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{{Short description|Anti-Semitic and anti-Masonic conspiracy theory}}
The '''International-Communist-Judaeo-Masonic Conspiracy''', sometimes called the '''international-marxist-judaeo-masonic conspiracy''', or simply the '''judaeo-masonic conspiracy''', is a ] involving a secret coalition of ]s, ]s, and ]s. The coalition's dark aim, especially in the view of ] ], would be ].
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Antisemitism|Canards}}
] breaks the chains of the ] and the ] that held him captive'', drawing of 1897 in a book by Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, in ].]]
], 1898, in the middle of the ] and the foundation of ]. Although the ] is not shown as idyllic, the contemporary situation is shown as an increase of oppression, which technical improvements (notice the ]) don't lighten, and to which ] (the banker with his top hat and his wallet), the ] (with his ] and ]) and the Jew (with a curved nose) are contributors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/eng_captions/23-4.html |title=friends-partners.org ''The development of modern anti-semitism'' |publisher=Friends-partners.org |access-date=18 October 2011}}</ref>]]


The '''Judeo-Masonic conspiracy''' is an ] and ] ]<ref name="Donskis2003">{{cite book|author=Leonidas Donskis|author-link=Leonidas Donskis|title=Forms of Hatred: The Troubled Imagination in Modern Philosophy and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Tdl6vgbmUC&pg=PA41|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=90-420-1066-5|pages=41–}}</ref> involving an alleged secret coalition of ] and ]. These theories are popular on the ], particularly in ],<ref name=v-u-l>{{cite thesis |last1=Williford |first1=Thomas J. |title=Armando los espiritus: Political Rhetoric in Colombia on the Eve of La Violencia, 1930-1945 |chapter=Chapter IV: Conservative Political Rhetoric: The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy Theory |chapter-url=https://ir.vanderbilt.edu/bitstream/handle/1803/13410/WillifordFChap4.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=] |date=2005 |hdl=1803/13410 |language=en}}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Marc David Baer|date=2013 |title=An Enemy Old and New: The Dönme, Anti-Semitism, and Conspiracy Theories in the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/|journal=Jewish Quarterly Review|volume=103|issue=4|pages=523–555|doi=10.1353/jqr.2013.0033|s2cid=159483845|via=Project MUSE}}</ref><ref>"" by Alexandros Lamprou, Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 58, 2022, pp. 32-47</ref> ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], with similar allegations still being published.
], 1898, in the middle of the '']'' and the foundation of ]. Although the ] is not shown as idyllic, the contemporary situation is shown as an increase of oppression, that technical improvements (notice the ]) doesn't lighten, and to which financial ] (the banker with his tophat and his wallet), the ] (with his ] and ]) and the ] (with a curved nose) are contributors. To add international ] we will have to wait for the ] and the exiled ].]]
The absence of evidence for such a world-spanning conspiracy is taken as further demonstration of the influence of the conspirators, who are understood to be working to suppress evidence of their activity.


==''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion''==
It is possible to trace the existence of ] in Spain to the ]s, since it was a useful mechanism to divert social conflicts using Jews as ], to whom all kinds of evil plots were attributed, such as starting ]s, kidnapping and ritualistic killing of infants, and the profanation of Christian sacraments, as the case of the ];<ref>José María Perceval ''Un crimen sin cadáver: el Santo Niño de la Guardia'' (a crime without corpse: the holy child of La Guardia, Historia 16, n. 202, p.44-58, February 1993, accessible at:
The Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory merges two older strains of conspiracy claims: ] claims and ] claims. It was heavily influenced by publication of '']'',<ref name=v-u-l/> a fabricated document that appeared in the ] purporting to be an exposé of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy. The Protocols claim that the Jews had infiltrated Freemasonry and were using the fraternity to further their aims. Adherents of the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy took the claim made by the Protocols to extremes and claimed that the leaders of Freemasonry and the leaders of the Jewish plot were one and the same.
('''in Spanish''')</ref> but since the disclosure of the alleged '']'',<ref>The Protocols, with comments about its condition of plagiarism and fraud:</ref> these conspiracy theories were becoming more complex. The fact that ] was born in a Jewish family, together with the Jewish origin of some prominent communist leaders, made it possible to add worker's movements to the conspiracy, as participants of the same ideology.<ref>However, Marx is considered as a judeophobic Jew, as he considered Judaism as a hindrance to abolish to reach his revolutionary purposes, and also posed the identification between Judaism, bourgeoisie, and capitalism.</ref>


