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{{short description|A person who is 110 years or older}}
A '''supercentenarian''' (sometimes hyphenated as '''super-centenarian''') is someone who has reached the ] of 110 ]s or more, something achieved by only one in a thousand ]s (0.1%, based on European data). In turn, only about one supercentenarian in forty-four lives to turn 115 (2% of 110-year-olds can expect to survive five more years).


{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
The term has been around at least since the ] (as one citation, ], editor of Guinness, used the word in correspondence with age claims researcher ] in ]), and was further popularized in ] by ] and ], in their book entitled '']''. Early references tend to mean simply "someone well over 100" but the 110-and-over cutoff is the accepted criterion of ].
] (1907–2024) celebrating her 117th birthday]]
A '''supercentenarian''', sometimes hyphenated as '''super-centenarian''', is a ] who is 110 years or older. This age is achieved by about one in 1,000 ]s.<ref name="MaieBook">{{cite book|editor1-last=Maier|editor1-first=H.|editor2-last=Gampe|editor2-first=J.|editor3-last=Jeune|editor3-first=B.|editor4-last=Robine|editor4-first=J.-M.|editor5-last=Vaupel|editor5-first=J. W. |title=Supercentenarians |publisher=] |url=http://www.demogr.mpg.de/en/projects_publications/publications_1904/monographs/supercentenarians_3866.htm |pages=338 |isbn=978-3-642-11519-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-11520-2 |date=25 May 2010 |series=Demographic Research Monographs}}</ref> Supercentenarians typically live a life free of significant age-related diseases until shortly before the ] is reached.<ref name=JGA>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Stacy L. |last2=Sebastiani |first2=Paola |last3=Dworkis |first3=Daniel A. |last4=Feldman |first4=Lori |last5=Perls |first5=Thomas T. |title=Health Span Approximates Life Span Among Many Supercentenarians: Compression of Morbidity at the Approximate Limit of Life Span |journal=The Journals of Gerontology: Series A |date=4 January 2012 |volume=67A |issue=4 |pages=395–405 |doi=10.1093/gerona/glr223 |pmid=22219514 |url= |pmc=3309876}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=B. M. Weon |author2=J. H. Je |name-list-style=amp |date=17 June 2008 |title=Theoretical estimation of maximum human lifespan |journal=Biogerontology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=65–71 |doi=10.1007/s10522-008-9156-4 |pmid=18560989 |s2cid=8554128}}</ref>


==Etymology==
] ] &ndash; ] ]) photographed on her 110th birthday]]
The term "supercentenarian" has been used since 1832 or earlier.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/supercentenarian_n |website=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref> ], editor of '']'', used the term in association with age claims researcher ] in 1976, and the term was further popularised in 1991 by ] and ] in their book '']''.

The term "semisupercentenarian", has been used to describe someone aged 105-109. Originally the term "supercentenarian" was used to mean someone well over the age of 100, but 110 years and over became the cutoff point of accepted criteria for demographers.<ref name="JGA" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gibb|first=G.|date=1876|title=Ultra-centenarian Longevity|journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|publisher= Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=5|pages=82–101|doi=10.2307/2841365|jstor=2841365 |url=https://senodo.org/record/1449542}}</ref>

==Incidence==
{{further|List of oldest living people}}

The ] maintains a top 30–40 list of oldest verified living people. The researchers estimate, based on a 0.15% to 0.25% survival rate of centenarians until the age of 110, that there should be between 300 and 450 living supercentenarians in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://supercentenarian-research-foundation.org/TableE.aspx |title=GRG World Supercentenarian Rankings List |work=Gerontology Research Group |date=23 November 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126133418/http://supercentenarian-research-foundation.org/TableE.aspx |archive-date=26 November 2020}} — see note 2 at bottom of page)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://grg.org/WSRL/TableE.aspx |title=GRG World Supercentenarian Rankings List |work=Gerontology Research Group |date=9 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021}} — see note 2 at bottom of page)</ref> A study conducted in 2010 by the ] found 663 validated supercentenarians, living and dead, and showed that the countries with the highest total number (not frequency) of supercentenarians (in decreasing order) were the United States,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosenwaike |first1=Ira |last2=Stone |first2=Leslie F. |title=Verification of the Ages of Supercentenarians in the United States: Results of a Matching Study |journal=Demography |date=2003 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=727–739 |doi=10.1353/dem.2003.0038 |pmid=14686139 |jstor=1515205 |s2cid=22168523|doi-access=free}}</ref> Japan, England plus Wales, France, and Italy.<ref name="MaieBook" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/2010/0810/Supercentenarians-around-the-world |title=Supercentenarians around the world |author1=CSMonitor Staff |newspaper=] |date=10 August 2010|access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref> The first verified supercentenarian in human history was Dutchman ] (1788–1899),<ref name="GRG-gallery">{{Cite web|title=Photo Gallery for Supercentenarians born before 1850, as of May 17, 2019|url=https://grg.org/Gallery/Pre1850sGallery.html|access-date=12 April 2021|work=Gerontology Research Group}}</ref> and it was not until the 1980s that the oldest verified age surpassed 115.


