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			{{Short description|Most populous city in Illinois, United States}}
	{{About|the U.S. city}}
			{{About|the city in Illinois}}
	{{Redirect|Windy City}}
			{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
	{{pp-move-indef}}
			{{Pp-move}}
			{{Use American English|date=March 2019}}
			{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
	{{Infobox settlement		{{Infobox settlement
			| name = Chicago <!--Do not add state, per Infobox:settlement.-->
	|official_name = City of Chicago
	|settlement_type = ]		| settlement_type = ]
			| image_skyline = {{multiple image
	|nickname = ], The Second City, Chi-Town, ], City of Big Shoulders, The City That Works, and others found at ]
			| border = infobox
	|motto = {{lang-la|Urbs in Horto}} ({{lang-en|City in a Garden}}), Make Big Plans (Make No Small Plans), I Will
	|founder =		| perrow = 1/2/2/2
			| total_width = 300
	|named_for = {{lang-mia|shikaakwa}}<br /> ("Wild onion")
			| caption_align = center
	|website =
	|image_skyline = Chicago montage.jpg		| image1 = Chicago Skyline in September 2023 (cropped).jpg
	| imagesize = 300px		| caption1 = ]
			| image2 = Chicago River ferry b.jpg
	| image_caption = Clockwise from top: ], the ], the ], ], ], the ], and the ]
	|image_flag = Municipal Flag of Chicago.svg		| caption2 = ]
			| image3 = Pink Line at State & Lake.jpg
	|image_seal = Chicago city seal.png
	|image_map = US-IL-Chicago.png		| caption3 = ]
			| image4 = Wrigley Field in line with home plate.jpg
	|map_caption = Location in the ] and Illinois
			| caption4 = ]
	|pushpin_map=USA2
			| image5 = Navy_Pier_NW.jpg
	|pushpin_map_caption=Location in the United States
			| caption5 = ]
	|coordinates_display = inline,title
			| image6 = Art Institute of Chicago (51575570710).jpg
	|coordinates_region = US-IL
			| caption6 = ]
	|unit_pref = Imperial
			| image7 = Buckingham Fountain in Chicago, USA.jpg
	|subdivision_type = ]
			| caption7 = ]
	|subdivision_type1 = ]
	|subdivision_type2 = ]
	|subdivision_name = {{Flag|United States}}
	|subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|Illinois}}
	|subdivision_name2 = ], ]
	|government_type = ]
	|leader_title = ]
	|leader_name = ]
	|leader_title1 = ]
	|leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list
	|title = Aldermen
	|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
	|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
	|1 = ]
	|2 = ]
	|3 = ]
	|4 = ]
	|5 = ]
	|6 = ]
	|7 = ]
	|8 = ]
	|9 = ]
	|10 = ]
	|11 = ]
	|12 = ]
	|13 = ]
	|14 = ]
	|15 = ]
	|16 = ]
	|17 = ]
	|18 = ]
	|19 = ]
	|20 = ]
	|21 = ]
	|22 = ]
	|23 = ]
	|24 = ]
	|25 = ]
	|26 = ]
	|27 = ]
	|28 = ]
	|29 = ]
	|30 = ]
	|31 = ]
	|32 = ]
	|33 = ]
	|34 = ]
	|35 = ]
	|36 = ]
	|37 = ]
	|38 = ]
	|39 = ]
	|40 = ]
	|41 = ]
	|42 = ]
	|43 = ]
	|44 = ]
	|45 = ]
	|46 = ]
	|47 = ]
	|48 = ]
	|49 = ]
	|50 = ]
	}}		}}
			| image_flag = Flag of Chicago, Illinois.svg
	|leader_title2 = ]
	|leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list		| flag_size = 110px
			| image_seal = Seal of Chicago, Illinois.svg
	|title = Representative
			| seal_size = 90px
	|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
			| image_blank_emblem = Logo of Chicago, Illinois.svg
	|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
			| blank_emblem_type = Logo
	|1 = ] (])
			| blank_emblem_size = 100px
	|2 = ] (])
			| blank_emblem_alt =
	|3 = ] (])
			| blank_emblem_link = List of United States county and city insignia
	|4 = ] (])
			| mottoes = {{langx|la|Urbs in Horto}} (City in a Garden); I Will
	|5 = ] (])
			| image_map = {{maplink
	|6 = ] (])
			| frame = yes
	|7 = ] (])
			| plain = yes
	|8 = ] (])
			| frame-align = center
	|9 = ] (])
			| frame-width = 290
	|10 = ] (])
			| frame-height = 290
	|11 = ] (])
			| frame-coord = {{coord|qid=Q1297}}
	|12 = ] (])
			| zoom = 9
	|13 = ] (])
			| type = shape
	|14 = ] (])
			| marker = city
	|15 = ] (])
			| stroke-width = 2
	|16 = ] (])
			| stroke-color = #0096FF
	|17 = ] (])
			| fill = #0096FF
	|18 = ] (])
			| id2 = Q1297
	|19 = ] (])
			| type2 = shape-inverse
	|20 = ] (])
			| stroke-width2 = 2
	|21 = ] (])
			| stroke-color2 = #5F5F5F
	|22 = ] (])
			| stroke-opacity2 = 0
	|23 = ] (])
			| fill2 = #000000
	|24 = ] (])
			| fill-opacity2 = 0
	|25 = ] (])
	|26 = ] (])
	|27 = ] (])
	|28 = ] (])
	|29 = ] (])
	|30 = ] (])
	|31 = ](])
	}}		}}
			| map_caption = Interactive map of Chicago
	|leader_title3 = ]
			| pushpin_map = Illinois#USA
	|leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list
			| pushpin_relief = yes
	|title = State senators
			| coordinates = {{Coord|41|52|55|N|87|37|40|W|region:US-IL_type:city(2,746,000)|display=inline,title}}
	|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
			| coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="gnis"/>
	|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
			| subdivision_type = Country
	|1 = ] (])
	|2 = ] (])		| subdivision_name = United States
			| subdivision_type1 = ]
	|3 = ] (])
			| subdivision_type2 = ]
	|4 = ] (])
			| subdivision_name1 = ]
	|5 = ] (])
			| subdivision_name2 = ] (majority) and ] (minority)
	|6 = ] (])
			| established_title = Settled
	|7 = ] (])
			| established_date = {{circa|{{start date and age|1780}}}}
	|8 = ] (])
			| established_title2 = ] (city)
	|9 = ] (])
			| established_date2 = {{start date and age|1837|03|04|mf=y}}
	|10 = ] (])
			| founder = ]
	|11 = ] (])
			| government_type = ]
	|12 = ] (])
			| governing_body = ]
	|13 = ] (])
			| leader_title = ]
	|14 = ] (])
	|15 = ] (])		| leader_name = ] (])
			| leader_title1 = ]
	|16 = ] (])
			| leader_name1 = ] (D)
	|17 = ] (])
			| unit_pref = Imperial
	|18 = ] (])
			| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web |title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_17.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=March 15, 2022 |archive-date=March 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315130646/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_17.txt |url-status=live }}</ref>
	|19 = ] (])
			| area_total_sq_mi = 234.53
	}}
			| area_total_km2 = 607.44
	|leader_title4 = ]
			| area_land_sq_mi = 227.73
	|leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list
			| area_land_km2 = 589.82
	|title = Representatives
			| area_water_sq_mi = 6.80
	|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
			| area_water_km2 = 17.62
	|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
			| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="gnis">{{Cite GNIS|428803|City of Chicago}}</ref> ''(mean)''
	|1 = ] (])
			| elevation_m =
	|2 = ] (])
			| elevation_ft = 597.18
	|3 = ] (])
			| elevation_min_m =
	|4 = ] (])
			| elevation_min_ft = 578
	|5 = ] (])
			| elevation_max_footnotes = <br />''– near Blue Island''
	|6 = ] (])
			| elevation_min_footnotes = <br />''– at Lake Michigan''
	|7 = ] (])
			| population_total = 2746388
	}}
			| population_as_of = ]
	|area_magnitude = 1 E+8
			| population_footnotes = <ref name="Quickfacts">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/chicagocityillinois/PST045222|title=QuickFacts: Chicago city, Illinois|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=February 29, 2024|archive-date=December 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218043241/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/chicagocityillinois/PST045222|url-status=live}}</ref>
	|area_total_sq_mi = 234.0
			| population_est = 2,664,452
	|area_total_km2 = 606.1
			| pop_est_as_of = 2023
	|area_land_sq_mi = 227.2
			| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="Quickfacts" />
	|area_land_km2 =
			| population_rank = {{ubl| ] in North America|] in the United States|] in Illinois}}
	|area_water_sq_mi = 6.9
			| population_density_sq_mi = 12059.84
	|area_water_km2 =
			| population_density_km2 = 4656.33
	|area_water_percent=3.0
			| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 8, 2023|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114022812/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	|area_urban_km2 =
			| population_urban = 8,671,746 (US: ])
	|area_urban_sq_mi = 2122.8
			| population_density_urban_km2 = 1,432.1
	|area_metro_km2 =
			| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 3,709.2
	|area_metro_sq_mi = 10874
			| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081449/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	|population_as_of = 2010 Census
			| population_metro = 9618502 (US: ])
	|population_total = 2,695,598
			| population_demonym = ]
	|population_rank = ]
	|population_note =		| population_note =
			| postal_code_type = ] prefixes
	|population_footnotes =<ref name="Population">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo_id=16000US1714000&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=chicago&_cityTown=chicago&_state=04000US17&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=|title=2009 Population Estimates|publisher=Population Division, ]|year =2009|accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref>
			| postal_code = 606xx, 607xx, 608xx
	|population_urban = 8711000
			| area_code = ], ], ]
	|population_metro = 9785747
			| area_code_type = ]
	|population_density_sq_mi = 12557
			| website = {{URL|chicago.gov}}
	|population_density_km2 =
			| footnotes =
	|population_demonym = Chicagoan
			| etymology = {{langx|mia|shikaakwa}} ({{gloss|]}} or {{gloss|wild garlic}})
	|timezone = ]
			| pushpin_label = Chicago
	|utc_offset = &minus;6
			| leader_title2 = ]
	|timezone_DST = ]
			| leader_name2 = ] (D)
	|utc_offset_DST = &minus;5
			| demographics_type2 = GDP
	|area_code = ], ], ]
			| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Total Gross Domestic Product for Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI (MSA)|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP16980|website=fred.stlouisfed.org}}</ref>
	|elevation_m =
			|demographics2_title1 = ]
	|elevation_ft = 597
			|demographics2_info1 = $894.862 billion (2023)
	|latd = 41
			| elevation_max_m =
	|latm = 52
			| elevation_max_ft = 672
	|lats = 55
			| utc_offset = −06:00
	|latNS = N
			| timezone_DST = ]
	|longd = 87
			| utc_offset_DST = −05:00
	|longm = 37
			| blank_name = ] code
	|longs = 40
			| blank_info = {{FIPS|17|14000}}
	|longEW = W
			| blank1_name = ] feature ID
	|established_title = Settled
			| blank1_info = {{GNIS4|0428803}}
	|established_date = 1770s
			| nicknames = The ] and ]
	|established_title2 = ]
			| timezone1 = ]
	|established_date2 = March 4, 1837
			| established_title1 = ] (town)
	|seat_type =
			| established_date1 = {{start date and age|1833|08|12|mf=y}}
	|seat = ]
	|footnotes = <ref name="gnis">{{gnis|428803|City of Chicago}}</ref>
	}}		}}
			'''Chicago'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Chicago.ogg|ʃ|ᵻ|ˈ|k|ɑː|ɡ|oʊ}} {{respell|shih|KAH|goh}}, {{IPAc-en|local|also|ʃ|ᵻ|ˈ|k|ɔː|ɡ|oʊ}} {{respell|shih|KAW|goh}};<ref>{{Accents of English|476|hide1=y|hide2=y}}</ref> {{langx|mia|Shikaakwa}}; {{langx|oj|Zhigaagong}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carrico |first=Natalya |title='We're still here' |url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/tipi-first-nations-garden-albany-park/Content?oid=69017988 |access-date=January 12, 2021 |website=Chicago Reader |date=March 18, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213172436/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/tipi-first-nations-garden-albany-park/Content?oid=69017988 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} is the ] in the ] of ] and in the ]. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the ],<ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Chicago city, Illinois |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/chicagocityillinois/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007170437/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/chicagocityillinois/POP010220 |url-status=live }}</ref> it is the ] after ] and ]. As the ] of ], the ] in the U.S., Chicago is the center of the ], often colloquially called "Chicagoland" and home to 9.6 million residents.
	'''Chicago''' ({{IPA-en|ʃɨˈkɑːɡoʊ||En-us-Chicago-2.ogg}} or {{IPA-en|ʃɨˈkɔːɡoʊ|}}) is the largest city in the state of ]. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the ] and the third most populous city in the USA.<ref name="Population"/> Its ], commonly named "]," is the 27th most populous metropolitan area in the world,<ref></ref> home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the ]s of Illinois, ], and ]. Chicago is the ] of ], the second largest county in the United States by population.
			Located on the shore of ], Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a ] between the ] and the ]. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{harvc|in3=Reiff |in2=Keating |in1=Grossman|c=Metropolitan Growth |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/821.html |access-date=December 5, 2013 |last=Keating |first=Ann Durkin |year=2004}}</ref><ref name="chicagohistory-demography">{{cite web|title=Demography: Chicago as a Modern World City|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/962.html|access-date=March 4, 2022|publisher=Encyclopedia of Chicago|archive-date=October 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012204646/https://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/962.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1871, the ] destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,<ref>{{cite web |last=Cohen |first=Jennie |date=October 7, 2011 |title=Urban Infernos Throughout History |url=http://www.history.com/news/urban-infernos-throughout-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225065428/http://www.history.com/news/urban-infernos-throughout-history |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |access-date=June 24, 2017 |publisher=History}}</ref> but Chicago's population continued to grow.<ref name="chicagohistory-demography" /> Chicago made noted contributions to ] and ], such as the ], the development of the ], and the steel-framed ].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Skyscrapers |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Chicago |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1149.html |access-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Glancey |first1=Jonathan |date=October 5, 2015 |title=The city that changed architecture forever |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150930-chicago-birthplace-of-the-skyscraper |access-date=April 30, 2018 |work=BBC News |archive-date=May 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511131812/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150930-chicago-birthplace-of-the-skyscraper |url-status=live }}</ref>
	Chicago was founded in&nbsp;1833, near a ] between the ] and the ].<ref name="Telecommunications Hub">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/Portals/0/infocenter_files/telecom_hub.pdf|publisher=World Business Chicago|format=PDF|title=Telecommunications Hub|accessdate=2009-04-15}}{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref> Today, the city retains its status as a major hub for industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the ] in the world. {{As of|2008|alt=In 2008}}, the city hosted 45.6&nbsp;million domestic and overseas visitors.<ref name="visitors">{{cite web| title=2008 Visitor Volume Economic Impact| url=http://www.choosechicago.com/media/statistics/visitor_impact/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau|year=2010|accessdate=2010-05-07}}</ref> As of 2010, Chicago's metropolitan area has the 4th largest ] (GDP) of all metropolitan areas in the world.<ref name="foreignpolicy1">{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/node/373401 |title=Global Cities 2010: The Rankings |publisher=Foreign Policy |date= |accessdate=2010-11-06}}</ref>
			Chicago is an international hub for finance, ], commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and ]. It has the largest and most diverse finance ] market in the world, generating 20% of all volume in ] and financial futures alone.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Economy |url=http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212224011/http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/economy/ |archive-date=February 12, 2017 |access-date=May 3, 2018 |website=World Business Chicago }}</ref> ] is routinely ranked among the ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aci.aero/data-centre/annual-traffic-data/passengers/2017-passenger-summary-annual-traffic-data/ |title=2017 Passenger Summary – Annual Traffic Data |website=ACI World |access-date=November 16, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529042253/https://aci.aero/data-centre/annual-traffic-data/passengers/2017-passenger-summary-annual-traffic-data/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the region is also the nation's railroad hub.<ref name="arodriguez">{{cite news |title=Chicago takes on the world |work=Chicago Tribune |date=January 26, 2014 |author=Rodriguez, Alex |at=Sec. 1 p. 15}}</ref> The Chicago area has one of the highest ] (GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $689&nbsp;billion in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apps.bea.gov/itable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1 |title=CAGDP2 Gross domestic product (GDP) by county and metropolitan area |date=December 12, 2019 |access-date=December 15, 2019 |publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis |archive-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023080037/https://apps.bea.gov/itable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> ] is ], with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce.<ref name=":0" />
	The city is a center for business and finance and is listed as one of the world's top ten ]. The World Cities Study Group at ] rated Chicago as an "]".<ref name="Alpha City Report">{{cite web| title=Measuring the World City Network: New Developments and Results | author = P.J. Taylor et al| url= http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb300.html|page = see Table 1| work= Research On Relations Between World Cities | publisher= Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Network| year= 2009| accessdate=2009-04-18}}</ref> In a 2010 survey collaboration between ] and A.T Kearney ranking cities, Chicago ranked 6th just after Paris and Hong Kong.<ref name="foreignpolicy1"/> The ranking assesses five dimensions: value of capital markets, diversity of human capital, international information resources, international cultural resources, and political influence. Chicago has been ranked by ] as the world's 5th most economically powerful city.<ref></ref> Chicago is a stronghold of the ] and has been home to many influential politicians, including the current ], ].
			Chicago is a major destination for ], including visitors to its ], and Lake Michigan ]. Chicago's culture has contributed much to the visual arts, ], film, ], comedy (especially ]), ], dance, and ] (particularly ], ], ], ], ],<ref>{{cite book |title=A City Called Heaven: Chicago and the Birth of Gospel Music |publisher=University of Illinois Press |author=Marovich, Robert M. |year=2015 |location=Urbana, IL |page=7 |isbn=978-0-252-08069-2}}</ref> and ], including ]). Chicago is home to the ] and the ], while the ] provides an influential visual arts museum and ]. The Chicago area also hosts the ], ], and the ], among ]. Professional ] in ] all ], including two ] teams.
	The city's notoriety expressed in popular culture is found in novels, plays, movies, songs, various types of journals (e.g., sports, entertainment, business, trade, and academic), and the news media. Chicago has numerous nicknames, which reflect the impressions and opinions about historical and contemporary Chicago. The best known include: "]," ] "Second City,"{{#tag:ref|] coined the "Second City" phrase and applied it to Chicago after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.<ref>{{cite web| title=Chicago History Journal | author=Sharon | url=http://www.chicagohistoryjournal.com/2009/08/why-is-chicago-called-second-city.html| work = | publisher = Chicago History Journal | date= | accessdate=2010-02-26}}</ref> In recent times, it is also used to boost Chicago's status as the second most prestigious city in the United States in many areas, such as entertainment, culture, and finance.<ref name="Liebling's Second City">{{cite web| title=Chicago's Twentieth-Century Cultural Exports |author=Sarah S. Marcus| url= http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/410156.html| work= | publisher= The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago | date= | accessdate=2009-04-19}}</ref>|group="footnote"}} and the "City of Big Shoulders."{{#tag:ref|] referred to Chicago as the "City of Broad Shoulders" in one of his poems, referencing both the blue-collar power house of Chicago's early economy as well as its numerous skyscrapers (whose steel frame designs were largely pioneered in Chicago).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carl-sandburg.com/chicago.htm |title=Carl Sandburg Poems – Chicago |publisher=Carl-sandburg.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>|group="footnote"}} Chicago has also been called "the most American of big cities."<ref>. Retrieved November 7, 2009.</ref><ref>. Retrieved November 7, 2009.</ref><ref>
	Mark Caro, ''The Foie Gras Wars: How a 5,000-Year-Old Delicacy Inspired the World's Fiercest Food Fight'', p. 149, (Simon and Schuster, 2009), ISBN 978-1-4165-5668-8 found at
	. Retrieved November 7, 2009.</ref><ref>Marco Portales, ''Latino sun, rising: our Spanish-speaking U.S. world,'' p. 54, (Texas A&M University Press, 2004) ISBN 978-1-58544-381-9, found at . Retrieved November 7, 2009.</ref>
			==Etymology and nicknames==
	==History==
			{{Main|Nicknames of Chicago}}
			{{See also|Windy City (nickname)|List of Chicago placename etymologies}}
			The name ''Chicago'' is derived from a French rendering of the ] ] word {{lang|mia|shikaakwa}} for a wild relative of the ]; it is known to botanists as '']'' and known more commonly as "ramps". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "{{lang|fr|Checagou}}" was by ] around 1679 in a memoir.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quaife |first=Milo M. |title=Checagou: From Indian Wigwam to Modern City, 1673–1835 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151734 |year=1933 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL |oclc=1865758}}</ref> ], in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild "garlic" grew profusely in the area.<ref name="Swenson, John F. 235–248">{{Cite journal |author=Swenson, John F. |title=Chicagoua/Chicago: The origin, meaning, and etymology of a place name |journal=Illinois Historical Journal |volume=84 |issue=4 |date=Winter 1991 |pages=235–248 |issn=0748-8149 |oclc=25174749}}</ref> According to his diary of late September 1687:
			{{Blockquote|... when we arrived at the said place called "Chicagou" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region.<ref name="Swenson, John F. 235–248" />}}
			The city has had ] throughout its history, such as the ], Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders.<ref name="Liebling's Second City">{{harvc|first=Sarah S. |last=Marcus |c=Chicago's Twentieth-Century Cultural Exports |in3=Reiff |in2=Keating |in1=Grossman |year= 2004 |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/410156.html |access-date=December 6, 2015}}</ref>
			== History ==
	{{Main|History of Chicago}}		{{Main|History of Chicago}}
	{{See also|Origin of the name "Windy City"}}		{{For timeline|Timeline of Chicago history}}
	During the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a native American tribe known as the ], who had taken the place of the ] and ] peoples. The 1780s saw the arrival of the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago, ], who is believed to be of African and European decent.<ref name="Swenson">{{cite web|last=Swenson|first=John W|title=Jean Baptiste Point de Sable—The Founder of Modern Chicago|url=http://www.earlychicago.com/essays.php?essay=7|work=Early Chicago|publisher=Early Chicago, Inc.|accessdate=2010-08-08|year=1999}}</ref> In 1795, following the ], an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over by some Native Americans in the ] to the United States for a military post.
