876 || 1937 || Discovered the ] and invented the ] || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm#stu | work = Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics | title = William Sealy Gosset | publisher = ] }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| ] (also known as Anderson, Oskar Nikolaevich) || Russian, Bulgarian, German || 1887 || 1960 || A leading representative of the so-called Continental School of statistics. Invented the variate difference method for analyzing time series at the same time but independently from Gosset. A pioneer of random sampling in demographics and of quantitative methods applied to socio-economic sciences. || <ref name="statprob">{{cite encyclopedia
| last1 = Strecker
| first1 = Heinrich
| last2 = Strecker
| first2 = Rosemarie
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Mathematics
| title = Oskar Anderson
| url = http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Anderson,_Oskar&oldid=39172
| publisher = Springer-Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg
| year = 2016
}}</ref><ref>{{MacTutor|id=Anderson|title=Oskar Johann Viktor Anderson|date=May 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia
| last = Sheynin
| first = O.B.
| title = Anderson, Oskar Johann Viktor
| encyclopedia = ]
| volume = 1
| pages = 154–155
| publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
| location = New York
| year = 1970
| isbn = 978-0-684-10114-9
| url = https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/anderson-oskar-johann-viktor
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author1 = Jörg Siebels | author2 = Kerstin Nees | title=Oskar Anderson | work=Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Famous scholars from Kiel | url=http://www.uni-kiel.de/grosse-forscher/index.php?nid=anderson&lang=e | access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| ] || English || 1890 || 1962 || Wrote the textbooks and articles that defined the academic discipline of statistics, inspiring the creation of statistics departments at universities throughout the world. Systematized previous results with informative terminology, substantially improving previous results with mathematical analysis (and claims). Developed the ], clarified the method of ] (without the uniform priors appearing in some previous versions), invented the concept of ]s, developed Edgeworth's use of ] and ], introducing ''observed'' ], and many theoretical concepts and practical methods, particularly for the ] || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=16 | title = Fisher, R.A. | publisher = ] | work = Statisticians in History | date = 30 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm#fis | work = Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics | title = R.A. Fisher | publisher = ]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/fisherguide/rafreader.htm | title = A Guide to R. A. Fisher }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| ] || Italian || 1892 || 1960 || Invented the ] for ] ||
|- valign="top"
| ] || Irish-American || 1892 || 1965 || Invented two statistical tests: ] and the ] ||
|- valign="top"
| ] || Polish-American || 1894 || 1981 || Discovered the ] and co-developed the ] || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=11 | title = Neyman, Jerzy | publisher = ] | work = Statisticians in History | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130216021332/http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=11 | archive-date = 16 February 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| ] || American || 1900 || 1993 || Developed methods for statistical ] || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=4 | title = Deming, W. Edwards| publisher = ] | work = Statisticians in History | date = 30 November 2016}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| ] || English || 1895 || 1980 || Co-developed the Neyman–Pearson lemma of statistical hypothesis testing || <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=24 | title = Pearson, Egon S. | publisher = ] | work = Statisticians in History | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130307050811/http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=24 | archive-date = 7 March 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| ] || Italian || 1906 || 1985 || Pioneer of the "operational subjective" conception of probability. Used this as the basis for exposition of the Bayesian method of statistical analysis. Developed the representation theorem for ] showing that they are the basis of the IID model in statistics. ||
|- valign="top"
| ] || English || 1907 || 1983 || Co-developed methods for assessing ]; invented ] ||
|- valign="top"
| ] || American || 1915 || 2000 || Jointly popularized ]ation, pioneer of ] and ] of data, developed the ] for ], invented the ]. || <ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.2003.0032 | title = John Wilder Tukey. 16 June 1915&nbsp;– 26 July 2000 | year = 2003 | author = Mccullagh, Peter | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 49 | pages = 537–555 | s2cid = 62561283 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| ] || American || 1919 || 2010 || Co-developed ] and wrote one of the first ] textbooks, ''Basic Statistics''. || <ref>{{cite news|author1=William Grimes|title=David Blackwell, Scholar of Probability, Dies at 91|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/17/education/17blackwell.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=24 September 2014|date=17 July 2010|quote=His “Basic Statistics” (1969) was one of the first textbooks on Bayesian statistics, which assess the uncertainty of future outcomes by incorporating new evidence as it arises, rather than relying on historical data. He also wrote numerous papers on multistage decision-making.}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| ]|| Indian || 1920 || 2023|| Co-developed ] and ], invented ] method of variance component estimation. || <ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1214/ss/1177013438 | title = A Conversation with C. R. Rao | year = 1987 | author = Degroot, Morris H. | journal = Statistical Science | volume = 2 | pages = 53–67| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kruse |first=Megan |title=C.R. Rao Receives National Medal of Science |url=http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195003/http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=13 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |website=]}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| ] || English || 1924 || 2022|| Developed the ] for the analysis of ] || <ref>{{cite book |author1=Wermuth, Nanny |author2=Anthony C. Davison |author3=Dodge, Yadolah | title = Celebrating Statistics: Papers in honour of Sir David Cox on his 80th birthday (Oxford Statistical Science Series) | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-19-856654-0 | oclc = 185035518 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| ] || American || 1938 || || Invented the ] for deriving an empirical distribution of an estimate of a model parameter || <ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1214/ss/1063994967 | title = Introduction to the Silver Anniversary of the Bootstrap | year = 2003 | author = Casella, George | journal = Statistical Science | volume = 18 | pages = 133–134 | issue = 2| doi-access = free }}</ref>
|}


