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{{Short description|New Testament phrase}}
{{Religious text primary|date=December 2010}}
{{about||the term in Mormonism|Son of perdition (Mormonism)|the album by Wretched|Son of Perdition (album)}}
According to ] ] and ] beliefs, and many secular historians and scholars, the concept of the '''Son of Perdition''' is used in the ] in one or more of three primary contexts. Many theologians and scholars interpret these multiple references in multiple contexts as ,<ref>"Kinship of God and man: An attempt to formulate a thorough-going Trinitarian theology" by J.J. Lanier, see "Trinitarian Idealism," pp 135-147, esp. Syllabus II, p 136</ref><ref>''God-Centered Biblical Interpretation,'' chapter 5: The Triunal Character of Truth, Vern Sheridan Poythress</ref><ref>Hermeneutical Manual. Typologies pp x, 64, 155, 335, 379 (also uses the term "triunisms")</ref> or trinities,<ref>http://www.nathan.co.za/message.asp?sermonum=10 see paragraph 40</ref> or ]<ref>Milton S. Terry, Biblical hermenutics: a treatise on the interpretation of the Old and New Testaments, Typology pp 10, 337-346.</ref><ref>Darryl M. Erkel: A Guide to Basic Bible Interpretation, IX, 3, B, Typology.</ref><ref>Bob Smith: Basics of Bible Interpretation, Phase 2, Allegories and Types</ref><ref>''Typology of Scripture'' by William G. Moorehead, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, ed. James Orr (Chicago: Howard-Severance Co., 1930), vol. 5, pp. 3029-3030.</ref><ref>Typology: A Summary Of The Present Evangelical Discussion. Edward Glenny, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 40:4 (March 1997): 627-638.</ref><ref>A Study of Biblical Typology, Wayne Jackson, Christian Courier, November 3, 1999.</ref><ref>Old Testament Types. Rev K D Macleod, in The Free Presbyterian Magazine, September 1999</ref><ref>Shadows of Good Things, Or the Gospel in Type. By Russell R. Byrum (1922)</ref> Many theologians and scholars also consider "the beast that goes into perdition" mentioned in ''Revelation'' {{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|17:8}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|17:11}} to be references to the "Son of Perdition."<ref>''Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible,'' Jamieson, Fausset, Brown, ''et al'' Chapter 17</ref><ref>"Doctrinal Divinity" by John Gill, Chapter 14: Of the Spiritual Reign of Christ</ref>
{{Christian eschatology}}
'''The son of perdition''' (]: ὁ υἱός τῆς ἀπωλείας, ''ho huios tēs apōleias'') is a phrase associated with a ] title that appears in the ] in the ] {{bibleverse-nb||John|17:12}} and in the ] {{bibleverse-nb||2Thessalonians|2:3}}.


==New Testament==
⚫ According to modern criticism Jesus, Paul, and John derived the "Son of Perdition" (and "]") concepts from Daniel and 1 Maccabees 2:48 (some editions), ''et al.''<ref>Commentary Critical and Explanatory of the Whole Bible, Revelation chapter 17, point 11</ref> John related the "Son of Perdtion" concepts by language, referring to "the star that fell from heaven" ''Revelation'' {{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|9:1}} by two names, one Greek, and the other Hebrew. (''Revelation'' {{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|9:11}}) The Greek name is "]" (Greek: Aπολλυων), from the Greek root word "apollumi" (Greek:απολλυμι).<ref name=Kittel>{{cite book|title=Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Volume I|year=1964|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|author=Albrecht Oepke|chapter=ἀπολλυμι|editor=Gerhard Kittel|location=Grand Rapids|page=397}}</ref> It refers to utter loss, eternal destruction, and disassociation." ''] The Hebrew name is "]" (Greek: Aβαδδων), from the Aramaic root word "'abad" (Hebrew transliteration:שׁא), which means the same thing as the Greek root word. ] Daniel {{bibleverse-nb||Daniel|7:11}} says that the eventual destiny of the "great beast" is to be slain, and his body "destroyed" ('abad), and given to the eternal flames (generally accepted by religious scholars to be a reference to ]).
The two occurrences of the Greek phrase have traditionally been translated consistently in English Bibles from the ], following the Latin ] which has "filius perditionis" (son of perdition) in both instances. However this is not the case in all languages; for example the ] renders the use in John as "das verlorene Kind" (the lost child), but the use in 2 Thessalonians as "das Kind des Verderbens" (the child of corruption).