			=== Beginnings ===
	In 1803, the United States Army built ], which was destroyed in the ] ]. The ], ], and Potawatomi later ceded additional land to the United States in the 1804 ]. The Potawatomi were eventually forcibly removed from their land following the ] in 1833. On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of around 200 at that time.<ref>{{cite web| author= | title= Timeline: Early Chicago History| url= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/chicago/timeline/index.html| archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5h38n983V| work= Chicago: City of the Century | publisher= WGBH Educational Foundation
			] regalia on display at the ]|left]]In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by the ], an indigenous tribe who had succeeded the ], ] and ] peoples in this region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keating |first=Ann Durkin |title=Chicagoland: City and Suburbs in the Railroad Age |year=2005 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-42882-6 |lccn=2005002198 |page=25}}</ref>
	And Window to the World Communications, Inc.| archivedate= 2009-05-26| year= 2003| accessdate= 2009-05-26}}</ref> Within seven years it would grow to a population of over 4,000. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837—the same day that ] was inaugurated as President (succeeding ]).
			]|left]]
			] (1885)|left]]
			] in 1893]]
			The first known permanent settler in Chicago was trader ]. Du Sable was of ] descent, perhaps born in the ] of ] (Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the "Founder of Chicago."{{sfnp|Genzen|2007|pp=10–11, 14–15}}{{sfnp|Keating|2005|pp=30–31, 221}}<ref name="Swenson">{{cite web |last=Swenson |first=John W |year=1999 |title=Jean Baptiste Point de Sable—The Founder of Modern Chicago |url=http://www.earlychicago.com/essays.php?essay=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050116080031/http://www.earlychicago.com/essays.php?essay=7 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 16, 2005 |work=Early Chicago |publisher=Early Chicago, Inc. |access-date=August 8, 2010 }}</ref>
			In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in the ], an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the ]. In 1803, the ] constructed ], which was destroyed during the ] in the ] by the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt.{{sfnp|Genzen|2007|pp=16–17}}
	The name "Chicago" is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word ''shikaakwa'', translated as "wild onion" or "wild garlic," from the ].<ref>For a historical account of interest, see the section entitled "Origin of the word Chicago" in Andreas, Alfred Theodore, ''History of Chicago,'' A.T. Andreas, Chicago (1884) pp 37–38.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| author = Swenson, John F. | title = Chicagoua/Chicago: The origin, meaning, and etymology of a place name | journal = Illinois Historical Journal | volume = 84 | issue = 4 | date = Winter 1991 | pages = 235–248 | issn = 0748-8149 | oclc = 25174749 }}</ref><ref name="mcc">{{cite web|url= http://linguistlist.org/issues/12/12-3157.html|title= "Chicago" Etymology|author= McCafferty, Michael|date=21 December 2001|publisher=The LINGUIST List |accessdate=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCafferty|first=Michael|date=Summer 2003|title=A Fresh Look at the Place Name Chicago|journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society|volume=96|issue=2|publisher=Illinois State Historical Society|issn=1522-1067|url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3945/is_200307/ai_n9266765/?tag=content;col1|accessdate=22 October 2009}}</ref> The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by ] around 1679 in a memoir written about the time.<ref>Quaife, Milton M. ''Checagou'', (Chicago:University of Chicago Press., 1933).</ref> The wild garlic plants, ''],'' were described by LaSalle's comrade, naturalist-diarist ], in his journal of LaSalle's last expedition.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web| last = Swenson | first = John F.|title = Chicago: Meaning of the Name and Location of Pre-1800 European Settlements | work = Early Chicago | date = Winter 1991 | url = http://www.earlychicago.com/essays.php?essay=1 | doi = | accessdate = 2010-05-22}}</ref><ref name="zeldes">{{cite web| last = Zeldes | first = Leah A.| title = Ramping up: Chicago by any other name would smell as sweet | work = Dining Chicago | publisher = Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. | date = 2010-04-05 | url = http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/04/05/ramping-up-chicago-by-any-other-name-would-smell-as-sweet/ | doi = | accessdate = 2010-05-22}}</ref>
			After the War of 1812, the ], ], and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 ]. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the ] and sent west of the ] as part of the federal policy of ].{{sfnp|Buisseret|1990|pp=22–23, 68, 80–81}}{{sfnp|Keating|2005|pp=30–32}}<ref name="Timeline: Early Chicago History">{{cite web |title=Timeline: Early Chicago History |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/chicago/timeline/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325102159/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/chicago/timeline/index.html |work=Chicago: City of the Century |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation And Window to the World Communications, Inc. |archive-date=March 25, 2009 |year=2003 |access-date=May 26, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
	] and ], the busiest corner in Chicago (1897)]]
	As the site of the ], the city emerged as an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, ], opened in 1848, which also marked the opening of the ]. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the ] to connect to the ]. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and ] abroad. Manufacturing and retail sectors became dominant among Midwestern cities, influencing the American economy, particularly in meatpacking, with the advent of the ] and the regional centrality of the city's ].<ref>Boyle, Elizabeth and Rodolfo Estrada. (1994) {{dead link|date=November 2010}} – Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences and Industry.</ref>
			===19th century===
	Chicago experienced some of the ], requiring infrastructure investments. In February 1856, the Chesbrough plan for the building of Chicago's and the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system was approved by the Common Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jonathanriley.net/chn.html#y1856_m02_d14 |title=Chicago Daily Tribune, Thursday Morning, February 14 |publisher=Jonathanriley.net |date= |accessdate=2009-05-04}}</ref> The project ] to a new grade. While raising Chicago out of its mud and sewage, and at first improving the health of the city, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the ], thence into ], polluting the primary source of fresh water for the city. Chicago responded by tunneling two miles (3&nbsp;km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built ]s. In 1900, the problem of sewage was largely resolved when the city undertook a major engineering feat. The city reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that water flowed from Lake Michigan into the river, instead of the water flowing from the river into the lake. It began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and completed with the ] leading to the ] which joins the ].
			{{multiple image
	]]]
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	After the ] destroyed a third of the city, including the entire central business district, Chicago experienced rapid rebuilding and growth.<ref>Bruegmann, Robert (2004–2005). . ''Encyclopedia of Chicago (online version)''.</ref> During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world's ] in 1885, using ] construction.<ref>Allen, Frederick E. (March 2003). "" '']''. Retrieved 7-29-2010.</ref> ] and unrest followed, including the ] on May 4, 1886. Concern for social problems among Chicago's lower classes led ] to be a co-founder of ] in 1889. Programs developed there became a model for the new field of social work. The city also invested in many large, well-landscaped ], which also included public sanitation facilities.
			| direction = vertical
			| image1 = Illinois-michigan-canal.png
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			| caption1 = The location and course of the ] (completed 1848)
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			| image2 = Corner Madison and State streets, Chicago -.webm
			| width2 = 225
			| caption2 = ] and ] streets, once known as the busiest intersection in the world (1897)
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			}}
			On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.<ref name="Timeline: Early Chicago History" /> Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began with ] as Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11480.html |title=Act of Incorporation for the City of Chicago, 1837 |publisher=State of Illinois |access-date=March 3, 2011 |archive-date=March 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307032921/http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11480.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city.<ref>Walter Nugent. " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012204646/https://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/962.html |date=October 12, 2022 }}" in ''Encyclopedia of Chicago''. Chicago Historical Society.</ref>
			As the site of the ],{{sfnp|Keating|2005|p=27}} the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, ], and the ] opened in 1848. The canal allowed ]s and ]s on the ] to connect to the Mississippi River.{{sfnp|Buisseret|1990|pp=86–98}}{{sfnp|Condit|1973|pp=30–31}}{{sfnp|Genzen|2007|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Keating|2005|pp=26–29, 35–39}}
	In the 19th century, Chicago became an important railroad center and in 1883 the standardized system of North American ] was adopted by the general time convention of railway managers in Chicago.<ref>'','' pp. 19–20. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1883.</ref> This gave the continent its uniform system for telling time.
			A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and ] from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Conzen |first=Michael P. |chapter=Global Chicago |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/300132.html |title=Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |access-date=December 6, 2015 |archive-date=November 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112152124/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/300132.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] (established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized "exchange-traded" forward contracts, which were called ]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmegroup.com/company/history/timeline-of-achievements.html |title=Timeline-of-achievements |publisher=] |access-date=January 20, 2013 |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107030442/http://www.cmegroup.com/company/history/timeline-of-achievements.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	In 1893, Chicago hosted the ] on former marshland at the present location of ]. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history.<ref>{{dead link|date=November 2010}}. ''Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau''.</ref> The ] was founded in 1892 on the same South Side location. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the ], a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects ] and Jackson Parks.
			In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator ], the champion of the ] and the "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stephen Douglas |url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/spcl/excat/douglas5.html |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-date=June 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609004224/http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/spcl/excat/douglas5.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, ], to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the ], which was held in a purpose-built auditorium called the ]. He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for the ].
			To accommodate ] and demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approved ]'s plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sedm1912/chn.html#y1856_m02_d14 |title=Chicago Daily Tribune, Thursday Morning, February 14 |publisher=nike-of-samothrace.net |access-date=May 4, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325060713/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sedm1912/chn.html#y1856_m02_d14 |archive-date=March 25, 2014}}</ref> The project ] to a new grade with the use of ] for raising buildings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sites.austincc.edu/caddis/bull-moose-from-a-bully-pulpit |title=5 Bull Moose From a Bully Pulpit |publisher=Austin Community College |access-date=March 21, 2021 |author-first=Cameron |author-last=Addis |date=August 22, 2015 |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227004439/http://sites.austincc.edu/caddis/bull-moose-from-a-bully-pulpit/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the ], and subsequently into ], polluting the city's primary freshwater source.
			The city responded by tunneling {{convert|2|mi|km|spell=in}} out into Lake Michigan to newly built ]. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the ] that connects to the ], which flows into the Mississippi River.{{sfnp|Condit|1973|pp=15–18, 243–245}}{{sfnp|Genzen|2007|pp=27–29, 38–43}}{{sfnp|Buisseret|1990|pp=154–155, 172–173, 204–205}}
			In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about {{convert|4|mi|km}} long and {{convert|1|mi|km|adj=on}} wide, a large section of the city at the time.{{sfnp|Buisseret|1990|pp=148–149}}{{sfnp|Genzen|2007|pp=32–37}}{{sfnp|Lowe|2000|pp=87–97}} Much of the city, including railroads and ], survived intact,{{sfnp|Lowe|2000|p=99}} and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bruegmann |first=Robert |chapter=Built Environment of the Chicago Region |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/181.html |title=Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |access-date=December 5, 2013 |author-link=Robert Bruegmann |year=2005 |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505235245/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/181.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Condit|1973|pp=9–11}} During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world's ] in 1885, using ] construction.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Allen |first=Frederick E. |date=February 2003 |title=Where They Went to See the Future |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2003/1/2003_1_68.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220103637/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2003/1/2003_1_68.shtml |archive-date=February 20, 2007 |journal=] |volume=54 |issue=1 |access-date=December 5, 2013}}</ref>{{sfnp|Lowe|2000|pp=121, 129}}
			The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the ], which now comprises most of the ] and the far southeast of Chicago, and the ], which now makes up most of ].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/53.html |access-date=December 14, 2015 |year=2005 |encyclopedia=The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |author=Cain, Louis P. |title=Annexations}}</ref> The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents.
			Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from ] and migrants from the ]. Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage. ], ], ], ], and ] made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population).<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Chicago |volume= 6 | pages = 118–125; see page 124; first para |quote= Population.—Of the total population in 1900 not less than 34.6% were foreign-born; the number of persons either born abroad, or born in the United States of foreign parentage (i.e. father or both parents foreign), was 77.4% of the population, and in the total number of males of voting age the foreign-born predominated (53.4%). }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref>
			] followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the ] on May 4, 1886, and in 1894 the ]. Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led ] and ] to found ] in 1889.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Hull House Maps Its Neighborhood |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/410008.html |title=Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |access-date=April 11, 2013 |archive-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509185234/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/410008.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Programs that were developed there became a model for the new field of ].<ref name="hullhouse">{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Mary Ann |chapter=Hull House |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/615.html |title=Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |access-date=April 12, 2013 |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328134724/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/615.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
			During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of ], ], and ] were both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Clinton |last=Sandvick |year=2009 |title=Enforcing Medical Licensing in Illinois: 1877–1890 |journal=Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=67–74 |pmid=19562006 |pmc=2701151}}</ref>
			The city established many large, well-landscaped ], which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago was ] Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He created ] by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago.<ref>{{cite journal |first=William K. |last=Beatty |year=1991 |title=John H. Rauch&nbsp;– Public Health, Parks and Politics |journal=Proceedings of the Institute of Medicine of Chicago |volume=44 |pages=97–118}}</ref>
			In the 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals.{{sfnp|Condit|1973|pp=43–49, 58, 318–319}}<ref>{{Holland-Classic|pages=66–91}}</ref> In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American ]s.<ref>{{cite book |author=United States. Office of the Commissioner of Railroads |title=Report to the Secretary of the Interior |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmfNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19 |year=1883 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=19 |access-date=July 8, 2020 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709122354/https://books.google.com/books?id=GmfNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }}</ref> This system for telling time spread throughout the continent.
			In 1893, Chicago hosted the ] on former marshland at the present location of ]. The Exposition drew 27.5&nbsp;million visitors, and is considered the most influential ] in history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chicago's Rich History |url=http://www.choosechicago.com/attendees/about_chicago/Pages/chicago_history.aspx |publisher=Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau |access-date=June 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610015848/http://www.choosechicago.com/attendees/about_chicago/Pages/chicago_history.aspx |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfnp|Lowe|2000|pp=148–154, 158–169}} The ], formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the ], a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects the ] and Jackson Parks.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Exhibits on the Midway Plaisance, 1893 |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11421.html |title=Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |access-date=April 12, 2013 |archive-date=October 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029013143/http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11421.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |title=midway |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/midway |work=Chicago Manual Style (CMS) |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=April 12, 2013 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220151/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/midway |url-status=live }}</ref>
	===20th and 21st centuries===		===20th and 21st centuries===
			====1900 to 1939====
	] is the south border (right) of the ] and ] and the north border (left) of ], ] and ] (from ]'s ] with ] at jog in the river in the center)]]
			]]]
	The 1920s brought notoriety to Chicago as ], including the notorious ], battled each other and law enforcement on the city streets during the ] era. Chicago had over 1,000 gangs in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gang (crime) – History |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225308/gang|publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|year=2009|accessdate=2009-06-01}}</ref>
			During ] and the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the ]. Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=Elizabeth Anne |title=Detroit and the Great Migration, 1916–1929 |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615144911/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 15, 2008 |journal=Bentley Historical Library Bulletin |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=December 5, 2013 |volume=40 |year=1993}}</ref> This ] had an immense cultural impact, called the ], part of the ], in art, literature, and music.<ref>{{cite book |author=Darlene Clark Hine |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/240.html |chapter=Chicago Black Renaissance |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |title=Encyclopedia of Chicago |year=2005 |access-date=August 6, 2013 |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017083203/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/240.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as the ], also occurred.<ref>{{cite book |first=Steven |last=Essig |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1032.html |chapter=Race Riots |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |title=Encyclopedia of Chicago |year=2005 |access-date=August 6, 2013 |archive-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623041337/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1032.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
			The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when ] was repealed. The 1920s saw ], including ], ], ] and ] battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gang (crime)&nbsp;– History |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225308/gang |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |year=2009 |access-date=June 1, 2009 |archive-date=April 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416115239/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225308/gang |url-status=live }}</ref> Chicago was the location of the infamous ] in 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran.<ref>{{cite news |last=O'Brien |first=John |title=The St. Valentine's Day Massacre |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-valentinesmassacre-story,0,1233196.story |access-date=April 12, 2013 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510021619/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-valentinesmassacre-story,0,1233196.story |url-status=live }}</ref>
			]
			From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenant ]s, which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68&nbsp;°F during winter months by landlords.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robbins |first=Mark W. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.9343785 |title=Middle Class Union: Organizing the 'Consuming Public' in Post-World War I America |date=2017 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-13033-7 |chapter=5. Rent War! Middle-Class Tenant Organizing |doi=10.3998/mpub.9343785 |jstor=10.3998/mpub.9343785 |access-date=April 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404195206/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.9343785 |archive-date=April 4, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 24, 1921 |title=U.S. Lists Rent War Flats; Tax Dodgers Hunted |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-us-lists-rent-war-flat/156947272/ |access-date=October 11, 2024 |work=Chicago Tribune |pages=3 |via=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 30, 1921 |title=Rent Hog Gets Wallop in Bills Passed in Senate |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/belleville-daily-advocate-rent-hog-gets/156947338/ |access-date=October 11, 2024 |work=Belleville Daily Advocate |pages=1 |via=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 28, 1921 |title=Love Flees Cold Flats, Tenants' Leader Argues: Heated Charges Fly in Heat Ordinance Fight |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune/115494379/ |access-date=October 11, 2024 |work=Chicago Tribune |pages=7 |via=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 7, 1922 |title=Fine Landlord $25 In Test Case On New Heat Law |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-fine-landlord-25-in-tes/156947510/ |access-date=October 11, 2024 |work=Chicago Tribune |pages=3 |via=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2021 |title=Progress by Degrees: A History of the Chicago Heat Ordinance - RentConfident, Chicago IL |url=https://blog.rentconfident.com/2823/progress-by-degrees-a-history-of-the-chicago-heat-ordinance/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430034732/https://blog.rentconfident.com/2823/progress-by-degrees-a-history-of-the-chicago-heat-ordinance/ |archive-date=April 30, 2021 |access-date=April 11, 2024 |website=The RentConfident Blog}}</ref>
			Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called the ]. It produced the first American publication for homosexuals, '']''. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband.<ref>{{cite web |title=Timeline: Milestones in the American Gay Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/stonewall/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=April 12, 2013 |archive-date=May 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522061316/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/stonewall/ |url-status=live }}</ref>] (1931)]]
			The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been a ].<ref name="Great Depression"/>
			From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago.<ref name="Great Depression">{{cite web |title=Great Depression |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/542.html |website=Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago History Museum |access-date=April 27, 2018 |archive-date=April 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411165807/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/542.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, with ] contributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 the ] begun organizing the poor, workers, the unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed the ] in the neighborhood of East Side.
			In 1933, Chicago Mayor ] was fatally wounded in ], during a ] attempt on President-elect ]. In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the ] International Exposition ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm4/index_uic_cop.php?CISOROOT=/uic_cop |title=Century of Progress World's Fair, 1933–1934 (University of Illinois at Chicago) : Home |publisher=Collections.carli.illinois.edu |access-date=July 3, 2011 |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172313/http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm4/index_uic_cop.php?CISOROOT=/uic_cop |url-status=live }}</ref> The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding.<ref>{{cite book |author=Robert W. Rydell |chapter-url=http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/225.html |chapter=Century of Progress Exposition |title=Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |access-date=July 3, 2011 |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514034330/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/225.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
			====1940 to 1979====
			] (1967) inspired a new era in urban public art.]]
			During ], the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more than ] from 1943 – 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago's Long and Extraordinary Labor History |url=https://ibew.org/ibew40thconvention/DailyArticles/2205/220427_Labor-History |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=ibew.org}}</ref>
			] outside the ]]]
			The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in the ], as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards.<ref>{{cite web |title=World War II |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1384.html |website=Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago History Museum |access-date=April 27, 2018 |archive-date=March 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328181817/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1384.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
			On December 2, 1942, physicist ] conducted the world's first controlled ] at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret ]. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in ] in 1945.<ref>{{cite web |title=CP-1 (Chicago Pile 1 Reactor) |url=http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/early-reactors.shtml |work=Argonne National Laboratory |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |access-date=April 12, 2013 |archive-date=May 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508171228/https://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/early-reactors.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
			Mayor ], a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of ]. In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Szymczak |first=Patricia |date=June 18, 1989 |title=O'Hare suburbs under fire |work=] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-06-18-8902100436-story.html |access-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720015834/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-06-18-8902100436-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
			By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known as ] – as Blacks continued to move beyond the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steffes |first=Tracey L |year=2015 |title=Managing School Integration and White Flight: The Debate over Chicago's Future in the 1960's |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144214566970 |journal=Journal of Urban History |volume=42 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/0096144214566970 |s2cid=147531740 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112327/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144214566970 |url-status=live | issn=0096-1442}}</ref> While home loan discriminatory ] against blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known as ], completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.<ref name="Mehlhorn">{{cite journal |last=Mehlhorn |first=Dmitri |title=A Requiem for Blockbusting: Law, Economics, and Race-Based Real Estate Speculation |journal=Fordham Law Review |volume=67 |pages=1145–1161 |date=December 1998}}</ref> Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966, ] and ] led the ], which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lentz |first=Richard |title=Symbols, the News Magazines, and Martin Luther King |year=1990 |publisher=LSU Press |isbn=0-8071-2524-5 |page=230}}
			</ref>
			Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous ], which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mailer |first=Norman |title=Brief History Of Chicago's 1968 Democratic Convention |url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/chicago/facts/chicago68/index.shtml |work=Facts on File, CQ's Guide to U.S. Elections |publisher=CNN |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318074348/http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/chicago/facts/chicago68/index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the ], which in 1974 became the ]), ], ], and ], were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cillizza |first=Chris |title=The Fix – Hall of Fame – The Case for Richard J. Daley |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-the-case-for-rich.html |newspaper=] |date=September 23, 2009 |access-date=April 22, 2013 |archive-date=February 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201063930/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-the-case-for-rich.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1979, ], the city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-ridden ] housing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dold |first=R. Bruce |title=Jane Byrne elected mayor of Chicago |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-byrne-story,0,7583194.story |newspaper=] |date=February 27, 1979 |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715034553/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-byrne-story,0,7583194.story |url-status=live }}</ref>
			====1980 to present====
	The 1920s also saw a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the South. Between 1910 and 1930, the black population of Chicago increased from 44,103 to 233,903.<ref>"". Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.</ref> Arriving in the hundreds of thousands during the ], the newcomers had an immense cultural impact. It was during this wave that Chicago became a center for ], with ] leading the way.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redhotjazz.com/bessie.html |title=Bessie Smith |accessdate=2007-10-29 |publisher=The Red Hot Archive}}</ref>
			In 1983, ] became the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rivlin |first=Gary |title=The legend of Harold Washington |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/11/25/the-legend-of-harold-washington/ |access-date=April 12, 2013 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=November 25, 2012 |author2=Larry Bennett |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510035458/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-11-25/news/ct-oped-1125-washington-20121125_1_harold-washington-first-african-american-mayor-economic-development |url-status=live }}</ref> Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderperson ], who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election.