==Founders of departments of statistics==
* ] (English, 1863&ndash;1945)
The role of a department of statistics is discussed in a 1949 article by Harold Hotelling, which helped to spur the creation of many departments of statistics.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Harold Hotelling|title=Golden Oldies: Classic Articles from the World of Statistics and Probability: 'The Place of Statistics in the University'| journal=]| volume=3 |issue=1 |year=1988 |pages=72–83|doi=10.1214/ss/1177013002|author-link=Harold Hotelling|doi-access=free}}</ref>
** Extended the Pearson correlation coefficient to the ]<ref>{{cite journal | year = 2003 | title = Charles Spearman: British Behavioral Scientist | journal = Human Nature Review. | volume = 3 | pages = 114–118 | url = http://human-nature.com/nibbs/03/spearman.html | author = Williams, RH, Zimmerman, DW, Zumbo, BD & Ross, D}}</ref>
{| class = "sortable wikitable"

! Year !! Country !! University !! Founder !! References
* ] (known as "Student") (English, 1876&ndash;1937)
** Discovered the ] and invented the ]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm#stu | work = Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics | title = William Sealy Gosset | publisher = ]}}</ref>

* ] (Swedish, 1887&ndash;1979)
** Developed the ]

* ] (English, 1890&ndash;1962)
** Invented the ]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticians/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=16 | title = Fisher, R.A. | publisher = ] | work = Statisticians in History}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm#fis | work = Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics | title = R.A. Fisher | publisher = ]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/fisherguide/rafreader.htm | title = A Guide to R. A. Fisher}}</ref>, introduced the method of ], the concept of ]s, ], and many theoretical concepts now a standard part of the basic curriculum

* ] (Italian, 1892&ndash;1960)
** Invented the ] for ]

* ] (Irish, American, 1892&ndash;1965)
** Invented two statistical tests: ] and the ]

* ] (Polish, American, 1894&ndash;1981)
** Discovered the ] and co-developed the ]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticians/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=11 | title = Neyman, Jerzy | publisher = ] | work = Statisticians in History}}</ref>

* ] (American, 1900&ndash;1993)
** Developed methods for statistical ]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticians/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=4 | title = Deming, W. Edwards| publisher = ] | work = Statisticians in History}}</ref>

* ] (English, 1895&ndash;1980)
** Co-developed the Neyman-Pearson lemma of statistical hypothesis testing<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticians/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=24 | title = Pearson, Egon S.| publisher = ] | work = Statisticians in History}}</ref>

* ] (English, 1907&ndash;1983)
** Co-developed methods for assessing ]; invented ]

* ] (American, 1915&ndash;2000)
** Jointly popularized ]ation, pioneer of ] and ] of data, developed the ] for ], invented the ].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.2003.0032 | url = http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/541x625k2vx6837v/fulltext.pdf | format = pdf | title = John Wilder Tukey. 16 June 1915 - 26 July 2000 | year = 2003 | author = Mccullagh, Peter | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (1955-2000) | volume = 49 | pages = 537}}</ref>

*] (English, 1924&ndash;)
** Developed the ] for the analysis of ]<ref>{{cite book | author = Wermuth, Nanny; Anthony C. Davison; Dodge, Yadolah | title = Celebrating Statistics: Papers in honour of Sir David Cox on his 80th birthday (Oxford Statistical Science Series) | publisher = Oxford University Press, USA | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-19-856654-9 | oclc = 185035518 228140765 60837753 62088309 }}</ref>

*] (American, 1938&ndash;)
**Invented the ] for deriving an empirical distribution of an estimate of a model parameter<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1214/ss/1063994967 | title = Introduction to the Silver Anniversary of the Bootstrap | year = 2003 | author = Casella, George | journal = Statistical Science | volume = 18 | pages = 133}}</ref>