===John 17:12===
==='''First frame of reference:''' ]===
In {{bibleref2|John|17:12|KJV}}, ], in reference to ], says that of all his ], none has been lost except the "son of perdition".
{{quote|While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name: those that thou gavest me I have kept, and none of them is lost, but the son of perdition; that the scripture might be fulfilled.|John 17:12 ], 1611}}
Most historians and critics, and some Jewish and Christian scholars believe that the Book of Daniel is about the events that occurred in Israel from the beginning of the ] to the end of the ].<ref>http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/re/jewish-apocalyptic_bruce.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/search?q=annette+reed+%22babylonian+captivity%22&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&startIndex=&startPage=1</ref>]]
⚫ The ] translates the phrase as "the one doomed to destruction." ] suggests that this verse refers both to Judas' character and to his destiny.<ref>], ''The Gospel According to John'' (Leicester: Apollos, 1991), p. 563.</ref>


Various Old Testament origins have been suggested for "that the scripture might be fulfilled." These traditionally include Psalm 41:9 "Yea, mine own familiar friend, in whom I trusted, which did eat of my bread, hath lifted up his heel against me."<ref>James Clark ''A Layman's Theology'' 2008 Page 72 "12, mentions that He has guarded the disciples and "that none of them is lost but the son of perdition, that the scripture might be fulfilled." The prevailing wisdom probably is that the "son of perdition" was Judas, the fulfilled scripture Psalm 41:9, ..."</ref> Also Psalm 109:8 "Let his days be few; and let another take his office." which is interpreted by Peter in Acts 1:16–20 as having been prophetic of Judas Iscariot.
⚫ In regards to this first frame of reference, many scholars<ref>Commentary Critical: Daniel ch. 11</ref> and theologians<ref>"Revelation," The People on the Earth: Chapters 2-3, Letter to Ephesus, v 13. Bullinger</ref> down through history, including Hyppolytus,<ref>ANF05, Hippolytus</ref> Luther,<ref>"Table Talk," Martin Luther</ref> Wesley,<ref>Commentary on Chapter XI, Wesley,</ref> Manton, <ref>http://www.ccel.org/ccel/manton/manton03.iv.html?highlight=antiochus,son of perdition#highlight Sermon III</ref>, Schaff,<ref>NPNF (V2-06), Phillip Schaff</ref> say that first "Son of Perdition" reference is to ], the man who attacked the First ] and defiled it by sacrificing a pig on the altar, erecting a statue of Zeus as himself in the temple, raiding the Temple treasury and minting coins saying "Theos Epiphanes" (God manifest), ''etc''. Even those who advocate an interpretation of Daniel that includes the Roman Empire in their interpretations recognize Antiochus as a prototype of "antichrist."<ref>http://www.endtime-truth.com/studies2.html</ref> Matthew Henry would even go so far as to write:


===2 Thessalonians 2:3===
⚫ "Of the kings that came after Antiochus nothing is here prophesied, for that was the most malicious mischievous enemy to the church, that was a type of the son of perdition, whom the Lord shall consume with the breath of his mouth and destroy with the brightness of his coming, and none shall help him."<ref>Matthew Henry's Complete Commentary on the Bible, Daniel, chapter 11</ref>
In ] {{bibleverse-nb||2 Thessalonians|2:3}}, Paul referred to "the son of perdition".
{{quote|2 Thessalonians 2:3 "Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition;" ], 1611}}
He appears to equate this image with the ].