An example was the Spanish Roman Catholic priest ], whose ''Orígenes de la revolución española'' and other works built on the ''Protocols'', which he translated, to claim that Jews used Freemasons and ] to undermine ] and Spanish civilisation, providing a justification for the ], which expanded the threat to an international Judeo-Masonic-Communist conspiracy (''see also'': ]).
==Preceding==
The existence of anti-Semitism can be traced back to the ], linking societies without a developed capitalist system to a broad group of ideological prejudice, mainly to the contempt of activities that independently function economically, the church defined as ]. The only way to become rich without suspicion was through feudal rent, accessible only to the privilege ones that certainly were much more than the Jews. Instead the Jews would excel on them, since their condition generally impend them to access another type of job (even when the majority of the European Jews were farmers and would perform different manual and intellectual jobs). The manipulation of this prejudice was a good way to deviate social conflicts using the Jews as the escape goat. The credit for all the bad intensions was given to them.


==Conceptual influence==
==Franco's obsession ==
According to Danny Keren, a member of the Department of Computer Science at ], the "conceptual inspiration" of the ] was the 1797 treatise, '']'' by the French priest ], which claimed the Revolution was a Masonic-led conspiracy with the aim of overthrowing the moral teachings of the ]. According to Keren:
{{quote|n his treatise, Barruel did not himself blame the Jews, who were emancipated as a result of the Revolution. However, in 1806, Barruel circulated a fabricated letter, probably sent to him by members of the state police opposed to ]'s liberal policy toward the Jews, calling attention to the alleged part of the Jews in the conspiracy he had earlier attributed to the Masons. This myth of an international Jewish conspiracy reappeared later on in 19th century Europe in places such as Germany and Poland.<ref>{{cite web|date=1993-02-10|title=Shofar FTP Archives: documents/protocols/protocols.zion|url=http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi?documents/protocols/protocols.zion|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311003452/http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi?documents/protocols/protocols.zion|archive-date=2015-03-11|access-date=2012-02-02|publisher=Nizkor.org}}</ref>}}


According to the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon website:
During the first half of the XXth Century in Spain it was very common in reactionary groups to refer to that conspiracy as responsible for the ] since, at least, the reign of ]. The ] ] was the greatest enemy of some heterogeneous groups, like the ] ] by the ], and their ] descendants, enriched by ], who would have contacted with the Dutch rebels (]) and other enemies of ] and the ], which considered itself its firmest defender. Such would be responsible for the anti-Spanish ] called the ]. The fact that among ]s (in special ]) antisemitism was even stronger than among catholics doesn't seem contradiction enough for this theory.<ref> {{cite_book
{{quote|While it is both simplistic and specious to lay the responsibility for the French Revolution at the door of Freemasonry, there is no question that freemasons, as individuals, were active in building, and rebuilding, a new society. Considering the large number of bodies claiming masonic authority, many men identified today as freemasons were probably unaware of each other's masonic association and clearly cannot be seen as acting in concert. Yet they did share certain beliefs and ideals.<ref name="Freemasons in the French Revolution">{{cite web|url=http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/revolution.html#1 |title=The French Revolution and freemasons |publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca |access-date=2012-02-02}}</ref>}}
| authorlink = WALSH, William Thomas
| title = Felipe II
| year = 1937-1943
| publisher = Madrid: Espasa Calpe
}}
</div>
</ref>