== Founders of Departments of Statistics ==
{| class = "wikitable"
! Year !! University !! Founder
|- |-
| 1911 || ] || ]<ref name=PearsonUCL/> | 1911 || England || ] || ]||<ref name=PearsonUCL/>
|- |-
| 1918 || USA || Department of Biostatistics, ] || ]||<ref>{{cite book|author1=Rohde, C. |author2=Zeger, S.L. |author3=Thomas, K.K. |author4=Bandeen-Roche, K.|author4-link=Karen Bandeen-Roche |title=Johns Hopkins University Department of Biostatistics. In Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U. S. (Eds. Agresti and Meng)|year=2012|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4614-3648-5|pages=129–141|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-3649-2 }}</ref>
| 1933 || ] || ]<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kempthorne O. | title = George W. Snedecor | journal = International Statistical Review | volume = 42 | year = 1974 | pages = 319–321}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1941 || ] || ]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticians/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=2 | title = Cox, Gertrude M.| publisher = ] | work = Statisticians in History}}</ref> | 1929 || Sweden || ] || ] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=About the department |url=https://www.stat.lu.se/en/about |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=] School of Economics and Management |language=en}}</ref>
|- |-
| ~1931 || India || ] || ]||<ref name=cox>{{cite journal
| 1947 || Department of Biometry and Statistics, ] || Walter T. Federer<ref>{{cite web | title = Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology: History | publisher = ] | url = http://www.bscb.cornell.edu/history.php}}</ref>
| title=Mahalanobis and the Art and Science of Statistics: The Early Days
| author=Ghosh, JK
| journal=]
| volume=29
| issue=1
| page=90
| year=1994}}
</ref>
|- |-
| ~1931 || USA || ] || ]||<ref>{{Cite book | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=7 | title = Hotelling, Harold | publisher = ] Statisticians in History | access-date = 22 May 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130307050741/http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=7 | archive-date = 7 March 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| 1949 || School of Public Health, ] || -
|- |-
| 1931 || USA || ] || &nbsp;— ||<ref>{{Citation |last1=George |first1=Edward I. |title=University of Pennsylvania Department of Statistics |date=2012 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4614-3649-2_34 |work=Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U. S. |pages=469–484 |editor-last=Agresti |editor-first=Alan |access-date=2023-08-20 |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer New York |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-3649-2_34 |isbn=978-1-4614-3648-5 |last2=Krieger |first2=Abba M. |last3=Morrison |first3=Donald F. |last4=Shaman |first4=Paul |editor2-last=Meng |editor2-first=Xiao-Li|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| 1957 || ] || ],<br>]<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticians/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=21 | title = Cochran, William G| publisher = ] ''Statisticians in History'' | isbn = 0840326157 | author = Norman A. Cochran, Lloyd C. Wilkinson, John J. Furlow ; chapter headings by William Dean Buffington. | year = 1982 | oclc = 8925014}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticians/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=10 | title = Mosteller, Frederick | publisher = ] ''Statisticians in History'' | isbn = 0387909915 | author = Frederick Mostelller ; David L. Wallace | year = 1984 | oclc = 10726742 230808301}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1933 || USA || ] || ]||<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kempthorne Oscar | title = George W. Snedecor | journal = International Statistical Review | volume = 42 | year = 1974 | pages = 319–321| author-link = Oscar Kempthorne }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = David | first1 = H. A. | doi = 10.1214/ss/1028905974 | title = Statistics in U.S. Universities in 1933 and the establishment of the Statistical Laboratory at Iowa State | journal = Statistical Science | volume = 13 | pages = 66–74 | year = 1998 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| 1957 || ] || H.O. Lancaster<ref>{{citation | title = Obituary: Emeritus Professor Henry Oliver Lancaster, AO FAA | year = 2002 | work = The University of Sydney News | url = http://www.maths.usyd.edu.au/u/About/lancaster.htm}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1935 || USA || ] || Weida, Frank || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Statistics Department records {{!}} George Washington University |url=https://searcharchives.library.gwu.edu/repositories/2/resources/634 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=searcharchives.library.gwu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-10 |title=George Washington University, Department of Statistics |url=https://www.niss.org/affiliates/george-washington-university-department-statistics |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=National Institute of Statistical Sciences |language=en}}</ref>
| 1962 || ] || ]<ref>{{citation | title = Highlights, Department of Statistics | publisher = Texas A&M University | url = http://www.stat.tamu.edu/stat/hilites.html}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1941 || USA || ] || ]||<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=2 | title = Cox, Gertrude M. | publisher = ] | work = Statisticians in History | access-date = 22 May 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208055620/http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=2 | archive-date = 8 December 2015 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
| 1965 || ] || ]<ref>{{cite web | year = 1978 | author = Alexander Leitch | title = Statistics | work = A Princeton Companion | publisher = Princeton University Press | url = http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/statistics.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | year = 2000 | author = David Leonhardt | title = John Tukey, 85, Statistician; Coined the Word 'Software' | publisher = ] | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E4DA173DF93BA15754C0A9669C8B63&scp=1&sq=John%20Tukey&st=cse}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1942 || Sweden || ] || ]||<ref>] was appointed Professor of Statistics at ] in 1942. Already, in 1928, a Swedish Doctor of Philosophy ("Filosofisk Doktorsgrad") was awarded (to P. George Winsler); in 1910, a {{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>
| 1988 || ] || D. V. Hinkley<ref>{{citation | title = Brief History of the Establishment of Statistics at Oxford | url = http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/about_us/statistics_in_oxford}}</ref>
|-
| 1947 || England || ] || ]||<ref>This position was the second chair of ] in the United Kingdom, but there was no formal Department of Statistics at the University of Manchester.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | first = Peter | last = Whittle | author-link = Peter Whittle (mathematician) | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.2004.0002 | title = Maurice Stevenson Bartlett. 18 June 1910&nbsp;– 8 January 2002 | year = 2004 | volume = 50 | pages = 15–33 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|-
| 1947 || USA || Department of Biometry and Statistics, ] ||].||<ref>{{cite web | title = Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology: History | publisher = ] | url = http://www.bscb.cornell.edu/history.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = A Conversation with Walter T. Federer | author = A. S. Hedayat | journal = Statistical Science | volume = 20 | year = 2005 | pages = 302–315 | doi = 10.1214/088342305000000142 | url = http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdfview_1&handle=euclid.ss/1124891294 | issue = 3 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2008/04/walter-t-federer-father-statistics-department-dies-92 | date = 18 April 2008 | title = Walter T. Federer, father of Cornell's statistics department, dies at 92 | author = Susan S. Lang | publisher = Cornell Chronicle }}</ref>