⚫ Some scholars<ref>Commentary Critical: Daniel ch. 11</ref> and theologians<ref>"Revelation," The People on the Earth: Chapters 2–3, Letter to Ephesus, v 13. Bullinger</ref> down through history, including Hippolytus,<ref>ANF05, Hippolytus</ref> Luther,<ref>"Table Talk," Martin Luther</ref> Wesley,<ref>Commentary on Chapter XI, Wesley,</ref> Manton,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Manton: Complete Works of Thomas Manton, D.D. Vol. III – Christian Classics Ethereal Library |url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/manton/manton03.iv.html?highlight=antiochus,son |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=www.ccel.org}}</ref> Schaff,<ref>NPNF (V2-06), Philip Schaff</ref> ''et al,'' say that first "Son of Perdition" reference is to ], the man who attacked the ] ] and defiled it by sacrificing a pig on the altar, erecting a statue of ] as himself in the temple, raiding the Temple treasury and minting coins saying "Theos Epiphanes" (God manifest), ''etc''. Even those theologians who advocate an interpretation of Daniel that includes the Roman Empire in their analysis recognize Antiochus as a prototype.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.endtime-truth.com/studies2.html |title=Antiochus Epiphanes |publisher=Endtime-truth.com |access-date=2012-03-10}}</ref>
==='''Second frame of reference''': ]===
⚫ In ] {{bibleverse-nb||John|17:12}}, ] says that of all his ], none has been lost except the "son of perdition". The ] translates the phrase as "the one doomed to destruction." ] suggests that this verse refers both to Judas' character and to his destiny.<ref>], ''The Gospel According to John'' (Leicester: Apollos, 1991), 563.</ref>


===Revelation===
==='''Third frame of reference:''' ]===
Some theologians and scholars also consider "the beast that goes into perdition" mentioned in Revelation {{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|17:8}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|17:11}} to be references to the son of perdition."<ref>''],'' Jamieson, Fausset, Brown, ''et al'' Chapter 17</ref><ref>"Doctrinal Divinity" by John Gill, Chapter 14: Of the Spiritual Reign of Christ</ref>


==Derivation==
In ] {{bibleverse-nb||2nd+thessalonians|2:3}}, Paul--writing well after both Jesus and Judas had come and gone to their respective destinies--referred to "the Son of Perdition" in some future sense from the point in time in which he wrote his epistle. He also equated this person with the ].
Similar uses of "son" occur in Hebrew, such as "sons of corruption" (Isaiah 1:4 בָּנִים מַשְׁחִיתִים banim mashchitim), however the exact Hebrew or Greek term "son of perdition" does not occur in Jewish writings prior to the New Testament.
Assuming a futuristic frame of reference, in ] {{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|17:8}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|17:11}}, John, writing well after Jesus and Judas Iscariot had come and gone to their respective destinies, refers to "the beast that goeth into perdition;" However, assuming an immediate frame of reference, some scholars contend that John was referring to the ].<ref>Introduction to the New Testament, the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians, Berkhof, Louis</ref>
In some variations of ], this future figure is commonly referred to as ]," the ]," or the ]."


⚫ According to some modern ] New Testament writers derived the "son of perdition" (and "]") concepts from Daniel and 1 Maccabees 2:48 "And they did not surrender the horn to the sinner." ''et al.''<ref>Commentary Critical and Explanatory of the Whole Bible, Revelation chapter 17, point 11</ref> John related the "Son of Perdition" concepts by language, referring to "the star that fell from heaven" ''Revelation'' {{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|9:1}} by two names, one Greek, and the other Hebrew. (''Revelation'' {{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|9:11}}) The Greek name is "]" (Greek: Aπολλυων), from the Greek root word "apollumi" (Greek:απολλυμι).<ref name=Kittel>{{cite book|title=Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Volume I|year=1964|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|author=Albrecht Oepke|chapter=ἀπολλυμι|editor=Gerhard Kittel|location=Grand Rapids|page=397}}</ref> It refers to utter loss, eternal destruction, and disassociation." ''] The Hebrew name is "]" (Greek: Aβαδδων), from the Aramaic root word "'abad", which means the same thing as the Greek root word. Strong's Daniel {{bibleverse-nb||Daniel|7:11}} says that the eventual destiny of the "great beast" is to be slain, and his body "destroyed" ('abad), and given to the eternal flames (generally accepted by religious scholars to be a reference to ]).
===Applications===