French Masonry of the time was exclusive, denying initiation to Jews and many other classes of people.<ref name="Freemasons in the French Revolution"/>
The Dictator ] grew up in this intellectual ambient, and some sources ascribe to it the special hatred that he had towards Freemasonry, since apparently he tried to join without success {{Fact|date=August 2008}}.<ref> (in Spanish)</ref> This sources also emphasize the situation of his family, son of a Spanish Navy official that could not continue the family tradition due to the force reduction caused by the lose of the Spanish Empire in the ]. The winners, the ] (paradoxically later would be the main supporters of Franco), are seen as an infernal power, protectors of all kinds of heretic sects, dominated by greed and ] of Jewish origin (be not surprised by the contradiction capitalism-communism), and by the Jew-manipulated newspapers. The success of his brother ], the first aviator to cross the Atlantic Ocean with ], known by his progressivist ideology and masonry membership, had stressed the feeling of inferiority in Francisco Franco. Forced to resign himself to enter the Army, he achieved a brilliant career in the ], where he was wounded. In this military ambients he approached the ] publications that were published in ] by groups influenced by antisemitic ].<ref>] about Franco and his obsessions]. He refers to an anecdote that could explain the insecurity feelings of Franco as a young cadet at the Military Academy in ]: he was called "Franquito" (little Franco), because of his short size and high-pitched voice.


==Barry Domvile and The Link==
That expression is not a slander of his enemies, it is also mentioned in Franquist media: . In this biographic page about Franco this interpretation of the Disaster of 98, from the «Anecdotario» of Franco himself (under the pseudonym of Jaime de Andrade) for the script of '']'', film directed by ]: <br/>
Retired admiral ], the founder of a British pro-Nazi association, ],<ref>Giffiths, '''', pp39-42.<br>The Link was founded in July 1937 by Domvile, and had nearly 1,800 members by March 1938, and over 4,300 by June 1938.</ref> coined the title "Judmas" for the alleged Judeo-Masonic conspiracy.<ref name=AdmiralToCabinBoyp80>Domvile, '''', p80.</ref> Domvile claimed that the "activities of Judmas are confined to a small section of both Jews and Masons: the large majority have no idea of the work undertaken behind the façade of Judmas."<ref name=AdmiralToCabinBoyp81>Domvile, ''From Admiral to Cabin Boy'', p81.</ref> Domvile alleged that "the aim of these international Jews is a World state kept in subjection by the power of money, and working for its Jewish masters"<ref name=AdmiralToCabinBoyp82>Domvile, ''From Admiral to Cabin Boy'', p82.</ref> and that "Masonry is the executive partner for the conduct of Jewish policy."<ref name=AdmiralToCabinBoyp83>Domvile, ''From Admiral to Cabin Boy'', p83.</ref>
''«in Philippines, the foreigner promotes perturbations. Masonry invades everything. In ], the rebels have powerful protectors; the same lodges, but with a great nation behind».''<br/>
Jaime de Andrade adds this words: <br/>
''«The Army and the Navy have been abandoned by Spain; they are prisoners of Spain. I have read General Captain staff letters that oozed blood. The government doesn't want adventures; we must accommodate. they can not send more men. War is not popular».''<br/>
''One of the officials there interrupts: «What have they done to be so (unpopular)? What a shame!!». And the staff chief says: «At the end, without weapons, without forces, without foreign policy, isolated from the world, we the military will be the culprit».'' </ref>


Domvile said that he first started thinking about a Jewish-Masonic theory as a result of Hitler.<ref name=AdmiralToCabinBoyp81/> Domvile referred both to ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'',<ref name=AdmiralToCabinBoyp82/> and to ''The Secret Powers Behind Revolution'' by ] ].<ref name=AdmiralToCabinBoyp81/> Domvile was aware that ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' had been denounced as a forgery, but regarded their authorship as "immaterial".<ref name=AdmiralToCabinBoyp83/>
His rise to the leadership of the rebelled band during the ] allowed him to concentrate the ] against the elements that he perceived as anti-Spanish: freemasons and leftists, features that he saw in the totality of the Republican defenders. The reconstruction he ordered at the ] in ], with all the confiscated papers, of a hall reproducing all the decorative show of a ] with all kinds of squalid elements is a good example of his obsession.<ref>''the masonry under Franquist repression'' by Francisco Moreno Gómez, accessible (in Spanish)</ref>