|-
| 1948 || USA || ] ||&nbsp;—||<ref>{{cite journal | year = 1999 | author = Stephen M. Stigler | title = The Foundations of Statistics at Stanford | journal = The American Statistician | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | doi = 10.1080/00031305.1999.10474470 | pages=263–266}}</ref>
|-
| 1948 || India || ] || ] || <ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xkoMtO8d6zIC&pg=PP9 |title= Dedicated to MC Chakrabarti, Book (Papers) - Statistical Inference and Design of Experiments | first1=Ulhas J. | last1=Dixit | first2=Meena R. | last2=Satam | isbn=978-81-7319-281-4 | year=1999 | publisher=Narosa Publishing House}}</ref>
|-
| 1949 || USA || ] || ] || <ref>{{cite book|author1=Rohde, C. |author2=Zeger, S.L. |author3=Thomas, K.K. |author4=Bandeen-Roche, K.|author4-link=Karen Bandeen-Roche |title=University of Michigan Department of Biostatistics. In Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U. S. (Eds. Agresti and Meng)|year=2012|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4614-3648-5|pages=407–417|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-3649-2 }}</ref>
|-
| 1949 || USA || ] ||&nbsp;—||<ref>{{Cite web | title = UNC School of Public Health&nbsp;– School history | url = http://www.sph.unc.edu/school/school_history.html | year = 2008 | access-date = 27 September 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080929125235/http://www.sph.unc.edu/school/school_history.html | archive-date = 29 September 2008 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| 1949 || USA || ] ||&nbsp;—||<ref>{{Cite web | title = About the Department of Statistics, University of Chicago | author = Stephen M. Stigler | author-link = Stephen Stigler | url = http://galton.uchicago.edu/about/index.shtml}}</ref>
|-
| 1949 || USA || ] ||]||<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arnold |first1=Jesse C |title=Virginia tech department of statistics: the first fifty years |journal=Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1080/00949650008812008|year=2000 |s2cid=119809215 }}</ref>
|-
| ~1950 || Sweden || ] ||&nbsp;—||<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us - Department of Statistics |url=https://www.su.se/department-of-statistics/about-the-department/about-us |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.su.se |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1950 || Israel || ] ||&nbsp;—||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.stat.huji.ac.il/history |title=Historic background |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1953 || England || ], Statistics Lab || ]||<ref>{{Cite web | title = A Realised Path: The Cambridge Statistical Laboratory | url = http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/History/2history.html | first = Peter | last = Whittle | author-link = Peter Whittle (mathematician) | year = 2003 | access-date = 26 September 2008 | archive-date = 19 December 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131219080017/http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/History/2history.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
| 1953 || India || ] || ] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=1953-1960|url=http://stats.unipune.ernet.in/hist3.html|publisher=]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021143334/http://stats.unipune.ernet.in/hist3.html|archive-date=21 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 1955 || USA || ] || ]||<ref>{{Cite book | year = 1996 | volume = 30 | pages = 139–146 | title = Statistics, probability and game theory| author = E. L. Lehmann | chapter-url = http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.lnms/1215453570 | chapter-format = pdf | doi = 10.1214/lnms/1215453570 | series = Institute of Mathematical Statistics Lecture Notes&nbsp;– Monograph Series | isbn = 978-0-940600-42-3| chapter = The creation and early history of the Berkeley Statistics Department }}</ref>
|-
| 1957 || USA || ] || ]<br />]||<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=21| title = Cochran, William G.| publisher = ] Statisticians in History| access-date = 22 May 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130307050712/http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=21| archive-date = 7 March 2013| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=10 | title = Mosteller, Frederick | date = 30 November 2016 | publisher = ] Statisticians in History}}</ref>
|-
| 1957 || Australia || ] || ] ||<ref>{{Cite web | title = Obituary: Emeritus Professor Henry Oliver Lancaster, AO FAA | year = 2002 | work = The University of Sydney News | url = http://www.maths.usyd.edu.au/u/About/lancaster.htm}}</ref>
|-
| 1958 || USA || ] ||&nbsp;—||<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://cla.umn.edu/statistics/about/history |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=College of Liberal Arts |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1959 || USA || ] || ] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Department {{!}} Department of Statistics |url=https://stat.fsu.edu/department |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=stat.fsu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hollander |first=Myles |date=2001-02-01 |title=A conversation with Ralph A. Bradley |journal=Statistical Science |volume=16 |issue=1 |doi=10.1214/ss/998929483 |issn=0883-4237|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| 1960 || USA || ] || ] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Department of Statistics |url=https://stat.wisc.edu/department-history/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Department of Statistics |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 1962 || USA || ] || Brandt, Alva Esmond ||<ref>{{Citation |last1=Agresti |first1=Alan |title=University of Florida Department of Statistics |date=2012 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4614-3649-2_26 |work=Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U. S. |pages=369–379 |editor-last=Agresti |editor-first=Alan |access-date=2023-08-20 |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer New York |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-3649-2_26 |isbn=978-1-4614-3648-5 |last2=Mendenhall |first2=William |last3=Scheaffer |first3=Richard |editor2-last=Meng |editor2-first=Xiao-Li}}</ref>
|-
| 1962 || USA || ] || ]||<ref>{{Cite book | title = History, Department of Statistics | publisher = Texas A&M University | url = http://www.stat.tamu.edu/history.php | access-date = 2 May 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090525200650/http://www.stat.tamu.edu/history.php | archive-date = 25 May 2009 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| 1963 || USA || ] || ] ||<ref>{{cite news | author = Wolfgang Saxon | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E6DD1231F936A15753C1A9679C8B63| newspaper = New York Times| date = 25 October 2001| title = Francis John Anscombe, 83, Mathematician and Professor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = The History of the Yale University Department of Statistics 1963–2000 | author = Barbara (Amato) Kuslan | year = 2002 | url = http://www.stat.yale.edu/history/HistoryAmato.html}}</ref>
|-
| 1963 || USA || ] ||&nbsp;—||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purdue University - Department of Statistics - History |url=https://www.stat.purdue.edu/about/history/index.html |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.stat.purdue.edu}}</ref>
|-