Matthew Henry wrote:
''The following statements are archetypal, and do not reflect every organizational or individual variation:''
⚫ {{quote|Of the kings that came after Antiochus nothing is here prophesied, for that was the most malicious mischievous enemy to the church, that was a type of the son of perdition, whom the Lord shall consume with the breath of his mouth and destroy with the brightness of his coming, and none shall help him.<ref>Matthew Henry's Complete Commentary on the Bible, Daniel, chapter 11</ref>}}


==See also==
Various sects of ] and ], as well as secular historians and higher critics would acknowledge the use of the phrase "the Son of Perdition" or "the beast that goes into perdition" in one or more of these three frames of reference:
* ]
] and some secular historians and critics would acknowledge the first frame of reference, as they hold that the ] is strictly Jewish apocalyptic literature.<ref>http://www.annettereed.com/RS-3R03/reed3R03_2-7.pdf</ref>
] and Historicist-type Jews ]] would acknowledge the first and third frames of reference, but not the second, as they believe in the coming of the Messiah in the future, but do not believe Jesus is the Messiah. <ref>Qumran-Messianism: Studies on the Messianic expectations in the Dead Sea scrolls, by the Society for New Testament Studies</ref><ref>Understanding Jewish History: Texts and Commentaries, By Steven Bayme, ch 12, Jewish Messianism and Sectarianism</ref>
Christian ], ] and ], ], and some historians and higher critics would acknowledge the second and third frames of reference, as they acknowlege two advents of Jesus Christ.<ref>http://www.puritansermons.com/sermons/manton03.htm see part II</ref> They may also acknowledge the first frame of reference as a ].<ref>http://www.endtime-truth.com/studies2.html</ref><ref>The Lutheran Witness, volume 36, p 369 "Jesus at the Reformation Centennial" H.M. Zorn</ref><ref>From Ephiphanes to Epimanes (From The Illustrious to The Madman), Tim Case</ref> However, Calvin opposed such references to typologies, insisting that the references were only to the future.<ref>Commentary on Phillipians, Colossians, Thessalonians, by John Calvin, see 2 Thessalonians 2:3-4</ref>
Christian ], ], and the advocates of ]/] would acknowledge the second frame of reference, and possibly the first frame of reference as a ], but not the third, as they do not believe in a literal future fulfillment of prophecy ''per se''.<ref>The Imperial Bible Dictionary by Patrick Fairbairn Antiochus, p 102, entry 4</ref><ref>http://avanim.org/ex-libris/patrick-fairbairn-the-interpretation-of-prophecy/part-2-chap-3-sect-2/</ref>
A Triunist would recognize all three frames of reference as valid, but in different modes of interpretation.

==The son of perdition in Mormon theology==
"Son of perdition" is also a phrase used in ] (LDS Church) to describe a person who will not take part in the glory of ] in the afterlife. This is in contrast to the vast majority of people, who will receive a "]" after the ], and enter into one of three degrees of glory after the resurrection: ], ], or ].

Most Latter-day Saints believe that the sons of perdition will be cast into ]; the scriptures do not use this exact phrase in connection with the sons of perdition, but state that they "shall go away into the lake of fire and brimstone, with the devil and his angels."<ref>] {{sourcetext|source=The Doctrine and Covenants|book=Section 76|verse=36}}</ref>

Mormons believe that ] is one of the greatest gifts of God, and that there might be some who will completely reject Jesus Christ and salvation. God will not force someone, including Satan, to be saved if they do not desire to be saved. Therefore, the Sons of Perdition are allowed to remove themselves from the presence of God and live in whatever degree of darkness they desire.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

In this context, the name "Perdition" is often regarded as a proper name that refers to either ]<ref>] {{sourcetext|source=The Doctrine and Covenants|book=Section 76|verse=26}}</ref> or ],<ref>] </ref> both of whom are symbols of ultimate evil.