==Post-Soviet Russia==
During the difficult forties, first during the ] in which the sympathies of the ] for ] were obvious (but with a more neutral position after 1942 when the allies were seen as winning), and later during the international isolation during the ], Franco produced some memorable public speeches, referring to the persistent drought (another obsession) and went on with the '''judaeomasonic conspiracy''' as the culprit of all the disasters in Spain. However, some actions favorable to Sephardi Jews during the war (like the diplomat ]) made it possible for him to present himself as not racist. In fact, that point was important for ] to integrate the theory without problems. "]" is just a metaphorical concept, defined just by the extension of catholic faith and ] in America.
The Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theories found new currency among the various marginal political forces in post-Soviet ], where widespread destitution created fertile ground for conspiracy theories,<ref name="adl.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASInt_13/5374_13.htm |title=Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories Spread Globally As World Markets Grapple With Financial Crisis |publisher=Adl.org |access-date=18 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010224834/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASInt_13/5374_13.htm |archive-date=10 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> combined with ] and ]. These viewpoints are also voiced by several antisemitic writers, notably by ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2007/belarus.html |title=Antisemitism and Racism – The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary |publisher=Tau.ac.il |access-date=18 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111153423/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2007/belarus.html |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> {{ill|Vadim Kozhinov|ru|Кожинов, Вадим Валерианович}} and {{ill|Grigory Petrovich Klimov|ru|Климов, Григорий Петрович|lt=Grigory Klimov}}.<ref name="adl.org"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Yerofeyev |first=Viktor |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Moscow_Believes_In_Conspiracy_Theories/1356288.html |title=Moscow Believes in Conspiracy Theories |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=5 December 2008 |publisher=Rferl.org |access-date=18 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/7671/edition_id/145/format/html/displaystory.html |title=Some Russians still accuse Jews of 'ritual murder' in czar's death &#124; j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California |publisher=Jewishsf.com |date=19 December 1997 |access-date=18 October 2011}}</ref> An opinion poll conducted in Moscow circa 1990 has shown that 18% of Moscow residents believed that there is ] conspiracy against Russia and further 25% did not exclude such a possibility.


==Link to the Bilderberg group==
The subsequent approach to United States dampened all that rhetoric along with the too explicit fascist references of the regime, although they did not disappear completely until the end of franquism.
Contemporary conspiracy theorists, who hew to theories centered on the ] and an alleged impending ], often draw upon older concepts found in the Jewish-Masonic conspiracy theory, frequently blaming the ] or "international bankers".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC|title=Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia|last=Knight|first=Peter|date=2003-01-01|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576078129|language=en}}</ref> Because of the use of themes and tropes traditionally viewed as antisemitic, these contemporary conspiracy theorists tend to draw the ire of groups sensitive to antisemitic terminology, such as the ].<ref name=":0" />


==In mass culture==
==Conspiracy theory, renewed==
* The conspiracy is mentioned in ]'s novel '']''.
In recent times, the hidden relationships between those groups are still being looked for, as an attempt to renew the old theory, although it has no relevance it had the early franquism. The generalized fear of ] has at the beginning of the XXI century an ] face, but that is not enough for some authors.<ref>] answers readers in an internet chat:<br/>
''I have read Don ]'s book "The Masons". What is your opinion about the hypothesis that ] (3/11) could have been orchestrated by Masonry?''<br/>
''It is possible there were a connection between French Masonry, they have cat's paws in Spain, and the massacre, but, as far as I know, only as observers. Judge ] is married to the chief of French masonry, and she calls ] to tell about Islamic arrests before contacting the Government.''</ref> Regarding masonry, it has provided countless topics for more or less historic fantastic narrative that speculate with hidden explanations.<ref>Artícle by ] about César Vidal's ''Los Masones'' (2005)</ref>


==Referencess== ==Gallery==
<gallery>
{{reflist}}
File:Achille Lemot-1902-5.jpg|Catholic France driven by Jews and Freemasons, drawing by Achille Lemot in ], 1902.
File:Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy.jpg|German poster from 1935 saying, "World politics – World revolution. Freemasonry is an international organisation beholden to Jewry with the political goal of establishing Jewish domination through world-wide revolution."
</gallery>