			], son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for ], as well as closing ] in the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chicago and the Legacy of the Daley Dynasty |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2016992,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911050717/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2016992,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 11, 2010 |magazine=] |access-date=April 12, 2013 |date=September 9, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=National Building Museum to honor Daley for greening of Chicago |url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2009/04/national-building-museum-to-honor-daley-and-chicago-for-the-greening-of-chicago-.html |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=April 12, 2013 |date=April 8, 2009 |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510023109/http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2009/04/national-building-museum-to-honor-daley-and-chicago-for-the-greening-of-chicago-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	In 1933, Chicago Mayor ] was fatally wounded in Miami during a ] attempt on President-elect ]. In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the ] International Exposition ].<ref></ref> The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding.<ref></ref>
			In 1992, a construction accident near the ] produced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of an ] extending throughout the downtown ] district. The ] with {{convert|250|e6USgal|m3|-6}} of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.<ref name="CBS2">{{cite news |title=1992 Loop Flood Brings Chaos, Billions In Losses |publisher=CBS2 Chicago |url=http://cbs2chicago.com/vault/local_story_104140940.html |date=April 14, 2007 | access-date = January 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231222/http://cbs2chicago.com/vault/local_story_104140940.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95&nbsp;billion.<ref name="CBS2"/>
	On December 2, 1942, physicist ] conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the ] as part of the top-secret ].
			On February 23, 2011, ], a former ] and member of the ], won the mayoral election.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41715205 |title=News: Rahm Emanuel wins Chicago mayoral race |publisher=NBC News |date=February 23, 2011 |access-date=July 3, 2011 |archive-date=June 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601010954/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/41715205 |url-status=live }}</ref> Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tareen |first1=Sophia |last2=Burnett |first2=Sarah |title=Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel wins 2nd term in runoff victory |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chicago-mayor-rahm-emanuel-wins-2nd-term-in-runoff-victory-2015-4 |website=Business Insider |access-date=April 3, 2019 |date=April 7, 2015 |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403015441/https://www.businessinsider.com/chicago-mayor-rahm-emanuel-wins-2nd-term-in-runoff-victory-2015-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> ], the city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bosman |first1=Julie |last2=Smith |first2=Mitch |last3=Davey |first3=Monica |title=Lori Lightfoot Is Elected Chicago Mayor, Becoming First Black Woman to Lead City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/us/chicago-election-results.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/us/chicago-election-results.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |website=The New York Times |access-date=April 3, 2019 |date=April 2, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk was ] and the city treasurer was ].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/with-mayor-lori-lightfoots-inauguration-3-women-of-color-now-hold-top-citywide-offices-chicago-was-ready-for-this/ar-AABDWHV |title=With Mayor Lori Lightfoot's inauguration, 3 women of color now hold top citywide offices: 'Chicago was ready for this' | last=Perez | first=Juan Jr. |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=May 21, 2019 |publisher=MSN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713152154/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/with-mayor-lori-lightfoots-inauguration-3-women-of-color-now-hold-top-citywide-offices-chicago-was-ready-for-this/ar-AABDWHV |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	Mayor ] was elected in 1955, in the era of ]. Starting in the early 1960s due to blockbusting, many white residents, as in most American cities, left the city for the suburbs. Whole neighboorhoods were completely changed based on race. Structural changes in industry caused heavy losses of jobs for lower skilled workers. In 1966 ], ], and ] led the Chicago Open Housing Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous ], which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, including full-scale ]s, or in some cases ]s, in city streets. Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the ], which in 1974 became the ]), ], ], and ], were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. When Richard J. Daley died, ] served as mayor for three years. Bilandic's subsequent loss in a primary election has been attributed to the city's inability to properly plow city streets during a heavy snowstorm. In 1979, ], the city's first female mayor, was elected. She popularized the city as a ] and ] destination.
			On May 15, 2023, ] assumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago.
	In 1983, ] became the first African American to be elected to the office of mayor, in one of the closest mayoral elections in Chicago. After Washington won the Democratic primary, racial motivations caused a few Democratic alderman and ward committeemen to back the Republican candidate ], who ran on the race-baiting slogan ''Before it's too late''.<ref>{{Cite news
	|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923453,00.html
	|title=Constancy***
	|publisher=Time & CNN
	|date=April 4, 1983
	|accessdate=2007-08-11}}</ref>
	Washington's term in office saw new attention given to poor and minority neighborhoods. Washington died in office of a heart attack in 1987, shortly after being elected to a second term. Current mayor ]{{update after|2011|Reason=next mayoral election year|date=November 2010}}, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for ]. He does not plan to run in the next election.
	==Geography==		==Geography==
	{{Main|Geography of Chicago}}		{{Main|Geography of Chicago}}
			{{Wide image|Chicago city view.jpg|800px|Chicago skyline at sunset in October 2020, from near Fullerton Avenue looking south|center|alt=}}
	===Topography===		===Topography===
	]		] in 2012]]
			]
			]
			Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in the ], situated in both the ] and the ]. The city rests on a ] at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes ]. In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and the ] in the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city.{{sfnp|Condit|1973|pp=5–6}}{{sfnp|Genzen|2007|pp=6–9}}
	Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois at the southwestern tip of ]. It sits on a ] at the site of the ], connecting the ] and the ] ]. The city lies beside freshwater Lake Michigan, and two rivers—the ] in downtown and the ] in the industrial far South Side—flow entirely or partially through Chicago. The ] connects the Chicago River with the ], which runs to the west of the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge ]s use the city's ] on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect, moderating Chicago's climate; making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.		Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge ]s use the city's ] on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Angel |first=Jim |title=State Climatologist Office for Illinois |url=http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/general/chicago-climate-narrative.htm |work=Illinois State Water Survey |publisher=] |access-date=August 4, 2013 |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724032003/http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/General/chicago-climate-narrative.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
	When Chicago was founded in 1833, most of the early building began around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11175.html|title=Thompson's Plat of 1830|publisher=Chicago Historical Society|year=2004}}</ref> The overall ] of the city's central, built-up areas, is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is {{convert|579|ft|abbr=on}} above ]. The lowest points are along the lake shore at {{convert|577|ft|abbr=on}}, while the highest point, at {{convert|735|ft|abbr=on}}, is a landfill located in the ] community area on the city's far south side.		When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11175.html |title=Thompson's Plat of 1830 |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |year=2004 |access-date=July 3, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423202023/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11175.html |archive-date=April 23, 2007}}</ref> The overall ] of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is {{convert|579|ft|+1|abbr=on}} ]. While measurements vary somewhat,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chipublib.org/blogs/post/the-elevation-of-chicago-a-statistical-mystery/ |title=The Elevation of Chicago: A Statistical Mystery |website=Chicago Public Library |date=September 29, 2014 |language=en-US |access-date=November 22, 2018 |archive-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609092728/https://www.chipublib.org/blogs/post/the-elevation-of-chicago-a-statistical-mystery/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the lowest points are along the lake shore at {{convert|578|ft|+1|abbr=on}}, while the highest point, at {{convert|672|ft|abbr=on}}, is the morainal ridge of ] in the city's far south side.<ref name=neiu>{{cite web |title=Chicago Facts |url=http://www.neiu.edu/~jmhemzac/courses/docs/ofs2005-09%20small2.pdf |work=] |access-date=August 28, 2013 |page=46 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110213300/https://www.neiu.edu/~jmhemzac/courses/docs/ofs2005-09%20small2.pdf |archive-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>
			] runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include ], ], ], and ]. There are 24 public ] across {{convert|26|mi|km|0}} of the waterfront.<ref name=usabeaches>{{cite news |last=Fulton |first=Jeff |title=Public Beaches in Chicago |url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/public-beaches-chicago-53741.html |work=] |access-date=August 28, 2013 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054140/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/public-beaches-chicago-53741.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for ], ], the ], and large portions of the ] Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront.
	] on ] next to ] in the ]]]
	The ] is the central business district but Chicago is also a city of ]. ] runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's lakefront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include ], ], ] and ]. Twenty-nine public ] are also found along the shore. Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for ], ], the ], and large portions of the ] Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings can be found close to the waterfront.
	An informal name for the Chicago metropolitan area is ''Chicagoland'', used primarily by copywriters, advertising agencies, and traffic reporters. There is no precise definition for the term "Chicagoland," but it generally means the city and its suburbs together. The ], which coined the term, includes the city of Chicago, the rest of ], eight nearby Illinois counties: ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], and three counties in ]: ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/classified/realestate/communities/ |title='&#39;Chicago Tribune'&#39; Classifieds map of Chicagoland |publisher=Chicagotribune.com |date= |accessdate=2009-05-04}}</ref> The Illinois Department of Tourism defines Chicagoland as Cook County ''without'' the city of Chicago, and only Lake, DuPage, Kane and Will counties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chicagoland Region|url=http://www.enjoyillinois.com/topSpots/region.aspx?area=chicagoland|year=2009|work=EnjoyIllinois.com|publisher=Illinois Department of Tourism|accessdate=14 August 2009}}{{dead link|date=November 2010}}</ref> The ] defines it as all of Cook and DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will counties.<ref>{{dead link|date=November 2010}}</ref>		An informal name for the entire ] is "Chicagoland", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/classified/realestate/communities/ |title=Chicago Tribune Classifieds map of Chicagoland |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=May 4, 2009 |archive-date=July 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713090859/https://www.chicagotribune.com/classified/realestate/communities/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chicagoland Region |url=http://www.enjoyillinois.com/topSpots/region.aspx?area=chicagoland |work=EnjoyIllinois.com |publisher=Illinois Department of Tourism |access-date=August 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928043624/http://www.enjoyillinois.com/topSpots/region.aspx?area=chicagoland |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fast Facts About The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce |url=http://www.chicagolandchamber.org/sub/fast_facts.asp |publisher=Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209003914/http://www.chicagolandchamber.org/sub/fast_facts.asp |archive-date=February 9, 2009 |access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref>
	]house]]
	===Climate===		===Communities===
			{{See also|Community areas in Chicago|List of neighborhoods in Chicago}}
	The city lies within the ] zone, and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are warm and humid , with a July daily average of {{convert|75.5|°F|1}}. In a normal summer temperatures exceed {{convert|90|°F|0|abbr=on}} on 21 days.<ref name = "ILoffice"/> Winters are cold, snowy, and windy, with some sunny days, and with a January average of {{convert|23.5|°F|1}}. Temperatures often (43 days) stay below freezing for an entire day, and subzero lows occur on eight nights per year.<ref name = "ILoffice"/> Spring and fall are mild seasons with low humidity.
			] of Chicago]]
			Major sections of the city include the central business district, called ], and the North, ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1177.html |title=South Side |publisher=Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org |date=August 1, 1971 |access-date=June 10, 2013 |archive-date=October 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017032129/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1177.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The three sides of the city are represented on the ] by three horizontal white stripes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Municipal Flag of Chicago |url=http://www.chipublib.org/cplbooksmovies/cplarchive/symbols/flag.php |publisher=Chicago Public Library |access-date=March 22, 2013 |archive-date=June 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615003832/http://www.chipublib.org/cplbooksmovies/cplarchive/symbols/flag.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lakeview (Chicago, Illinois) |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/us/illinois/cook-county/chicago/lakeview-(chicago-illinois)-PLGEO100100501254600.topic |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=September 25, 2013 |archive-date=September 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928071057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/us/illinois/cook-county/chicago/lakeview-(chicago-illinois)-PLGEO100100501254600.topic |url-status=live }}</ref> The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area<!--this conflicts with the adjacent map-->. The South Side contains most of the facilities of the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=CPS Teacher Housing: Chicago Communities |url=http://teacherhousing.cps.k12.il.us/communities.aspx |publisher=] |access-date=March 22, 2013 |archive-date=March 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321030228/http://teacherhousing.cps.k12.il.us/communities.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref>
			In the late-1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinct ], which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally defined ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.streetadvisor.com/chicago-cook-county-illinois/questions/list-of-chicago-neighborhoods |title=List of Chicago Neighborhoods – Chicago |publisher=StreetAdvisor |access-date=June 10, 2013 |archive-date=July 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730092727/http://www.streetadvisor.com/chicago-cook-county-illinois/questions/list-of-chicago-neighborhoods |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chicago and its Neighborhoods |url=http://www.articlecell.com/Article/Chicago-and-its-Neighborhoods/669201 |publisher=articlecell |access-date=March 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410125240/http://www.articlecell.com/Article/Chicago-and-its-Neighborhoods/669201 |archive-date=April 10, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	According to the ], Chicago's highest official temperature reading of {{convert|107|F|abbr=on}} was recorded on June 1, 1934 and July 11, 1936, both at Midway Airport. The lowest temperature of {{convert|&minus;27|°F|0}} was recorded on January 20, 1985,<ref>. The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2010-12-28.</ref> at O'Hare Airport. The city can experience extreme winter cold spells that may last for several consecutive days.
			===Streetscape===
	{{Chicago weatherbox}}
			{{main|Roads and expressways in Chicago}}
			Chicago's streets were laid out in a ] that grew from the city's original townsite plot, which was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbez.org/series/curious-city/gulp-how-chicago-gobbled-its-neighbors-109583 |title=Gulp! How Chicago Gobbled Its Neighbors |access-date=April 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115150008/http://www.wbez.org/series/curious-city/gulp-how-chicago-gobbled-its-neighbors-109583 |archive-date=January 15, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Streets following the ] section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction, about one street per 200 meters in one direction and one street per 100 meters in the other direction. The grid's regularity provided an efficient means of developing new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the ], but only the extension of ] was ever constructed.{{sfnp|Condit|1973|pp=31, 52–53}}
			In 2021, Chicago was ranked the fourth-most walkable large city in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.walkscore.com/IL/Chicago |title=Chicago neighborhoods on Walk Score |work=walkscore.com |access-date=July 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713155443/https://www.walkscore.com/IL/Chicago |archive-date=July 13, 2024}}</ref> Many of the city's residential streets have a wide patch of grass or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself. This helps to keep pedestrians on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic. Chicago's ] is the longest continuous urban street in the world.<ref name="El-KhouryRobbins2004">{{cite book |author1=Rodolphe El-Khoury |author2=Edward Robbins |title=Shaping the City: Studies in History, Theory and Urban Design |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dbv-zU6M9WIC&pg=PA60 |access-date=May 9, 2013 |date=June 19, 2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-26189-0 |pages=60– |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112336/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dbv-zU6M9WIC&pg=PA60 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other notable streets include ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The ] inspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways.<ref>{{cite book |first=Russell |last=Lopez |date=2012 |chapter=Nineteenth-Century Reform Movements |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbjFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |department=The 1893 Columbian Exhibition |title=Building American Public Health: Urban Planning, Architecture, & the Quest for Better Health in the United States |page=41 |isbn=978-1-137-00243-3 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |access-date=September 19, 2019 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112348/https://books.google.com/books?id=zbjFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	==Cityscape==
	] looking west.]]
	] looking south.]]
	{{Chicago Landmark templates}}
	===Architecture===		===Architecture===
	{{See|Architecture of Chicago|List of tallest buildings in Chicago|List of Chicago Landmarks}}		{{Main|Architecture of Chicago}}{{Further|List of tallest buildings in Chicago|List of Chicago Landmarks}}
			] (1904–05) is a prime example of the ], displaying both variations of the Chicago window.]]
	] at ] and the ], with ] in the distance on the left side.]]
			The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the first ], the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in the ],{{sfnp|Lowe|2000|pp=121, 129}} which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Home Insurance Building |url=http://www.chicagoarchitecture.info/Building/3168/The-Home-Insurance-Building.php |website=Chicago Architecture Info |access-date=September 23, 2014 |archive-date=September 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917212325/http://www.chicagoarchitecture.info/Building/3168/The-Home-Insurance-Building.php |url-status=dead}}</ref> Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and densest.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308161625/http://www.ultrapolisproject.com/ultrapolis_017.htm |date=March 8, 2007 }}. ''UltrapolisProject.com''.</ref>
			Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago; ] (formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in the ] after ], and ] is the third tallest in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings-usa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603063912/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings-usa |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 3, 2013 |title=U.S.A.'s tallest buildings – Top 20 |work=] |access-date=September 14, 2013}}</ref> The Loop's historic buildings include the ], the ], ], and the ], ] by ]. Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such as ], ], Charles B. Atwood, John Root, and ].{{sfnp|Bach|1980|p=}}{{sfnp|Lowe|2000|pp=118–127}}
	The outcome of the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. Perhaps the most outstanding of these events was the relocation of many of the nation's most prominent architects from ] to the city for construction of the 1893 World Columbian Exposition.
	In 1885, the first ], the ], rose in Chicago, ushering in the skyscraper era.<ref>{{dead link|date=November 2010}}. ''Chicago Public Library''.</ref> Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and most dense.<ref>. ''UltrapolisProject.com''.</ref> The nation's two tallest buildings are both located in Chicago; ] (formerly Sears Tower), and ]. The Loop's historic buildings include the ], the ], ], and the ], ] by ], along with many others. The ], once first on the ], and still listed as twentieth with its own ZIP code, stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River. Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are ], ], the ] (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the ]. ]s, such as on the ], the areas along the ], ], and ] are clustered.		The ], once the ], had its own ] until 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River.<ref name="prid03">{{cite book |last=Pridmore |first=Jay |title=The Merchandise Mart |year=2003 |publisher=Pomegranate Communications |isbn=0-7649-2497-4 |lccn=2003051164}}</ref> Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code), ], the ] (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the ]. ]s, such as some areas on the ], the areas along the ], and the ] area are clustered.{{sfnp|Bach|1980|pp=70, 99–100, 146–147}}
	] and the ]]]
	Chicago gave its name to the ] and was home to the ], movements in architecture. Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found in Chicago. Large swaths of Chicago's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by ]s built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the ] of ]. One of Chicago's suburbs, ], was home to the architect ].
			Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the ], two movements in architecture.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago School of Architecture |last=Condit |first=Carl W. |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-226-11455-4}}</ref> Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brick ]s built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the ] of ]. The Chicago suburb of ] was home to famous architect ], who had designed The ] located near the University of Chicago.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Donald |title=Frank Lloyd Wright's Robie House: The Illustrated Story of an Architectural Masterpiece |date=1984 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=New York |isbn=0-486-24582-9 |pages=19–25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Frederick C. Robie House |url=http://www.flwright.org/researchexplore/robiehouse |publisher=Frank Lloyd Wright Trust |access-date=September 23, 2014 |archive-date=September 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910224118/http://flwright.org/researchexplore/robiehouse |url-status=live }}</ref>
	One of the city's most famous thoroughfares, ], is one of the longest urban streets in the world. Other famous streets include ], ], and ]. The ] inspired Chicago's Boulevards and Parkways.
			A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.architecture.org/experience-caf/tours/detail/chicago-architecture-foundation-river-cruise-aboard-chicagos-first-lady-cruises/ |title=Chicago Architecture Foundation River Cruise Aboard Chicago's First Lady Cruises |website=Chicago Architecture Foundation – CAF |language=en |access-date=May 29, 2018 |archive-date=June 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619205552/https://www.architecture.org/experience-caf/tours/detail/chicago-architecture-foundation-river-cruise-aboard-chicagos-first-lady-cruises/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	==Culture and contemporary life==
	{{See also|Culture of Chicago|List of people from Chicago}}
	]
	===City sections===		===Monuments and public art===
			{{Main|List of public art in Chicago}}
	The city's lakefront allure and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. Over one-third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods (from ] in the north to ] in the south). Two North Side neighborhoods in particular, Lakeview and the Andersonville area of the Edgewater neighborhood, are home to many ] businesses and organizations. The area surrounding the North Side intersections of ], ], and ] is a gay district known as "]." The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These include the Mexican villages, such as Pilsen on 18th street and ''La Villita'' on 26th street, the ] enclave ''Paseo Boricua'' in the ] neighborhood, "Greektown" on South Halsted, "Little Italy" on Taylor Street, just west of Halsted, "Chinatown" on the near South Side, Polish fare reigns at Belmont-Central, "Little Seoul" on and around Lawrence Avenue, a cluster of Vietnamese restaurants on Argyle Street and South Asian (Indian/Pakistani) on Devon Avenue.
			]'s ] at the site of the World's Columbian Exposition]]
			Chicago is famous for its outdoor ] with donors establishing funding for such art as far back as ]'s 1905 trust.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cntraveler.com/daily-traveler/chicago/2013/10/street-art-tour-murals-hyde-park-university-chicago-illinois_slideshow_item0_1 |title=The Public Art Scene You're Missing in Chicago |date=October 1, 2013 |publisher=Conde Nast Traveler |access-date=November 18, 2013 |archive-date=October 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016194149/http://www.cntraveler.com/daily-traveler/chicago/2013/10/street-art-tour-murals-hyde-park-university-chicago-illinois_slideshow_item0_1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A number of Chicago's public art works are by modern figurative artists. Among these are ]; the ]; ]; ] ]; ] ]; ] ], ] and ]; ] ], ] ]; and, ]'s ] which has become an icon of the city. Some events which shaped the city's history have also been memorialized by art works, including the ] (]) and the ]. Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art: ] ] as well as ] and Bennett's ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crown Fountain in Millennium Park |url=https://www.chicago.gov/content/city/en/depts/dca/supp_info/chicago_s_publicartcrownfountaininmillenniumpark.html |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=chicago.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Clarence F. Buckingham Memorial Fountain {{!}} Chicago Park District |url=https://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks-facilities/clarence-f-buckingham-memorial-fountain |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=www.chicagoparkdistrict.com}}</ref>
	Downtown is the center of Chicago's cultural, commercial and financial institutions, and home to ] and many of the city's ]. Many of the city's financial institutions (e.g., ], ]) are located within a section of downtown called "The Loop", which is an eight block by five block square of city streets that are encircled by elevated rail tracks. The central commercial area often is portrayed, as in the map at right, to include parts of ] and ], as well as the ]. These areas contribute famous ], ], ], a ] for the ] and ]. Similarly, the area just ] and the ] contributes to the commercial core.
