Accumulated cyclone energy: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively ← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisual WikitextInline

Revision as of 20:07, 9 September 2009 editProsfilaes (talk \| contribs)Extended confirmed users10,478 edits why remove 2009 until end of season? what does it cost us to have?← Previous edit		Latest revision as of 20:57, 19 January 2025 edit undo58.69.167.206 (talk)No edit summary
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{Short description\|Measure of tropical cyclone activity}}
	'''Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE)''' is a measure used by the ] (NOAA) to express the activity of individual ] and entire tropical cyclone seasons, particularly the North ] ]. It uses an approximation of the energy used by a tropical system over its lifetime and is calculated every six-hour period. The ACE of a season is the sum of the ACEs for each storm and takes into account the number, strength, and duration of all the ] in the season. <ref name="BellEtAl2000"></ref>
			{{more citations needed\|date=April 2019}}
			{{use dmy dates\|date=January 2024}}
			]

			'''Accumulated cyclone energy''' ('''ACE''') is a metric used to compare overall activity of ], utilizing the available records of windspeeds at six-hour intervals to synthesize storm duration and strength into a single index value.<ref name="NWS CPC">{{cite web \|title=Measuring overall activity: The Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index \|url=https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/hurricane2003/August/background_information.html \|website=National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center \|publisher=NOAA \|access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> The ACE index may refer to a single storm or to groups of storms such as those within a particular month, a full season or combined seasons.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Climate Change Indicators: Tropical Cyclone Activity \|url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-tropical-cyclone-activity \|website=United States Environmental Protection Agency \|date=27 June 2016 \|publisher=EPA \|access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> It is calculated by summing the square of tropical cyclones' ], as recorded every six hours, but only for windspeeds of at least tropical storm strength (≥ 34 kn; 63 km/h; 39 mph);<ref name="NHC Glossary">{{cite web \|title=Glossary of NHC Terms\|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutgloss.shtml \|website=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center \|access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> the resulting figure is divided by 10,000 to place it on a more manageable scale.<ref name="NWS CPC"/>
	==Calculation==
	The ACE of a season is calculated by ] the squares of the estimated maximum sustained velocity of every active tropical storm (wind speed {{convert\|35\|kn\|km/h}} or higher), at six-hour intervals. If any storms of a season happen to cross years, the storm's ACE counts for the previous year.<ref></ref> The numbers are usually divided by 10,000 to make them more manageable. The unit of ACE is 10<sup>4</sup> ]<sup>2</sup>, and for use as an index the unit is assumed. Thus:

			The calculation originated as the Hurricane Destruction Potential (HDP) index, which sums the squares of tropical cyclones' maximum sustained winds while at hurricane strength, at least 64 knots (≥ 119 km/h; 74 mph)<ref name="NHC Glossary"/> at six-hour recorded intervals across an entire season.<!-- to calculate the hurricane's destruction potential --><ref name="1988 AHS">{{cite report\|title=Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity for 1988 \|date=May 26, 1988 \|pages=13–14 \|url=https://tropical.colostate.edu/Forecast/Archived_Forecasts/1980s/1988-06.pdf\|publisher=Colorado State University\|author=Gray, William Mason}}</ref> The HDP index was later modified to further include tropical storms, that is, all wind speeds of at least 34 knots (≥ 63 km/h; 39 mph),<ref name="NHC Glossary"/> to become the ''accumulated cyclone energy'' index.<ref name="SOC 1999">{{cite journal \|author1=Bell, Gerald D \|author2=Halpert, Michael S\|author3=Schnell, Russell C\|author4=Higgins, R. Wayne\|author5=Lawrimore, Jay\|author6=Kousky, Vernon E\|author7=Tinker, Richard\|author8=Thiaw, Wasila \|author9=Chelliah, Muthuvel\| author10=Artusa, Anthony\|title=Climate Assessment for 1999\|journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society\| date = June 2000\|volume =81\|issue=6\|pages=S19\|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(2000)812.0.CO;2\|doi-access=free}}</ref>
	: <math>\text{ACE} = 10^{-4} \sum v_\max^2</math>

			The highest ACE calculated for a single tropical cyclone on record worldwide is 87.01, set by ] in 2023.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Real-Time Southern Hemisphere Statistics by Storm for 2022/2023 \|url=http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?loc=southernhemisphere \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311184841/http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?loc=southernhemisphere \|archive-date=11 March 2023 \|access-date=11 March 2023 \|publisher=Colorado State University}}</ref>
	where ''v''<sub>max</sub> is estimated sustained wind speed in knots.

			==History==
	] is proportional to the square of velocity, and by adding together the energy per some interval of time, the accumulated energy is found. As the duration of a storm increases, more values are summed and the ACE also increases such that longer-duration storms may accumulate a larger ACE than more-powerful storms of lesser duration. Although ACE is a value proportional to the energy of the system, it is not a direct calculation of energy (the mass of the moved air and therefore the size of the storm would show up in a real energy calculation).
			The ACE index is an offshoot of Hurricane Destruction Potential (HDP), an index created in 1988 by ] and his associates at ]<ref name="1988 AHS" /> who argued the destructiveness of a hurricane's wind and storm surge is better related to the square of the maximum wind speed (<math>v_\max^2</math>)
			than simply to the maximum wind speed (<math>v_\max</math>).<ref name="1988 AHS" /> The HDP index is calculated by squaring the estimated maximum sustained wind speeds for tropical cyclones while at hurricane strength, that is, wind speeds of at least 64 knots (≥ 119 km/h; 74 mph).<ref name="NHC Glossary"/> The squared windspeeds from six-hourly recorded intervals are then summed across an entire season.<ref name="SOC 1999"/><ref name="1988 AHS" /> This scale was subsequently modified in 1999 by the United States ] (NOAA) to include not only hurricanes but also tropical storms, that is, all cyclones while windspeeds are at least 34 knots (≥ 63 km/h; 39 mph).<ref name="NHC Glossary"/> Since the calculation was more broadly adjusted by NOAA, the index has been used in a number of different ways such as to compare individual storms, and by various agencies and researchers including the Australian ] and the ].<ref name="Variation" /><ref>{{cite report\|title=Weekly Tropical Climate Note July 14, 2020 \|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/tropical-note/archive/20200714.archive.shtml\|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology\|access-date=September 4, 2020\|date=July 14, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904160004/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/tropical-note/archive/20200714.archive.shtml\|archive-date=September 4, 2020\|url-status=live}}</ref> The purposes of the ACE index include to categorize how active tropical cyclone seasons were as well as to identify possible long-term trends in a certain area such as the Lesser Antilles.<ref name="background">{{cite web \|last=Lea, Wood \|first=Adam, Nick \|date=May 5, 2023 \|title=Early May Forecast for Northwest Pacific Typhoon Activity in 2023 \|url=https://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRNWPForecastMay2023.pdf \|archive-url= \|archive-date= \|access-date= \|publisher=Tropical Storm Risk.com}}</ref>

			==Calculation==
	A related quantity is '''hurricane destruction potential''' ('''HDP'''), which is ACE but only calculated for the time where the system is a hurricane. <ref name="BellEtAl2000" />
			''Accumulated cyclone energy'' is calculated by summing the squares of the estimated maximum sustained velocity of tropical cyclones when wind speeds are at least tropical storm strength (≥ 34 kn; 63 km/h; 39 mph)<ref name="NHC Glossary"/> at recorded six-hour intervals. The sums are usually divided by 10,000 to make them more manageable. One unit of ACE equals {{nowrap \| 10<sup>−4</sup> ]<sup>2</sup>,}} and for use as an index the unit is assumed. Thus:

			: <math>\text{ACE} = 10^{-4} \sum v_\max^2</math> (for <math>v_\max</math> ≥ 34 kn),
	==Climatology==
	Measured over the period 1951–2005 for the Atlantic basin:
	* ] annual index: 89.5
	* ] annual index: 102.3

			where <math>v_\max</math> is estimated sustained wind speed in ] at six-hour intervals.<ref name="SOC 1999"/>
	A season's ACE is used to categorize the hurricane season by its activity. NOAA categorisation system<ref></ref> divides them into:
	* ''Above-normal season'': An ACE value above 103 (115% of the current median), provided at least two of the following three parameters exceed the long-term average: number of tropical storms (10), hurricanes (6), and major hurricanes (2).
	* ''Near-normal season'': neither above-normal nor below normal
	* ''Below-normal season'': An ACE value below 66 (74% of the current median)

			] is proportional to the square of velocity. However, unlike the measure defined above, kinetic energy is also proportional to the mass <math>m</math>(corresponding to the size of the storm) and represents an integral of force equal to mass times acceleration, <math>F = m \times a</math>, where acceleration is the antiderivative of velocity, or <math>v_\max</math>. The integral is a difference at the limits of the square antiderivative, rather than a sum of squares at regular intervals. Thus, the term applied to the index, ''accumulated cyclone energy'', is a misnomer since the index is neither a measure of kinetic energy nor "accumulated energy."
	==Individual storms==
	The highest ever ACE estimated for a single storm in the Atlantic is '''73.6''', for ] in ]. This single storm had an ACE higher than many whole Atlantic storm seasons. Other Atlantic storms with high ACEs include ] in ], with an ACE of 70.4, ] in ], with an ACE of 64.6, ] in ] with an ACE of 63.28, and the Great Charleston Hurricane of 1893 with an ACE of 63.5.

			==Atlantic Ocean==
	==ACE index for hurricane seasons 1950–2006==
			]
	]
			{{main\|Atlantic hurricane season}}
			Within the Atlantic Ocean, the United States ] and others use the ACE index of a season to classify the season into one of four categories.<ref>{{cite web \|title= BACKGROUND INFORMATION: NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON \|url= https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/Background.html\|website= NOAA CPC\|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref> These four categories are extremely active, above-normal, near-normal, and below-normal, and are worked out using an approximate quartile partitioning of seasons based on the ACE index over the 70 years between 1951 and 2020.<ref>{{cite web \|title= BACKGROUND INFORMATION: NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON \|url= https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/Background.html\|website= NOAA CPC\|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref> The median value of the ACE index from 1951 to 2020 is 96.7 x 10<sup>4</sup> kt<sup>2</sup><ref>{{cite web \|title= BACKGROUND INFORMATION: NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON \|url= https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/Background.html\|website= NOAA CPC\|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>

	The black line (with the scale on the left) represents the total Accumulated Cyclone Energy Index for the entire Atlantic season, and the red line (with the scale on the right) is the average ACE per storm for that season.