==History== ==History==
{{further|Oldest people}}
While ] have persisted from the earliest times in history, the earliest supercentenarian accepted by Guinness World Records is ], who was born in ], ], ], ], and died there ], ]. (Guinness once accepted Pierre Joubert, but later dropped him). However, scholars such as Jean-Marie Robine consider ] of the Netherlands (1788-1899) to be the first verifiable case, as the alleged evidence for Peters has been "lost." The earliest supercentenarian to reach the age of 113 is ], who was born in ], ], ], ], and died there ], ].
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While ] have persisted from the earliest times in history, the earliest supercentenarian accepted by Guinness World Records is ] Thomas Peters (reportedly c. 1745–1857).{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} However, Peters's age cannot be reliably verified due to an absence of any documents recording his early life.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jeune |first1=Bernard|last2=Poulain |first2=Michel |date=2021 |editor-last1=Maier |editor-first1= Heiner|editor-last2=Jeune |editor-first2=Bernard Jeune|editor-last3=Vaupel |editor-first3=James W.|title=Exceptional Lifespans |publisher=Springer |pages=206 |chapter=The First Supercentenarians in History, and Recent 115 + −Year-Old Supercentenarians. An Introduction to the Following Chapters |series=Demographic Research Monographs |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-49970-9_14 |isbn=978-3-030-49969-3|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-49970-9_14}}</ref> Other scholars, such as French demographer ], consider ], also of the Netherlands, who turned 110 in 1898, to be the first verifiable case, as the alleged evidence for Peters has apparently been lost. The evidence for the 112 years of Englishman ] (reportedly 1620–1732) does not meet the standards required by Guinness World Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How are records measured? |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/what-makes-a-guinness-world-records-record-title/how-are-records-measured |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}}</ref>


] records, the accuracy of which is subject to dispute, also show what appear to be several supercentenarians who lived in the south-central part of present-day ] during the 16th and 17th centuries, including Johannes Torpe (1549–1664),{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} and Knud Erlandson Etun (1659–1770),{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} both residents of ], ].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
Over eight hundred supercentenarians have been documented in history, and this is doubtless a fraction of the number who have really lived, but the majority of claims to this age do not have sufficient documentary support to be validated. This is slowly changing as those born after birth registration was standardized in more countries and parts of countries attain supercentenarian age.


In 1902, ], born in 1792, became the first verified female supercentenarian.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Thomas Emley |url=http://archive.org/details/oncentenariansdu00youn |title=On centenarians; and the duration of the human race : a fresh and authentic enquiry; with historical notes, criticisms, and speculations |date=1899 |publisher=London, C. and E. Layton |others=Columbia University Libraries}}</ref>
The longest documented lifespan is the 122 years 164 days of ] (1875&ndash;1997). While her stories of meeting ] or attending the 1885 funeral of ] might have been embellished, her life was documented in the records of her native city of ], ], beyond reasonable doubt.


] of France, who died in 1997 aged 122 years, 164 days, had the longest human lifespan documented. The oldest man ever verified is ] of Japan, who died in 2013 aged 116 years and 54 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-12 |title=World's oldest man ever passes away aged 116 |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/6/world%E2%80%99s-oldest-man-ever-passes-away-aged-116-49080/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615211712/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/6/world%E2%80%99s-oldest-man-ever-passes-away-aged-116-49080 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}}</ref>
The ] in 1978 accepted the claim that ] was born ], ], and from the ] edition considered him the oldest person. He died ], ] (the 111th birthday of Jeanne Calment). However, there is still doubt as to whether he was wrongly conflated with a brother who died young.