			===Climate===
	The North Side contains ], a {{convert|1200|acre|abbr=on|sing=on}} park stretching for {{convert|5.5|mi|abbr=on}} along the waterfront with the ] and the ]. The ] neighborhood features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City. As a ] center, due to the city having a very large Polish population, Chicago celebrates every ] weekend at the ] Festival in the ] area.<ref name="Chicago's Polish neighborhoods" >{{cite web| title=Chicago's Polish neighborhoods | url=http://www.usaweekend.com/05_issues/050515/050515travel_diverse.html#chicago | publisher=USA Weekend Magazine | date=2005-05-15 | accessdate=2009-04-25}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The ] play in the North Side's ].
			{{main|Climate of Chicago}}
			]]]
			The city lies within the typical hot-summer ] (]: ''Dfa''), and experiences four distinct seasons.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stateclimatologist.web.illinois.edu/climate-of-illinois/climate-of-chicago/ |title=Climate of Chicago – Illinois State Climatologist |language=en-US |access-date=March 24, 2020 |archive-date=March 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324165100/https://stateclimatologist.web.illinois.edu/climate-of-illinois/climate-of-chicago/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mölders |first1=Nicole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWr1AwAAQBAJ&q=hot-summer+humid+continental+climate+CHICAGO&pg=PA521 |title=Lectures in Meteorology |last2=Kramm |first2=Gerhard |date=July 5, 2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-02144-7 |language=en |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112337/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWr1AwAAQBAJ&q=hot-summer+humid+continental+climate+CHICAGO&pg=PA521 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=3527&cityname=Chicago,+Illinois,+United+States+of+America |title=Chicago, Illinois Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=March 24, 2020 |archive-date=May 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519043008/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=3527&cityname=Chicago,+Illinois,+United+States+of+America |url-status=live }}</ref> ]s are hot and humid, with frequent ]. The July daily average temperature is {{convert|75.4|°F|1}}, with afternoon temperatures peaking at {{convert|84.5|°F|1}}. In a normal summer, temperatures reach at least {{convert|90|°F|0}} on 17&nbsp;days, with lakefront locations staying cooler when winds blow off the lake. ]s are relatively cold and snowy. ]s do occur, such as in ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422210415/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/weather/chi-110201-monster-snowstorm-2011-pictures-photogallery.html |date=April 22, 2019 }} ''Chicago Tribune''</ref> There are many sunny but cold days. The normal winter high from December through March is about {{convert|36|°F|0}}. January and February are the coldest months. A ] nearly broke the city's cold record of {{convert|-27|°F|0}}, which was set on January 20, 1985.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131210531/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/31/weather/winter-weather-thursday-wxc/index.html |date=January 31, 2019 }} ], Holly Yan and Madeline Holcombe, January 31, 2019</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423013906/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/weather/ct-met-viz-chicago-record-coldest-days-htmlstory.html |date=April 23, 2019 }} ''Chicago Tribune'', Jonathon Berlin and Kori Rumore, January 31, 2019</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131172237/https://www.foxnews.com/us/university-of-iowa-student-dies-during-polar-vortex-7-other-deaths-linked-to-wintry-blast |date=January 31, 2019 }} ], Stephen Sorace, January 31, 2019</ref> Measurable snowfall can continue through the first or second week of April.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313144928/https://www.nbcchicago.com/weather/weather-history-when-does-chicago-typically-see-its-final-snow-of-the-season/2804459/ |date=March 13, 2023 }} NBC, April 11, 2022</ref>
			] and ] are mild, short seasons, typically with low humidity. ] temperatures in the summer range from an average of {{convert|55.8|°F|1}} in June to {{convert|61.7|°F|1}} in July.<ref name=NOAA/> They can reach nearly {{convert|80|°F}}, such as during the July 2019 heat wave. The city lies within ] plant ] 6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map |publisher=USDA/Agricultural Research Center, PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University |access-date = June 16, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032333/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |archive-date = February 27, 2014}}</ref>
	The South Side is home to the ], and the ]. It also hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African American ] parade. ] stretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are located here: ], bordering the waterfront, hosted the ] in 1893 and is home of the aforementioned museum; slightly west sits ]. U.S. automaker, ], has an assembly plant located on the South Side. Also, most of the facilities of the ] are here. The ] play at 35th Street.
			According to the ], Chicago's highest official temperature reading of {{convert|105|F|abbr=on}} was recorded on July 24, 1934.<!--AS MEASURED AT UCHICAGO, THE OFFICIAL REPORTING STATION AT THE TIME; THE 109F ON 1934-07-23 WAS AT MIDWAY--><ref name="temperature records"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028054101/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lot/?n=chi_records |date=October 28, 2012 }}. National Weather Service. Retrieved November 25, 2012.</ref> ] reached {{convert|109|°F|abbr=on}} one day prior and recorded a ] of {{convert|125|°F|°C}} during the ].<ref name="Chicago Top 20 of 20th century"/> The lowest official temperature of {{convert|-27|°F|0}} was recorded on ], at O'Hare Airport.<ref name = NOAA/><ref name="Chicago Top 20 of 20th century"/> Most of the city's rainfall is brought by ]s, averaging 38 a year. The region is prone to ]s during the spring and summer which can produce large hail, damaging winds, and occasionally tornadoes.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Study of Chicago's Significant Tornadoes |url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lot/?n=Sigchitorn |work=] |publisher=] |access-date=May 10, 2013 |archive-date=November 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105160039/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lot/?n=Sigchitorn |url-status=live }}</ref>
	The West Side holds the ], one of the largest collections of tropical plants of any US city. Prominent ] cultural attractions found here include ]'s Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Puerto Rican Day Parade, as well as the ] and ] in ]. The Near West Side holds the television production company of ]'s ] and the ]. The ] and ] call the West Side home at the ] sports arena.
			Like other major cities, Chicago experiences an ], making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. The proximity to Lake Michigan tends to keep the Chicago lakefront somewhat cooler in summer and less brutally cold in winter than inland parts of the city and suburbs away from the lake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/pilot/archives/Chicago.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101090214/http://epa.gov/heatisland/pilot/archives/Chicago.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2008 |url-status=live |title=Heat Island Effect |access-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> Northeast winds from wintertime ] departing south of the region sometimes bring the city ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/weather/ct-wea-asktom-0307-20180306-column.html |title=Ask Tom: Does Chicago Get Lake-Effect Snow? |website=Chicago Tribune |access-date=January 6, 2018 |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307034058/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/weather/ct-wea-asktom-0307-20180306-column.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	===Entertainment and performing arts===
	{{See also|Theatre in Chicago|Visual arts of Chicago}}
	]]]
	Chicago's theatre community spawned modern ].<ref>Sawyer 2002, p 14</ref> Two renowned comedy troupes emerged—] and ] (formerly known as ImprovOlympic). Renowned Chicago theater companies include the ] (on the city's north side), the ], and the ]. Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at theaters such as ], ], ], ] of Roosevelt University, and ] Water Tower Place. ] productions for ] can be seen at the historic ] in ]. Since 1968, the ] are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area.
			{{Chicago weatherbox}}
	Classical music offerings include the ], recognized as one of the finest orchestras in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97291390 | title=Chicago Symphony Tops U.S. Orchestras | author=Tom Huizenga | work=NPR | date=2008-11-21 | accessdate=2008-12-31}}</ref> which performs at ]. Also performing regularly at ] is the ], a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in ] and ]. ], located {{convert|25|mi|km|0}} north of Chicago, is also a favorite destination for many Chicagoans, with performances occasionally given in Chicago locations such as the ]. The ] is home to the ]. The ] was founded by ] in 1956,<ref name="lithopera">{{cite web
			{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
	| url = http://www.lithoperachicago.org/
			|-
	| title = About the Lithuanian Opera Company, Inc. in Chicago
			!Colspan=14|Sunshine data for Chicago
	| accessdate = 2006-09-14
			|-
	| publisher = Lithuanian Opera Co.
			!Month
	}}</ref> and presents operas in ]. It celebrated fifty years of existence in 2006, and operates as a not-for-profit organization. It is noteworthy for ] the rarely staged ] '']'' (1986) and ] '']'' (1981, 1983 and 1991), and also for contributing experienced chorus members to the ].<ref name="150years_xii">{{Cite book
			!Jan
	| author = Marsh, Robert C.
			!Feb
	| editor = Pellegrini, Norman (ed.)
			!Mar
	| title = 150 Years of Opera in Chicago
			!Apr
	| publisher = ] Press
			!May
	| location = ]
			!Jun
	| isbn = 0-87580-353-9
			!Jul
	| chapter = Author's Preface
			!Aug
	| nopp = true
			!Sep
	| page = xii
			!Oct
	| date = 2006-07-10}}</ref> The opera '']'' by Kazimieras Viktoras Banaitis was presented in Chicago in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lituanus.org/1996/96_2_04.htm |title=Posters by Ada Sutkus for the Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago |publisher=Lituanus.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref>
			!Nov
			!Dec
			!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
			|-
			!Mean daily daylight hours
			|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
			|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
			|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
			|style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0
			|style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;"|15.0
			|style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;"|15.0
			|style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;"|15.0
			|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
			|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
			|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
			|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
			|style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;"|9.0
			|style="background:#FFFF35;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.2
			|-
			!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/illinois-usa/chicago-climate |title=Chicago, Illinois, USA – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=February 7, 2019 |archive-date=April 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415040947/https://www.weather-us.com/en/illinois-usa/chicago-climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
			|}
			===Time zone===
	The ] and ] perform in various venues, including the ] in ]. Chicago is home to several other modern and jazz dance troupes, such as the ].
			As in the rest of the state of Illinois, Chicago forms part of the ]. The border with the ] is located a short distance to the east, used in Michigan and ].
			==Demographics==
	Other live music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include ], ], ], and ]. The city is the birthplace of ] and is the site of an influential ]. In the 1980s, the city was a center for industrial, ] and new wave. This influence continued into the ] of the 1990s. The city has been an epicenter for ] culture since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago ]. Annual festivals feature various acts such as ], the ] and ].
			{{Main|Demographics of Chicago}}
			{{US Census population
			| 1840 = 4470
			| 1850 = 29963
			| 1860 = 112172
			| 1870 = 298977
			| 1880 = 503185
			| 1890 = 1099850
			| 1900 = 1698575
			| 1910 = 2185283
			| 1920 = 2701705
			| 1930 = 3376438
			| 1940 = 3396808
			| 1950 = 3620962
			| 1960 = 3550404
			| 1970 = 3366957
			| 1980 = 3005072
			| 1990 = 2783726
			| 2000 = 2896016
			| 2010 = 2695598
			| 2020 = 2746388
			| estyear = 2023
			| estimate = 2664452
			| estref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2023/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2023-POP-17.xlsx |title= City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2023 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=May 20, 2024}}</ref>
			| align-fn = center
			| footnote = United States Census Bureau<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=]|access-date=March 19, 2007|archive-date=July 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717060613/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />2010–2020<ref name="QuickFacts"/>
			}}
			During its first hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1&nbsp;million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the 5th-most populous city in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201f.htm |title=Top 10 Cities of the Year 1900 |publisher=Geography.about.com |access-date=May 4, 2009 |archive-date=September 20, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050920013856/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201f.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tigger.uic.edu/depts/ahaa/imagebase/chimaps/mcclendon.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121211094742/http://tigger.uic.edu/depts/ahaa/imagebase/chimaps/mcclendon.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 11, 2012 |title=Chicago Growth 1850–1990: Maps by Dennis McClendon |access-date=August 19, 2007 |publisher=University Illinois Chicago}}
			</ref> and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6&nbsp;million for the 1950 census.
			From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="Cohen">Lizabeth Cohen, ''Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919–1939''. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1990; pp.&nbsp;33–34.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Russians|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1104.html|access-date=January 6, 2022|website=encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org|archive-date=March 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318074704/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1104.html|url-status=live}}</ref> To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrial ], were added an additional influx of ] from the ]—with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.<ref name=Cohen/> Chicago has a ], many of whom arrived in the 1990s and 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosnians |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/157.html |access-date=July 2, 2023 |website=encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319201618/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/157.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	===Tourism===
	] from the 23rd floor of ].]]
	] hosts numerous upscale stores, as well as landmarks like the ].]]
	{{As of|2008|alt=In 2008}}, Chicago attracted 32.4 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.7 million domestic business travelers and 1.3 million overseas visitors.<ref name="visitors"/> These visitors contributed more than {{US$|11.8}} billion to Chicago's economy.<ref name="visitors"/> Upscale shopping along the ] and ], thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination. Most conventions are held at ], just south of ]. The historic ] (1897), originally serving as the ], now houses the city's Visitor Information Center, galleries and exhibit halls. The ceiling of its Preston Bradley Hall includes a {{convert|38|ft|abbr=on}} ] dome. ] holds ], ] (1927), and the ]. The park also hosts the annual ] festival. In Millennium Park, there is the reflective '']'' sculpture. Also, an outdoor restaurant transforms into an ] in the winter season. Two tall glass sculptures make up the ]. The fountain's two towers display visual effects from LED images of Chicagoans' faces, along with water spouting from their lips. ]'s detailed, stainless steel band shell, the ], hosts the classical ] concert series. Behind the pavilion's stage is the ], an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies, including the ] and Music of the Baroque.
			In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago settled in a so‑called "]" on the city's ].<ref name=Cohen/> A large number of blacks also settled on the ]. By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's black population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition.<ref name=Cohen/> Around that time, a lesser known fact about African Americans on the ] is that the block of 4600 Winthrop Avenue in ] was the only block African Americans could live or open establishments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Giles |first=Sharon |url=https://www.amazon.com/CAN-YOU-TOO-Inspirations-award-winning/dp/B0C522W4Z5 |title=If we can do it, you can, too! |year=2023 |isbn=9798379235413 |editor-last=Sha |editor-first=Mandy |pages=44–46 |chapter=Uptown Girl |publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp |editor-last2=Lee |editor-first2=Cassandra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=Gayatri |date=November 2, 2021 |title=Winthrop Family and Black Resilience on the North Side of Chicago |work=The Chicago Reporter |url=https://www.chicagoreporter.com/winthrop-family-and-black-resilience-on-the-north-side-of-chicago/ |access-date=December 20, 2023}}</ref> Chicago's South Side emerged as United States second-largest urban black concentration, following New York's ]. In 1990, Chicago's South Side and the adjoining south suburbs constituted the largest black majority region in the entire United States.<ref name=Cohen/> Since the 1980s, Chicago has had a massive exodus of African Americans (primarily from the South and West sides) to its suburbs or outside its metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://greatcities.uic.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Black-Population-Loss-in-Chicago.pdf |title=Fact Sheet: Black Population Loss in Chicago |publisher=Great Cities Institute University of Illinois at Chicago |date=July 2019 |access-date=April 3, 2024}}</ref> The above average crime and cost of living were leading reasons for the fast declining African American population in Chicago.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/chicago-black-population-decline-crime-job-loss/6d880f62-ba00-4b44-9e0a-57c50fc4f51d | title=Chicago areas with steep Black population decline see more violence and job loss |work=WBEZ Chicago |last=Loury |first=Alden | date=June 13, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2021/11/22/as-the-black-population-continues-to-drop-in-chicago-and-illinois-few-regret-their-move-i-have-peace/ | title=As the Black population continues to drop in Chicago and Illinois, few regret their move: 'I have peace' | website=] | date=November 22, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://scrippsnews.com/stories/chicago-is-seeing-an-exodus-of-black-americans/ | title=Chicago is Seeing an Exodus of Black Americans |work=Scripps News |last=Schamisso |first=Ben |date=February 7, 2022 |access-date=April 3, 2024 }}</ref>
	], located just east of ], is {{convert|3000|ft|abbr=on}} long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Its {{convert|150|ft|m|0|sing=on}} tall ] is one of the most visited landmarks in the Midwest, attracting about 8 million people annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navypier.com/about/ov_pier.html|title=About Navy Pier – The Pier|publisher=Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority|year=2007}}</ref>
			Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born in ], ] or ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chicagos-immigrants-break-old-patterns|title=Chicago's Immigrants Break Old Patterns|date=September 2003 }}</ref> A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500.<ref name="2020populationstudy.juf.org">{{Cite web |title=Metropolitan Chicago Jewish Population Study (MCJPS) Interactive Mapping Tool |url=https://2020populationstudy.juf.org/Metro_Chicago.html |access-date=December 29, 2023 |website=]}}</ref>
	In 1998, the city officially opened the ], a {{convert|10|acre|abbr=on|sing=on}} lakefront park, surrounding three of the city's main museums, each of which is of national importance: the ], the ], and the ]. The Museum Campus joins the southern section of ], which includes the renowned ]. ] anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The ] has an extensive collection of ]ian and ]ern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ].
			Chicago's population declined in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6&nbsp;million in 1950 down to under 2.7&nbsp;million by 2010. By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken by ] as the United States' second largest city.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0413/041337.html |title=It's official: Los Angeles ousts Chicago as No. 2 city |author=Marshall Ingwerson |journal=The Christian Science Monitor |date=April 13, 1984 |access-date=January 28, 2017 |archive-date=August 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816235400/https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0413/041337.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	The top activity while visitors tour Chicago for leisure is entertainment, approximately 33% of all leisure travelers. Facilities such as McCormick Place and the Chicago Theatre contribute to this percentage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.explorechicago.org/etc/medialib/explore_chicago/tourism/pdfs_press_releases/chicago_office_of.Par.60218.File.dat/Statistics_2008.pdf |title=Retrieved February 1, 2010, Chicago Office of Tourism |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref>
			The city has seen a rise in population for the 2000 census and after a decrease in 2010, it rose again for the 2020 census.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/ |publisher=] |title=U.S. Census website |access-date=September 1, 2014 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709054630/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
	===Parks===
	{{Main|Parks of Chicago}}
	{{Multiple image
	| align = right
	| direction = horizontal
	| header =
	| header_align = left/right/center
	| header_background =
	| footer = ] on the ] and ] on the ].
	| footer_align = left/right/center
	| footer_background =
	| width =
	| image1 = Portage Park Chicago Gate.JPG
	| width1 = 150
	| caption1 =
	| image2 = Washington Square Park & Newberry Library.JPG
	| width2 = 150
	| caption2 = }}
	When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto ''Urbs in Horto'', a ] phrase which translates into English as "City in a Garden". Today, the ] consists of 552 parks with over {{convert|7300|acre}} of ]land. There are 33 sand ], a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, 16 historic lagoons, and 10 bird and wildlife gardens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/docs/7fb8e301-0cdd-431b-9dcb-78b2cd6ac348_document.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - 29430CHIdoc.doc |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> ], the largest of the city's parks, covers {{convert|1200|acre}} and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it second only to ] in New York City in number of visitors.<ref>{{cite web|title=City Park Facts |publisher=The Trust for Public Land, Center for City Park Excellence |month=June | year=2006 |url=http://www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=20531&folder_id=3208|accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> With berths for more than 5,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system; even larger than systems in cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, or Miami. In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the ] in Chinatown, ] on the Near North Side, and most notably, ] in a section of one of Chicago's oldest parks, ] in the Chicago Loop.
			According to U.S. census estimates {{as of|2019|July|lc=y}}, Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.8% of the population, Blacks at 30.1% and the Hispanic population at 29.0% of the population.<ref name="ACP One Year CP05">{{cite web |title=Comparative Demographic Estimates – 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Chicago |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/ |access-date=September 20, 2019 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709054630/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://chicago.suntimes.com/chicago-politics/census-hispanics-surpass-blacks-as-chicagos-2nd-largest-racial-group/ |work=Chicago Sun-Times |title=Census: Hispanics surpass blacks as Chicago's 2nd-largest racial group |first=Mitchell |last=Armentrout |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929215921/https://chicago.suntimes.com/chicago-politics/census-hispanics-surpass-blacks-as-chicagos-2nd-largest-racial-group/ |archive-date=September 29, 2017 |date=September 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2017/09/15/hispanic-population-surges-in-chicago/ |publisher=CBS News |title=Hispanic Population Surges In Chicago, New Census Data Shows |first=Jeremy |last=Ross |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304055916/http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2017/09/15/hispanic-population-surges-in-chicago/ |archive-date=March 4, 2022 |date=September 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name="census1">{{cite web |title=Illinois – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=April 22, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref>
	The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the ], a network of open spaces containing forest, ], ], streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's periphery, home to both the ] in Glencoe and the ] in Brookfield.