			{\| class="wikitable"
	==Atlantic hurricane seasons 1950–2009 by ACE index ==
			\|+ Classification criteria
	The term ''hyperactive'' is used by Goldenberg ''et al.'' (2001) <ref></ref><ref>. ''The Recent Increase in Atlantic Hurricane Activity: Causes and Implications''</ref> based on a different weighting algorithm<ref></ref> which places more weight on major hurricanes, but typically equating to an ACE of about 153 (171% of the current median).
			! Category !! ACE Index !! % of 1951–2020<br>median
			\|-
			\| Extremely active \|\| > 159.6 \|\| > 165%
			\|-
			\| Above-normal \|\| 126.1–159.6 \|\| 130%–165%
			\|-
			\| Near-normal \|\| 73.0–126.1 \|\| 75%–130%
			\|-
			\| Below-normal \|\| < 73.0 \|\| < 75%
			\|-
			\| colspan=6 style="text-align:center;" \|'''Reference:'''<ref>{{cite web \|title= BACKGROUND INFORMATION: NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON \|url= https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/Background.html\|website= NOAA CPC\|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>
			\|}

			{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	:{\|
			\|+ Top 10 Atlantic hurricane seasons
	! Key
			! scope="col" \| Season
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ACE
	\|-		\|-
			\| ] \|\| 20 \|\| 11 \|\| 6 \|\| 258.57
	\| • ACE
	\| Accumulated cyclone energy
	\|-		\|-
			\| ] \|\| 28 \|\| 15 \|\| 7 \|\| 245.3
	\| • TS
	\| Number of tropical storms
	\|-		\|-
			\| ] \|\| 12 \|\| 10 \|\| 5 \|\| 231.15
	\| • HR
	\| Number of hurricanes (] 1 – 5)
	\|-		\|-
			\| ] \|\| 11 \|\| 8 \|\| 6 \|\| 229.56
	\| • MH
	\| Number of major hurricanes (Category 3 – 5)
	\|-		\|-
			\| ] \|\| 19 \|\| 11 \|\| 5 \|\| 227.10
	\|
	\|-		\|-
			\| ] \|\| 15 \|\| 9 \|\| 6 \|\| 226.88
	\|colspan=2\| (Fields with record values are in '''bold''')
			\|-
			\| ] \|\| 17 \|\| 10 \|\| 6 \|\| 224.88
			\|-
			\| ] \|\| 16 \|\| 11 \|\| 6 \|\| 211.28
			\|-
			\| ] \|\| 12 \|\| 8 \|\| 5 \|\| 188.9
			\|-
			\| ] \|\| 14 \|\| 10 \|\| 3 \|\| 181.76
	\|}		\|}

			===Individual storms in the Atlantic===
	For definitions of the terms "above", "near", and "below" normal, see the ] above.
			The highest ever ACE estimated for a single storm in the Atlantic is 73.6, for the ] in ]. A Category 4 hurricane which lasted for four weeks, this single storm had an ACE higher than many whole Atlantic storm seasons. Other Atlantic storms with high ACEs include ] in ], with an ACE of 70.4, ] in ], with an ACE of 64.9,<!--Please refer to Talk:2017 Atlantic hurricane season/ACE calcs--> the ], with an ACE of 63.5, ] in ], with an ACE of 63.3, and the ], with an ACE of 59.8.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}

			Since 1950, the highest ACE of a tropical storm was ] in ], which attained an ACE of 9.4.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Real-Time North Atlantic Ocean Statistics compared with climatology \|url=http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?loc=northatlantic \|access-date=2023-10-05 \|website=tropical.atmos.colostate.edu}}</ref> The highest ACE of a Category 1 hurricane was ] in ], which attained an ACE of 26.3. The record for lowest ACE of a tropical storm is jointly held by ] in ] and ] in ], both of which were tropical storms for only six hours and had an ACE of just 0.1225. The lowest ACE of any hurricane was ]'s ], which was only a hurricane for six hours, and ]'s ], which was a hurricane for twelve hours; Cindy had an ACE of just 1.5175 and Lorenzo had a lower ACE of only 1.475. The lowest ACE of a major hurricane (Category 3 or higher), was ] in ], with an ACE of 5.3.<ref name="Individual ACE">{{cite web\|title=Atlantic hurricanes by ACE - 1950-2012\|url=http://policlimate.com/tropical/atlantic_storms_ace_maxw.dat\|website=Policlimate\|access-date=7 August 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810205229/http://policlimate.com/tropical/atlantic_storms_ace_maxw.dat\|archive-date=10 August 2017\|url-status=dead}}</ref>
			The following table shows those storms in the Atlantic basin from 1851–2021 that have attained over 50 points of ACE.<ref name="Individual ACE"/>

	{\| class="wikitable sortable~~" border="1~~"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
			!Storm
			!Year
			!]
			!ACE
			!Duration
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	!Season!!ACE!!TS!!HR!!MH!!Classification
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|73.6
			\|28 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|'''248'''\|\|'''28'''<!-- Subtropical storms are included, just not in the ACE -->\|\|'''15'''\|\|7\|\|Above normal (''hyperactive'')
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|5}}\|{{center\|Category 5 hurricane}}
			\|70.4
			\|23 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|243\|\|13\|\|11\|\|'''8'''\|\|Above normal (''hyperactive'')
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|5}}\|{{center\|Category 5 hurricane}}
			\|64.9<!--Please refer to Talk:2017 Atlantic hurricane season/ACE calcs-->
			\|13 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|228\|\|19\|\|11\|\|5\|\|Above normal (''hyperactive'')
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|3}}\|{{center\|Category 3 hurricane}}
			\|63.5
			\|20 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|225\|\|14\|\|9\|\|6\|\|Above normal (''hyperactive'')
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|5}}\|{{center\|Category 5 hurricane}}
			\|63.3
			\|14 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|205\|\|11\|\|8\|\|7\|\|Above normal (''hyperactive'')
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|5}}\|{{center\|Category 5 hurricane}}
			\|59.8
			\|15 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|199\|\|12\|\|9\|\|6\|\|Above normal (''hyperactive'')
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|57.6
			\|16 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|182\|\|14\|\|10\|\|3\|\|Above normal (''hyperactive'')
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|55.8
			\|21 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|177\|\|12\|\|8\|\|5\|\|Above normal (''hyperactive'')
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|5}}\|{{center\|Category 5 hurricane}}
			\|54.6
			\|21 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|175\|\|16\|\|7\|\|3\|\|Above normal (''hyperactive'')
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|53.8
			\|14 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|170\|\|12\|\|6\|\|6\|\|Above normal (''hyperactive'')
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|53.7
			\|15 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|166\|\|13\|\|9\|\|6\|\|Above normal (''hyperactive'')
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|5}}\|{{center\|Category 5 hurricane}}
			\|52.3
			\|12 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|158\|\|17\|\|12\|\|5\|\|Above normal (''hyperactive'')
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|5}}\|{{center\|Category 5 hurricane}}
			\|52.2
			\|18 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|147\|\|11\|\|9\|\|2\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor={{storm colour\|5}}\|{{center\|Category 5 hurricane}}
			\|50.9
			\|12 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|}
	\|]\|\|145\|\|11\|\|7\|\|3\|\|Above normal

			===Historical ACE in recorded Atlantic hurricane history===
			<div style="float:right;padding-top:1em">
			{{ #invoke:Chart \| bar chart
			\| delimiter = /
			\| group 1 =
			211
			/ 127
			/ 87
			/ 104
			/ 113
			/ 165
			/ 54
			/ 84
			/ 121
			/ 77
			/ 88
			/ 189
			/ 36
			/ 118
			/ 154
			/ 84
			/ 145
			/ 122
			/ 35
			/ 166
			/ 34
			/ 97
			/ 28
			/ 43
			/ 61
			/ 73
			/ 81
			/ 25
			/ 62
			/ 91
			/ 147
			/ 93
			/ 29
			/ 17
			/ 71
			/ 88
			/ 36
			/ 34
			/ 103
			/ 135
			/ 91
			/ 34
			/ 75
			/ 39
			/ 32
			/ 228
			/ 166
			/ 40
			/ 182
			/ 176
			/ 116
			/ 106
			/ 67
			/ 177
			/ 227
			/ 245
			/ 79
			/ 72
			/ 144
			/ 53
			/ 165
			/ 126
			/ 132
			/ 36
			/ 67
			/ 63
			/ 142
			/ 225
			/ 132
			/ 132
			/ 180
			/ 145
			/ 93
			/ 139
			/ 160
			\| tooltip 1 =
			1950: 211
			/ 1951: 127
			/ 1952: 87
			/ 1953: 104
			/ 1954: 113
			/ 1955: 165
			/ 1956: 54
			/ 1957: 84
			/ 1958: 121
			/ 1959: 77
			/ 1960: 88
			/ 1961: 189
			/ 1962: 36
			/ 1963: 118
			/ 1964: 153
			/ 1965: 84
			/ 1966: 145
			/ 1967: 122
			/ 1968: 35
			/ 1969: 149
			/ 1970: 34
			/ 1971: 97
			/ 1972: 28
			/ 1973: 43
			/ 1974: 61
			/ 1975: 73
			/ 1976: 81
			/ 1977: 25
			/ 1978: 62
			/ 1979: 91
			/ 1980: 148
			/ 1981: 93
			/ 1982: 29
			/ 1983: 17
			/ 1984: 71
			/ 1985: 88
			/ 1986: 36
			/ 1987: 34
			/ 1988: 103
			/ 1989: 135
			/ 1990: 91
			/ 1991: 34
			/ 1992: 75
			/ 1993: 39
			/ 1994: 32
			/ 1995: 228
			/ 1996: 166
			/ 1997: 40
			/ 1998: 182
			/ 1999: 177
			/ 2000: 116
			/ 2001: 106
			/ 2002: 67
			/ 2003: 176
			/ 2004: 227
			/ 2005: 245
			/ 2006: 79
			/ 2007: 72
			/ 2008: 144
			/ 2009: 53
			/ 2010: 165
			/ 2011: 126
			/ 2012: 132
			/ 2013: 36
			/ 2014: 67
			/ 2015: 63
			/ 2016: 141
			/ 2017: 225
			/ 2018: 132
			/ 2019: 132
			/ 2020: 180
			/ 2021: 146
			/ 2022: 93
			/ 2023: 139
			/ 2024: 160
			\| group names = Accumulated Cyclone Energy
			\| x legends = 1950 ////////// 1960 ////////// 1970 ////////// 1980 ////////// 1990 ////////// 2000 ////////// 2010 ////////// 2020 ////
			}}
			</div>
			There is an undercount bias of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes before the satellite era (prior to the mid–1960s), due to the difficulty in identifying storms.