] (born 8 June 1908) of Brazil is the world's oldest living person, aged {{age in years and days|1908|6|8}}. ] (born 5 October 1912) of Brazil is the world's oldest living man, aged {{age in years and days|1912|10|5}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=Vicki |date=4 January 2025 |title=Oldest nun Inah Canabarro Lucas who was blessed by the pope becomes world's oldest person|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2025/1/oldest-nun-inah-canabarro-lucas-who-was-blessed-by-the-pope-becomes-worlds-oldest-person|access-date=4 January 2025 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maglov |first=Stefan |date=2024-11-26 |title=João Marinho Neto Becomes the World's Oldest Living Man at 112 Years Old |url=https://longeviquest.com/2024/11/joao-marinho-neto-becomes-the-worlds-oldest-living-man-at-112-years-old/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=LongeviQuest |language=en}}</ref>
''For supercentenarians known for anything other than their extreme age, see ]s.''


==Research into centenarians==
== Longest lived people ==
*{{main|Oldest people}} {{main article|Research into centenarians}}
Research into centenarians helps scientists understand how an ordinary person might live longer.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rachel Nuwer |author-link=Rachel Nuwer |title=Keeping Track of the Oldest People in the World |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/keeping-track-oldest-people-world-180951976/ |work=] |date=4 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Gayle White|date=8 February 2006|title=Supercentenarians giving researchers clues on longevity|work=]|agency=Cox News Service|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2006-02-08-0602080100-story.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6200359.stm |title=Longevity gene keeps mind sharp |work=] |date=26 December 2006}}</ref>


Organisations that research centenarians and supercentenarians include the GRG, ], and the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supercentenarian-research-foundation.org/mission.htm|title=Mission Statement|website=Supercentenarian Research Foundation}}"</ref>

In May 2021, ] analysis of 81 Italian semi-supercentenarians and supercentenarians were published, along with 36 control group people from the same region who were simply of advanced age.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garagnani |first1=Paolo |last2=Marquis |first2=Julien |last3=Delledonne |first3=Massimo |last4=Pirazzini |first4=Chiara |last5=Marasco |first5=Elena |last6=Kwiatkowska |first6=Katarzyna Malgorzata |last7=Iannuzzi |first7=Vincenzo |last8=Bacalini |first8=Maria Giulia |last9=Valsesia |first9=Armand |last10=Carayol |first10=Jerome |display-authors=1 |date=5 April 2021 |title=Whole-genome sequencing analysis of semi-supercentenarians |journal=] |volume=10 |issue= |pages=e57849 |doi=10.7554/eLife.57849 |pmc=8096429 |pmid=33941312|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Morbidity==
Research on the ] of supercentenarians has found that they remain free of major age-related diseases (e.g., stroke, ], ], ], ] and ]) until the very end of life when they die of exhaustion of organ reserve, which is the ability to return organ function to ].<ref name="JGA" /> About 10% of supercentenarians survive until the last three months of life without major age-related diseases, as compared to only 4% of semi-supercentenarians and 3% of centenarians.<ref name=JGA/>

By measuring the biological age of various tissues from supercentenarians, researchers may be able to identify the nature of those that are protected from ageing effects. According to a study of 30 different body parts from a 112-year-old female supercentenarian, along with younger controls, the ] is protected from ageing, according to an epigenetic ] of tissue age known as the ]—the reading is about 15 years younger than expected in a centenarian.<ref name="Horvath2015cerebellum">{{Cite journal |title=The cerebellum ages slowly according to the epigenetic clock. |journal=Aging |volume=7 |year=2015 |url=https://www.aging-us.com/article/100742/text |pmid=26000617 |pmc=4468311 |vauthors=Horvath S, Mah V, Lu AT, Woo JS, Choi OW, Jasinska AJ, Riancho JA, Tung S, Coles NS, Braun J, Vinters HV, Coles LS |issue=5 |doi=10.18632/aging.100742 |pages=294–306}}</ref> These findings could explain why the cerebellum exhibits fewer neuropathological hallmarks of age-related dementia as compared to other brain regions.

A 2021 genomic study identified genetic characteristics that protect against age-related diseases, particularly variants that improve ]. Five variants were found to be significant, affecting ] (increased expression) and COA1 (reduced expression) genes. Supercentenarians also had an unexpectedly low level of ]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haridy |first=Rich |date=5 May 2021 |title=Biggest genetic study of supercentenarians reveals clues to healthy aging |url=https://newatlas.com/health-wellbeing/whole-genome-study-supercentenarians-healthy-aging/|access-date=5 May 2021 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
*]

*]
==References==
*]
{{reflist}}
*]
*]


==External links== ==External links==
* {{Merriam-Webster|Supercentenarian}}
*
*
*
*
*
*


{{Longevity}}
==References==
* &mdash; list of validly-documented supercentenarians (by age and chronological), including a chronological list of the oldest living ''listed'' persons since 1955. (For a time in the 1960s the oldest living person did not reach 110.)