| 1964 || Bangladesh || ] || ]||<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.isrt.ac.bd/ | title = ISRT, University of Dhaka: Homepage}}</ref>
|-
| 1965 || USA || ] || ]||<ref>{{cite web | year = 1978 | author = Alexander Leitch | title = Statistics | work = A Princeton Companion | publisher = Princeton University Press | url = http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/statistics.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author = David Leonhardt | title = John Tukey, 85, Statistician; Coined the Word 'Software' | newspaper = ] | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E4DA173DF93BA15754C0A9669C8B63 | date=28 July 2000 | access-date=2 May 2010| author-link = David Leonhardt }}</ref>
|-
| 1965 || USA || ] || ]||<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Statistical Science|year=2007|volume=22|issue=1|pages=137–152 | doi=10.1214/088342306000000637 | title=A Conversation with Robert V. Hogg|first=Ronald Herman|last=Randles |arxiv=0708.3974|bibcode=2007arXiv0708.3974R|s2cid=58589782 }}</ref>
|-
| 1966 || USA || ] || ]<br>Gaver Jr, Donald P. ||<ref>{{Citation |last1=Smykla |first1=Margaret L. |title=Carnegie Mellon University Statistics Department |date=2012 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4614-3649-2_2 |work=Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U. S. |pages=9–26 |editor-last=Agresti |editor-first=Alan |access-date=2023-08-20 |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer New York |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-3649-2_2 |isbn=978-1-4614-3648-5 |last2=with the assistance of the department faculty |editor2-last=Meng |editor2-first=Xiao-Li}}</ref>
|-
| 1966 || Scotland || ] || ]<br />Silvey, David||<ref>{{Cite book | url = http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/statistics/aboutus/news/40thbirthday/ | title = Department of Statistics Celebrates its 40th Birthday | publisher = University of Glasgow | year = 2006}}</ref>
|-
| 1967 || Canada || ] || Sprott, David A. ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=History, Mission, & Vision {{!}} Statistics and Actuarial Science |url=https://uwaterloo.ca/statistics-and-actuarial-science/about/history-mission-vision |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=uwaterloo.ca |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1968 || USA || ] || Bartoo, James ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fifty years of statistics at Penn State {{!}} Penn State University |url=https://www.psu.edu/news/academics/story/fifty-years-statistics-penn-state/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.psu.edu |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1969 || India || ] || ]||<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://mcc.edu.in/statistics/| title = Statistics - Welcome to MCC}}</ref>
|-
| 1969 || Hong Kong || ] || ]||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, HKU - History |url=https://saasweb.hku.hk/history.php |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=saasweb.hku.hk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stat.nus.edu.sg/people/saw-swee-hock-professorship-of-statistics/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |title=In Memoriam: Professor Saw Swee Hock, distinguished academic and generous benefactor|work=Saw Swee Hock Professorship of Statistics|publisher=National University of Singapore Department of Statistics and Data Science}}</ref>
|-
| 1970 || USA || Department of Biostatistics, ] ||&nbsp;—||<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Biostatistics |url=https://www.biostat.washington.edu/about/history |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.biostat.washington.edu}}</ref>
|-
| 1973 || USA || ]<!--Wikipedians do not use "The" as part of Ohio State's name; it is considered a marketing gimmick, and routinely deleted.--> || ]||<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://library.osu.edu/sites/archives/manuscripts/oralhistory/whitney.php | title = OSU Oral History Interview with D. Ransom Whitney&nbsp;– University Archives }}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 1973 || Germany || ] || ] || <ref>{{citation | url=http://www.statistik.uni-dortmund.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Studium/Fachschaftsrat/Omega/1994_Chronik.pdf | title=Eine Chronik des Fachbereichs Statistik | author-last=Hering | author-first=Franz | year=1994}}</ref>
|-
|1975
|India
|]
|S.M. Ali
|<sup></sup>
|-
| 1979 || Canada || ] || ] ||<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.utstat.utoronto.ca/pagecontent/index.php?pageid=47 | title = University of Toronto Department of Statistics: About Us | access-date = 12 November 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090914111553/http://utstat.utoronto.ca/pagecontent/index.php?pageid=47 | archive-date = 14 September 2009 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| 1981 || India || ] || ] ||<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gain|first1=Anil Kumar|title=Founder of the University|url=http://vidyasagar.ac.in/About/AKGayen.aspx|website=Vidyasagar University}}</ref>
|-
| 1982 || Hong Kong || ] || ] ||<ref>{{Cite web | title = Vice-Chancellor's Report August 1982-July 1985, p.5 | url = http://www.iso.cuhk.edu.hk/ebook/index.html#ui=en&lang=en&issue_id=729&page=12}}</ref>
|-
| 1984 || India || ] || ] ||
|-
| 1985 || USA || ] || Sacks, Jerome || <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Department {{!}} Statistics at Illinois |url=https://stat.illinois.edu/footer/history-department |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=stat.illinois.edu}}</ref>
|-
| 1986 || USA || ] || ] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department History: Department of Statistics and Data Science - Northwestern University |url=https://statistics.northwestern.edu/about/department-history.html |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=statistics.northwestern.edu |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1987 || USA || ] || ] ||<ref>{{Cite web |
title = History of Rice University Statistics Department | url = https://statistics.rice.edu/about/history | access-date = 6 May 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 1988 || England || ] || ]||<ref>{{Cite web | title = Brief History of the Establishment of Statistics at Oxford | url = http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/about_us/statistics_in_oxford | access-date = 24 September 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080804222612/http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/about_us/statistics_in_oxford | archive-date = 4 August 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
| 1994 || New Zealand || ] || Scott, Alastair <br /> ] ||
|-
| 1996 || USA || ] ||].||<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kc.vanderbilt.edu/site/people/10515/harrell-frank.aspx | title = Frank E. Harrell Jr., Ph.D.&nbsp;– Vanderbilt Kennedy Center People | access-date = 22 September 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100620205832/http://kc.vanderbilt.edu/site/people/10515/harrell-frank.aspx | archive-date = 20 June 2010 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| 1997 || USA || ] || Sampson, Allan R. || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Allan R. Sampson, founding chair of Pitt's Statistics Department |url=https://www.pittwire.pitt.edu/passings/allan-r-sampson-founding-chair-pitts-statistics-department |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.pittwire.pitt.edu}}</ref>
|-
| 1998 || USA || ] || ] || <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ylvisaker |first=Donald |date=2016 |title=Jan de Leeuw and Statistics at UCLA |url=http://www.jstatsoft.org/v73/i09/ |journal=Journal of Statistical Software |language=en |volume=73 |issue=9 |doi=10.18637/jss.v073.i09 |issn=1548-7660|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|} |}