			'''Classification criteria'''
			{{legend\|Salmon\|Extremely active\|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
			{{legend\|Gold\|Above-normal\|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
			{{legend\|White\|Near-normal\|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
			{{legend\|Cyan\|Below-normal\|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
			{\| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
			\|+ Accumulated Cyclone Energy - Atlantic <ref>{{cite web \|title=Real-Time Tropical Cyclone North Atlantic Ocean Statistics \|url=https://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?arch&loc=northatlantic \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129211326/https://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/ \|archive-date=November 29, 2023 \|access-date=April 29, 2024 \|publisher=Colorado State University \|location=Fort Collins, Colorado}}</ref>
			! scope="col" \| Season
			! scope="col" \| ACE
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| Classification
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|36.24
			\|6
			\|3
			\|1
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:cyan;"
	\|]\|\|145\|\|16\|\|8\|\|5\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|73.28
			\|5
			\|5
			\|1
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
	\|]\|\|137\|\|10\|\|8\|\|5\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|76.49
			\|8
			\|4
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|31.00
			\|5
			\|3
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|18.12
			\|5
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|48.94
			\|6
			\|4
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|46.84
			\|4
			\|3
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|44.79
			\|6
			\|6
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|55.73
			\|8
			\|7
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|62.06
			\|7
			\|6
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|49.71
			\|8
			\|6
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|46.03
			\|6
			\|3
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|50.35
			\|9
			\|5
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|26.55
			\|5
			\|3
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|49.13
			\|7
			\|3
			\|0
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|135\|\|11\|\|7\|\|2\|\|Above normal~~		\|]
			\|83.65
			\|7
			\|6
			\|1
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|59.97
			\|9
			\|7
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|34.65
			\|4
			\|3
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|51.02
			\|10
			\|7
			\|1
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|122\|\|8\|\|6\|\|1\|\|Near normal<!-- does not EXCEED two of the following three:10-6-2 -->~~		\|]
			\|87.8
			\|11
			\|10
			\|2
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|121\|\|10\|\|7\|\|5\|\|Above normal~~		\|]
			\|88.39
			\|8
			\|6
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|65.38
			\|5
			\|4
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|69.47
			\|5
			\|3
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|47.05
			\|7
			\|4
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|72.48
			\|6
			\|5
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|56.05
			\|5
			\|4
			\|2
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:cyan;"
	\|]\|\|118\|\|9\|\|7\|\|2\|\|Near normal<!-- does not EXCEED two of the following three:10-6-2 -->
			\|]
			\|73.36
			\|8
			\|3
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|180.85
			\|12
			\|10
			\|2
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|63.63
			\|8
			\|6
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|131.08
			\|11
			\|9
			\|2
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|59.25
			\|7
			\|4
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|59.4675
			\|6
			\|4
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|-style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|66.7
			\|4
			\|3
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|-style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|72.06
			\|4
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|58.3
			\|8
			\|6
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|166.165
			\|12
			\|10
			\|4
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|181.26
			\|19
			\|11
			\|2
			\|Extremely active
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|116\|\|14\|\|8\|\|3\|\|Above normal~~		\|]
			\|84.945
			\|9
			\|6
			\|2
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|113\|\|11\|\|8\|\|2\|\|Above normal~~		\|]
			\|104.0425
			\|9
			\|6
			\|0
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|33.345
			\|4
			\|2
			\|1
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:gold;"
	\|]\|\|106\|\|15\|\|9\|\|4\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|116.105
			\|10
			\|7
			\|1
			\|Above normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:gold;"
	\|]\|\|104\|\|14\|\|6\|\|4\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|115.8375
			\|9
			\|5
			\|0
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|231.1475
			\|12
			\|10
			\|5
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|135.42
			\|7
			\|5
			\|4
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|68.765
			\|6
			\|2
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|136.0825
			\|7
			\|6
			\|2
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|54.54
			\|6
			\|3
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:gold;"
			\|]
			\|113.2375
			\|11
			\|5
			\|1
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|151.025
			\|10
			\|5
			\|2
			\|Above normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|103\|\|12\|\|5\|\|3\|\|Above normal~~		\|]
			\|83.345
			\|7
			\|3
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|98.975
			\|13
			\|6
			\|0
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|32.65
			\|5
			\|3
			\|0
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]\|\|~~97\|\|13\|\|6~~\|\|1\|\|Near normal		\|]
			\|102.07
			\|10
			\|7
			\|1
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|30.345
			\|6
			\|4
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|28.3775
			\|5
			\|1
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|162.88
			\|11
			\|6
			\|3
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|13.06
			\|5
			\|0
			\|0
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]\|~~\|93\|\|~~11\|\|~~7\|\|3~~\|\|Near normal		\|]
			\|95.11
			\|10
			\|6
			\|1
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]\|\|~~91\|\|8\|\|5\|~~\|2\|\|Near normal		\|]
			\|93.34
			\|12
			\|6
			\|4
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|63.9
			\|5
			\|3
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|34.2875
			\|6
			\|3
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|57.2625
			\|7
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|35.595
			\|6
			\|4
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|2.53
			\|1
			\|0
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|130.095
			\|6
			\|5
			\|3
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|144.0125
			\|15
			\|10
			\|5
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|60.6675
			\|4
			\|2
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|39.8725
			\|6
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|55.04
			\|5
			\|2
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|29.81
			\|5
			\|4
			\|0
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]\|\|~~91\|\|14\|\|8\|~~\|1\|\|Near normal		\|]
			\|86.53
			\|7
			\|5
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|54.515
			\|5
			\|3
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|49.31
			\|9
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]\|\|~~88\|\|7\|\|4~~\|\|2\|\|Near normal		\|]
			\|100.1875
			\|11
			\|5
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|7.2525
			\|4
			\|1
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|229.5575
			\|11
			\|8
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|56.4775
			\|8
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|88\|\|11\|\|7\|\|3\|\|Near normal~~		\|]
			\|83.475
			\|6
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|48.0675
			\|5
			\|3
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|49.7725
			\|3
			\|2
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|47.835
			\|13
			\|3
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|169.6625
			\|15
			\|6
			\|4
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|258.57
			\|20
			\|11
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
	\|-		\|-
	\|]\|\|~~87\|~~\|7\|~~\|6\|\|3\|~~\|Near normal		\|]
			\|79.0675
			\|13
			\|7
			\|1
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|84\|\|6\|\|4\|\|1\|\|Near normal~~		\|]
			\|106.2125
			\|8
			\|5
			\|3
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]\|\|~~84\|\|8\|\|3\|~~\|2\|\|Near normal		\|]
			\|99.775
			\|17
			\|7
			\|1
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|65.85
			\|11
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
	\|]\|\|81\|\|8\|\|6\|\|2\|\|Near normal
			\|]
			\|77.575
			\|9
			\|4
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|43.6825
			\|6
			\|3
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|-style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|67.79
			\|9
			\|6
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|51.765
			\|6
			\|4
			\|3
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|62.485
			\|11
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]\|~~\|79\|~~\|10\|\|5\|\|2\|\|Near normal		\|]
			\|94.01
			\|10
			\|5
			\|2
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|77\|\|11\|\|7\|\|2\|\|Near normal~~		\|]
			\|104.4525
			\|14
			\|8
			\|3
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|63.415
			\|11
			\|5
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|19.6125
			\|7
			\|3
			\|0
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]\|\|~~75\|\|6\|\|4\|~~\|1\|\|Near normal		\|]
			\|88.49
			\|10
			\|5
			\|2
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]\|\|~~73\|\|8\|~~\|6\|~~\|3\|~~\|Near normal		\|]
			\|94.9775
			\|10
			\|6
			\|4
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]\|\|~~72\|\|15\|\|6~~\|\|2\|\|Near normal		\|]
			\|96.4475
			\|16
			\|7
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|211.2825
			\|16
			\|11
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|126.325
			\|12
			\|8
			\|3
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|69.08
			\|11
			\|5
			\|2
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|71\|\|12\|\|5\|\|1\|\|Near normal~~		\|]
			\|98.5075
			\|14
			\|7
			\|3
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:gold;"
	\|]\|\|65\|\|12\|\|4\|\|2\|\|Below normal
			\|]
			\|110.88
			\|16
			\|7
			\|3
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|158.17
			\|13
			\|9
			\|4
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|56.6725
			\|12
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|62\|\|11\|\|5\|\|2\|\|Below normal~~		\|]
			\|78.6625
			\|8
			\|3
			\|2
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|61\|\|7\|\|4\|\|2\|\|Below normal~~		\|]
			\|109.6925
			\|12
			\|7
			\|3
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
	\|]\|\|54\|\|8\|\|4\|\|2\|\|Below normal
			\|]
			\|77.1075
			\|14
			\|7
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|72.9
			\|8
			\|4
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|188.9
			\|12
			\|8
			\|5
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|35.5675
			\|7
			\|4
			\|0
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
	\|]\|\|43\|\|7\|\|4\|\|1\|\|Below normal
			\|]
			\|117.9325
			\|10
			\|7
			\|3
			\|Above normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
	\|]\|\|40\|\|7\|\|3\|\|1\|\|Below normal
			\|]
			\|153
			\|13
			\|7
			\|5
			\|Above normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|39\|\|8\|\|4\|\|1\|\|Below normal~~		\|]
			\|84.33
			\|10
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|145.2175
			\|15
			\|7
			\|3
			\|Above normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
	\|]\|\|36\|\|5\|\|3\|\|1\|\|Below normal
			\|]
			\|121.705
			\|13
			\|6
			\|1
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|45.0725
			\|9
			\|5
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|149
			\|18
			\|12
			\|3
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|40.18
			\|14
			\|7
			\|2
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|36\|\|6\|\|4\|\|0\|\|Below normal~~		\|]
			\|96.5275
			\|13
			\|6
			\|1
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|35.605
			\|7
			\|3
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|47.85
			\|8
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|68.125
			\|11
			\|4
			\|2
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
	\|]\|\|35\|\|7\|\|4\|\|0\|\|Below normal
			\|]
			\|76.0625
			\|9
			\|6
			\|3
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]\|~~\|34\|~~\|10\|~~\|5\|~~\|2\|~~\|Below~~ normal		\|]
			\|84.1725
			\|10
			\|6
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|25.3175
			\|6
			\|5
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|63.2175
			\|12
			\|5
			\|2
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|34\|\|7\|\|3\|\|1\|\|Below normal~~		\|]
			\|92.9175
			\|9
			\|6
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|148.9375
			\|11
			\|9
			\|2
			\|Above normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|34\|\|8\|\|4\|\|2\|\|Below normal~~		\|]
			\|100.3275
			\|12
			\|7
			\|3
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|31.5025
			\|6
			\|2
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|17.4025
			\|4
			\|3
			\|1
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|32\|\|7\|\|3\|\|0\|\|Below normal~~		\|]
			\|84.295
			\|13
			\|5
			\|1
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|30\|\|5\|\|1\|\|1\|\|'''''Currently active'''''~~		\|]
			\|87.9825
			\|11
			\|7
			\|3
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|35.7925
			\|6
			\|4
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|34.36
			\|7
			\|3
			\|1
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|29\|\|5\|\|2\|\|1\|\|Below normal~~		\|]
			\|102.9925
			\|12
			\|5
			\|3
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|135.125
			\|11
			\|7
			\|2
			\|Above normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|28\|\|4\|\|3\|\|0\|\|Below normal~~		\|]
			\|96.8025
			\|14
			\|8
			\|1
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|35.5375
			\|8
			\|4
			\|2
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
	\|]\|\|25\|\|6\|\|5\|\|1\|\|Below normal
			\|]
			\|76.2225
			\|7
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|38.665
			\|8
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|32.02
			\|7
			\|3
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|227.1025
			\|19
			\|11
			\|5
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|166.1825
			\|13
			\|9
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|40.9275
			\|8
			\|3
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|181.7675
			\|14
			\|10
			\|3
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|176.5275
			\|12
			\|8
			\|5
			\|Extremely active
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:gold;"
	\|]\|\|17\|\|4\|\|3\|\|1\|\|Below normal
			\|]
			\|119.1425
			\|15
			\|8
			\|3
			\|Above normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:gold;"
			\|]
			\|110.32
			\|15
			\|9
			\|4
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|67.9925
			\|12
			\|4
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|176.84
			\|16
			\|7
			\|3
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|226.88
			\|15
			\|9
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|245.3
			\|28
			\|15
			\|7
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|]
			\|78.535
			\|10
			\|5
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:cyan;"
			\|]
			\|73.885
			\|15
			\|6
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|145.7175
			\|16
			\|8
			\|5
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|52.58
			\|9
			\|3
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|165.4825
			\|19
			\|12
			\|5
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|126.3025
			\|19
			\|7
			\|4
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|132.6325
			\|19
			\|10
			\|2
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|36.12
			\|14
			\|2
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|-- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|66.725
			\|8
			\|6
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|62.685
			\|11
			\|4
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|141.2525
			\|15
			\|7
			\|4
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|224.8775
			\|17
			\|10
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style='background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|132.5825
			\|15
			\|8
			\|2
			\|Above normal
			\|-
			\|- style='background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|132.2025
			\|18
			\|6
			\|3
			\|Above normal
			\|-
			\|- style='background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|180.3725
			\|30
			\|14
			\|7
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style='background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|145.5575
			\|21
			\|7
			\|4
			\|Above normal
			\|-
			\|- style=
			\|]
			\|94.4225
			\|14
			\|8
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|- style='background:Gold;"
			\|]
			\|145.5565
			\|20
			\|7
			\|3
			\|Above normal
			\|- style='background:Salmon;'
			\|]
			\|161.63
			\|18
			\|11
			\|5
			\|Extremely active
	\|}		\|}