			{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
	===Cuisine===
			|-
	{{See also|Chicago farmers' markets|Chicago Dining|Food manufacturers of Chicago}}
			! Racial composition
	] with a rich tomato topping]]
			!2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=9700000US3408220&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P4|publisher=US Census Bureau|title=2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)|access-date=February 4, 2022|archive-date=July 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712094355/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=9700000US3408220&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P4|url-status=live}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/17/1714000.html |title=Chicago (city), Illinois |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231062823/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/17/1714000.html |archive-date=December 31, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>!! 1990<ref name="census1"/> !! 1970<ref name="census1"/> !! 1940<ref name="census1"/>
	] market in Chicago]]
			|-
	Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties, all of which reflect the city's ethnic and working class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned ], This style is said to have originated at ]. The Chicago-style thin crust is popular in the city as well. The number of authentic Chicago pizzerias specializing in the thin crust version is much higher,{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} with many being "Mom and Pop" style shops.
			|] (non-Hispanic)
			|31.4%||31.7% ||37.9% ||59.0%{{efn|name="fifteen"|From 15% sample}} ||91.2%
			|-
			|]
			|29.8%||28.9% ||19.6% ||7.4%{{efn|name="fifteen"}} ||0.5%
			|-
			|] (non-Hispanic)
			|28.7%||32.3% ||39.1% ||32.7% ||8.2%
			|-
			|] (non-Hispanic)
			|6.9%||5.4% ||3.7% ||0.9% ||0.1%
			|-
			|] (non-Hispanic)
			|2.6% ||1.3% ||n/a ||n/a ||n/a
			|}
			]
			]
			{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;
	The ], typically a ] dog loaded with an array of fixings that often includes neon green pickle ], yellow mustard, pickled ], tomato wedges, dill pickle spear and topped off with celery salt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0,1977,FOOD_9936_8208,00.html|title=Classic Chicago Hot Dog|year=1999|accessdate=2007-09-03|work=Emril Lagasse}}</ref> Ketchup on a Chicago hot dog is frowned upon by enthusiasts of the Chicago-style dog, but may prefer to add ].
			|+ Racial and ethnic composition as of the 2020 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Chicago+city,+Illinois&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 |access-date=October 27, 2023 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=P2&g=160XX00US1714000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |access-date=October 27, 2023 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
			|-
			! Race or Ethnicity<br />
			! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Race Alone
			! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total {{efn|The total for each race includes those who reported that race alone or in combination with other races. People who reported a combination of multiple races may be counted multiple times, so the sum of all percentages will exceed 100%.}}
			|-
			| ]
			|aline=right| {{bartable|35.9|%|2||background:gray}}
			|aline=right| {{bartable|45.6|%|2||background:gray}}
			|-
			| ]
			|aline=right| {{bartable|29.2|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
			|aline=right| {{bartable|30.8|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
			|-
			| ]{{efn|Hispanic and Latino origins are separate from race in the U.S. Census. The Census does not distinguish between Latino origins alone or in combination. This row counts Hispanics and Latinos of any race.}}
			|aline=right| {{bartable}}
			|aline=right| {{bartable|29.8|%|2||background:green}}
			|-
			| ]
			|aline=right| {{bartable|7.0|%|2||background:purple}}
			|aline=right| {{bartable|8.0|%|2||background:purple}}
			|-
			| ]
			|aline=right| {{bartable|1.3|%|2||background:gold}}
			|aline=right| {{bartable|2.6|%|2||background:gold}}
			|-
			| ]
			|aline=right| {{bartable|10.8|%|2||background:pink}}
			|aline=right| {{bartable}}
			|-
			| Other
			|aline=right| {{bartable|15.8|%|2||background:brown}}
			|aline=right| {{bartable}}
			|}
			Chicago has the third-largest ] population in the United States. In 2018, the Chicago Department of Health, estimated 7.5% of the adult population, approximately 146,000 Chicagoans, were LGBTQ.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/cdph/LGBTQHealth/CDPH_2017LGBT_Report_r6a.pdf |title=Healthy Chicago databook: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Health |publisher=Chicago Department of Public Health |date=March 2018 |access-date=November 9, 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230223718/https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/cdph/LGBTQHealth/CDPH_2017LGBT_Report_r6a.pdf |archive-date=December 30, 2020 }}</ref> In 2015, roughly 4% of the population identified as LGBT.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/182051/san-francisco-metro-area-ranks-highest-lgbt-percentage.aspx |title=San Francisco Metro Area Ranks Highest in LGBT Percentage. |work=gallup.com |date=March 20, 2015 |access-date=August 15, 2016 |archive-date=October 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022104058/http://www.gallup.com/poll/182051/san-francisco-metro-area-ranks-highest-lgbt-percentage.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/21/upshot/the-metro-areas-with-the-largest-and-smallest-gay-population.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/21/upshot/the-metro-areas-with-the-largest-and-smallest-gay-population.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |title=The Metro Areas With the Largest, and Smallest, Gay Populations |date=March 21, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Since the 2013 legalization of ], over 10,000 same-sex couples have wed in ], a majority of them in Chicago.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-same-sex-marriage-licenses-cook-county-20160418-story.html |title=Same-sex marriage licenses could hit 10,000 in Cook County this summer |date=April 18, 2016 |work=Chicago Tribune |author=Leonor Vivanco |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609085107/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-same-sex-marriage-licenses-cook-county-20160418-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shields |first1=Nick |title=10,000th same-sex couple issued marriage license in Cook County |url=http://www.cookcountyclerk.com/newsroom/newsfromclerk%5CPages/10,000thsame-sexcoupleissuedmarriagelicenseinCookCounty.aspx |website=Cook County Clerk |access-date=January 6, 2017 |format=Press release |date=August 31, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213111023/http://cookcountyclerk.com/newsroom/newsfromclerk/Pages/10,000thsame-sexcoupleissuedmarriagelicenseinCookCounty.aspx |archive-date=December 13, 2016}}</ref>
	There are several distinctly Chicago sandwiches, among them the ] sandwich, which is thinly sliced beef slowly simmered ] and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo – an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. Another is the ], a grilled or deep-fried ] – on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.<ref name="sandwich">{{cite web| last = Zeldes | first = Leah A. | authorlink = Leah A. Zeldes | title = City of the big sandwiches: Four uncommon Chicago meals on a bun | work = Dining Chicago | publisher = Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. | date = 2010-01-22 | url = http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/01/22/city-of-the-big-sandwiches-four-uncommon-chicago-meals-on-a-bun/ | doi = | accessdate = 2010-06-16}}</ref>
			Chicago became a "de jure" ] in 2012 when Mayor ] and the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 2–173 Welcoming City Ordinance |url=https://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/mayor/Office%20of%20New%20Americans/PDFs/WelcomeCityOrdinance.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050847/https://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/mayor/Office%20of%20New%20Americans/PDFs/WelcomeCityOrdinance.pdf |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |url-status=live |work=Municipal Code of Chicago |access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref>
	Ethnically originated creations include chicken Vesuvio, which started as an Italian specialty in the 1930s,{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} with roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. Another is the Puerto Rican-influenced ], a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. Yet another is the ] ], an appetizer of cheese served ] at the table.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Leah A |last=Zeldes | authorlink = Leah A. Zeldes| title=How to Eat Like a Chicagoan |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20021001023605/www.chicagorestaurant.com/show_article.php?aID=13|url=http://www.chicagorestaurant.com/show_article.php?aID=13|archivedate=2002-10-01 |work=Chicago's Restaurant Guide |publisher=Chicago's Restaurant Guide |date=2002-09-30 |accessdate=2002-09-30}}</ref>
			According to the U.S. Census Bureau's ] data estimates for 2022, the median income for a household in the city was $70,386,and the per capita income was $45,449. Male full-time workers had a median income of $68,870 versus $60,987 for females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B19326 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B19326&geo_ids=16000US1714000&primary_geo_id=16000US1714000 |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref> About 17.2% of the population lived below the poverty line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census profile: Chicago, IL |url=http://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US1714000-chicago-il/ |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=Census Reporter |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, Chicago ranked seventh globally for the highest number of ultra-high-net-worth residents with roughly 3,300 residents worth more than $30&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |title=These are the cities with the most ultra-rich people |url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/finance-banking/these-are-cities-most-ultra-rich-people |website=Crain's Chicago Business |date=September 6, 2018 |access-date=September 10, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611141809/https://www.chicagobusiness.com/finance-banking/these-are-cities-most-ultra-rich-people |url-status=live }}</ref>
	The ] in ] runs from the final week of June through ] weekend. Hundreds of local restaurants take part.
			According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the specific ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B04006 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04006&geo_ids=16000US1714000&primary_geo_id=16000US1714000#valueType%7Cestimate |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B03001 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03001&geo_ids=16000US1714000&primary_geo_id=16000US1714000 |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B02018 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02018&geo_ids=16000US1714000&primary_geo_id=16000US1714000 |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref>
	A number of well-known chefs have restaurants in Chicago, including ], ], ], and ]. In 2003, Robb Report named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination."
			{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
	The city is home to 23 ] restaurants, with ] and ] receiving three stars.
			* Mexican (586,906)
			* German (200,726)
			* Irish (184,983)
			* Polish (129,468)
			* Puerto Rican (101,625)
			* Italian (100,915)
			* English (87,282)
			* Chinese (67,951)
			* Indian (48,535)
			* Filipino (39,048)
			* French (25,629)
			* Russian (24,707)
			* Swedish (21,795)
			* Arab (19,432)
			* West Indian (18,636)
			* Guatemalan (18,205)
			* Scottish (17,121)
			* Korean (16,224)
			* Ecuadorian (15,935)
			* Nigerian (15,064)
			* Greek (14,946)
			* Norwegian (13,391)
			* Colombian (13,785)
			* Ukrainian (12,956)
			* Vietnamese (12,280)
			* Cuban (11,765)
			* Czech (11,313)
			* Romanian (11,237)
			* Lithuanian (11,235)
			* Dutch (11,196){{div col end}}
			Persons who did not report or classify an ancestry were 548,790.
	Chicago features a wide selection of ], with 22 fully vegetarian restaurants and many vegetarian-friendly establishments within the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.happycow.net/north_america/usa/illinois/chicago/ |title=HappyCow.net |publisher=HappyCow.net |date=2009-08-05 |accessdate=2009-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vegillinois.com/chicago.asp?Category=Restaurant |title=VegIllinois.com |publisher=VegIllinois.com |date=2009-08-05 |accessdate=2009-08-05}}</ref>
	===Religion===		===Religion===
			{{Pie chart
	], one of the city's "]" was intentionally modeled on ].]]
			| thumb = right
	Due to its cosmopolitan history, Chicago has a rich blend of religious heritage as displayed by the architecture and institutions throughout the city. Christianity is predominant among the city's population represented by the various ] including Catholic, ], ] and ] churches. The city also includes adherents of ], ], ], ], ], the ], and others. Because of this diversity, Chicago has a wealth of ].
			| caption = Religion in Chicago (2014)<ref name="Religion1">{{cite web |url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/chicago-metro-area/ |title=Religious Landscape Study |date=May 11, 2015 |publisher=] |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326020605/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/chicago-metro-area/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Religion2"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609103107/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/ |date=June 9, 2021 }}, Pew Research Center</ref>
			| label1 = ]
			| value1 = 35
			| color1 = DodgerBlue
			| label2 = ]
			| value2 = 34
			| color2 = #d4213d
			| label3 = ]
			| value3 = 1
			| color3 = Purple
			| label4 = ]
			| value4 = 1
			| color4 = Aquamarine
			| label5 = ]
			| value5 = 22
			| color5 = Honeydew
			| label6 = ]
			| value6 = 3
			| color6 = Blue
			| label7 = ]
			| value7 = 2
			| color7 = Green
			| label8 = ]
			| value8 = 1
			| color8 = Yellow
			| label9 = ]
			| value9 = 1
			| color9 = Orange
			}}
			According to a 2014 study by the ], ] is the most prevalently practiced religion in Chicago (71%),<ref name="Religion2"/> with the city being the fourth-most religious metropolis in the United States after ], ] and ].<ref name="Religion2"/> ] and ] are the largest branches (34% and 35% respectively), followed by ] and ] with 1% each.<ref name="Religion1"/> Chicago also has a sizable non-Christian population. Non-Christian groups include ] (22%), ] (3%), ] (2%), ] (1%) and ] (1%).<ref name="Religion1"/>
			Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including the ] and the ]. It is the seat of several ]<!--intentional link to DAB apge-->. The ] is one of the largest ] congregations in the United States based on memberships.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presbyterianmission.org/wp-content/uploads/Comparative_Statistics_2014-for-PCUSA.pdf#page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801154345/https://www.presbyterianmission.org/wp-content/uploads/Comparative_Statistics_2014-for-PCUSA.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2016 |url-status=live |title=Table 6 Fifteen Largest PC(USA) Congregations Based on Membership Size, 2014 |publisher=Research Services, Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) |format=PDF |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref> Since the 20th century Chicago has also been the headquarters of the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baum |first1=Wilhelm |author-link1=Wilhelm Baum (historian) |last2=Winkler |first2=Dietmar W. |title=The Church of the East: A Concise History |year=2003 |location=London-New York |publisher=Routledge-Curzon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-134-43019-2 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112352/https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014 the ] was the largest individual Christian denomination (34%), with the ] being the largest Catholic jurisdiction. ] form the largest theological Protestant branch (16%), followed by ]s (11%), and historically ]es (8%). Among denominational Protestant branches, ] formed the largest group in Chicago (10%); followed by Nondenominational (5%); ]s (4%); and ]s (3%).<ref name="Religion1"/>
	Through the city's size and notoriety, it has gained recognition as a religious center. The city played host to the first two ] in 1893 and 1993. Chicago contains many theological institutions, which include seminaries and colleges such as the ] and ]. Chicago is the seat of numerous religious leaders from a host of bishops of a wide array of Christian denominations as well as other religions. In the northern suburb of Wilmette, Illinois, is the ], the only temple for the ] in North America.
			Non-Christian faiths accounted for 7% of the religious population in 2014. ] has at least 261,000 adherents which is 3% of the population. A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500.<ref name="2020populationstudy.juf.org"/>
	Pope ] visited Chicago in 1979 as part of his first trip to the United States after being elected to the Papacy in 1978.
			The first two ] in 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Avant |first=Gerry |title=Parliament of World's Religions |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xj5TAAAAIBAJ&pg=5129,4279121 |date=September 11, 1993 |access-date=September 25, 2018 |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611141937/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xj5TAAAAIBAJ&pg=5129%2C4279121 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, including ], the ]<ref name="Watts2009">{{cite book |first=Greg |last=Watts |title=Mother Teresa: Faith in the Darkness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5pqWTRO3CU4C&pg=PA67 |year=2009 |publisher=Lion Books |isbn=978-0-7459-5283-3 |pages=67– |access-date=June 16, 2015 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112829/https://books.google.com/books?id=5pqWTRO3CU4C&pg=PA67 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ] in 1979.<ref>{{cite news |last=Davis |first=Robert |title=Pope John Paul II in Chicago |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-pope-story,0,3834966.story |access-date=September 27, 2013 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=October 5, 1979 |archive-date=July 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708052326/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-pope-story,0,3834966.story |url-status=live }}</ref>
	===Sports===
	{{Main|Sports in Chicago}}
	Chicago was named the ''Best Sports City'' in the United States by '']'' in 1993, 2006, 2010.<ref>{{cite web
	|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=113586
	|title=Best Sports Cities 2006: Who, where and how
	|publisher=Sporting News
	|date=August 1, 2006
	}}{{dead link|date=November 2010}}</ref> The city is home to two ] (MLB) teams: the ] of the ] (NL), who play in ] on the North Side, and the ] of the ] (AL), who play in ] on the South Side. Chicago is the only city in North America that has had more than one MLB franchise every year since the AL began in 1900. The ], one of the last two remaining charter members of the ] (NFL), have won nine ], including ]. The other remaining charter franchise, the Chicago Cardinals, also started out in the city, but are now known as the ]. The Bears play their home games at ] just off the coast of Lake Michigan.
	]]]
	The ] of the ] (NBA) are one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world. During the 1990s with ] leading them, the Bulls took six NBA championships in eight seasons (only failing to do so in the two years of Jordan's absence). The ] of the ] (NHL), who began play in 1926, have won four ]s. The Blackhawks are the ]s, and hosted the ] at Wrigley Field. Both the Bulls and Blackhawks play at the ] on the Near West Side. The ] are members of ] and reside at ] in suburban ], after playing its first eight seasons at ]. The Fire have won one league title and four ] since their founding in 1997. The ], a member of ] play at Toyota Park in Bridgeview, IL.
			==Economy==
	The ] has been held each year since 1977 except for in 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of five ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagomarathon.com/pdf/World%20Marathon%20Majors.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070925194344/http://www.chicagomarathon.com/pdf/World+Marathon+Majors.pdf|archivedate=2007-09-25|accessdate=2007-07-25|title=World Marathon Majors|publisher=The LaSalle Bank Marathon|format=PDF}}</ref> In 1994, the United States hosted a successful ] with games played at ] on Chicago's downtown lakefront.
			{{Main|Economy of Chicago}}
	]]]
			{{See also|List of companies in the Chicago metropolitan area}}
	After a months long process that saw the elimination of several American and international cities, Chicago was selected on April 14, 2007, to represent the United States internationally in the ] for the ].<ref>{{cite news|last=Levine|first=Jay|url=http://cbs2chicago.com/local/local_story_207062131.html|title=Chicago In The Running To Host 2016 Summer Games|work=]|date=July 26, 2006|accessdate=December 1, 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061110061832/http://cbs2chicago.com/local/local_story_207062131.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = November 10, 2006}}</ref><ref>"." Retrieved on December 1, 2006.</ref> Chicago had previously hosted the ] and the ]. Chicago was selected to host the 1904 Olympics, but they were transferred to ] to coincide with the World's Fair.<ref name="1904 Olypics">{{cite web
			]]]
	| title = 1904 Summer Olympics
			]]]
	| publisher = International Olympics Committee
			Chicago has the third-largest ] in the United States—about $670.5&nbsp;billion according to September 2017 estimates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/gdp_metro_newsrelease.htm |title=Gross Domestic Product by Metropolitan Area, 2016 |website=bea.gov |access-date=June 7, 2018 |archive-date=January 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111210606/https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/gdp_metro_newsrelease.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/about/upload/20ChicagoSunTimes6-23-03.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031129081651/http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/about/upload/20ChicagoSunTimes6-23-03.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 29, 2003 |title=Moody's: Chicago's Economy Most Balanced in US (January 23, 2003)}}. Accessed from ''World Business Chicago''.</ref> The Chicago metropolitan area has the third-largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060800133.html |title=Washington area richest, most educated in US: report |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 8, 2006 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |archive-date=December 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222034437/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060800133.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists ], ], ], ], ], ], and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.
	| url = http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1904
	}}</ref> On June 4, 2008, the ] narrowed the field further and selected Chicago as one of four candidate cities for the 2016 games. On October 2, 2009, ] was selected instead of Chicago.
			Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States, following ].<ref>{{cite news |title=The ten largest US central business districts {{!}} Modern Cities |url=https://www.moderncities.com/article/2018-jan-the-ten-largest-us-central-business-districts |access-date=February 1, 2020 |work=moderncities.com |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727211333/https://www.moderncities.com/article/2018-jan-the-ten-largest-us-central-business-districts |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is the seat of the ], the Bank's Seventh District. The city has major financial and ]s, including the ], the ] (CBOE), and the ] (the "Merc"), which is owned, along with the ] (CBOT), by Chicago's ]. In 2017, Chicago exchanges traded 4.7&nbsp;billion in derivatives.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}} ] has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/About-JPMC/jpmorgan-history.htm |title=JPMorgan History &#124; The History of Our Firm |publisher=Jpmorganchase.com |access-date=November 6, 2010 |archive-date=January 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117003703/http://www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/About-JPMC/jpmorgan-history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Academically, Chicago has been influential through the ], which fielded 12 ] winners.
	Starting just off ] is ]'s ], a {{convert|330|mi|km|sing=on}} offshore sailboat race held each July that is the longest annual freshwater sailing distance race in the world. 2010 marks the 102nd running of the "Mac".<ref>{{cite web|title=Race to Mackinac Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.cycracetomackinac.com/pdf/mac_faqs.pdf|year=2009|publisher=Chicago Yacht Club|accessdate=20 August 2009}}</ref>
			The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63&nbsp;million workers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chicago Area Employment — February 2018 |url=https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/news-release/areaemployment_chicago.htm |website=bls.gov/regions/midwest |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date=May 3, 2018 |archive-date=September 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922112723/https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/news-release/areaemployment_chicago.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Illinois is home to 66 ] companies, including those in Chicago.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/states/IL.html |title=FORTUNE 500 2007: States – Illinois |access-date=September 13, 2007 |publisher=CNNMoney.com |archive-date=September 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908020234/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/states/IL.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city of Chicago also hosts 12 ''Fortune'' Global 500 companies and 17 ''Financial Times'' 500 companies. The city claims three ] companies: ] giant ], which moved its headquarters from ] to the Chicago Loop in 2001;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2008 |work=Globalization and World Cities Research Network |publisher=GaWC Loughborough University |access-date=April 29, 2009 |archive-date=August 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826010640/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ]; and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dow 30 Companies |publisher=CNNMoney |url=https://money.cnn.com/data/dow30/ |access-date=July 21, 2019 |archive-date=April 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424101006/http://money.cnn.com/data/dow30/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For six consecutive years from 2013 through 2018, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chicago Named Nation's Top Metro Area for Corporate Relocation For the Sixth Straight Year |url=http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/chicago-named-nations-top-metro-area-for-corporate-relocation-for-the-sixth-straight-year/ |website=World Business Chicago |access-date=July 21, 2019 |date=March 25, 2019 |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721185936/http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/chicago-named-nations-top-metro-area-for-corporate-relocation-for-the-sixth-straight-year/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, three ] companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City.<ref name=ChicagoBusinessExodus3>{{cite web|url=https://www.illinoispolicy.org/chicagos-fortune-500-headquarters-are-shrinking/|title=Chicago's Fortune 500 headquarters are shrinking|author=Dylan Sharkey|publisher=Illinois Policy|quote=Chicago has lost three Fortune 500 headquarters in 2022.|date=October 17, 2022|access-date=November 9, 2022|archive-date=November 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115231134/https://www.illinoispolicy.org/chicagos-fortune-500-headquarters-are-shrinking/|url-status=live}}</ref>
	At the collegiate level, the greater Chicago area and has four national athletic conferences represented, the ] with ], and the ] with ] in Evanston are premier national conferences. ] and the ] play ] sports as members of the ].
			Manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are based in the Chicago area, including ], ], ], and the Healthcare division of ]. Prominent food companies based in Chicago include the world headquarters of ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poinski |title=Why Chicago is the nation's capital of food and beverage manufacturing |url=https://www.fooddive.com/news/why-chicago-is-the-nations-capital-of-food-and-beverage-manufacturing/560943/ |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=Food Dive |language=en-US}}</ref> Chicago has been a hub of the ] sector since its early development, with ], ], and ]. Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers, including ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Companies in Chicago Pushing the City to New Heights 2024 {{!}} Built In Chicago |url=https://www.builtinchicago.org/articles/largest-companies-in-chicago-tech |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=Built In |language=en}}</ref>
	===Literature===
	{{main|Chicago Literature}}
	Chicago literature found its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct ], lending to a strong tradition of social realism. Consequently, most notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check. Writers such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] have all drawn the city's literary portrait in diverse ways, united by the fact that their observations brought the world's attention to focus on Chicago.
			Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the ], with the Western Wheel Company, which introduced ] to the production process and significantly reduced costs,<ref>{{harvnb|Norcliffe|2001|p=107}}</ref> while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the ] builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.<ref>{{harvnb|Clymer|1950|p=178}}</ref> Chicago was also the site of the ].