===Two classes of sons of perdition===
According to LDS Church theology, there are two classes of persons who will become sons of perdition:
#The pre-mortal ] followers of ]. It is taught that, in the ], they chose to follow a plan proposed by Satan, rather than that presented by ] and ]. Thus ensued the ], which resulted in Satan and his followers being cast out of heaven and denied the opportunity of receiving a physical body.
#Those in mortal life who "deny the ]," which is generally interpreted as rejecting and denying Christ after receiving a personal witness of him from the ]. It is frequently&mdash;though not universally&mdash;added that a son of perdition must have a "perfect knowledge" of Jesus and that mere ] or belief in him is not enough. ] taught:

<blockquote>
::All sins shall be forgiven, except the sin against the Holy Ghost; for Jesus will save all except the sons of perdition. What must a man do to commit the unpardonable sin? He must receive the Holy Ghost, have the heavens opened unto him, and know God, and then sin against him. After a man has sinned against the Holy Ghost, there is no repentance for him. He has got to say that the sun does not shine while he sees it; he has got to deny Jesus Christ when the heavens have been opened unto him, and to deny the plan of salvation with his eyes open to the truth of it.<ref>Joseph Smith, Jr., 1844-04-07, reprinted as '']'', May 1971, p. 13.</ref>
</blockquote>

In the ], sons of perdition are described as inhabiting "a kingdom which is not a kingdom of glory."<ref>Doctrine and Covenants {{sourcetext|source=The Doctrine and Covenants|book=Section 88|verse=24}}.</ref> The most comprehensive exposition of the phrase is found in Section 76 in the Doctrine and Covenants.<ref>Doctrine and Covenants {{sourcetext|source=The Doctrine and Covenants|book=Section 76}}.</ref>

===Daughters of perdition===
A few LDS Church leaders have speculated whether or not there would be ''daughters'' of perdition, as well as sons of perdition. In 1860, ] ] stated, "I doubt whether it can be found, from the revelations that are given and the facts as they exist, that there is a female in all the regions of hell."<ref>'']'' '''8''':222</ref> The next year he was even more emphatic: "Woman must atone for sins committed by the volition of her own choice, but she will never become an angel to the devil, and sin so far as to place herself beyond the reach of mercy." <ref name = youngdiscourse>Discourse delivered October 8, 1861, pp. 6–7, LDS Church Archives.</ref> In the same discourse he explained his reasoning: "She is not accountable for the sins that are in the world. God requires obedience from man, he is lord of creation, and at his hands the sins of the world will be required."<ref name = youngdiscourse/> In 1903 another ], ], also affirmed "that there would be no daughters of perdition."<ref>Stan Larsen, ed., ''A Ministry of Meetings: The Diaries of Rudger Clawson,'' (Salt Lake City: Smith Associates and Signature Books, 1993], p. 560</ref>

However, such views are far from universal. After an 1893 meeting of Church President ] and a group of ], they declared, "That there will also be daughters of Perdition there is no doubt in the minds of the brethren".<ref>], ''The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power'' (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1997), p. 795</ref> Such conflicting views suggests that this subject has not been settled by a consensus of the LDS Church leadership, nor by a revelation to one of the Church Presidents.


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist|2}}
{{Doomsday}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Son Of Perdition}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Son Of Perdition}}
⚫ ]
⚫ ]
] ]
] ]
]
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⚫ ]

Latest revision as of 02:55, 22 November 2024

New Testament phrase For the term in Mormonism, see Son of perdition (Mormonism). For the album by Wretched, see Son of Perdition (album).
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The son of perdition (Greek: ὁ υἱός τῆς ἀπωλείας, ho huios tēs apōleias) is a phrase associated with a demoniacal title that appears in the New Testament in the Gospel of John 17:12 and in the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians 2:3.

New Testament

The two occurrences of the Greek phrase have traditionally been translated consistently in English Bibles from the Wycliffe Bible, following the Latin Vulgate which has "filius perditionis" (son of perdition) in both instances. However this is not the case in all languages; for example the Luther Bible renders the use in John as "das verlorene Kind" (the lost child), but the use in 2 Thessalonians as "das Kind des Verderbens" (the child of corruption).

John 17:12

In John 17:12, Jesus, in reference to Judas Iscariot, says that of all his disciples, none has been lost except the "son of perdition".

While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name: those that thou gavest me I have kept, and none of them is lost, but the son of perdition; that the scripture might be fulfilled.

— John 17:12 King James Version, 1611

The New International Version translates the phrase as "the one doomed to destruction." D. A. Carson suggests that this verse refers both to Judas' character and to his destiny.