			==Eastern Pacific==
	Mean 1950 – 2005: 102.3<BR>Median 1950 – 2005: 89.5
			{{main\|Pacific hurricane}}
			{{Highest ACE Pacific hurricane seasons}}
			Within the Eastern Pacific Ocean, the United States ] and others use the ACE index of a season to classify the season into one of three categories.<ref name="EPAC background">{{cite web\|publisher=United States Climate Prediction Center\|title=Background information: Eastern Pacific Hurricane Season\|date=May 22, 2019\|url=https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/Background.html\|access-date=August 22, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724071552/https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/Background.html\|archive-date=July 24, 2020\|url-status=live}}</ref> These four categories are extremely active, above-, near-, and below-normal and are worked out using an approximate tercile partitioning of seasons based on the ACE index and the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes over the 30 years between 1991 and 2020.<ref name="EPAC background"/>

			For a season to be defined as above-normal, the ACE index criterion and two or more of the other criteria given in the table below must be satisfied.<ref name="EPAC background"/>
	==East Pacific ACE==
	Accumulated Cyclone Energy is also used in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean. Data on ACE is considered reliable starting with the ]. The season with the highest ACE since 1971 is the ]. The ] has the lowest ACE. The most recent above-normal season is the ], the most recent near-normal season is the ], and the most recent below normal season is the ]. <ref></ref> The 35 year median 1971–2005 is 115 x 10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup> (100 in the EPAC zone east of 140°W, 13 in the CPAC zone); the mean is 130 (112 + 18).

			The mean value of the ACE index from 1991 to 2020 is 108.7 × 10<sup>4</sup> kt<sup>2</sup>, while the median value is 97.2 × 10<sup>4</sup> kt<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="EPAC background"/>
	The (unofficial) categorisation of seasons for this table is based ''mutatis mutandis'' on that used in the Atlantic basin:
	* ''Above-normal season'': An ACE value above 135 (117% of the median), provided at least two of the following three parameters exceed the long-term average: number of tropical storms (16), hurricanes (9), and major hurricanes (4).
	* ''Near-normal season'': neither above-normal nor below normal
	* ''Below-normal season'': An ACE value below 86 (75% of the median)

			{\| class="wikitable"
	{{Double image stack\|right\|Pdoindex 1900 present.png\|Hist east pac ace trend 1971-2007.gif\|250\|Observed monthly values for the ] index, 1900–''present''.\|Historical East Pacific Seasonal Activity, 1971–2007.}}
			\|+ Classification criteria
			! scope="col" \| Category
			! scope="col" \| ACE Index
			! scope="col" \| % of 1991–2020<br>median
			! scope="col" \| Tropical<br>storms
			! scope="col" \| Hurricanes
			! scope="col" \| Major<br>hurricanes
			\|-style="background:salmon
			! Extremely active
			\|> 170 \|\| > 180% \|\| 22 or more \|\| 10-16 or more \|\| 9-11 or more
			\|-
			\|- style="background:gold;"
			!Above-normal
			\|110-169 \|\| 110%–175% \|\| 15-19 or more \|\| 8 or more \|\| 6 or more
			\|-
			!Near normal
			\|80–110 \|\| 80–112% \|\| 10-19 or fewer \|\| 9 or fewer \|\| 2-5 or fewer
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			!Below-normal
			\|< 22-80 \|\| < 75% \|\|colspan=3 {{N/A}}
			\|-
			\| colspan=6 style="text-align:center;" \|'''Reference:'''<ref name="EPAC background"/>
			\|}

			===Individual storms in the Pacific===
			The highest ever ACE estimated for a single storm in the Eastern or Central Pacific, while located east of the ] is 62.8, for ] of ]. Other Eastern Pacific storms with high ACEs include ] in ], with an ACE of 54.0, ] in ], with an ACE of 52.1, and ] of ], with an ACE of 50.5.<ref name="HURDAT2 - EPAC/CPAC">{{cite web \|title=Eastern Pacific Best Track Data - (1949 - present) \|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-nepac-1949-2017-050418.txt \|publisher=National Hurricane Center \|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>

			The following table shows those storms in the Eastern and Central Pacific basins from 1971 through 2023 that have attained over 30 points of ACE.<ref name="Individual Storms - EPAC">{{cite web \|last1=Webb \|first1=Eric \|title=Hurricane Hector 2018 - Discussion \|url=https://twitter.com/webberweather/status/1027734105251885057 \|website=Twitter \|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>

	{\| class="wikitable sortable~~" border="1~~"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
			!Storm
			!Year
			!]
			!ACE
			!Duration
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	!Season!!ACE!!TS!!HR!!MH!!Classification
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|62.8
			\|20 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|] {{dagger}}
	\|]\|\|290\|\|27\|\|16\|\|10\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|5}}\|{{center\|Category 5 hurricane}}
			\|54.0<!-- Only includes ACE while east of 180W -->
			\|19 days<!-- Only includes time spent while east of 180W -->
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|249\|\|21\|\|16\|\|6\|\|Above normal~~		\|]
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|52.1
			\|17 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|] {{dagger}}
	\|]\|\|207\|\|19\|\|14\|\|7\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|50.5<!-- Only includes ACE while east of 180W -->
			\|13 days<!-- Only includes time spent while east of 180W -->
	\|-		\|-
			\|] {{dagger}}
	\|]\|\|206\|\|21\|\|12\|\|8\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|48.4<!-- Only includes ACE while east of 180W -->
			\|12 days<!-- Only includes ACE while east of 180W -->
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|201\|\|15\|\|11\|\|9\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|47.7
			\|22 days
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|193\|\|21\|\|13\|\|7\|\|Above normal~~		\|]
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|45.8
			\|16 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|192\|\|23\|\|13\|\|8\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|5}}\|{{center\|Category 5 hurricane}}
			\|44.2
			\|13 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|] {{dagger}}
	\|]\|\|185\|\|20\|\|10\|\|5\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|41.4<!-- Only includes ACE while east of 180W -->
			\|13 days<!-- Only includes time spent while east of 180W -->
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|178\|\|14\|\|10\|\|5\|\|Above normal~~		\|]
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|40.0
			\|15 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|167\|\|19\|\|9\|\|7\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|5}}\|{{center\|Category 5 hurricane}}
			\|40.0
			\|16 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|161\|\|23\|\|12\|\|5\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|39.6
			\|12 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|155\|\|19\|\|11\|\|6\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|36.6
			\|12 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|139\|\|18\|\|12\|\|6\|\|Above normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|36.3
			\|16 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|136\|\|14\|\|8\|\|4\|\|Near normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|35.5
			\|13 days
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|133\|\|13\|\|9\|\|6\|\|Near normal~~		\|]
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|35.4
			\|14 days
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|132\|\|20\|\|10\|\|4\|\|Near normal~~		\|]
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|34.6
			\|12 days
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|124\|\|15\|\|8\|\|6\|\|Near normal~~		\|]
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|34.5
			\|12 days
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|121\|\|15\|\|9\|\|5\|\|Near normal~~		\|]
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|34.3
			\|16 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|] {{dagger}}
	\|]\|\|114\|\|12\|\|7\|\|3\|\|Near normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|5}}\|{{center\|Category 5 hurricane}}
			\|34.2<!-- Only includes ACE while east of 180W -->
			\|7 days<!-- Only includes time spent while east of 180W -->
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|114\|\|15\|\|7\|\|3\|\|Near normal~~		\|]
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|33.1
			\|14 days
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|112\|\|17\|\|9\|\|4\|\|Near normal~~		\|]
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|32.4
			\|12 days
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|110\|\|17\|\|9\|\|4\|\|Near normal~~		\|]
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|32.3
			\|13 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|]
	\|]\|\|107\|\|17\|\|9\|\|3\|\|Near normal
			\|]
			\|bgcolor=#{{storm colour\|4}}\|{{center\|Category 4 hurricane}}
			\|31.2
			\|9 days
	\|-		\|-
			\|}
	\|]\|\|100\|\|10\|\|7\|\|3\|\|Near normal
			{{dagger}} – Indicates that the storm formed in the Eastern/Central Pacific, but crossed 180°W at least once; therefore, only the ACE and number of days spent in the Eastern/Central Pacific are included.

			===Historical ACE in recorded Pacific hurricane history===
			<div style="float:right;padding-top:1em">
			{{ #invoke:Chart \| bar chart
			\| delimiter = /
			\| group 1 =
			139
			/ 136
			/ 114
			/ 90
			/ 112
			/ 121
			/ 22
			/ 207
			/ 57
			/ 77
			/ 72
			/ 161
			/ 206
			/ 193
			/ 192
			/ 107
			/ 132
			/ 127
			/ 110
			/ 245
			/ 178
			/ 295
			/ 201
			/ 185
			/ 100
			/ 53
			/ 167
			/ 134
			/ 90
			/ 95
			/ 90
			/ 124
			/ 56
			/ 71
			/ 96
			/ 155
			/ 52
			/ 83
			/ 125
			/ 49
			/ 118
			/ 98
			/ 76
			/ 198
			/ 286
			/ 183
			/ 100
			/ 318
			/ 97
			/ 73
			/ 93
			/ 116
			/ 164
			/ 82
			\| tooltip 1 =
			1971: 139
			/ 1972: 136
			/ 1973: 114
			/ 1974: 90
			/ 1975: 112
			/ 1976: 121
			/ 1977: 22
			/ 1978: 207
			/ 1979: 57
			/ 1980: 77
			/ 1981: 72
			/ 1982: 161
			/ 1983: 206
			/ 1984: 193
			/ 1985: 192
			/ 1986: 107
			/ 1987: 132
			/ 1988: 127
			/ 1989: 110
			/ 1990: 245
			/ 1991: 178
			/ 1992: 295
			/ 1993: 201
			/ 1994: 185
			/ 1995: 100
			/ 1996: 53
			/ 1997: 167
			/ 1998: 134
			/ 1999: 90
			/ 2000: 95
			/ 2001: 90
			/ 2002: 124
			/ 2003: 56
			/ 2004: 71
			/ 2005: 96
			/ 2006: 155
			/ 2007: 52
			/ 2008: 83
			/ 2009: 125
			/ 2010: 49
			/ 2011: 118
			/ 2012: 98
			/ 2013: 76
			/ 2014: 198
			/ 2015: 286
			/ 2016: 183
			/ 2017: 100
			/ 2018: 318
			/ 2019: 97
			/ 2020: 73
			/ 2021: 93
			/ 2022: 116
			/ 2023: 164
			/ 2024: 82
			\| group names = Accumulated Cyclone Energy
			\| x legends = 1971 ///////// 1980 ////////// 1990 ////////// 2000 ////////// 2010 ///////// 2020 /////
			}}
			</div>
			{{Multiple image\|direction=vertical\|align=right\|image1=PDO.svg\|image2=Hist east pac ace trend 1981-2015.gif\|width=250\|caption1=Observed monthly values for the ] index, 1900–''present''.\|caption2=Historical East Pacific Seasonal Activity, 1981–2015.}}

			Data on ACE is considered reliable starting with the ].