	===Media===
	{{See also|Media in Chicago|List of fiction set in Chicago|Chicago International Film Festival}}
	].]]
			Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exhibitorhost.com/US_Largest_Convention_Centers.html |title=Retrieved January 26, 2010 |publisher=Exhibitorhost.com |date=September 26, 1987 |access-date=April 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315090242/http://www.exhibitorhost.com/US_Largest_Convention_Centers.html |archive-date=March 15, 2010}}</ref> Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind ] and ]) in number of conventions hosted annually.<ref>{{cite news |last=Carpenter |first=Dave |title=Las Vegas rules convention world |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2006-04-26-convention-cities_x.htm |newspaper=] |agency=] |date=April 26, 2006 |access-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427054312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2006-04-26-convention-cities_x.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	The Chicago metropolitan area is the third-largest media market in North America, after New York City and Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvjobs.com/cgi-bin/markets/market2.cgi|title=Nielsen Media 2009–2010 Local Market Estimates|date=27 September 2009|work=Nielsen Media Research|publisher=Broadcast Employment Services|accessdate=17 May 2010}}</ref> Each of the big four ], ], ], ] and ], directly owns and operates a ] station in Chicago (], ], ] and ], respectively). ], which is owned by the ], is carried with some programming differences, as "]" on ] nationwide and in parts of the ]. The city is also the home of several talk shows, including '']'' on WLS-TV, while ] produces programs such as ]'s '']'' and ]'s '']'' Chicago's ] station can be seen on ], producer of shows, such as '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']'', just to name a few and ].
			Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and reached $15 in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minimum Wage |url=https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/bacp/supp_info/minimumwageinformation.html#:~:text=As%20of%20July%201%2C%202020,with%2021%20or%20more%20workers. |website=chicago.gov |access-date=July 24, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724030007/https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/bacp/supp_info/minimumwageinformation.html#:~:text=As%20of%20July%201%2C%202020,with%2021%20or%20more%20workers. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Elejalde-Ruiz |first1=Alexia |title=Chicago City Council raises minimum wage to $15 by 2021, but restaurant servers still will get lower tipped wage |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-chicago-minimum-wage-approved-20191126-esp6g6do6nhzjfl7i7yphbfmrm-story.html |access-date=February 1, 2020 |work=Chicago Tribune |archive-date=November 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127023209/https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-chicago-minimum-wage-approved-20191126-esp6g6do6nhzjfl7i7yphbfmrm-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	There are two major daily newspapers published in Chicago, the '']'' and the '']'', with the former having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such as ], the '']'', '']'' (the Lithuanian daily newspaper), the '']'', the '']'', the '']'', the '']'', '']'',<ref name=twsOctW11>{{cite news
	|author= Chauncey Hollingsworth
	|title= Shakey Ground: Arts Magazines Find Chicago's Landscape Still Hostile To New Ventures
	|publisher= Chicago Tribune
	|quote= A vast expanse of the local cultural landscape lay unexplored between the realm of free arts weeklies like NewCity and the Reader and commercial ventures like Chicago magazine.... NewCity wasn't quite as sophisticated two years ago as it is now.
	|date= May 10, 1995
	|url= http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-05-10/features/9505110049_1_chicago-magazine-asa-baber-art-department
	|accessdate= 2010-10-31
	}}</ref><ref name=twsOctW14>{{cite news
	|author= Staff writer
	|title= Chicago Daily News II: This Time It's Digital
	|publisher= Chicago Tribune
	|quote= The competition... Newcity are in the digital space, ...
	|date= December 9, 2005
	|url= http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/technology_internetcritic/2005/12/chicagos_newest.html
	|accessdate= 2010-10-31
	}}</ref> '']'' and the '']''.
			==Culture and contemporary life==
	Chicago is a ]. Since the 1980s, many motion pictures have been filmed in the city, most notably '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']',' and '']''
			{{Main|Culture of Chicago}}{{Further|List of people from Chicago}}
			] located in the ] neighborhood, one of the most visited attractions in the ].]]
			The city's waterfront location and nightlife attracts residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods from ] in the north to ] in the south.<ref name="2000-demographics-map">{{cite web |title=Chicago Demographics |url=http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/doit/general/GIS/Chicago_Maps/Census_Maps/Population_Total.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173623/http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/doit/general/GIS/Chicago_Maps/Census_Maps/Population_Total.pdf |archive-date=October 14, 2013 |url-status=live |work=City of Chicago |access-date=August 21, 2013}}</ref> The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include the ] neighborhoods, such as ] along 18th street, and ''La Villita'' along 26th Street; the ] enclave of ] in the ] neighborhood; ], along South ], immediately west of downtown;<ref>{{cite web |last=Zeldes |first=Leah A. |title=Opaa! Chicago Taste of Greece flies this weekend |work=Dining Chicago |publisher=Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. |date=August 27, 2009 |url=http://blog.diningchicago.com/2009/08/27/chicago-taste-of-greece-flies-this-weekend/ |access-date = September 14, 2013 |archive-date = May 24, 2016 |archive-url = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160524005447/http://blog.diningchicago.com/2009/08/27/chicago-taste-of-greece-flies-this-weekend/ |url-status = dead}}</ref> ], along Taylor Street; ] in ]; ] in ]; ] in ] around Lawrence Avenue; ] near ] in Uptown; and the ] area, along ] in ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic Dining in Chicago |url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/chicago/0006020445.html |work=] |access-date=September 14, 2013 |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000940/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/chicago/0006020445.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
			Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental, and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called "The Loop", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term "The Loop" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes the ], the ], and the ], as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famous ], abundant restaurants, ], ], ], convention facilities, ], and ].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
	Chicago has also been the setting for many popular television shows. Chicago-based TV shows include the situation comedies ] and its spinoff ] and ]. The city served as the venue for the medical dramas ] and ], as well as the science fiction drama series ]. ] films two shows in Chicago: ] and the Chicago version of ].
			] at the ], North Side]]
	Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including ] with ] on Sunday evenings.
			Lincoln Park contains the ] and the ]. The ] features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} ] is home to ], the city's large ] nightlife and culture center. The ], held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2019/06/28/chicago-pride-parade |title=How Chicago's Pride Parade Grew from a Small March to a Big Event |date=June 28, 2019 |website=WTTW Chicago |language=en-US |access-date=October 9, 2019 |archive-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609093009/https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2019/06/28/chicago-pride-parade |url-status=live }}</ref>
			North ] is the main thoroughfare of Boystown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peregrin |first1=Tony |title=Instagreeter Program Launches in Boystown |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/redeye/ct-redeye-xpm-2012-04-25-31356727-story.html |access-date=April 1, 2019 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=April 25, 2012 |archive-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409172429/https://www.chicagotribune.com/redeye/ct-redeye-xpm-2012-04-25-31356727-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
			The South Side neighborhood of ] is the home of former U.S. President ]. It also contains the University of Chicago, ranked one of the world's top ten universities,<ref>{{cite web |title=The World University Rankings |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2012-13/world-ranking/institution/university-of-chicago |work=] |access-date=September 2, 2013 |archive-date=May 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529203500/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2012-13/world-ranking/institution/university-of-chicago |url-status=live }}</ref> and the ]. The {{convert|6|mi|adj=on}} long ] stretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sits ]. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called the ], running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African American ], which travels through ] to Washington Park. ] has an ] on the South Side in ], and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
	==Economy==
	{{Main|Economy of Chicago}}
	]]]
	Chicago has the third largest ] in the United States—approximately US$506 billion according to 2007 estimates.<ref>{{cite conference | coauthors = Global Insight | booktitle = US Metro Economies| title=Gross Metropolitan Product with housing update June 2008 | pages = 14 | publisher = United States Conference of Mayors | date= June, 2008 | location = Washington, D.C. | url = http://www.usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0608/GMP_Report__June_2008.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = September 15, 2006 }}</ref> The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification.<ref>{{PDFlink|}}. Accessed from ''World Business Chicago''.</ref> Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index.<ref>"", ], June 13, 2007.</ref> Additionally, the Chicago metropolitan area recorded the greatest number of new or expanded corporate facilities in the United States for six out of the seven years from 2001 to 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2008/mar/topMetros/|title=Life at the Top|author=Ron Starner|publisher=Siteselection.com|accessdate=2008-03-11}}</ref> The Chicago metropolitan area has the third largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060800133.html |title=Washington area richest, most educated in US: report |publisher=Washingtonpost.com |date=2006-06-08 |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> In 2009, Chicago placed 9th on the ] list of the world's richest cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/usb-purchasing-power.html |title=World's richest cities by purchasing power |publisher=City Mayors |date= |accessdate=2010-11-06}}</ref> Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.
			The West Side holds the ], one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here include ]'s ] and the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as the ] and ] in ]. The Near West Side holds the ] and was once home to ]'s ], the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
	Chicago is a major world financial center, with the ] in the US<ref name="cbd rankings">{{cite web| format=PDF | url=http://www.demographia.com/db-cbd2000.pdf | publisher=demographia | accessdate=2009-08-07 | title=50 Largest Urban Areas: 2000 Data on Employment & Transit Work Trips}}</ref> The city is the headquarters of the ] (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). The city is also home to major financial and ]s, including the ], the ] (CBOE), and the ] (the "Merc"), which is owned, along with the ] (CBOT) by Chicago's ]. The CME Group, in addition, owns the ] (NYMEX), the Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX) and the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmegroup.com |title=Futures & Options Trading for Risk Management |publisher=CME Group |date=2010-04-13 |accessdate=2010-11-06}}</ref> Perhaps due to the influence of the ], the city also has markets trading unusual contracts such as ] (on the ]) and ] (on the ]). ] Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/About-JPMC/jpmorgan-history.htm |title=JPMorgan History &#124; The History of Our Firm |publisher=Jpmorganchase.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-06}}</ref>
			The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films like '']'' and television programs like the '']'' skit "]", is an advanced form of ]. This dialect can also be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes such as ], ], ], and ], and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as the ] sound as in "cat", which can sound more like "kyet" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city.<ref>Gordon, Matthew J. (2004). "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology". Kortmann, Bernd, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, Edgar W. Schneider and Clive Upton (eds). '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112831/https://books.google.com/books?id=mtd3a-56ysUC& |date=July 9, 2023 }}''. Volume 1: Phonology, Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 297.</ref>
	The city and its surrounding metropolitan area are home to the second largest labor pool in the United States with approximately 4.25 million workers.<ref>{{PDFlink||805&nbsp;KB}}. ''CBRE – CB Richard Ellis''.</ref> <!--Chicago does not have a notable number/concentration of tech workers: http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/story.aspx?guid={DB88FD73-1B6F-4CDB-8CC4-2B311773289F}--> In addition, the state of Illinois is home to 66 ] companies, including those in Chicago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/states/IL.html |title=FORTUNE 500 2007: States – Illinois |accessdate=2007-09-13 |publisher= CNNMoney.com}}</ref> The city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims one ] company: ] giant ], which moved its headquarters from ] to the ] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2008 |work=Globalization and World Cities Research Network|publisher=GaWC Loughborough University |accessdate=2009-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Measuring the World City Network: New Developments and Results | author = P.J. Taylor et al.| url= http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb300.html|page = see Table 1| work= Research On Relations Between World Cities | publisher= Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Network| year= 2009| accessdate=2009-04-18}}</ref> Two more Dow 30 companies, ] and ] are in Chicago suburbs, as are the technology spin-offs of ]. Chicago is also home to ] and its ].
			===Entertainment and the arts {{anchor|Entertainment, the arts, and performing arts}}===
	Manufacturing, printing, publishing and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, including ], ], ], and the Healthcare Financial Services division of ]. Moreover, the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which helped move goods from the ] south on the ], and of the railroads in the 19th century made the city a major transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s, Chicago became a major ] port, and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry expanded. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as ], created global enterprises. Though the meatpacking industry currently plays a lesser role in the city's economy,<!--BROKEN CITATION<ref name="hirsch"/> --> Chicago continues to be a major transportation and distribution center. Lured by a combination of large business customers, federal research dollars, and a large hiring pool fed by the area's universities, Chicago is also home to a growing number of ] like ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/article/why-you-should-start-a-company-in-chicago |title=Why You Should Start a Company in… Chicago |publisher=FastCompany.com |date=2010-02-19 |accessdate=2010-11-16}}</ref>
			{{Further|Theater in Chicago|Visual arts of Chicago|Music of Chicago}}
			{{see also|List of theaters in Chicago}}
			]]]
			Renowned Chicago theater companies include the ] in the Loop; the ] and ] in Lincoln Park; and the ] at Navy Pier. ] offers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: the ], ], ], ] of ], and ]. ] productions for ] can be seen at the historic ] in ]. Since 1968, the ]s are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modern ], and includes the prominent groups ] and ] (formerly ImprovOlympic).{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
			The ] (CSO) performs at ], and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97291390 |title=Chicago Symphony Tops U.S. Orchestras |first=Tom |last=Huizenga |publisher=NPR |date=November 21, 2008 |access-date=December 31, 2008 |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028111319/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97291390 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also performing regularly at ] is the ], a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and ]. ], located {{convert|25|mi|km|0}} north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. The ] is home to the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lyric Opera House history |url=https://www.lyricopera.org/about/history/lyric-opera-house-history/ |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=lyricopera.org |language=en}}</ref> The ] was founded by ] in 1956,<ref name="lithopera">{{cite web |url = http://www.lithoperachicago.org/ |title = About the Lithuanian Opera Company, Inc. in Chicago |access-date = September 14, 2006 |publisher = Lithuanian Opera Co. |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051221183321/http://lithoperachicago.org/index.html |archive-date = December 21, 2005}}</ref> and presents operas in ].
	Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, as home to ], which introduced ] to the production process and significantly reduced costs,<ref>Norcliffe 2001, p 107</ref> while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the ] builder ], which was founded there in 1907.<ref>Clymer 1950, p 178</ref> Chicago was also home to the ].
			The ] and ] perform in various venues, including the ] in ]. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as the ] and ].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
	Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is ]. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exhibitorhost.com/US_Largest_Convention_Centers.html |title=Retrieved January 26, 2010 |publisher=Exhibitorhost.com |date=1987-09-26 |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind ] and ]) in number of conventions hosted annually.<ref>. ''Crain's Chicago Business''.</ref>
			]]]
	==Demographics==
			Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include ], ], ], and ]. The city is the birthplace of ] (a popular form of electronic dance music) and ], and is the site of an influential ]. In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular for ], ], and ]. The city has been a center for ] culture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago ]. ] feature various acts, such as ] and the ].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Lollapalooza originated in Chicago in 1991 and at first travelled to many cities, but as of 2005 its home has been Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lollapalooza {{!}} History & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Lollapalooza |access-date=October 13, 2022 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013002415/https://www.britannica.com/art/Lollapalooza |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by the ] ranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in "size of music industry" and fourth among all U.S. cities in "number of concerts and performances".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://74.220.219.62/~natkinne/chicago-music.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/chicagomusiccity_summary1.pdf |title=Chicago Music City: A Summary Report on the Music Industry in Chicago |author1=Lawrence Rothfield |author2=Don Coursey |author3=Sarah Lee |author4=Daniel Silver |author5=Wendy Norri |work=The Cultural Policy Center at the University of Chicago |date=November 21, 2007 |access-date=November 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116022404/http://74.220.219.62/~natkinne/chicago-music.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/chicagomusiccity_summary1.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	{{US Census population
	| 1840=4470
			Chicago has a distinctive ] tradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurative ], as in the works of ] and ]. In 1968 and 1969, members of the ], such as ], ], ], ], and ] produced bizarre representational paintings. ] is one of the most celebrated figures of ].<ref name="June Skinner Sawyers">{{cite book|author=June Skinner Sawyers|title=Chicago Portraits New Edition|year=2012|publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-2649-7|pages=84}}</ref>
	| 1850=29963
	| 1860=112172
			===Tourism===
	| 1870=298977
			{{Main|Tourism in Chicago}}
	| 1880=503185
			{{see also|List of beaches in Chicago}}
	| 1890=1099850
			] and ].]]
	| 1900=1698575
			{{As of|2014|alt=In 2014}}, Chicago attracted 50.17&nbsp;million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09&nbsp;million domestic business travelers and 1.308&nbsp;million overseas visitors.<ref name="visitors">{{cite web |title=2014 Chicago Tourism Profile |url=http://www.choosechicago.com/includes/content/docs/media/Chicago-Visitation-Annual-2014-6.20.15-.pdf |publisher=Choose Chicago |year=2015 |access-date=June 10, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116012209/http://www.choosechicago.com/includes/content/docs/media/Chicago-Visitation-Annual-2014-6.20.15-.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2016}}</ref> These visitors contributed more than {{US$|13.7}} billion to Chicago's economy.<ref name="visitors"/> Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest ] destination. A 2017 study by ] ranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.walkscore.com/cities-and-neighborhoods/ |title=2017 City and Neighborhood Rankings |year=2017 |publisher=Walk Score |access-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-date=January 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131231927/https://www.walkscore.com/cities-and-neighborhoods/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of ]. Navy Pier, located just east of ], is {{convert|3000|ft|abbr=on}} long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a Ferris wheel. The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skydeck Chicago at Willis Tower |url=https://theskydeck.com/ |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=Skydeck Chicago |language=en-US |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121203121/https://theskydeck.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
	| 1910=2185283
	| 1920=2701705
			=== Museums ===
	| 1930=3376438
			{{further|List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago}}
	| 1940=3396808
			]]]
	| 1950=3620962
			Among the city's museums are the ], the ], and the ]. The ] joins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned ]. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago's ] has an extensive collection of ]ian and ]ern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glusac |first=Elaine |date=February 27, 2018 |title=14 Best Museums in Chicago |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/gallery/best-museums-in-chicago |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=Condé Nast Traveler |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Messner |first=Matthew |date=December 29, 2017 |title=Chicago's DuSable Museum of African American History converts a horse stable into a powerful space |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2017/12/chicagos-dusable-museum-roundhouse/ |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=The Architect's Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 3, 2019 |title=Museum of Science and Industry changing name after $125M gift from Ken Griffin |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2019/10/3/20896953/museum-of-science-industry-changing-name-125-million-gift-ken-griffin |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=Chicago Sun-Times |language=en}}</ref>
	| 1960=3550404
	| 1970=3366957
			===Cuisine===
	| 1980=3005072
			{{See also|Culture of Chicago#Food and drink|Chicago farmers' markets|List of Michelin starred restaurants in Chicago}}
	| 1990=2783726
			]]]
	| 2000=2896016
			Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned ]; this style is said to have originated at ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bendersky |first=Ari |title=Chicago's Deep Dish History: It All Started With Uno's |url=http://chicago.eater.com/archives/2012/05/08/chicagos-deep-dish-history-the-beginning.php |work=Eater.com |date=May 8, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=July 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722101232/http://chicago.eater.com/archives/2012/05/08/chicagos-deep-dish-history-the-beginning.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fischer, MD |first=Stuart J. |title=Chicago: Landmarks, Pizza, Politics, and Jazz |url=http://www.aaos.org/news/acadnews/2013/AAOS16_3_20.asp |work=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402141408/http://www.aaos.org/news/acadnews/2013/AAOS16_3_20.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> Certain Chicago pizza favorites include ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The pizza bible : the world's favorite pizza styles, from Neapolitan, deep-dish, wood-fired, Sicilian, calzones and focaccia to New York, New Haven, Detroit, and more |last=Gemignani, Tony. |isbn=978-1-60774-605-8 |edition=First |oclc=879642419 |year=2014|publisher=Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed }}</ref>
	| 2009=2851268
	| 2010=2695598
			The ], typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish, ], pickled ], ] wedges, ] spear and topped off with ] on a ] ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0,1977,FOOD_9936_8208,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030415193753/http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0%2C1977%2CFOOD_9936_8208%2C00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 15, 2003 |title=Classic Chicago Hot Dog |year=1999 |access-date=September 3, 2007 |work=Emril Lagasse}}</ref> Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use of ] as a garnish, but may prefer to add ].<ref name="Recipe Detail: Chicago Style Hot Dog">{{cite web |url=http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?erube_fh=wttw&wttw.submit.CPRecipieDetail=1&wttw.RecipieID=26 |title=Recipe Detail: Chicago Style Hot Dog |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815101621/https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?erube_fh=wttw&wttw.submit.CPRecipieDetail=1&wttw.RecipieID=26 |archive-date=August 15, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Slow Food guide to Chicago: Restaurants, markets, bars |last=Gibson |first=Kelly |author2=Portia Belloc Lowndes |year=2008 |publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing |isbn=978-1-931498-61-6 |page=384 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg1wcViP7vgC&q=Chicago%20%22hot%20dog%22%20ketchup&pg=PA238 |quote=no self-respecting Chicagoan would think of using ketchup as a condiment&nbsp;... |access-date=February 18, 2010 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112835/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg1wcViP7vgC&q=Chicago%20%22hot%20dog%22%20ketchup&pg=PA238 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Fodor's Chicago 2010 |last=Fodor's |year=2009 |publisher=Fodor's |isbn=978-1-4000-0860-5 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/fodorschicago20100fodo |url-access=registration |quote=Make sure to never add ketchup to your Chicago-style hot dog: a major no-no among hot dog aficionados. |access-date=February 18, 2010}}</ref>
	| estref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-01.csv
	|title=Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000
			] market in Chicago]]
	|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau
			A distinctly Chicago sandwich, the ] sandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered in ] and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. The ] is a grilled or deep-fried ]—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.<ref name="sandwich">{{cite web |last=Zeldes |first=Leah A. |title=City of the big sandwiches: Four uncommon Chicago meals on a bun |work=Dining Chicago |publisher=Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. |date=January 22, 2010 |url=http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/01/22/city-of-the-big-sandwiches-four-uncommon-chicago-meals-on-a-bun/ |access-date = June 16, 2010 |archive-date = May 11, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511175141/http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/01/22/city-of-the-big-sandwiches-four-uncommon-chicago-meals-on-a-bun/ |url-status = dead}}</ref>
	|accessdate=2009-09-02}}</ref>
			] is roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. The ]-influenced ] is a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. The ] is a ] topped with chili and served on a hot dog bun.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sula |first=Mike |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/restaurants/080515/ |title=Omnivorous: On the Trail of the Delta Tamale |work=Chicago Reader |date=December 26, 1996 |access-date=July 3, 2011 |archive-date=May 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505235318/http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/restaurants/080515/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The tradition of serving the ] dish ] while aflame has its origins in Chicago's Greek community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theparthenon.com/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020608155056/http://theparthenon.com/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 8, 2002 |title=History |publisher=The Parthenon |access-date=May 30, 2011}}</ref> The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused with ] and ] table-side.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Leah A |last=Zeldes |title=How to Eat Like a Chicagoan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021001023605/http://www.chicagorestaurant.com/show_article.php?aID=13 |url=http://www.chicagorestaurant.com/show_article.php?aID=13 |archive-date=October 1, 2002 |work=Chicago's Restaurant Guide |date=September 30, 2002 |access-date=September 30, 2002}}</ref> ] features hardwood smoked ] and ] which were traditionally cooked in an aquarium smoker, a Chicago invention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2022 |title=Don't forget South Side barbecue in Chicago as Texas-style ascends |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/ct-food-chicago-style-barbecue-texas-qs-tips-and-links-20220926-bc6dwbv6nzhp3pkm367pmn63ca-story.html |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> ] feature various Chicago signature dishes, such as ] and the Chicago Food Truck Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Marcella |last=Raymond |title=Weekend festival celebrates food trucks in Chicago |url=https://wgntv.com/news/trending/weekend-festival-celebrates-food-trucks-in-chicago |date=June 22, 2019 |work=Chicago's Very Own WGN 9 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |archive-date=June 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621061542/https://wgntv.com/news/trending/weekend-festival-celebrates-food-trucks-in-chicago/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
			One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a recipient of three ] stars, ] is located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include: ], ], ], and ]. In 2003, '']'' named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination".<ref>{{cite web |title=Robb Report Editors Name Chicago As Country's Finest Dining Destination |url=http://robbreport.com.sg/News-and-Press/Robb-Report-Editors-Name-Chicago-As-Countrys-Finest-Dining-Destination |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107032639/http://robbreport.com.sg/News-and-Press/Robb-Report-Editors-Name-Chicago-As-Countrys-Finest-Dining-Destination |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2014 |work=]}}</ref>
			===Literature===
			{{Further|Chicago literature}}
			Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of ]. In the '']'', ] Professor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people." The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/448.html |title=Fiction |work=chicagohistory.org |access-date=August 9, 2012 |archive-date=January 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118043823/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/448.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/755.html |title=Literary Cultures |work=chicagohistory.org |access-date=August 9, 2012 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011210402/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/755.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and create a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1390.html |title=Literary Images of Chicago |work=chicagohistory.org |access-date=August 9, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008200636/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1390.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check.