] ]
]

Latest revision as of 08:51, 22 January 2025

A person who is 110 years or older

Supercentenarian Maria Branyas (1907–2024) celebrating her 117th birthday

A supercentenarian, sometimes hyphenated as super-centenarian, is a person who is 110 years or older. This age is achieved by about one in 1,000 centenarians. Supercentenarians typically live a life free of significant age-related diseases until shortly before the maximum human lifespan is reached.

Etymology

The term "supercentenarian" has been used since 1832 or earlier. Norris McWhirter, editor of The Guinness Book Of Records, used the term in association with age claims researcher A. Ross Eckler Jr. in 1976, and the term was further popularised in 1991 by William Strauss and Neil Howe in their book Generations.

The term "semisupercentenarian", has been used to describe someone aged 105-109. Originally the term "supercentenarian" was used to mean someone well over the age of 100, but 110 years and over became the cutoff point of accepted criteria for demographers.

Incidence

Further information: List of oldest living people

The Gerontology Research Group maintains a top 30–40 list of oldest verified living people. The researchers estimate, based on a 0.15% to 0.25% survival rate of centenarians until the age of 110, that there should be between 300 and 450 living supercentenarians in the world. A study conducted in 2010 by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research found 663 validated supercentenarians, living and dead, and showed that the countries with the highest total number (not frequency) of supercentenarians (in decreasing order) were the United States, Japan, England plus Wales, France, and Italy. The first verified supercentenarian in human history was Dutchman Geert Adriaans Boomgaard (1788–1899), and it was not until the 1980s that the oldest verified age surpassed 115.

History

Further information: Oldest people Jeanne Calment is the oldest verified supercentenarian and the only verified person to reach the age of 120.

While claims of extreme age have persisted from the earliest times in history, the earliest supercentenarian accepted by Guinness World Records is Dutchman Thomas Peters (reportedly c. 1745–1857). However, Peters's age cannot be reliably verified due to an absence of any documents recording his early life. Other scholars, such as French demographer Jean-Marie Robine, consider Geert Adriaans Boomgaard, also of the Netherlands, who turned 110 in 1898, to be the first verifiable case, as the alleged evidence for Peters has apparently been lost. The evidence for the 112 years of Englishman William Hiseland (reportedly 1620–1732) does not meet the standards required by Guinness World Records.

Church of Norway records, the accuracy of which is subject to dispute, also show what appear to be several supercentenarians who lived in the south-central part of present-day Norway during the 16th and 17th centuries, including Johannes Torpe (1549–1664), and Knud Erlandson Etun (1659–1770), both residents of Valdres, Oppland.

In 1902, Margaret Ann Neve, born in 1792, became the first verified female supercentenarian.

Jeanne Calment of France, who died in 1997 aged 122 years, 164 days, had the longest human lifespan documented. The oldest man ever verified is Jiroemon Kimura of Japan, who died in 2013 aged 116 years and 54 days.

Inah Canabarro Lucas (born 8 June 1908) of Brazil is the world's oldest living person, aged 116 years, 229 days. João Marinho Neto (born 5 October 1912) of Brazil is the world's oldest living man, aged 112 years, 110 days.

Research into centenarians

Main article: Research into centenarians

Research into centenarians helps scientists understand how an ordinary person might live longer.

Organisations that research centenarians and supercentenarians include the GRG, LongeviQuest, and the Supercentenarian Research Foundation.

In May 2021, whole genome sequencing analysis of 81 Italian semi-supercentenarians and supercentenarians were published, along with 36 control group people from the same region who were simply of advanced age.

Morbidity

Research on the morbidity of supercentenarians has found that they remain free of major age-related diseases (e.g., stroke, cardiovascular disease, dementia, cancer, Parkinson's disease and diabetes) until the very end of life when they die of exhaustion of organ reserve, which is the ability to return organ function to homeostasis. About 10% of supercentenarians survive until the last three months of life without major age-related diseases, as compared to only 4% of semi-supercentenarians and 3% of centenarians.

By measuring the biological age of various tissues from supercentenarians, researchers may be able to identify the nature of those that are protected from ageing effects. According to a study of 30 different body parts from a 112-year-old female supercentenarian, along with younger controls, the cerebellum is protected from ageing, according to an epigenetic biomarker of tissue age known as the epigenetic clock—the reading is about 15 years younger than expected in a centenarian. These findings could explain why the cerebellum exhibits fewer neuropathological hallmarks of age-related dementia as compared to other brain regions.