			'''Classification criteria'''
			{{legend\|Salmon\|Extremely active\|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
			{{legend\|Gold\|Above-normal\|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
			{{legend\|White\|Near-normal\|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
			{{legend\|Cyan\|Below-normal\|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
			{\| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
			\|+ Accumulated Cyclone Energy - Pacific
			! scope="col" \| Season
			! scope="col" \| ACE
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| Classification
			\|- style="background:gold;"
			!]
			\|139
			\|18
			\|12
			\|6
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:gold;"
			!]
			\|136
			\|14
			\|8
			\|4
			\|Above normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
	\|]\|\|96\|\|15\|\|7\|\|2\|\|Near normal
			!]
			\|114
			\|12
			\|7
			\|3
			\|Above normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]\|\|~~95\|\|19\|\|6\|~~\|2\|\|Near normal		!]
			\|90
			\|18
			\|11
			\|3
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
	\|]\|\|90\|\|18\|\|11\|\|3\|\|Near normal
			!]
			\|112
			\|17
			\|9
			\|4
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			!]
			\|121
			\|15
			\|9
			\|5
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			!]
			\|22
			\|8
			\|4
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			!]
			\|207
			\|19
			\|14
			\|7
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			!]
			\|57
			\|10
			\|6
			\|4
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:cyan;"
			!]
			\|77
			\|14
			\|7
			\|3
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			!]
			\|72
			\|15
			\|8
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			!]
			\|161
			\|23
			\|12
			\|5
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			!]
			\|206
			\|21
			\|12
			\|8
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			!]
			\|193
			\|21
			\|13
			\|7
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			!]
			\|192
			\|24
			\|13
			\|8
			\|Extremely active
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:white;"
	\|]\|\|90\|\|9\|\|6\|\|2\|\|Near normal
			!]
			\|107
			\|17
			\|9
			\|3
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			!]
			\|132
			\|20
			\|10
			\|4
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			!]
			\|127
			\|15
			\|7
			\|3
			\|Above normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
	\|]\|\|90\|\|15\|\|8\|\|2\|\|Near normal
			!]
			\|110
			\|17
			\|9
			\|4
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			!]
			\|245
			\|21
			\|16
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			!]
			\|178
			\|14
			\|10
			\|5
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			!]
			\|295
			\|27
			\|16
			\|10
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			!]
			\|201
			\|15
			\|11
			\|9
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			!]
			\|185
			\|20
			\|10
			\|5
			\|Extremely active
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|83\|\|15\|\|7\|\|2\|\|Below normal~~		!]
			\|100
			\|10
			\|7
			\|3
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:cyan;"
			!]
			\|53
			\|9
			\|5
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:gold;"
			!]
			\|167
			\|19
			\|9
			\|7
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:gold;"
			!]
			\|134
			\|13
			\|9
			\|6
			\|Above normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:white;"
	\|]\|\|77\|\|14\|\|7\|\|3\|\|Below normal
			!]
			\|90
			\|9
			\|6
			\|2
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|72\|\|15\|\|8\|\|1\|\|Below normal~~		!]
			\|95
			\|19
			\|6
			\|2
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:white;"
	\|]\|\|71\|\|12\|\|6\|\|3\|\|Below normal
			!]
			\|90
			\|15
			\|8
			\|2
			\|Near normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:gold;"
	\|]\|\|57\|\|10\|\|6\|\|4\|\|Below normal
			!]
			\|125
			\|16
			\|8
			\|6
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			!]
			\|56
			\|16
			\|7
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			!]
			\|71
			\|12
			\|6
			\|3
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|56\|\|16\|\|7\|\|0\|\|Below normal~~		!]
			\|96
			\|15
			\|7
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:gold;"
			!]
			\|155
			\|19
			\|11
			\|6
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			!]
			\|52
			\|11
			\|4
			\|1
			\|Below normal
	\|-		\|-
			\|- style="background:white;"
	\|]\|\|53\|\|9\|\|5\|\|2\|\|Below normal
			!]
			\|83
			\|17
			\|7
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			!]
			\|127
			\|20
			\|8
			\|5
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			!]
			\|52
			\|8
			\|3
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;"
			!]
			\|121
			\|11
			\|10
			\|6
			\|Above normal
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|53\|\|11\|\|4\|\|1\|\|Below normal~~		!]
			\|98
			\|17
			\|10
			\|5
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:cyan;"
			!]
			\|76
			\|20
			\|9
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			!]
			\|201
			\|22
			\|16
			\|9
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			!]
			\|290
			\|26
			\|16
			\|11
			\|Extremely active
			\|- style="background:Salmon;”
			!]
			\|184
			\|22
			\|13
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
	\|-		\|-
	\|]~~\|\|22\|\|8\|\|4\|\|0\|\|Below normal~~		!]
			\|100
			\|18
			\|9
			\|4
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			!]
			\|318
			\|23
			\|13
			\|10
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			!]
			\|97
			\|19
			\|7
			\|4
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			!]
			\|73
			\|17
			\|4
			\|3
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			!]
			\|93
			\|19
			\|8
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|- style="background:Gold;”
			!]
			\|116
			\|19
			\|10
			\|4
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:gold;”
			!]
			\|164
			\|17
			\|10
			\|8
			\|Above normal
			\|- style="background:white;"
			!]
			\|82
			\|13
			\|5
			\|3
			\|Near normal
	\|}		\|}

			== Western Pacific ==
	Median = 115
			{{Expand section\|date=July 2023}}
			{{main\|Pacific typhoon season}}
			{\| class="wikitable" style="float:right"
			!TSR forecasts
			Date
			!Tropical
			storms
			!Total
			Typhoons
			!Intense
			TCs
			!{{Abbr\|ACE\|Accumulated Cyclone Energy}}
			!{{Abbr\|Ref.\|Reference}}
			\|-
			\|<small>Average (1991–2020)</small>
			\|25.5
			\|16.0
			\|9.3
			\|301
			\|<ref name="TSR May2">{{cite report \|url=http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRNWPForecastMay2024.pdf \|title=Extended Range Forecast for Northwest Pacific Typhoon Activity in 2024 \|last1=Lea \|first1=Adam \|last2=Wood \|first2=Nick \|date=May 7, 2023 \|publisher=Tropical Storm Risk Consortium \|access-date=May 7, 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506091817/http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRNWPForecastMay2024.pdf \|archive-date=May 6, 2023 \|url-status=live}}</ref>
			\|}
			{\| class="wikitable"
			! Category !! 1990 –2020 ACE Index
			\|-
			\| Extremely active \|\| > 328
			\|-
			\| Near-normal \|\| 259 - 328
			\|-
			\| Below-normal \|\| < 259
			\|-
			\| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" \|'''Reference:'''<ref name="background" />
			\|}{{Top 10 Most Intense Pacific typhoon season}}

			===Historical ACE in recorded Western Pacific typhoon history===
	Calculations from Eastern North Pacific Tracks File at NHC
			There is an undercount bias of tropical storms, typhoons, and super typhoon before the satellite era (prior to the mid–1950s), due to the difficulty in identifying storms.

			'''Classification criteria'''{{clarification\|date=November 2024}}
	==West Pacific ACE==
			{{legend\|Salmon\|Extremely active\|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
	ACE is also used in the western Pacific. 2004 had an ACE of 464 10<sup>4</sup> kt<sup>2</sup> for the NW Pacific. This was the third highest since 1965, after 1992 and 1997. The 40 year norm (1965–2004) is 305 ±99 10<sup>4</sup> kt<sup>2</sup>.
			{{legend\|Gold\|Above-normal\|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
			{{legend\|White\|Near-normal\|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
			{{legend\|Cyan\|Below-normal\|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

			{\| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
			\|+ Accumulated cyclone energy - Pacific typhoon
			! scope="col" \| Season
			! scope="col" \| ACE
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| Classification
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|160.2
			\|18
			\|12
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|283.4
			\|25
			\|16
			\|1
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|338
			\|29
			\|20
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|362.6
			\|24
			\|17
			\|5
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|]
			\|305.5
			\|19
			\|15
			\|5
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|249.8
			\|31
			\|20
			\|4
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|305.6
			\|26
			\|18
			\|5
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|440.2
			\|22
			\|18
			\|8
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|445.8
			\|23
			\|21
			\|9
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|397.6
			\|25
			\|18
			\|8
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|]
			\|326.7
			\|30
			\|19
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|365.6
			\|27
			\|20
			\|8
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|423
			\|30
			\|23
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|386
			\|25
			\|19
			\|8
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|403.1
			\|38
			\|26
			\|7
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|436.3
			\|34
			\|21
			\|11
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|]
			\|302.2
			\|30
			\|20
			\|3
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|398.1
			\|34
			\|19
			\|5
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon;"
			\|]
			\|356.8
			\|27
			\|20
			\|4
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|203.7
			\|19
			\|13
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|287.5
			\|24
			\|12
			\|7
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:salmon;"
			\|]
			\|380.2
			\|35
			\|25
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:salmon;"
			\|]
			\|413
			\|29
			\|22
			\|2
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan"
			\|]
			\|148.1
			\|21
			\|12
			\|3
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|205.3
			\|32
			\|16
			\|0
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan"
			\|]
			\|171
			\|20
			\|14
			\|3
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|301.3
			\|25
			\|14
			\|4
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan"
			\|]
			\|164.1
			\|19
			\|11
			\|3
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|236.8
			\|28
			\|15
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|278.4
			\|23
			\|14
			\|4
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|237.8
			\|23
			\|15
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|227
			\|28
			\|16
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|356.1
			\|25
			\|19
			\|2
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|219.7
			\|23
			\|12
			\|4
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|274
			\|27
			\|16
			\|2
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|231.2
			\|25
			\|17
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|334.2
			\|26
			\|19
			\|3
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|356.5
			\|23
			\|17
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|227.9
			\|25
			\|13
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|305
			\|30
			\|21
			\|5
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|377.8
			\|30
			\|21
			\|4
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|414.3
			\|29
			\|20
			\|5
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|470.1
			\|31
			\|21
			\|4
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:White"
			\|]
			\|267.1
			\|29
			\|20
			\|3
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|454.6
			\|34
			\|20
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan"
			\|]
			\|255.1
			\|26
			\|15
			\|5
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|416.5
			\|33
			\|21
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|570.4
			\|29
			\|23
			\|11
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan"
			\|]
			\|152.9
			\|18
			\|9
			\|3
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan"
			\|]
			\|109.9
			\|23
			\|11
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|252.9
			\|25
			\|14
			\|4
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|307.3
			\|29
			\|21
			\|3
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|390.6
			\|24
			\|16
			\|8
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|337.4
			\|22
			\|17
			\|5
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|480.6
			\|31
			\|20
			\|6
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|]
			\|309.9
			\|24
			\|18
			\|3
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|321.3
			\|21
			\|13
			\|6
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|219.5
			\|22
			\|16
			\|5
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan"
			\|]
			\|178.4
			\|27
			\|12
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|278.1
			\|23
			\|15
			\|5
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan"
			\|]
			\|121.4
			\|14
			\|9
			\|1
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|189.7
			\|18
			\|10
			\|4
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|302.3
			\|25
			\|15
			\|4
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|276.3
			\|27
			\|16
			\|5
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|]
			\|277.8
			\|20
			\|12
			\|8
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|462.9
			\|26
			\|20
			\|9
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|- style="background:White"
			\|]
			\|261.9
			\|26
			\|17
			\|6
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan"
			\|]
			\|169.4
			\|26
			\|13
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Salmon"
			\|]
			\|361.6
			\|31
			\|16
			\|7
			\|Extremely active
			\|-
			\|]
			\|276.8
			\|30
			\|18
			\|5
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan"
			\|]
			\|152.8
			\|23
			\|12
			\|2
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|209.6
			\|23
			\|10
			\|5
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan"
			\|]
			\|163.2
			\|22
			\|12
			\|3
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:White"
			\|]
			\|268.5
			\|16
			\|11
			\|4
			\|Near normal
			\|-
			\|- style="background:Cyan;"
			\|]
			\|210.1
			\|26
			\|13
			\|6
			\|Below normal
			\|-
			\|-
			\|]
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|}