== See also == ==See also==
{{Portal|Mathematics}}
{{Statistics portal}}
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]


== References == == References ==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


== External links == ==External links==
*{{cite web | url = http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticians/index.cfm | title = Statisticians in History| publisher = ]}} * {{cite web| url = https://magazine.amstat.org/statisticians-in-history/| title = Statisticians in History| date = 30 November 2016| publisher = ]}}
*{{cite web | url = http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/lifework.htm | title = Life and Work of Statisticians | publisher = Department of Mathematics, ]}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/lifework.htm | title = Life and Work of Statisticians | publisher = Department of Mathematics, ]}}
*{{cite web | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm | title = Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics | author = John Aldrich | publisher = ]}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/people/welcome.htm| title = Portraits of Statisticians | publisher = Department of Mathematics, ]}}
*{{cite web | url = http://www.AgnesScott.edu/lriddle/women/women.htm | title = Biographies of Women Mathematicians | author = Lawrence H. Riddle | publisher = ]}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm | title = Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics | author = John Aldrich | publisher = ]}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.AgnesScott.edu/lriddle/women/women.htm | title = Biographies of Women Mathematicians | author = Lawrence H. Riddle | publisher = ]}}
* &nbsp;– peer-reviewed encyclopedia sponsored by statistics and probability societies