Various Old Testament origins have been suggested for "that the scripture might be fulfilled." These traditionally include Psalm 41:9 "Yea, mine own familiar friend, in whom I trusted, which did eat of my bread, hath lifted up his heel against me." Also Psalm 109:8 "Let his days be few; and let another take his office." which is interpreted by Peter in Acts 1:16–20 as having been prophetic of Judas Iscariot.

2 Thessalonians 2:3

In 2 Thessalonians 2:3, Paul referred to "the son of perdition".

2 Thessalonians 2:3 "Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition;" King James Version, 1611

He appears to equate this image with the Man of Sin.

Some scholars and theologians down through history, including Hippolytus, Luther, Wesley, Manton, Schaff, et al, say that first "Son of Perdition" reference is to Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the man who attacked the Second Temple in Jerusalem and defiled it by sacrificing a pig on the altar, erecting a statue of Zeus as himself in the temple, raiding the Temple treasury and minting coins saying "Theos Epiphanes" (God manifest), etc. Even those theologians who advocate an interpretation of Daniel that includes the Roman Empire in their analysis recognize Antiochus as a prototype.

Revelation

Some theologians and scholars also consider "the beast that goes into perdition" mentioned in Revelation 17:8 and 17:11 to be references to the son of perdition."

Derivation

Similar uses of "son" occur in Hebrew, such as "sons of corruption" (Isaiah 1:4 בָּנִים מַשְׁחִיתִים banim mashchitim), however the exact Hebrew or Greek term "son of perdition" does not occur in Jewish writings prior to the New Testament.

According to some modern biblical criticism New Testament writers derived the "son of perdition" (and "man of sin") concepts from Daniel and 1 Maccabees 2:48 "And they did not surrender the horn to the sinner." et al. John related the "Son of Perdition" concepts by language, referring to "the star that fell from heaven" Revelation 9:1 by two names, one Greek, and the other Hebrew. (Revelation 9:11) The Greek name is "Apollyon" (Greek: Aπολλυων), from the Greek root word "apollumi" (Greek:απολλυμι). It refers to utter loss, eternal destruction, and disassociation." The Hebrew name is "Abaddon" (Greek: Aβαδδων), from the Aramaic root word "'abad", which means the same thing as the Greek root word. Strong's 07 Daniel 7:11 says that the eventual destiny of the "great beast" is to be slain, and his body "destroyed" ('abad), and given to the eternal flames (generally accepted by religious scholars to be a reference to hell).

Matthew Henry wrote:

Of the kings that came after Antiochus nothing is here prophesied, for that was the most malicious mischievous enemy to the church, that was a type of the son of perdition, whom the Lord shall consume with the breath of his mouth and destroy with the brightness of his coming, and none shall help him.

See also

References

  1. D. A. Carson, The Gospel According to John (Leicester: Apollos, 1991), p. 563.
  2. James Clark A Layman's Theology 2008 Page 72 "12, mentions that He has guarded the disciples and "that none of them is lost but the son of perdition, that the scripture might be fulfilled." The prevailing wisdom probably is that the "son of perdition" was Judas, the fulfilled scripture Psalm 41:9, ..."
  3. Commentary Critical: Daniel ch. 11
  4. "Revelation," The People on the Earth: Chapters 2–3, Letter to Ephesus, v 13. Bullinger
  5. ANF05, Hippolytus
  6. "Table Talk," Martin Luther
  7. Commentary on Chapter XI, Wesley,
  8. "Thomas Manton: Complete Works of Thomas Manton, D.D. Vol. III – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  9. NPNF (V2-06), Philip Schaff
  10. "Antiochus Epiphanes". Endtime-truth.com. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
  11. Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible, Jamieson, Fausset, Brown, et al Chapter 17
  12. "Doctrinal Divinity" by John Gill, Chapter 14: Of the Spiritual Reign of Christ
  13. Commentary Critical and Explanatory of the Whole Bible, Revelation chapter 17, point 11
  14. Albrecht Oepke (1964). "ἀπολλυμι". In Gerhard Kittel (ed.). Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Volume I. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 397.
  15. Matthew Henry's Complete Commentary on the Bible, Daniel, chapter 11
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