			==North Indian==
			{{main\|North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone}}
			There are various agencies over the North Indian Ocean that monitor and forecast tropical cyclones, including the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center, as well as the Bangladesh, Pakistan and India Meteorological Department.<ref name="Variation">{{cite journal\|author=Mohapatra M\|author2=Vijay Kumar, V\|title=Interannual variation of tropical cyclone energy metrics over North Indian Ocean\|journal=Climate Dynamics \|date=March 2017 \|volume=48 \|issue=5–6 \|pages=1431–1445 \|doi=10.1007/s00382-016-3150-3\|bibcode=2017ClDy...48.1431M \|s2cid=130486452}}</ref> As a result, the track and intensity of tropical cyclones differ from each other, and as a result, the accumulated cyclone energy also varies over the region.<ref name="Variation" /> However, the India Meteorological Department has been designated as the official Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre by the WMO for the region and has worked out the ACE for all cyclonic systems above {{convert\|17\|kn\|km/h mph}} based on their best track analysis which goes back to 1982.<ref name="Variation" /><ref name="Energy Matrix">{{cite report\|title=Tropical Cyclone Energy Matrix over North Indian Ocean \|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/bulletin/tcenergymatrix.pdf \|publisher=India Meteorological Department \|access-date=September 3, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718221357/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/bulletin/tcenergymatrix.pdf \|archive-date=July 18, 2020\|date=2020\|url-status=live}}</ref>

			{\| class="wikitable sortable"
			\|+ Top 5 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
			! scope="col" \| Season
			! scope="col" \| D
			! scope="col" \| DD
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ]
			! scope="col" \| ACE
			\|-
			\| ] \|\| 12 \|\| 11 \|\| 8 \|\| 6 \|\| 6 \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 93
			\|-
			\| ] \|\| 9 \|\| 7 \|\| 6 \|\| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 55
			\|-
			\| ] \|\| 11 \|\| 8 \|\| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| 2 \|\| 2 \|\| 1 \|\| 46.1
			\|-
			\| ] \|\| 10 \|\| 6 \|\| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 45.6
			\|-
			\| ] \|\| 10 \|\| 8 \|\| 5 \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 2 \|\| 1 \|\| 44.3
			\|-
			! colspan=9\| References:<ref name="Variation" /><ref name="Energy Matrix" />
			\|}

			===Historical ACE in recorded North Indian cyclonic history===
			{{Expand section\|date=October 2023}}

	== See also ==		== See also ==
			{{Portal\|Tropical cyclones}}
	{{tcportal}}
	* ]		* ]
			* ] – Produced the highest accumulated cyclone energy amount worldwide
			* ] - The second-most ACE producing tropical cyclone on record, most in the Northern Hemisphere
			* ] – Alternative intensity scale

	== References ==		==References==
			{{Reflist\|30em}}
	<div class="references-small">
	<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/Cite/Cite.php -->
	{{reflist}}

	== External links ==		==External links==
	*		*
			*
	*
			*
	*
	*
	*
	*

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Accumulated Cyclone Energy}}
			]
	]		]

	]
	]
	]
	]
	]

Latest revision as of 20:57, 19 January 2025

Measure of tropical cyclone activity

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Accumulated cyclone energy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is a metric used to compare overall activity of tropical cyclones, utilizing the available records of windspeeds at six-hour intervals to synthesize storm duration and strength into a single index value. The ACE index may refer to a single storm or to groups of storms such as those within a particular month, a full season or combined seasons. It is calculated by summing the square of tropical cyclones' maximum sustained winds, as recorded every six hours, but only for windspeeds of at least tropical storm strength (≥ 34 kn; 63 km/h; 39 mph); the resulting figure is divided by 10,000 to place it on a more manageable scale.

The calculation originated as the Hurricane Destruction Potential (HDP) index, which sums the squares of tropical cyclones' maximum sustained winds while at hurricane strength, at least 64 knots (≥ 119 km/h; 74 mph) at six-hour recorded intervals across an entire season. The HDP index was later modified to further include tropical storms, that is, all wind speeds of at least 34 knots (≥ 63 km/h; 39 mph), to become the accumulated cyclone energy index.

The highest ACE calculated for a single tropical cyclone on record worldwide is 87.01, set by Cyclone Freddy in 2023.

History

The ACE index is an offshoot of Hurricane Destruction Potential (HDP), an index created in 1988 by William Gray and his associates at Colorado State University who argued the destructiveness of a hurricane's wind and storm surge is better related to the square of the maximum wind speed ( $v_{\max }^{2}$ ) than simply to the maximum wind speed ( $v_{\max }$ ). The HDP index is calculated by squaring the estimated maximum sustained wind speeds for tropical cyclones while at hurricane strength, that is, wind speeds of at least 64 knots (≥ 119 km/h; 74 mph). The squared windspeeds from six-hourly recorded intervals are then summed across an entire season. This scale was subsequently modified in 1999 by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to include not only hurricanes but also tropical storms, that is, all cyclones while windspeeds are at least 34 knots (≥ 63 km/h; 39 mph). Since the calculation was more broadly adjusted by NOAA, the index has been used in a number of different ways such as to compare individual storms, and by various agencies and researchers including the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and the India Meteorological Department. The purposes of the ACE index include to categorize how active tropical cyclone seasons were as well as to identify possible long-term trends in a certain area such as the Lesser Antilles.

Calculation

Accumulated cyclone energy is calculated by summing the squares of the estimated maximum sustained velocity of tropical cyclones when wind speeds are at least tropical storm strength (≥ 34 kn; 63 km/h; 39 mph) at recorded six-hour intervals. The sums are usually divided by 10,000 to make them more manageable. One unit of ACE equals 10 kn, and for use as an index the unit is assumed. Thus:

{\text{ACE}}=10^{-4}\sum v_{\max }^{2}

(for

v_{\max }

≥ 34 kn),

where $v_{\max }$ is estimated sustained wind speed in knots at six-hour intervals.

Kinetic energy is proportional to the square of velocity. However, unlike the measure defined above, kinetic energy is also proportional to the mass $m$ (corresponding to the size of the storm) and represents an integral of force equal to mass times acceleration, $F=m\times a$ , where acceleration is the antiderivative of velocity, or $v_{\max }$ . The integral is a difference at the limits of the square antiderivative, rather than a sum of squares at regular intervals. Thus, the term applied to the index, accumulated cyclone energy, is a misnomer since the index is neither a measure of kinetic energy nor "accumulated energy."

Atlantic Ocean

Main article: Atlantic hurricane season

Within the Atlantic Ocean, the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and others use the ACE index of a season to classify the season into one of four categories. These four categories are extremely active, above-normal, near-normal, and below-normal, and are worked out using an approximate quartile partitioning of seasons based on the ACE index over the 70 years between 1951 and 2020. The median value of the ACE index from 1951 to 2020 is 96.7 x 10 kt

Classification criteria
Category	ACE Index	% of 1951–2020 median
Extremely active	> 159.6	> 165%
Above-normal	126.1–159.6	130%–165%
Near-normal	73.0–126.1	75%–130%
Below-normal	< 73.0	< 75%
Reference:

Top 10 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Season	TS	HU	MH	ACE
1933	20	11	6	258.57
2005	28	15	7	245.3
1893	12	10	5	231.15
1926	11	8	6	229.56
1995	19	11	5	227.10
2004	15	9	6	226.88
2017	17	10	6	224.88
1950	16	11	6	211.28
1961	12	8	5	188.9
1998	14	10	3	181.76

Individual storms in the Atlantic

The highest ever ACE estimated for a single storm in the Atlantic is 73.6, for the San Ciriaco hurricane in 1899. A Category 4 hurricane which lasted for four weeks, this single storm had an ACE higher than many whole Atlantic storm seasons. Other Atlantic storms with high ACEs include Hurricane Ivan in 2004, with an ACE of 70.4, Hurricane Irma in 2017, with an ACE of 64.9, the Great Charleston Hurricane in 1893, with an ACE of 63.5, Hurricane Isabel in 2003, with an ACE of 63.3, and the 1932 Cuba hurricane, with an ACE of 59.8.

Since 1950, the highest ACE of a tropical storm was Tropical Storm Philippe in 2023, which attained an ACE of 9.4. The highest ACE of a Category 1 hurricane was Hurricane Nadine in 2012, which attained an ACE of 26.3. The record for lowest ACE of a tropical storm is jointly held by Tropical Storm Chris in 2000 and Tropical Storm Philippe in 2017, both of which were tropical storms for only six hours and had an ACE of just 0.1225. The lowest ACE of any hurricane was 2005's Hurricane Cindy, which was only a hurricane for six hours, and 2007's Hurricane Lorenzo, which was a hurricane for twelve hours; Cindy had an ACE of just 1.5175 and Lorenzo had a lower ACE of only 1.475. The lowest ACE of a major hurricane (Category 3 or higher), was Hurricane Gerda in 1969, with an ACE of 5.3. The following table shows those storms in the Atlantic basin from 1851–2021 that have attained over 50 points of ACE.

Storm	Year	Peak classification	ACE	Duration
Hurricane Three	1899	Category 4 hurricane	73.6	28 days
Hurricane Ivan	2004	Category 5 hurricane	70.4	23 days
Hurricane Irma	2017	Category 5 hurricane	64.9	13 days
Hurricane Nine	1893	Category 3 hurricane	63.5	20 days
Hurricane Isabel	2003	Category 5 hurricane	63.3	14 days
Hurricane Fourteen	1932	Category 5 hurricane	59.8	15 days
Hurricane Donna	1960	Category 4 hurricane	57.6	16 days
Hurricane Carrie	1957	Category 4 hurricane	55.8	21 days
Hurricane Inez	1966	Category 5 hurricane	54.6	21 days
Hurricane Sam	2021	Category 4 hurricane	53.8	14 days
Hurricane Luis	1995	Category 4 hurricane	53.7	15 days
Hurricane Allen	1980	Category 5 hurricane	52.3	12 days
Hurricane Esther	1961	Category 5 hurricane	52.2	18 days
Hurricane Matthew	2016	Category 5 hurricane	50.9	12 days

Historical ACE in recorded Atlantic hurricane history

50 100 150 200 250 300 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

There is an undercount bias of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes before the satellite era (prior to the mid–1960s), due to the difficulty in identifying storms.