A 2021 genomic study identified genetic characteristics that protect against age-related diseases, particularly variants that improve DNA repair. Five variants were found to be significant, affecting STK17A (increased expression) and COA1 (reduced expression) genes. Supercentenarians also had an unexpectedly low level of somatic mutations.

See also

References

  1. ^ Maier, H.; Gampe, J.; Jeune, B.; Robine, J.-M.; Vaupel, J. W., eds. (25 May 2010). Supercentenarians. Demographic Research Monographs. Springer. p. 338. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11520-2. ISBN 978-3-642-11519-6.
  2. ^ Anderson, Stacy L.; Sebastiani, Paola; Dworkis, Daniel A.; Feldman, Lori; Perls, Thomas T. (4 January 2012). "Health Span Approximates Life Span Among Many Supercentenarians: Compression of Morbidity at the Approximate Limit of Life Span". The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 67A (4): 395–405. doi:10.1093/gerona/glr223. PMC 3309876. PMID 22219514.
  3. B. M. Weon & J. H. Je (17 June 2008). "Theoretical estimation of maximum human lifespan". Biogerontology. 10 (1): 65–71. doi:10.1007/s10522-008-9156-4. PMID 18560989. S2CID 8554128.
  4. "Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  5. Gibb, G. (1876). "Ultra-centenarian Longevity". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 5. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 82–101. doi:10.2307/2841365. JSTOR 2841365.
  6. "GRG World Supercentenarian Rankings List". Gerontology Research Group. 23 November 2020. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. — see note 2 at bottom of page)
  7. "GRG World Supercentenarian Rankings List". Gerontology Research Group. 9 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021. — see note 2 at bottom of page)
  8. Rosenwaike, Ira; Stone, Leslie F. (2003). "Verification of the Ages of Supercentenarians in the United States: Results of a Matching Study". Demography. 40 (4): 727–739. doi:10.1353/dem.2003.0038. JSTOR 1515205. PMID 14686139. S2CID 22168523.
  9. CSMonitor Staff (10 August 2010). "Supercentenarians around the world". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  10. "Photo Gallery for Supercentenarians born before 1850, as of May 17, 2019". Gerontology Research Group. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  11. Jeune, Bernard; Poulain, Michel (2021). "The First Supercentenarians in History, and Recent 115 + −Year-Old Supercentenarians. An Introduction to the Following Chapters". In Maier, Heiner; Jeune, Bernard Jeune; Vaupel, James W. (eds.). Exceptional Lifespans. Demographic Research Monographs. Springer. p. 206. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49970-9_14. ISBN 978-3-030-49969-3.
  12. "How are records measured?". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  13. Young, Thomas Emley (1899). On centenarians; and the duration of the human race : a fresh and authentic enquiry; with historical notes, criticisms, and speculations. Columbia University Libraries. London, C. and E. Layton.
  14. "World's oldest man ever passes away aged 116". Guinness World Records. 12 June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  15. Newman, Vicki (4 January 2025). "Oldest nun Inah Canabarro Lucas who was blessed by the pope becomes world's oldest person". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  16. Maglov, Stefan (26 November 2024). "João Marinho Neto Becomes the World's Oldest Living Man at 112 Years Old". LongeviQuest. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  17. Rachel Nuwer (4 July 2014). "Keeping Track of the Oldest People in the World". Smithsonian.
  18. Gayle White (8 February 2006). "Supercentenarians giving researchers clues on longevity". Chicago Tribune. Cox News Service.
  19. "Longevity gene keeps mind sharp". BBC News. 26 December 2006.
  20. "Mission Statement". Supercentenarian Research Foundation."
  21. Garagnani, Paolo; et al. (5 April 2021). "Whole-genome sequencing analysis of semi-supercentenarians". eLife. 10: e57849. doi:10.7554/eLife.57849. PMC 8096429. PMID 33941312.
  22. Horvath S, Mah V, Lu AT, Woo JS, Choi OW, Jasinska AJ, Riancho JA, Tung S, Coles NS, Braun J, Vinters HV, Coles LS (2015). "The cerebellum ages slowly according to the epigenetic clock". Aging. 7 (5): 294–306. doi:10.18632/aging.100742. PMC 4468311. PMID 26000617.
  23. Haridy, Rich (5 May 2021). "Biggest genetic study of supercentenarians reveals clues to healthy aging". New Atlas. Retrieved 5 May 2021.

External links

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