			At least three short periods in the ] have had a lasting influence on ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/257.html |title=Chicago Literary Renaissance |work=chicagohistory.org |access-date=August 9, 2012 |archive-date=September 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921183952/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/257.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of the ] through the 1940s.
			What would become the influential '']'' magazine was founded in 1912 by ], who was working as an ] ] for the ''Chicago Tribune''. The magazine discovered such poets as ], ], and ].<ref name="ny">Goodyear, Dana, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630105939/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/02/19/070219fa_fact_goodyear |date=June 30, 2014 }}, article, '']'', February 19 and 26 double issue, 2007</ref> ]'s first professionally published poem, "]", was first published by ''Poetry''. Contributors have included ], ], ], ], and ], among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching the ] and ] poetic movements. From the 1950s through 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpxbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT271 |title=Encyclopedia of the New York School Poets |last=Diggory |first=Terence |date=April 22, 2015 |publisher=Infobase Learning |isbn=978-1-4381-4066-7 |language=en |access-date=April 20, 2018 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112921/https://books.google.com/books?id=SpxbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT271 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, the ].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRG1XpKfemwC&pg=PA255 |title=Hearts and Hands: Creating Community in Violent Times |last=Rodriguez |first=Luis |date=January 4, 2011 |publisher=Seven Stories Press |isbn=978-1-60980-057-4 |language=en |access-date=April 20, 2018 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112835/https://books.google.com/books?id=yRG1XpKfemwC&pg=PA255 |url-status=live }}</ref>
			==Sports==
			{{Main|Sports in Chicago}}
			{{multiple image
			|align = right
			|direction = vertical
			|width = 220
			|image1 = Soldier Field S.jpg
			|caption1 = ]
			|image2 = Wrigley Field 2018 - 42195054760.jpg
			|caption2 = ]
			|image3 = United Center 1.jpg
			|caption3 = ]
			|image4 = Chicago, Illinois, U.S. (2023) - 062.jpg
			|caption4 = ]
	}}		}}
			The city has two ] (MLB) teams: the ] of the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and the ] of the American League play in Rate Field on the South Side. The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once, in 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2017 |title=When will the White Sox and Cubs meet in the World Series? Sooner than you think |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/20157170/a-chicago-cubs-white-sox-world-series-sooner-think |access-date=October 24, 2023 |publisher=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>
	{{Main|Demographics of Chicago}}
			The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Santo |first1=Ron |author-link1=Ron Santo |last2=Pepe |first2=Phil |author-link2=Phil Pepe |date=April 1, 2005 |title=Few and Chosen Cubs: Defining Cubs Greatness Across the Eras |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=Triumph Books |chapter=Preface by Phil Pepe |page= |isbn=978-1-57243-710-4 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/fewchosen00rons/page/}}</ref> they have played in Chicago since 1871.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/ |title=MLB Teams and Baseball Encyclopedia |work=Baseball-Reference.com |access-date=April 20, 2016 |archive-date=May 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516091149/https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They had the dubious honor of having the longest championship drought in American professional sports, failing to win a World Series between 1908 and 2016. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901.
	During its first 100 years as a city, Chicago grew at a rate that ranked among the fastest growing in the world. When founded in 1833, less than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4000. Within the span of forty years, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 in 1850 to over 1 million by 1890. By the close of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth largest city in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201f.htm |title=Top 10 Cities of the Year 1900 |publisher=Geography.about.com |date= |accessdate=2009-05-04}}</ref> and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within fifty years of the ], the population had tripled to over 3 million,<ref>{{cite web
	|url=http://tigger.uic.edu/depts/ahaa/imagebase/chimaps/mcclendon.html
	|title=Chicago Growth 1850–1990: Maps by Dennis McClendon
	|accessdate=2007-08-19
	|publisher=University Illinois Chicago
	}}</ref> and reached its highest ever-recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census.
			The ], one of the last two remaining charter members of the ] (NFL), have won nine ], including the 1985 ]. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field.
	As of the ], there were 2,896,016 people, 1,061,928 households, and 632,558 families residing within Chicago. More than half the population of the state of Illinois lives in the Chicago metropolitan area. The population density of the city itself was {{convert|12750.3|PD/sqmi|abbr=on}}, making it one of the nation's most densely populated cities. There were 1,152,868 housing units at an average density of {{convert|5075.8|/sqmi|abbr=on}}. Of the 1,061,928 households, 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 35.1% were married couples living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.4% were non-families.<ref>{{cite web|author=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US1714000&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on |title=Chicago city, Illinois – DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |date= |accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref> The median income for a household in the city was $38,625, and the median income for a family was $42,724. Males had a median income of $35,907 versus $30,536 for females. About 16.6% of families and 19.6% of the population lived below the ].<ref>{{cite web|author=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US1714000&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on |title=Chicago city, Illinois – DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |date= |accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>
			The ] of the ] (NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cahill |first=Dan |date=December 22, 2015 |title=Bulls are second-most popular U.S. team on Facebook |url=http://chicago.suntimes.com/sports/bulls-are-second-most-popular-u-s-team-on-facebook-gallery/ |newspaper=] |access-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-date=August 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816195431/http://chicago.suntimes.com/sports/bulls-are-second-most-popular-u-s-team-on-facebook-gallery/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 1990s, with ] leading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons.<ref name="bulls_dynasty">{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Clare |title=The Bulls Dynasty |url=http://www.nba.com/history/bulls_dynasty.html |publisher=] |access-date=November 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209024614/http://www.nba.com/history/bulls_dynasty.html |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Markovits |first=Andrei S. |author-link1=Andrei Markovits |title=Gaming the World: How Sports Are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture |year=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-13751-3 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2QpA0fGyiIC&pg=PA89 |author2=Rensmann, Lars |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112830/https://books.google.com/books?id=o2QpA0fGyiIC&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	According to the 2006–2008 ],<ref>. Retrieved 24 July 2010.</ref> the population of Chicago is 2,851,206 people; the racial composition of the city was:
	* 39.9% ] (]: 31.5%)
			The ] of the ] (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the "]" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won six ]s, including in 2010, 2013, and ]. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions {{!}} United Center |url=https://www.unitedcenter.com/venue/frequently-asked-questions/ |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=www.unitedcenter.com}}</ref>
	* 34.6% ]
	* 0.2% ]
			{| class="wikitable sortable"
	* 4.9% ]
			|-
	* 18.6% from some other race
			|+ Major league professional teams in Chicago (ranked by attendance)
	* 1.7% from ]
			|-
	* ] (of any race) make up 27.8% of the total population (20.5%
			! scope="col" |Club
	are Mexican, 3.7% Puerto Rican, 0.3% Cuban, and 3.4% other Hispanic or Latino).<ref></ref>
			! scope="col" |League
			! scope="col" |Sport
	According to the 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates for Total Ancestry Reported, for the city of Chicago, the majority of residents, or 64% of 2,986,974 people, reported their ancestry as "other groups".<ref name="tablec04003">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-state=dt&-context=dt&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-mt_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G2000_C04003&-tree_id=308&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=16000US1714000&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en|title=Table:C04003 – Total Ancestry Reported|year=2008|work=2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=16 March 2010}}</ref> Of the 36% of residents that reported their ancestries in groups that were measured by the U.S. Census Bureau, the largest groups, based on the total population, were: ] (6.6%); ] (6.5%); ] (5.8%); ] (3.5%); ] (3.5%); ] (2.0%); ] (1.2%); American (1.1%); ] (0.97%); ] (0.91%); ] (0.9%); ] (0.7%); ] (0.6%); ] (0.5%); ] (0.5%); ] (0.5%); ] (0.5%); ] (0.5%); ] (0.4%); ] (0.38%); ] (0.4%); ] (0.3%); ] (0.2%); ] (0.2%); ] (0.2%); ] (0.2%); ] (0.2%); ] (0.1%); ] (0.1%); and ] (0.1%).<ref name="tablec04003"/>
			! scope="col" |Venue
	The city also has a large ] population, numbering as many as 80,000–120,000 and is the location of the seat of the head of the ], Mar Dinkha IV.
			! scope="col" |Attendance
	<ref>http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v10n2/yoab2.pdf</ref>
			! scope="col" |Founded
			! scope="col" |Championships
			|-
			! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" |Chicago Bears
			| align="center" |]
			|]
			|Soldier Field
			| align="center" |61,142
			| align="center" |1919
			|9 ] (1 ])
			|-
			! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" |]
			| align="center" |]
			|]
			|Wrigley Field
			| align="center" |41,649
			| align="center" |1870
			|3 ]
			|-
			! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" |]
			| align="center" |]
			|]
			|]
			| align="center" |40,615
			| align="center" |1900
			|3 ]
			|-
			! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" |]
			| align="center" |]
			|]
			| rowspan="2" |United Center
			| align="center" |21,653
			| align="center" |1926
			|6 ]s
			|-
			! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" |]
			| align="center" |]
			|]
			| align="center" |20,776
			| align="center" |1966
			|6 ]
			|-
			! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" |]
			| align="center" |]
			|]
			|Soldier Field
			| align="center" |17,383
			| align="center" |1997
			|1 ], 1 ]
			|-
			! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" |]
			| align="center" |]
			|]
			|]
			| align="center" |10,387
			| align="center" |2006
			|1 ]
			|-
			!scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" |]
			|align="center" |]
			|]
			|]
			|align="center" |5,863
			|align="center" |2013
			|1 ] championship
			|}
			] on ] on the South Side]]
			] is a member of ] (MLS) and plays at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and four ], since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successful ] with games played at Soldier Field.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2014 |title=World Cup 2014 countdown: Diana Ross and the opening ceremony of USA |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/world-cup-2014-countdown-diana-ross-and-the-opening-ceremony-of-usa-94-9169002.html |website=The Independent}}</ref>
			The ] are a team in the ] (NWSL). They previously played in ] (WPS), of which they were a founding member, before joining the NWSL in 2013. They play at ] in ].
			The ] is a professional basketball team playing in the ] (WNBA). They play home games at the ]. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 7, 2005 |title=Gvozdenovic still has hoop dreams |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-gvozdenovic-still-has-ho/156947659/ |access-date=October 11, 2024 |work=Chicago Tribune |pages=4–12 |via=]}}</ref>
			The ] has been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of six ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagomarathon.com/pdf/World%20Marathon%20Majors.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020023826/http://www.chicagomarathon.com/pdf/World%20Marathon%20Majors.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 20, 2006 |access-date=July 25, 2007 |title=World Marathon Majors |publisher=The LaSalle Bank Marathon}}</ref>
			Five area colleges play in ] conferences: two from major conferences—the ] (]) and the ] (])—and three from other D1 conferences—the ] (]); the ] (]); and the ] (]).<ref>{{cite web |title=NCAA Members By Division |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/onlineDir/exec2/divisionListing?sortOrder=0&division=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415102306/http://web1.ncaa.org/onlineDir/exec2/divisionListing?sortOrder=0&division=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 15, 2013 |work=] |access-date=September 25, 2013}}</ref>
			Chicago has also entered into ] with the creation of the ], a professional ] team that participates within the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2020 |title=OpTic Chicago officially confirmed for CDL 2021 |url=https://www.charlieintel.com/call-of-duty-league/optic-chicago-officially-confirmed-for-cdl-2021-64483/ |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=Charlie INTEL |language=en}}</ref>
			==Parks and greenspace==
			{{Main|Parks in Chicago|Chicago Boulevard System|Cook County Forest Preserves}}
			] is located in ] in the ].]]
			When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto ''Urbs in Horto'', a ] phrase which means "City in a Garden". Today, the ] consists of more than 570 parks with over {{convert|8000|acre}} of ]land. There are 31 sand ], a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/about-us/history/ |publisher=Chicago Park District |access-date=September 23, 2014 |archive-date=December 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219142505/http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/about-us/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers {{convert|1200|acre}} and has over 20&nbsp;million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors after ] in ], and the ] in ]<ref>{{cite web |title=City Park Facts Report |url=http://www.tpl.org/sites/default/files/files_upload/2014_CityParkFacts.pdf |publisher=] |access-date=September 23, 2014 |page=30 |date=February 2014 |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920120721/http://www.tpl.org/sites/default/files/files_upload/2014_CityParkFacts.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
			There is a historic ],<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928161117/http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/zlup/Historic_Preservation/Publications/ParkBlvdsHD_NR_map_14July2011.pdf |date=September 28, 2015 }}, City of Chicago. Retrieved March 31, 2016.</ref> a network of wide, tree-lined ]s which connect a number of Chicago ].<ref name=WTTW>{{cite web |publisher=WTTW |url=http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=74,3 |title=Biking the Boulevards with Geoffrey Baer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322071810/http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=74%2C3 |archive-date=March 22, 2016 |access-date=March 31, 2016}}</ref> The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois legislature in 1869.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bledstein |first=Burton J. |url=http://tigger.uic.edu/depts/hist/hull-maxwell/vicinity/nws1/urban_slum/maps/IndMaps-Docs/1880parks.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612212814/http://tigger.uic.edu/depts/hist/hull-maxwell/vicinity/nws1/urban_slum/maps/IndMaps-Docs/1880parks.pdf |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |url-status=dead |title=Chicago's Park & Boulevard System |publisher=University of Illinois at Chicago |access-date=April 7, 2016}}</ref> A number of ] emerged along these roadways in the 19th century.<ref name=WTTW/> The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and six ], along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322070826/http://tclf.org/landscapes/chicago-park-boulevard-system-historic-district |date=March 22, 2016 }}, The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Retrieved March 31, 2016.</ref> The ''Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District'' was listed on the ] in 2018.<ref name=weekly>{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list-20190208.htm |title=Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 02/01/2019 Through 2/7/2019 |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=February 17, 2019 |archive-date=February 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210044359/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list-20190208.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NR2018>{{Cite web |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District |url=http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/803178.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218202015/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/803178.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 18, 2019 |date=November 9, 2018 |website=gis.hpa.state.il.us |access-date=February 18, 2019}}</ref>
			With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harbors |url=http://www.chicagoharbors.info/slip-information/ |work=Chicago Park District |access-date=October 9, 2013 |archive-date=June 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606111045/http://www.chicagoharbors.info/slip-information/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the ] in Chinatown, ] on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
			The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the ], a network of open spaces containing forest, ], ], streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts,<ref>{{cite web |title=Forest Preserve District of Cook County |url=http://library.uic.edu/collections/fpdcc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505022445/http://library.uic.edu/collections/fpdcc |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 5, 2012 |work=University of Illinois at Chicago |access-date=August 28, 2013}}</ref> including both the ] in ] and the ] in ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliates |url=http://fpdcc.com/about/affiliates/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308144514/http://fpdcc.com/about/affiliates/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 8, 2012 |work=] |access-date=August 28, 2013}}</ref> Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly {{convert|400|acres|-1|abbr=on}}. The park is listed on the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Park Service |year=2004 |title=National Register of Historic Places |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/04000871 |access-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-date=May 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509121638/https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/04000871 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	==Law and government==		==Law and government==
			===Government===
	{{Main|Law and government of Chicago|Political history of Chicago}}
			{{Main|Government of Chicago}}
	] statue and City Hall in background. State law courts are in the building at right]]
			] and the ], with ] visible in background. At right, the ] contains the state law courts.]]
	Chicago is the ] of ]. The government of the City of Chicago is divided into ] and ] branches. The ] is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. In addition to the mayor, Chicago's two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer.
			The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and ] branches. The ] is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The current mayor is ]. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. The ] is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 alderpersons, one elected from each ] in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Council, Your Ward & Alderperson |url=https://www.chicago.gov/content/city/en/about/council.html |access-date=December 10, 2023 |website=chicago.gov |language=en}}</ref> The council takes official action through the passage of ] and resolutions and approves the city budget.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chicago Government |url=http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/chicagogovt.html |work=City of Chicago |access-date=October 13, 2013 |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111074509/https://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/chicagogovt.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
			The ] provides law enforcement and the ] provides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the ] of the State of Illinois court system, or in the ], in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinois ]; in the Federal court it is the United States ].
	The ] is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ] in the city. The council enacts local ordinances and approves the city budget. Government priorities and activities are established in a budget ordinance usually adopted each November. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions.
			===Politics===
	During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing ] organization dominated by ethnic ward-heelers. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, ] and labor organizations.<ref>Schneirov 1998, pp 173–174</ref> For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States, with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been "]" in ] since 1992. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a ] mayor since 1927, when ] was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent the rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains close to 25% of the state's population, and as such, eight of Illinois' nineteen ] have part of Chicago in their ].
			{{Main|Political history of Chicago}}
			{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:95%;"
			|+ Presidential election results in Chicago<ref name="Dave's">{{cite web|title=Dave's Redistricting|url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::8a4586ad-4c58-489b-828c-4477cfd0ce88|access-date=June 7, 2023|archive-date=February 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228051204/https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::8a4586ad-4c58-489b-828c-4477cfd0ce88|url-status=live}}</ref>
			|-
			! style="text-align:center;" | Year
			! style="text-align:center;" | ]
			! style="text-align:center;" | ]
			! style="text-align:center;" | Others
			|-
			| style="text-align:center;" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|''']'''
			| style="text-align:center;" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''82.5%''' ''944,735''
			| style="text-align:center;" {{Party shading/Republican}}|15.8% ''181,234''
			| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|1.6% ''18,772''
			|-
			| style="text-align:center;" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|''']'''
			| style="text-align:center;" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''82.9%''' ''912,945''
			| style="text-align:center;" {{Party shading/Republican}}|12.3% ''135,320''
			| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|4.8% ''53,262''
			|}
			During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing ] organization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized ], ] and ]s.{{sfnp|Schneirov|1998|pp=173–174}} For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been "]" in ] since 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a ] mayor since 1927, when ] was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
	Former Chicago Mayor ]'s mastery of ] preserved the ] long after the demise of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.<ref>Montejano 1998, pp 33–34</ref> During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of ]. Since 1989, Chicago has been under the leadership of ], the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic ] vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November.
			Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 17 ] in the ]. All eight of the city's representatives are Democrats; only two Republicans have represented a significant portion of the city since 1973, for one term each: ] from 1973 to 1975, and ] from 1995 to 1997.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
	===City planning===
	{{See also|Community areas of Chicago|Neighborhoods of Chicago}}
	]]]
	Chicago has four main sections: Downtown (which contains the ]), the North Side, the ], and the West Side. The three sides of the city are represented on the ] by three horizontal white strips. These sections can further be informally subdived or grouped, for example as shown on the map (right). Further sectional references are the Northwest side and the Southwest side. In the late 1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinct ], which can further be subdivided into over ].
			] persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.{{sfnp|Montejano|1999|pp=33–34}} During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of ] (in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest-serving mayor, ], the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic ] vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 big ideas for making Illinois more (small-d) democratic – CHANGE Illinois |date=March 28, 2022 |url=https://www.changeil.org/2022/03/7-big-ideas-for-making-illinois-more-small-d-democratic/ |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816041513/https://www.changeil.org/2022/03/7-big-ideas-for-making-illinois-more-small-d-democratic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
	The central commercial area often is portrayed, as in the map at right, to include parts of ] and ], as well as the ]. The North Side is the most densely populated residential section of the city and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront.
	The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains the ] and most of the facilities of the ].
			The city is home of former United States President ] and First Lady ]; Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a U.S. senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago in ] on the city's south side.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2016/07/27/with-michelle-obama-in-town-speculation-about-future-for-their-home/ |title=With Michelle Obama In Town, Speculation About Future For Their Home |first=Derrick |last=Blakley |work=cbslocal.com |date=July 27, 2016 |access-date=July 30, 2016 |archive-date=July 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730175417/http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2016/07/27/with-michelle-obama-in-town-speculation-about-future-for-their-home/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
	] were laid out in a ] that grew from the city's original townsite plat. Streets following the ] section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and 16 in the other direction. The grid's regularity would provide an efficient means to develop new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Indian trails, also cross the city. Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the ], but only the extension of ] was ever constructed.