Classification criteria

Extremely active Above-normal Near-normal Below-normal

Accumulated Cyclone Energy - Atlantic
Season	ACE	TS	HU	MH	Classification
1851	36.24	6	3	1	Below normal
1852	73.28	5	5	1	Below normal
1853	76.49	8	4	2	Below normal
1854	31.00	5	3	1	Below normal
1855	18.12	5	4	1	Below normal
1856	48.94	6	4	2	Below normal
1857	46.84	4	3	0	Below normal
1858	44.79	6	6	0	Below normal
1859	55.73	8	7	1	Below normal
1860	62.06	7	6	1	Below normal
1861	49.71	8	6	0	Below normal
1862	46.03	6	3	0	Below normal
1863	50.35	9	5	0	Below normal
1864	26.55	5	3	0	Below normal
1865	49.13	7	3	0	Below normal
1866	83.65	7	6	1	Near normal
1867	59.97	9	7	1	Below normal
1868	34.65	4	3	0	Below normal
1869	51.02	10	7	1	Below normal
1870	87.8	11	10	2	Near normal
1871	88.39	8	6	2	Near normal
1872	65.38	5	4	0	Below normal
1873	69.47	5	3	2	Below normal
1874	47.05	7	4	0	Below normal
1875	72.48	6	5	1	Below normal
1876	56.05	5	4	2	Below normal
1877	73.36	8	3	1	Below normal
1878	180.85	12	10	2	Extremely active
1879	63.63	8	6	2	Below normal
1880	131.08	11	9	2	Above normal
1881	59.25	7	4	0	Below normal
1882	59.4675	6	4	2	Below normal
1883	66.7	4	3	2	Below normal
1884	72.06	4	4	1	Below normal
1885	58.3	8	6	0	Below normal
1886	166.165	12	10	4	Extremely active
1887	181.26	19	11	2	Extremely active
1888	84.945	9	6	2	Near normal
1889	104.0425	9	6	0	Near normal
1890	33.345	4	2	1	Below normal
1891	116.105	10	7	1	Above normal
1892	115.8375	9	5	0	Above normal
1893	231.1475	12	10	5	Extremely active
1894	135.42	7	5	4	Above normal
1895	68.765	6	2	0	Below normal
1896	136.0825	7	6	2	Above normal
1897	54.54	6	3	0	Below normal
1898	113.2375	11	5	1	Above normal
1899	151.025	10	5	2	Above normal
1900	83.345	7	3	2	Near normal
1901	98.975	13	6	0	Near normal
1902	32.65	5	3	0	Below normal
1903	102.07	10	7	1	Near normal
1904	30.345	6	4	0	Below normal
1905	28.3775	5	1	1	Below normal
1906	162.88	11	6	3	Extremely active
1907	13.06	5	0	0	Below normal
1908	95.11	10	6	1	Near normal
1909	93.34	12	6	4	Near normal
1910	63.9	5	3	1	Below normal
1911	34.2875	6	3	0	Below normal
1912	57.2625	7	4	1	Below normal
1913	35.595	6	4	0	Below normal
1914	2.53	1	0	0	Below normal
1915	130.095	6	5	3	Above normal
1916	144.0125	15	10	5	Above normal
1917	60.6675	4	2	2	Below normal
1918	39.8725	6	4	1	Below normal
1919	55.04	5	2	1	Below normal
1920	29.81	5	4	0	Below normal
1921	86.53	7	5	2	Near normal
1922	54.515	5	3	1	Below normal
1923	49.31	9	4	1	Below normal
1924	100.1875	11	5	2	Near normal
1925	7.2525	4	1	0	Below normal
1926	229.5575	11	8	6	Extremely active
1927	56.4775	8	4	1	Below normal
1928	83.475	6	4	1	Near normal
1929	48.0675	5	3	1	Below normal
1930	49.7725	3	2	2	Below normal
1931	47.835	13	3	1	Below normal
1932	169.6625	15	6	4	Extremely active
1933	258.57	20	11	6	Extremely active
1934	79.0675	13	7	1	Near normal
1935	106.2125	8	5	3	Near normal
1936	99.775	17	7	1	Near normal
1937	65.85	11	4	1	Below normal
1938	77.575	9	4	2	Below normal
1939	43.6825	6	3	1	Below normal
1940	67.79	9	6	0	Below normal
1941	51.765	6	4	3	Below normal
1942	62.485	11	4	1	Below normal
1943	94.01	10	5	2	Near normal
1944	104.4525	14	8	3	Near normal
1945	63.415	11	5	2	Below normal
1946	19.6125	7	3	0	Below normal
1947	88.49	10	5	2	Near normal
1948	94.9775	10	6	4	Near normal
1949	96.4475	16	7	2	Near normal
1950	211.2825	16	11	6	Extremely active
1951	126.325	12	8	3	Above normal
1952	69.08	11	5	2	Below normal
1953	98.5075	14	7	3	Near normal
1954	110.88	16	7	3	Above normal
1955	158.17	13	9	4	Above normal
1956	56.6725	12	4	1	Below normal
1957	78.6625	8	3	2	Near normal
1958	109.6925	12	7	3	Near normal
1959	77.1075	14	7	2	Below normal
1960	72.9	8	4	2	Below normal
1961	188.9	12	8	5	Extremely active
1962	35.5675	7	4	0	Below normal
1963	117.9325	10	7	3	Above normal
1964	153	13	7	5	Above normal
1965	84.33	10	4	1	Near normal
1966	145.2175	15	7	3	Above normal
1967	121.705	13	6	1	Above normal
1968	45.0725	9	5	0	Below normal
1969	149	18	12	3	Above normal
1970	40.18	14	7	2	Below normal
1971	96.5275	13	6	1	Near normal
1972	35.605	7	3	0	Below normal
1973	47.85	8	4	1	Below normal
1974	68.125	11	4	2	Below normal
1975	76.0625	9	6	3	Below normal
1976	84.1725	10	6	2	Near normal
1977	25.3175	6	5	1	Below normal
1978	63.2175	12	5	2	Below normal
1979	92.9175	9	6	2	Near normal
1980	148.9375	11	9	2	Above normal
1981	100.3275	12	7	3	Near normal
1982	31.5025	6	2	1	Below normal
1983	17.4025	4	3	1	Below normal
1984	84.295	13	5	1	Near normal
1985	87.9825	11	7	3	Near normal
1986	35.7925	6	4	0	Below normal
1987	34.36	7	3	1	Below normal
1988	102.9925	12	5	3	Near normal
1989	135.125	11	7	2	Above normal
1990	96.8025	14	8	1	Near normal
1991	35.5375	8	4	2	Below normal
1992	76.2225	7	4	1	Below normal
1993	38.665	8	4	1	Below normal
1994	32.02	7	3	0	Below normal
1995	227.1025	19	11	5	Extremely active
1996	166.1825	13	9	6	Extremely active
1997	40.9275	8	3	1	Below normal
1998	181.7675	14	10	3	Extremely active
1999	176.5275	12	8	5	Extremely active
2000	119.1425	15	8	3	Above normal
2001	110.32	15	9	4	Above normal
2002	67.9925	12	4	2	Below normal
2003	176.84	16	7	3	Extremely active
2004	226.88	15	9	6	Extremely active
2005	245.3	28	15	7	Extremely active
2006	78.535	10	5	2	Near normal
2007	73.885	15	6	2	Below normal
2008	145.7175	16	8	5	Above normal
2009	52.58	9	3	2	Below normal
2010	165.4825	19	12	5	Extremely active
2011	126.3025	19	7	4	Above normal
2012	132.6325	19	10	2	Above normal
2013	36.12	14	2	0	Below normal
2014	66.725	8	6	2	Below normal
2015	62.685	11	4	2	Below normal
2016	141.2525	15	7	4	Above normal
2017	224.8775	17	10	6	Extremely active
2018	132.5825	15	8	2	Above normal
2019	132.2025	18	6	3	Above normal
2020	180.3725	30	14	7	Extremely active
2021	145.5575	21	7	4	Above normal
2022	94.4225	14	8	2	Near normal
2023	145.5565	20	7	3	Above normal
2024	161.63	18	11	5	Extremely active

Eastern Pacific

Main article: Pacific hurricane

Most intense Pacific hurricane seasons
Rank	Season	ACE value
1	2018	318.1
2	1992	294.3
3	2015	290.2
4	1990	249.5
5	1978	207.7
6	1983	206.2
7	2014	202.4
8	1993	201.8
9	1984	193.7
10	1985	193.1

Within the Eastern Pacific Ocean, the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and others use the ACE index of a season to classify the season into one of three categories. These four categories are extremely active, above-, near-, and below-normal and are worked out using an approximate tercile partitioning of seasons based on the ACE index and the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes over the 30 years between 1991 and 2020.

For a season to be defined as above-normal, the ACE index criterion and two or more of the other criteria given in the table below must be satisfied.

The mean value of the ACE index from 1991 to 2020 is 108.7 × 10 kt, while the median value is 97.2 × 10 kt.

Classification criteria
Category	ACE Index	% of 1991–2020 median	Tropical storms	Hurricanes	Major hurricanes
Extremely active	> 170	> 180%	22 or more	10-16 or more	9-11 or more
Above-normal	110-169	110%–175%	15-19 or more	8 or more	6 or more
Near normal	80–110	80–112%	10-19 or fewer	9 or fewer	2-5 or fewer
Below-normal	< 22-80	< 75%	—
Reference:

Individual storms in the Pacific

The highest ever ACE estimated for a single storm in the Eastern or Central Pacific, while located east of the International Date Line is 62.8, for Hurricane Fico of 1978. Other Eastern Pacific storms with high ACEs include Hurricane John in 1994, with an ACE of 54.0, Hurricane Kevin in 1991, with an ACE of 52.1, and Hurricane Hector of 2018, with an ACE of 50.5.

The following table shows those storms in the Eastern and Central Pacific basins from 1971 through 2023 that have attained over 30 points of ACE.

Storm	Year	Peak classification	ACE	Duration
Hurricane Fico	1978	Category 4 hurricane	62.8	20 days
Hurricane John †	1994	Category 5 hurricane	54.0	19 days
Hurricane Kevin	1991	Category 4 hurricane	52.1	17 days
Hurricane Hector †	2018	Category 4 hurricane	50.5	13 days
Hurricane Dora †	2023	Category 4 hurricane	48.4	12 days
Hurricane Tina	1992	Category 4 hurricane	47.7	22 days
Hurricane Trudy	1990	Category 4 hurricane	45.8	16 days
Hurricane Lane	2018	Category 5 hurricane	44.2	13 days
Hurricane Dora †	1999	Category 4 hurricane	41.4	13 days
Hurricane Jimena	2015	Category 4 hurricane	40.0	15 days
Hurricane Guillermo	1997	Category 5 hurricane	40.0	16 days
Hurricane Norbert	1984	Category 4 hurricane	39.6	12 days
Hurricane Norman	2018	Category 4 hurricane	36.6	12 days
Hurricane Celeste	1972	Category 4 hurricane	36.3	16 days
Hurricane Sergio	2018	Category 4 hurricane	35.5	13 days
Hurricane Lester	2016	Category 4 hurricane	35.4	14 days
Hurricane Olaf	2015	Category 4 hurricane	34.6	12 days
Hurricane Jimena	1991	Category 4 hurricane	34.5	12 days
Hurricane Doreen	1973	Category 4 hurricane	34.3	16 days
Hurricane Ioke †	2006	Category 5 hurricane	34.2	7 days
Hurricane Marie	1990	Category 4 hurricane	33.1	14 days
Hurricane Orlene	1992	Category 4 hurricane	32.4	12 days
Hurricane Greg	1993	Category 4 hurricane	32.3	13 days
Hurricane Hilary	2011	Category 4 hurricane	31.2	9 days

† – Indicates that the storm formed in the Eastern/Central Pacific, but crossed 180°W at least once; therefore, only the ACE and number of days spent in the Eastern/Central Pacific are included.