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |url = http://ddickerson.igc.org/The_Protocols_of_the_Learned_Elders_of_Zion.pdf |title = The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion |access-date = 25 January 2014 |last = Teluskin |first = Joseph |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140729103854/http://ddickerson.igc.org/The_Protocols_of_the_Learned_Elders_of_Zion.pdf |archive-date = 29 July 2014 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*], ''From Admiral to Cabin Boy'', Boswell Publishing, London, 1947.
*Peter Knight, ''Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia'', ], 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-57607-812-9}}
*], ''The Secret Powers Behind Revolution'', Boswell Publishing, London, 1929.
*Richard Giffiths, ''Patriotism Perverted, ] and the Far Right Club and British Anti-Semitism 1939–40'', ], London, 1998, {{ISBN|0-09-467920-7}}, at ]

==External links==
*


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Latest revision as of 22:05, 9 January 2025

Anti-Semitic and anti-Masonic conspiracy theory

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The Aryan breaks the chains of the Jew and the Freemason that held him captive, drawing of 1897 in a book by Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, in France.
French revolution: before and after: satirical drawing by French draftsman Caran d'Ache, 1898, in the middle of the Dreyfus affair and the foundation of Action Française. Although the Ancien Régime is not shown as idyllic, the contemporary situation is shown as an increase of oppression, which technical improvements (notice the plowshare) don't lighten, and to which financial capitalism (the banker with his top hat and his wallet), the Freemason (with his set square and plumb bob) and the Jew (with a curved nose) are contributors.

The Judeo-Masonic conspiracy is an antisemitic and anti-Masonic conspiracy theory involving an alleged secret coalition of Jews and Freemasons. These theories are popular on the far-right, particularly in France, Turkey, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Russia, Serbia, Eastern Europe, and Japan, with similar allegations still being published.

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

The Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory merges two older strains of conspiracy claims: Masonic conspiracy theories claims and antisemitic conspiracy claims. It was heavily influenced by publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a fabricated document that appeared in the Russian Empire purporting to be an exposé of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy. The Protocols claim that the Jews had infiltrated Freemasonry and were using the fraternity to further their aims. Adherents of the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy took the claim made by the Protocols to extremes and claimed that the leaders of Freemasonry and the leaders of the Jewish plot were one and the same.

An example was the Spanish Roman Catholic priest Juan Tusquets Terrats, whose Orígenes de la revolución española and other works built on the Protocols, which he translated, to claim that Jews used Freemasons and communists to undermine Christian and Spanish civilisation, providing a justification for the Francoist régime, which expanded the threat to an international Judeo-Masonic-Communist conspiracy (see also: Jewish Bolshevism).

Conceptual influence

According to Danny Keren, a member of the Department of Computer Science at University of Haifa, the "conceptual inspiration" of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion was the 1797 treatise, Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism by the French priest Augustin Barruel, which claimed the Revolution was a Masonic-led conspiracy with the aim of overthrowing the moral teachings of the Catholic Church. According to Keren:

n his treatise, Barruel did not himself blame the Jews, who were emancipated as a result of the Revolution. However, in 1806, Barruel circulated a fabricated letter, probably sent to him by members of the state police opposed to Napoleon Bonaparte's liberal policy toward the Jews, calling attention to the alleged part of the Jews in the conspiracy he had earlier attributed to the Masons. This myth of an international Jewish conspiracy reappeared later on in 19th century Europe in places such as Germany and Poland.

According to the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon website:

While it is both simplistic and specious to lay the responsibility for the French Revolution at the door of Freemasonry, there is no question that freemasons, as individuals, were active in building, and rebuilding, a new society. Considering the large number of bodies claiming masonic authority, many men identified today as freemasons were probably unaware of each other's masonic association and clearly cannot be seen as acting in concert. Yet they did share certain beliefs and ideals.

French Masonry of the time was exclusive, denying initiation to Jews and many other classes of people.

Barry Domvile and The Link

Retired admiral Barry Domvile, the founder of a British pro-Nazi association, The Link, coined the title "Judmas" for the alleged Judeo-Masonic conspiracy. Domvile claimed that the "activities of Judmas are confined to a small section of both Jews and Masons: the large majority have no idea of the work undertaken behind the façade of Judmas." Domvile alleged that "the aim of these international Jews is a World state kept in subjection by the power of money, and working for its Jewish masters" and that "Masonry is the executive partner for the conduct of Jewish policy."