{{Statistics}} {{Statistics}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Founders Of Statistics}}
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] ]
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Latest revision as of 15:47, 22 September 2024

Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn. Statisticians are skilled people who thus apply statistical methods. Hundreds of statisticians are notable. This article lists statisticians who have been especially instrumental in the development of theoretical and applied statistics.

Name Nationality Birth Death Contribution References
Al-Kindi Abbasid Caliphate 801 873 Developed the first code breaking algorithm based on frequency analysis. He wrote a book entitled "Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages", containing detailed discussions on statistics
Graunt, John English 1620 1674 Pioneer of demography who produced the first life table
Bayes, Thomas English 1702 1761 Developed the interpretation of probability now known as Bayesian probability
Laplace, Pierre-Simon French 1749 1827 Co-invented Bayesian statistics. Invented exponential families (Laplace transform), conjugate prior distributions, asymptotic analysis of estimators (including negligibility of regular priors). Used maximum-likelihood and posterior-mode estimation and considered (robust) loss functions
Playfair, William Scottish 1759 1823 Pioneer of statistical graphics
Carl Friedrich Gauss German 1777 1855 Invented least squares estimation methods (with Legendre). Used loss functions and maximum-likelihood estimation
Quetelet, Adolphe Belgian 1796 1874 Pioneered the use of probability and statistics in the social sciences
Nightingale, Florence English 1820 1910 Applied statistical analysis to health problems, contributing to the establishment of epidemiology and public health practice. Developed statistical graphics especially for mobilizing public opinion. First female member of the Royal Statistical Society.
Galton, Francis English 1822 1911 Invented the concepts of standard deviation, correlation, regression
Thiele, Thorvald N. Danish 1838 1910 Introduced cumulants and the term "likelihood". Introduced a Kalman filter in time-series
Peirce, Charles Sanders American 1839 1914 Formulated modern statistics in "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" (1877–1878) and "A Theory of Probable Inference" (1883). With a repeated measures design, introduced blinded, controlled randomized experiments (before Fisher). Invented optimal design for experiments on gravity, in which he "corrected the means". He used correlation, smoothing, and improved the treatment of outliers. Introduced terms "confidence" and "likelihood" (before Neyman and Fisher). While largely a frequentist, Peirce's possible world semantics introduced the "propensity" theory of probability. See the historical books of Stephen Stigler
Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro Irish 1845 1926 Revived exponential families (Laplace transforms) in statistics. Extended Laplace's (asymptotic) theory of maximum-likelihood estimation. Introduced basic results on information, which were extended and popularized by R. A. Fisher
Pearson, Karl English 1857 1936 Numerous innovations, including the development of the Pearson chi-squared test and the Pearson correlation. Founded the Biometrical Society and Biometrika, the first journal of mathematical statistics and biometry
Spearman, Charles English 1863 1945 Extended the Pearson correlation coefficient to the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
Gosset, William Sealy (known as "Student") English 1876 1937 Discovered the Student t distribution and invented the Student's t-test
Anderson, Oskar Johann Viktor (also known as Anderson, Oskar Nikolaevich) Russian, Bulgarian, German 1887 1960 A leading representative of the so-called Continental School of statistics. Invented the variate difference method for analyzing time series at the same time but independently from Gosset. A pioneer of random sampling in demographics and of quantitative methods applied to socio-economic sciences.
Fisher, Ronald English 1890 1962 Wrote the textbooks and articles that defined the academic discipline of statistics, inspiring the creation of statistics departments at universities throughout the world. Systematized previous results with informative terminology, substantially improving previous results with mathematical analysis (and claims). Developed the analysis of variance, clarified the method of maximum likelihood (without the uniform priors appearing in some previous versions), invented the concept of sufficient statistics, developed Edgeworth's use of exponential families and information, introducing observed Fisher information, and many theoretical concepts and practical methods, particularly for the design of experiments
Bonferroni, Carlo Emilio Italian 1892 1960 Invented the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons
Wilcoxon, Frank Irish-American 1892 1965 Invented two statistical tests: Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Neyman, Jerzy Polish-American 1894 1981 Discovered the confidence interval and co-developed the Neyman–Pearson lemma
Deming, W. Edwards American 1900 1993 Developed methods for statistical quality control
Pearson, Egon English 1895 1980 Co-developed the Neyman–Pearson lemma of statistical hypothesis testing
de Finetti, Bruno Italian 1906 1985 Pioneer of the "operational subjective" conception of probability. Used this as the basis for exposition of the Bayesian method of statistical analysis. Developed the representation theorem for exchangeable random variables showing that they are the basis of the IID model in statistics.
Kendall, Maurice English 1907 1983 Co-developed methods for assessing statistical randomness; invented Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient
Tukey, John American 1915 2000 Jointly popularized Fast Fourier transformation, pioneer of exploratory data analysis and graphical presentation of data, developed the jackknife for variance estimation, invented the box plot.
Blackwell, David American 1919 2010 Co-developed Rao-Blackwell theorem and wrote one of the first Bayesian textbooks, Basic Statistics.
Rao, Calyampudi Radhakrishna Indian 1920 2023 Co-developed Cramér–Rao bound and Rao–Blackwell theorem, invented MINQUE method of variance component estimation.
Cox, David English 1924 2022 Developed the proportional hazards model for the analysis of survival data
Efron, Bradley American 1938 Invented the bootstrap resampling technique for deriving an empirical distribution of an estimate of a model parameter