Historical ACE in recorded Pacific hurricane history

100 200 300 400 1971 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Observed monthly values for the PDO index, 1900–present.

Historical East Pacific Seasonal Activity, 1981–2015.

Data on ACE is considered reliable starting with the 1971 season.

Classification criteria

Extremely active Above-normal Near-normal Below-normal

Accumulated Cyclone Energy - Pacific
Season	ACE	TS	HU	MH	Classification
1971	139	18	12	6	Above normal
1972	136	14	8	4	Above normal
1973	114	12	7	3	Above normal
1974	90	18	11	3	Near normal
1975	112	17	9	4	Above normal
1976	121	15	9	5	Above normal
1977	22	8	4	0	Below normal
1978	207	19	14	7	Extremely active
1979	57	10	6	4	Below normal
1980	77	14	7	3	Below normal
1981	72	15	8	1	Below normal
1982	161	23	12	5	Above normal
1983	206	21	12	8	Extremely active
1984	193	21	13	7	Extremely active
1985	192	24	13	8	Extremely active
1986	107	17	9	3	Near normal
1987	132	20	10	4	Above normal
1988	127	15	7	3	Above normal
1989	110	17	9	4	Above normal
1990	245	21	16	6	Extremely active
1991	178	14	10	5	Extremely active
1992	295	27	16	10	Extremely active
1993	201	15	11	9	Extremely active
1994	185	20	10	5	Extremely active
1995	100	10	7	3	Near normal
1996	53	9	5	2	Below normal
1997	167	19	9	7	Above normal
1998	134	13	9	6	Above normal
1999	90	9	6	2	Near normal
2000	95	19	6	2	Near normal
2001	90	15	8	2	Near normal
2002	125	16	8	6	Above normal
2003	56	16	7	0	Below normal
2004	71	12	6	3	Below normal
2005	96	15	7	2	Near normal
2006	155	19	11	6	Above normal
2007	52	11	4	1	Below normal
2008	83	17	7	2	Near normal
2009	127	20	8	5	Above normal
2010	52	8	3	2	Below normal
2011	121	11	10	6	Above normal
2012	98	17	10	5	Near normal
2013	76	20	9	1	Below normal
2014	201	22	16	9	Extremely active
2015	290	26	16	11	Extremely active
2016	184	22	13	6	Extremely active
2017	100	18	9	4	Near normal
2018	318	23	13	10	Extremely active
2019	97	19	7	4	Near normal
2020	73	17	4	3	Below normal
2021	93	19	8	2	Near normal
2022	116	19	10	4	Above normal
2023	164	17	10	8	Above normal
2024	82	13	5	3	Near normal

Western Pacific

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2023)

Main article: Pacific typhoon season

TSR forecasts Date	Tropical storms	Total Typhoons	Intense TCs	ACE	Ref.
Average (1991–2020)	25.5	16.0	9.3	301

Category	1990 –2020 ACE Index
Extremely active	> 328
Near-normal	259 - 328
Below-normal	< 259
Reference:

Most intense Pacific typhoon seasons
Rank	Seasons	ACE value
1	1997	570.4
2	2004	480.6
3	1992	470.1
4	2015	462.9
5	1994	454.6
6	1958	445.8
7	1957	440.2
8	1965	436.2
9	1962	423
10	1996	416.5
Source:

Historical ACE in recorded Western Pacific typhoon history

There is an undercount bias of tropical storms, typhoons, and super typhoon before the satellite era (prior to the mid–1950s), due to the difficulty in identifying storms.

Classification criteria

Extremely active Above-normal Near-normal Below-normal

Accumulated cyclone energy - Pacific typhoon
Season	ACE	TS	TY	STY	Classification
1950	160.2	18	12	1	Below normal
1951	283.4	25	16	1	Near normal
1952	338	29	20	6	Extremely active
1953	362.6	24	17	5	Extremely active
1954	305.5	19	15	5	Near normal
1955	249.8	31	20	4	Below normal
1956	305.6	26	18	5	Near normal
1957	440.2	22	18	8	Extremely active
1958	445.8	23	21	9	Extremely active
1959	397.6	25	18	8	Extremely active
1960	326.7	30	19	2	Near normal
1961	365.6	27	20	8	Extremely active
1962	423	30	23	6	Extremely active
1963	386	25	19	8	Extremely active
1964	403.1	38	26	7	Extremely active
1965	436.3	34	21	11	Extremely active
1966	302.2	30	20	3	Near normal
1967	398.1	34	19	5	Extremely active
1968	356.8	27	20	4	Extremely active
1969	203.7	19	13	2	Below normal
1970	287.5	24	12	7	Near normal
1971	380.2	35	25	6	Extremely active
1972	413	29	22	2	Extremely active
1973	148.1	21	12	3	Below normal
1974	205.3	32	16	0	Below normal
1975	171	20	14	3	Below normal
1976	301.3	25	14	4	Near normal
1977	164.1	19	11	3	Below normal
1978	236.8	28	15	1	Below normal
1979	278.4	23	14	4	Near normal
1980	237.8	23	15	2	Below normal
1981	227	28	16	2	Below normal
1982	356.1	25	19	2	Extremely active
1983	219.7	23	12	4	Below normal
1984	274	27	16	2	Near normal
1985	231.2	25	17	1	Below normal
1986	334.2	26	19	3	Extremely active
1987	356.5	23	17	6	Extremely active
1988	227.9	25	13	1	Below normal
1989	305	30	21	5	Near normal
1990	377.8	30	21	4	Extremely active
1991	414.3	29	20	5	Extremely active
1992	470.1	31	21	4	Extremely active
1993	267.1	29	20	3	Near normal
1994	454.6	34	20	6	Extremely active
1995	255.1	26	15	5	Below normal
1996	416.5	33	21	6	Extremely active
1997	570.4	29	23	11	Extremely active
1998	152.9	18	9	3	Below normal
1999	109.9	23	11	1	Below normal
2000	252.9	25	14	4	Below normal
2001	307.3	29	21	3	Near normal
2002	390.6	24	16	8	Extremely active
2003	337.4	22	17	5	Extremely active
2004	480.6	31	20	6	Extremely active
2005	309.9	24	18	3	Near normal
2006	321.3	21	13	6	Near normal
2007	219.5	22	16	5	Below normal
2008	178.4	27	12	2	Below normal
2009	278.1	23	15	5	Near normal
2010	121.4	14	9	1	Below normal
2011	189.7	18	10	4	Below normal
2012	302.3	25	15	4	Near normal
2013	276.3	27	16	5	Near normal
2014	277.8	20	12	8	Near normal
2015	462.9	26	20	9	Extremely active
2016	261.9	26	17	6	Near normal
2017	169.4	26	13	2	Below normal
2018	361.6	31	16	7	Extremely active
2019	276.8	30	18	5	Near normal
2020	152.8	23	12	2	Below normal
2021	209.6	23	10	5	Below normal
2022	163.2	22	12	3	Below normal
2023	268.5	16	11	4	Near normal
2024	210.1	26	13	6	Below normal
2025

North Indian

Main article: North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone

There are various agencies over the North Indian Ocean that monitor and forecast tropical cyclones, including the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center, as well as the Bangladesh, Pakistan and India Meteorological Department. As a result, the track and intensity of tropical cyclones differ from each other, and as a result, the accumulated cyclone energy also varies over the region. However, the India Meteorological Department has been designated as the official Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre by the WMO for the region and has worked out the ACE for all cyclonic systems above 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) based on their best track analysis which goes back to 1982.

Top 5 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
Season	D	DD	CS	SCS	VSCS	ESCS	SUCS	ACE
2019	12	11	8	6	6	3	1	93
2023	9	7	6	5	4	3	0	55
2007	11	8	4	2	2	2	1	46.1
2013	10	6	5	4	3	1	0	45.6
1999	10	8	5	3	3	2	1	44.3
References:

Historical ACE in recorded North Indian cyclonic history

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2023)

References

Freedman, Andrew (27 November 2024). "2024's record-breaking, destructive Atlantic hurricane season ends". Axios. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Data: Colorado State University
^ "Measuring overall activity: The Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index". National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center. NOAA. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
"Climate Change Indicators: Tropical Cyclone Activity". United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
^ "Glossary of NHC Terms". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
^ Gray, William Mason (26 May 1988). Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity for 1988 (PDF) (Report). Colorado State University. pp. 13–14.
^ Bell, Gerald D; Halpert, Michael S; Schnell, Russell C; Higgins, R. Wayne; Lawrimore, Jay; Kousky, Vernon E; Tinker, Richard; Thiaw, Wasila; Chelliah, Muthuvel; Artusa, Anthony (June 2000). "Climate Assessment for 1999". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 81 (6): S19. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2000)81[s1:CAF]2.0.CO;2.
"Real-Time Southern Hemisphere Statistics by Storm for 2022/2023". Colorado State University. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
^ Mohapatra M; Vijay Kumar, V (March 2017). "Interannual variation of tropical cyclone energy metrics over North Indian Ocean". Climate Dynamics. 48 (5–6): 1431–1445. Bibcode:2017ClDy...48.1431M. doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3150-3. S2CID 130486452.
Weekly Tropical Climate Note July 14, 2020 (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 14 July 2020. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
^ Lea, Wood, Adam, Nick (5 May 2023). "Early May Forecast for Northwest Pacific Typhoon Activity in 2023" (PDF). Tropical Storm Risk.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"BACKGROUND INFORMATION: NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON". NOAA CPC. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
"BACKGROUND INFORMATION: NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON". NOAA CPC. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
"BACKGROUND INFORMATION: NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON". NOAA CPC. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
"BACKGROUND INFORMATION: NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON". NOAA CPC. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
"BACKGROUND INFORMATION: NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON". NOAA CPC. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
"Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. 11 May 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- - Landsea, Chris (April 2022). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022" (PDF). Hurricane Research Division – NOAA/AOML. Miami: Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory.
"Real-Time North Atlantic Ocean Statistics compared with climatology". tropical.atmos.colostate.edu. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
^ "Atlantic hurricanes by ACE - 1950-2012". Policlimate. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
"Real-Time Tropical Cyclone North Atlantic Ocean Statistics". Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
"Basin Archives: Northeast Pacific Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics". Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
^ "Background information: Eastern Pacific Hurricane Season". United States Climate Prediction Center. 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
"Eastern Pacific Best Track Data - (1949 - present)". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
Webb, Eric. "Hurricane Hector 2018 - Discussion". Twitter. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
Lea, Adam; Wood, Nick (7 May 2023). Extended Range Forecast for Northwest Pacific Typhoon Activity in 2024 (PDF) (Report). Tropical Storm Risk Consortium. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?arch&loc=northwestpacific
^ Tropical Cyclone Energy Matrix over North Indian Ocean (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.

External links

Categories:

Latest revision as of 20:57, 19 January 2025

History

Calculation

Atlantic Ocean

Individual storms in the Atlantic

Historical ACE in recorded Atlantic hurricane history

Eastern Pacific

Individual storms in the Pacific

Historical ACE in recorded Pacific hurricane history

Western Pacific

Historical ACE in recorded Western Pacific typhoon history

North Indian

Historical ACE in recorded North Indian cyclonic history

See also

References

External links