Domvile said that he first started thinking about a Jewish-Masonic theory as a result of Hitler. Domvile referred both to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and to The Secret Powers Behind Revolution by viscount Léon de Poncins. Domvile was aware that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion had been denounced as a forgery, but regarded their authorship as "immaterial".

Post-Soviet Russia

The Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theories found new currency among the various marginal political forces in post-Soviet Russia, where widespread destitution created fertile ground for conspiracy theories, combined with blood libel and Holocaust denial. These viewpoints are also voiced by several antisemitic writers, notably by Oleg Platonov, Vadim Kozhinov [ru] and Grigory Klimov [ru]. An opinion poll conducted in Moscow circa 1990 has shown that 18% of Moscow residents believed that there is Zionist conspiracy against Russia and further 25% did not exclude such a possibility.

Link to the Bilderberg group

Contemporary conspiracy theorists, who hew to theories centered on the Bilderberg Group and an alleged impending New World Order, often draw upon older concepts found in the Jewish-Masonic conspiracy theory, frequently blaming the Rothschild family or "international bankers". Because of the use of themes and tropes traditionally viewed as antisemitic, these contemporary conspiracy theorists tend to draw the ire of groups sensitive to antisemitic terminology, such as the Anti-Defamation League.

In mass culture

Gallery

  • Catholic France driven by Jews and Freemasons, drawing by Achille Lemot in Le Pèlerin, 1902. Catholic France driven by Jews and Freemasons, drawing by Achille Lemot in Le Pèlerin, 1902.
  • German poster from 1935 saying, "World politics – World revolution. Freemasonry is an international organisation beholden to Jewry with the political goal of establishing Jewish domination through world-wide revolution." German poster from 1935 saying, "World politics – World revolution. Freemasonry is an international organisation beholden to Jewry with the political goal of establishing Jewish domination through world-wide revolution."

See also

References

Citations

  1. "friends-partners.org The development of modern anti-semitism". Friends-partners.org. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  2. Leonidas Donskis (1 January 2003). Forms of Hatred: The Troubled Imagination in Modern Philosophy and Literature. Rodopi. pp. 41–. ISBN 90-420-1066-5.
  3. ^ Williford, Thomas J. (2005). "Chapter IV: Conservative Political Rhetoric: The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy Theory" (PDF). Armando los espiritus: Political Rhetoric in Colombia on the Eve of La Violencia, 1930-1945 (PhD dissertation). Vanderbilt University. hdl:1803/13410.
  4. Marc David Baer (2013). "An Enemy Old and New: The Dönme, Anti-Semitism, and Conspiracy Theories in the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic". Jewish Quarterly Review. 103 (4): 523–555. doi:10.1353/jqr.2013.0033. S2CID 159483845 – via Project MUSE.
  5. "The journal İnkılâp and the appeal of antisemitism in interwar Turkey" by Alexandros Lamprou, Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 58, 2022, pp. 32-47
  6. "Shofar FTP Archives: documents/protocols/protocols.zion". Nizkor.org. 10 February 1993. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  7. ^ "The French Revolution and freemasons". Freemasonry.bcy.ca. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  8. Giffiths, Patriotism Perverted, pp39-42.
    The Link was founded in July 1937 by Domvile, and had nearly 1,800 members by March 1938, and over 4,300 by June 1938.
  9. Domvile, From Admiral to Cabin Boy, p80.
  10. ^ Domvile, From Admiral to Cabin Boy, p81.
  11. ^ Domvile, From Admiral to Cabin Boy, p82.
  12. ^ Domvile, From Admiral to Cabin Boy, p83.
  13. ^ "Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories Spread Globally As World Markets Grapple With Financial Crisis". Adl.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  14. "Antisemitism and Racism – The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary". Tau.ac.il. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  15. Yerofeyev, Viktor (5 December 2008). "Moscow Believes in Conspiracy Theories". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Rferl.org. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  16. "Some Russians still accuse Jews of 'ritual murder' in czar's death | j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California". Jewishsf.com. 19 December 1997. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  17. ^ Knight, Peter (1 January 2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576078129.

Sources

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