Founders of departments of statistics

The role of a department of statistics is discussed in a 1949 article by Harold Hotelling, which helped to spur the creation of many departments of statistics.

Year Country University Founder References
1911 England University College London Pearson, Karl
1918 USA Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Pearl, Raymond
1929 Sweden Lund University Sven Dag Wicksell
~1931 India Indian Statistical Institute Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
~1931 USA Columbia University Hotelling, Harold
1931 USA University of Pennsylvania  —
1933 USA Iowa State University Snedecor, George W.
1935 USA George Washington University Weida, Frank
1941 USA North Carolina State University Cox, Gertrude
1942 Sweden Uppsala University Wold, Herman
1947 England University of Manchester Bartlett, M. S.
1947 USA Department of Biometry and Statistics, Cornell University Federer, Walter T.
1948 USA Stanford University  —
1948 India University of Mumbai M. C. Chakrabarti
1949 USA University of Michigan Velz, Clarence
1949 USA University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  —
1949 USA University of Chicago  —
1949 USA Virginia Tech Harshbarger, Boyd
~1950 Sweden Stockholm University  —
1950 Israel Hebrew University of Jerusalem  —
1953 England Cambridge University, Statistics Lab Wishart, John
1953 India University of Pune Huzurbazar, V. S.
1955 USA University of California, Berkeley Neyman, Jerzy
1957 USA Harvard University Cochran, William G.
Mosteller, Frederick
1957 Australia University of Sydney Lancaster, Henry Oliver
1958 USA University of Minnesota  —
1959 USA Florida State University Ralph A. Bradley
1960 USA University of Wisconsin–Madison George E. P. Box
1962 USA University of Florida Brandt, Alva Esmond
1962 USA Texas A&M University Hartley, Herman Otto
1963 USA Yale University Anscombe, Francis
1963 USA Purdue University  —
1964 Bangladesh Institute of Statistical Research and Training Hussain, Q.M.
1965 USA Princeton University Tukey, John W.
1965 USA University of Iowa Hogg, Robert V.
1966 USA Carnegie Mellon University Morris H. DeGroot
Gaver Jr, Donald P.
1966 Scotland University of Glasgow Aitchison, John
Silvey, David
1967 Canada University of Waterloo Sprott, David A.
1968 USA Pennsylvania State University Bartoo, James
1969 India Madras Christian College Gift Siromoney
1969 Hong Kong University of Hong Kong Saw Swee Hock
1970 USA Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health  —
1973 USA Ohio State University Whitney, D. Ransom
1973 Germany Universität Dortmund Eicker, Friedhelm
1975 India Aligarh Muslim University S.M. Ali
1979 Canada University of Toronto Donald A. S. Fraser
1981 India Vidyasagar University Gain, Anil Kumar
1982 Hong Kong Chinese University of Hong Kong Tong, Howell
1984 India Banaras Hindu University Singh, S.N.
1985 USA University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Sacks, Jerome
1986 USA Northwestern University Meyer Dwass
1987 USA Rice University James R. Thompson
1988 England University of Oxford Hinkley, D. V.
1994 New Zealand The University of Auckland Scott, Alastair
Seber, George
1996 USA University of Virginia School of Medicine Harrell, Frank E.
1997 USA University of Pittsburgh Sampson, Allan R.
1998 USA University of California, Los Angeles Jan de Leeuw

See also

References

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