	===Crime===		===Crime===
	{{Main|Crime in Chicago|Organized crime in Chicago}}		{{Main|Crime in Chicago|Timeline of organized crime in Chicago}}
			] ] as a ] vehicle, 2021]]
	Murders in the city peaked first in 1974, with 970 murders when the city's population was over three million people (resulting in a murder rate of around 29 per 100,000), and again in 1992 with 943 murders, resulting in a murder rate of 34 per 100,000.<ref>Heinzmann, David (1/1/2003). . ''Chicago Tribune'', found at qrc.depaul.edu/djabon/Articles/ChicagoCrime20030101.htm.</ref> Chicago, along with other major US cities, experienced a significant reduction in violent crime rates through the 1990s, eventually recording 448 ]s in 2004, the lowest total since 1965 (15.65 per 100,000.) Chicago's homicide tally remained steady throughout 2005, 2006, and 2007 with 449, 452, and 435 respectively.
			Chicago's crime rate in 2020 was 3,926 per 100,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=2021 Year End Summary Crime Statistics |url=https://home.chicagopolice.org/statistics-data/crime-statistics/ |publisher=Chicago Police Department |access-date=July 15, 2022 |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715025318/https://home.chicagopolice.org/statistics-data/crime-statistics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chicago experienced major rises in ] in the 1920s, in the late 1960s, and in the 2020s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chicago Police Annual Report 1967 |url=https://portal.chicagopolice.org/portal/page/portal/ClearPath/News/Statistical |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041413/https://portal.chicagopolice.org/portal/page/portal/ClearPath/News/Statistical%20Reports/Annual%20Reports/1967_AR.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=July 26, 2015 |publisher=Chicago Police Department |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Chicago Police Annual Report 2017">{{cite web |title=Chicago Police Annual Report 2017 |url=https://home.chicagopolice.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2017-Annual-Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203184344/https://home.chicagopolice.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2017-Annual-Report.pdf |archive-date=December 3, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2018 |website=chicagopolice.org |publisher=Chicago Police Department |page=68}}</ref> Chicago's biggest ] challenges have changed little over the last 50 years, and statistically reside with homicide, ], gang violence, and ]. Chicago has a higher murder rate than the larger cities of New York and Los Angeles. However, while it has a large absolute number of crimes due to its size, Chicago is not among the top-25 most violent cities in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Monkovic |first1=Toni |last2=Asher |first2=Jeff |date=June 16, 2021 |title=Why People Misperceive Crime Trends (Chicago Is Not the Murder Capital) |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/upshot/murder-crime-trends-chicago.html |access-date=July 9, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425160403/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/upshot/murder-crime-trends-chicago.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fieldstadt |first=Elisha |date=February 23, 2022 |title=Highest murder rates in the U.S. - The most deadly cities |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/murder-map-deadliest-u-s-cities/ |access-date=July 9, 2023 |publisher=CBS News |language=en-US |archive-date=November 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107070825/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/murder-map-deadliest-u-s-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
			Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moser |first=Whet |date=August 14, 2012 |title=Gawker Glosses Chicago's Murder Problem |url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/The-312/August-2012/Gawker-Glosses-Chicagos-Murder-Problem/ |url-status=dead |journal=Chicago |publisher=Chicago Tribune Media Group |issue=August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903085301/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/The-312/August-2012/Gawker-Glosses-Chicagos-Murder-Problem/ |archive-date=September 3, 2014 |access-date=August 28, 2014}}</ref> The neighborhoods of ] on the South Side, and ] on the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Christensen |first=Jen |date=March 14, 2014 |title=Tackling Chicago's 'crime gap' |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/13/us/chicago-crime-gap/ |access-date=August 28, 2014 |archive-date=August 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827235801/http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/13/us/chicago-crime-gap/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chicago Gang Violence: By The Numbers |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/fullpage/chicago-gang-violence-numbers-17509042 |access-date=December 17, 2015 |website=ABC News |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222090102/http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/fullpage/chicago-gang-violence-numbers-17509042 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 26, 2012 |title=Chicago Most Gang-Infested City in U.S., Officials Say |url=http://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicago-crime-commision-gang-book-138174334.html |access-date=December 17, 2015 |publisher=NBC Chicago |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102151110/http://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicago-crime-commision-gang-book-138174334.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to reports in 2013, "most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories,"<ref name="bloomberg1">{{cite news |last1=Lippert |first1=John |first2=Nacha |last2=Cattan |first3=Mario |last3=Parker |date=September 17, 2013 |title=Heroin Pushed on Chicago by Cartel Fueling Gang Murders |publisher=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-17/heroin-pushed-on-chicago-by-cartel-fueling-gang-murders.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 12, 2013 |archive-date=October 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006065328/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-17/heroin-pushed-on-chicago-by-cartel-fueling-gang-murders.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and is specifically related to the activities of the ], which is active in several American cities.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Morning Edition |date=September 17, 2013 |title=Probing Ties Between Mexican Cartel And Chicago's Violence |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/09/17/223309103/probing-ties-between-mexican-drug-cartel-and-chicagos-violence |access-date=October 12, 2013 |archive-date=October 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014124759/http://www.npr.org/2013/09/17/223309103/probing-ties-between-mexican-drug-cartel-and-chicagos-violence |url-status=live }}</ref> Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.<ref name="bloomberg1" /> In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;<ref>{{cite web |title=Rahm Emanuel's performance as Chicago mayor |url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/section/measuring-rahm-emanuel#rate |first1=Greg |last1=Hinz |first2=Thomas |last2=Corfman |access-date=April 20, 2016 |work=Crain's Chicago Business |archive-date=April 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419142049/http://www.chicagobusiness.com/section/measuring-rahm-emanuel#rate |url-status=dead }}</ref> the murder rate was 10.4 per 100,000 – while high crime districts saw 38.9 murders, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rahm Emanuel's performance as Chicago mayor |first1=Greg |last1=Hinz |first2=Thomas |last2=Corfman |url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/section/measuring-rahm-emanuel#murder |access-date=April 20, 2016 |work=Crain's Chicago Business |archive-date=April 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419142049/http://www.chicagobusiness.com/section/measuring-rahm-emanuel#murder |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	In 2008, murders rebounded to 510, 2nd highest in the country, breaking 500 for the first time since 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=6580432 |title=Murder rate jumps in 2008 |publisher=ABC News |accessdate=2009-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tressugar.com/1919267 |title=Chicago's Murder Rate Double American Soldiers Killed in Iraq |publisher=Tres Sugar |date= 2008-09-05}}</ref> For 2009 the murder count was down about 10% for the year, to 458.<ref>{{cite web|title=FBI 2005 UCR data|url=http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/data/table_08_il.html|publisher=FBI|accessdate=2010-08-18}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
			Chicago has a long history of public ] that regularly draws the attention of federal law enforcement and federal prosecutors.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 24, 2012 |title=Chicago's 'hall of shame' |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2012-02-24-ct-met-aldermen-convicted-0224-20120224-story.html |access-date=June 20, 2020 |website=Chicago Tribune |archive-date=June 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621051228/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2012-02-24-ct-met-aldermen-convicted-0224-20120224-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2012 to 2019, 33 Chicago alderpersons were convicted on corruption charges, roughly one third of those elected in the time period. A report from the Office of the Legislative Inspector General noted that over half of Chicago's elected alderpersons took illegal campaign contributions in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |author=Austin Berg |date=November 16, 2015 |title=More than half of Chicago aldermen took illegal campaign cash in 2013 &#124; City Limits |url=http://www.chicagonow.com/city-limits/2015/11/more-than-half-of-chicago-aldermen-took-illegal-campaign-cash-in-2013/ |access-date=December 17, 2015 |website=Chicagonow.com |archive-date=May 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527150531/http://www.chicagonow.com/city-limits/2015/11/more-than-half-of-chicago-aldermen-took-illegal-campaign-cash-in-2013/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Most corruption cases in Chicago are prosecuted by the ]'s office, as legal ] makes most offenses punishable as a federal crime.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 13, 2014 |title=Northern District of Illinois – Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndil |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614164719/https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndil |url-status=live }}</ref>
	2010 saw Chicago's murder rate at its lowest levels since 1965. Overall, 435 homicides were recorded for the year, a 5% decrease from 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chicago homicides in 2010 fell to lowest level since 1965|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-01-03/news/ct-met-chicago-crime-statistics-20110103_1_superintendent-jody-weis-chicago-homicides-violent-crimes|last=Gorner | first=Jeremy | date=January 3, 2011 | accessdate=January 7, 2011}}</ref>
	==Education==		==Education==
	{{Main|Chicago Public Schools}}
	{{Update|date=April 2009}}
	===Schools and libraries===		===Schools and libraries===
			] appeared in '']'' as the largest municipal public library building in the world.]]
	]]]
	There are 675 public schools,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cps.edu/About_CPS/At-a-glance/Pages/Stats_and_facts.aspx |title=Chicago Public Schools – Stats and Facts |accessdate=2009-06-27 |first=Chicago Public Schools |publisher=Chicago Public Schools}}</ref> 394 private schools, 83 colleges, and 88 libraries in the Chicago proper. ] (CPS) is the governing body of the ] that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are 9 selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools. They are designed to meet the needs of Chicago’s most academically advanced students. The schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and Advanced Placement (AP) courses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cps.edu/Schools/High_schools/Pages/Selectiveenrollment.aspx |title=Chicago Public Schools : Selective enrollment| accessdate=2010-08-30 |first=Chicago Public Schools |publisher=Chicago Public Schools}}</ref> ] is ranked number one in the city of Chicago. ] is ranked number two. The Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/education/2846182,chicago-area-high-school-rank.article| title=Top 100 Chicago-area high schools | accessdate=2010-10-30| publisher=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref> The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,000 students (2005 stat.), ranks as the third largest in the US<ref> ''Chicago Public Schools'' at www.cps.k12.il.us/AtAGlance.html.</ref>
			] (CPS) is the governing body of the ] that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and ] (AP) courses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cps.edu/Schools/High_schools/Pages/Selectiveenrollment.aspx |title=Chicago Public Schools : Selective enrollment |access-date=August 30, 2010 |publisher=Chicago Public Schools |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827013715/http://www.cps.edu/Schools/High_schools/Pages/Selectiveenrollment.aspx |archive-date=August 27, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ] is ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/search?state-urlname=illinois |title=These Are the Best High Schools in Illinois |work=usnews.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628233843/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/search?state-urlname=illinois |archive-date=June 28, 2018}}</ref>
			Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/education/2846182,chicago-area-high-school-rank.article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101050631/http://www.suntimes.com/news/education/2846182%2Cchicago-area-high-school-rank.article |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 1, 2010 |title=Top 100 Chicago-area high schools |access-date=October 30, 2010 |work=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref> The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |title=At-a-glance: Stats and Facts |url=http://www.cps.edu/About_CPS/At-a-glance/Pages/Stats_and_facts.aspx |publisher=Chicago Public Schools |access-date=October 2, 2014 |date=September 17, 2014 |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730153238/https://www.cps.edu/About_CPS/At-a-glance/Pages/Stats_and_facts.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources, and other issues.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timeoutchicagokids.com/guides-resources/178436/chicago-teachers-on-strike |title=Chicago teachers on strike |publisher=Time Out Chicago Kids |access-date=September 10, 2012 |archive-date=September 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916033301/http://www.timeoutchicagokids.com/guides-resources/178436/chicago-teachers-on-strike |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's "choice system", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lutton |first1=Linda |first2=Brendan |last2=Metzger |title=The Big Sort |url=http://www.wbez.org/news/big-sort-110502 |publisher=] |access-date=October 2, 2014 |date=July 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113818/http://www.wbez.org/news/big-sort-110502 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
			Chicago has a network of ]s,<ref>{{harvnb|Pogorzelski|Maloof|2008|p=58}}</ref> and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as the ] in ]. The ] operates ]s, that include ] and others. A number of private schools are completely secular. There are also the private ], a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the public ], a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chiarts.org/ |title=Chicago High School for the Arts |website=chiarts.org |access-date=September 26, 2016 |archive-date=September 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926191506/http://chiarts.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
	Chicago's private schools are largely run by religious groups, with the two largest systems being the Catholic and ]s. The ] operates the city's ]s, including the ]s. Some of the more prominent Catholic schools are: ], Gordon Technical High School, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. In addition to Chicago's network of 32 Lutheran schools,<ref>Pogorzelski 2008, p 58</ref> there are also several private schools run by other denominations and faiths, such as the ] in ]. Additionally, a number of private schools are run in a completely secular educational environment, such as the ], the ] in Hyde Park, the ], the Chicago City Day School in Lake View, the ] in ] and the ]. Chicago is also home of the private ], a high school focused on six different categories of the arts, such as Media Arts, Visual Arts, Music, Dance, Musical Theatre and Theatre.
	The ] system operates 79 public libraries including the central library, two regional libraries, and numerous branches distributed throughout the city..		The ] system operates three regional libraries and 77 neighborhood branches, including the central library.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Public Library |url=https://www.chicago.gov/content/city/en/depts/cpl.html |access-date=May 23, 2022 |website=chicago.gov |language=en |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709113333/https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/cpl.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	===Colleges and universities===		===Colleges and universities===
	{{main list|List of colleges and universities in Chicago}}		{{main list|List of colleges and universities in Chicago}}
	], as seen from the ]]]		] campus as seen from the ]]]
	<!-- PLEASE TRY TO LIST THE SUBURBAN SCHOOLS AT THE ILLINOIS ARTICLE -->		<!-- PLEASE TRY TO LIST THE SUBURBAN SCHOOLS AT THE ILLINOIS ARTICLE -->
	Since the 1850s,<!-- CTS was founded in 1855 --> Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities that are in the city proper or in the immediate environs. These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States, as determined by '']''. Three top-tier research (]) universities are found in or adjacent to the city: the ]; ]; and, the ].<ref></ref> Other selective national universities include the ]; ]; and, ].<ref name="usnews">{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/national-search/state+IL|title=National Universities Rankings|accessdate=2009-03-15|work=Best Colleges 2009|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|date=2008-08-21}}</ref> Other notable schools include: ]; the ], the ] ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; and ].		Since the 1850s,<!-- CTS was founded in 1855 --> Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States, as determined by '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/il |title=2024 Best Colleges in Illinois |work=] |access-date=October 4, 2023}}</ref> Highly regarded universities in Chicago and the surrounding area are the University of Chicago; Northwestern University; ]; ]; ]; ] and the ]. Other notable schools include: ]; the ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.free-4u.com/Colleges/Chicago-IL-Colleges.html |title=Chicago, Illinois Colleges and Universities |publisher=Free-4u.com |access-date=January 8, 2017 |archive-date=October 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016001739/http://www.free-4u.com/Colleges/Chicago-IL-Colleges.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	], the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of the ] concept, establishing nearby ] as the first in the nation in 1901.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.jjc.edu/about/pages/default.aspx|year=2009|publisher=Joliet Junior College|accessdate=19 July 2009}}</ref> His legacy continues with the multiple ]s in the Chicago proper, including the seven ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], in addition to the privately held ].		], the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of the ] concept, establishing nearby ] as the first in the nation in 1901.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.jjc.edu/about/pages/default.aspx |year=2009 |publisher=Joliet Junior College |access-date=July 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801202244/http://www.jjc.edu/ABOUT/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=August 1, 2009}}</ref> His legacy continues with the multiple ]s in the Chicago proper, including the seven ]: ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], in addition to the privately held ].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
	Chicago proper also has a large concentration of graduate schools, seminaries and theological schools such as the ], ], the ], ] and the ].		Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as the ], ] the ], ], ], ], ], and ].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
	==Transportation==		==Media==
	{{Main|Transportation in Chicago|Roads and freeways in Chicago}}		{{Further|Media in Chicago|3=Chicago International Film Festival}}
			] began in the early days of radio and developed into a multi-platform broadcaster, including a cable television super-station.]]
	] train leaving the ] station in the ].]]
			]'' from 1986 until 2011, and of other Harpo Production operations until 2015.]]
			===Television===
	Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and ].<ref>
			The Chicago metropolitan area is a major media hub and the third-largest media market in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvjobs.com/cgi-bin/markets/market2.cgi |title=Nielsen Media 2009–2010 Local Market Estimates |date=September 27, 2009 |work=Nielsen Media Research |publisher=Broadcast Employment Services |access-date=May 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828033056/http://tvjobs.com/cgi-bin/markets/market2.cgi |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Each of the big five ], ], ], ], ] and ], directly owns and operates a ] station in Chicago (] 5, ] 7, ] 2, ] 32 and ] 9, respectively). WGN is owned by the CW through a majority stake held in the network by the ], which acquired it from its founding owner ] in 2019. WGN was once carried, with some programming differences, as "]" on ] nationwide and in parts of the ]. WGN America eventually became ] in 2021.
	Madigan 2004, p.52.</ref>
			Chicago has also been the home of several prominent talk shows, including '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and more. The city also has one ] member station (its second: ] 20, removed its affiliation with PBS in 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/faq-wycc-broadcast-mhz-worldview |title=Window to The World Communications presents WYCC MHz Worldview beginning April 23, 2018 {{!}} WTTW Chicago |work=Window To The World Communications |date=April 23, 2018 |publisher=WTTW |access-date=March 29, 2019 |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330013115/https://interactive.wttw.com/faq-wycc-broadcast-mhz-worldview |url-status=live }}</ref>): ] 11, producer of shows such as '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''. {{as of|2018}}, '']'' is Chicago's only daytime talk show, which is hosted by Val Warner and ] at ABC7 Studios with a live weekday audience. Since 1999, '']'' also films his syndicated arbitration-based reality ] at the ]. Beginning in January 2019, '']'' began producing 12 of its 14 hours of live news programming per day from its new facility in Chicago.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
	===Rail===
	Six of the seven ]s meet in Chicago, with the exception being the ].<ref>. ''Assessing the Effects of Freight Movement on Air Quality at the National and Regional Level''. U.S. Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration (April 2005).</ref> As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).<ref>{{cite web|last=Winsor |first=Jeromie |url=http://www.metroplanning.org/articleDetail.asp?objectID=1707 |title=Metropolitan Planning Council |publisher=Metroplanning.org |date=2003-07-14 |accessdate=2009-05-04}}</ref> About one-third of the country's freight trains pass through the city, making it a major national bottleneck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/171140041.html |title=The heartland fast-freight rail system |publisher=Entrepreneur.com |date= |accessdate=2009-05-04}}</ref> Announced in 2003, the Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency (CREATE) initiative is using about $1.5B in private railroad, state, local, and federal funding to improve rail infrastructure in the region to reduce freight rail congestion by about one third.<ref>{{dead link|date=November 2010}} – Includes map</ref> This is also expected to have a positive impact on passenger rail and road congestion, as well as create new greenspace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createprogram.org/faq.html |title=CREATE |publisher=Createprogram.org |date= |accessdate=2009-05-04}}</ref>
			====Television stations====
	Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation. Many ] long distance services originate from ]. The services terminate in San Francisco, Washington D.C., New York City, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Los Angeles, and ]. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the ]. Parts of this were built, but it was ultimately never completed.
			Most of Chicago's television stations are owned and operated by the big television network companies.
			They are:
			* ] (2), owned and operated by ].
			* ] (5), owned and operated by ].
			* ] (7), owned and operated by ].
			* ] (9), a ] station owned and operated by network majority owner ].
			* ] (11), a ] member station owned by Window to the World Communications, Inc.
			* ] (26), an independent station (with a secondary ] affiliation) owned by ].
			* ] (32), owned and operated by ].
			* ] (35), owned and operated by TBN, licensed in ].
			* ] (38), owned and operated by ].
			* ] (44), owned and operated by ].
			* ] (50), owned and operated by ] (]), licensed to ].
			* ] (56), a PBS member station owned by Northwest Indiana Public Broadcasting, Inc., licensed in Gary, Indiana.
			* ] (59), an independent station owned by Venture Technologies Group, licensed in ].
			* ] (60), owned and operated by ].
			* ] (62), an independent station owned by Millennial Telecommunications, Inc., licensed to ].
			* ] (66), owned and operated by ].
	===Expressways===		===Newspapers===
			Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: the '']'' and the '']'', with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such as '']'', the ], '']'' (the Lithuanian daily newspaper), the '']'', the '']'', the '']'', the '']'', '']'',<ref name="twsOctW11">{{cite news |first=Chauncey |last=Hollingsworth |title=Shakey Ground: Arts Magazines Find Chicago's Landscape Still Hostile To New Ventures |work=Chicago Tribune |quote=A vast expanse of the local cultural landscape lay unexplored between the realm of free arts weeklies like NewCity and the Reader and commercial ventures like Chicago magazine&nbsp;... NewCity wasn't quite as sophisticated two years ago as it is now. |date=May 10, 1995 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1995/05/10/shakey-ground/ |access-date=October 31, 2010 |archive-date=December 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204032520/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-05-10/features/9505110049_1_chicago-magazine-asa-baber-art-department |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="twsOctW14">{{cite news |title=Chicago Daily News II: This Time It's Digital |work=Chicago Tribune |quote=The competition&nbsp;... Newcity are in the digital space,&nbsp;... |date=December 9, 2005 |url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/technology_internetcritic/2005/12/chicagos_newest.html |access-date=October 31, 2010 |archive-date=December 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206042433/http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/technology_internetcritic/2005/12/chicagos_newest.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> '']'' and the '']''. The entertainment and cultural magazine '']'' and ] magazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazine '']''. In addition, Chicago is the home of satirical national news outlet, '']'', as well as its sister pop-culture publication, '']''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Onion celebrates controversial Chicago move with banjo playing, steak tartare |url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20120801/BLOGS08/120809965/the-onion-celebrates-controversial-chicago-move-with-banjo-playing-steak-tartare |work=] |date=August 2012 |access-date=June 11, 2013 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709113339/https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20120801/BLOGS08/120809965/chicago-welcomes-the-onion-staff-to-the-city-at-paris-club-bash |url-status=live }}</ref>
	{{Main|Roads and freeways in Chicago}}
	] tollbooths at the entrance to Chicago's southern city limits]]
	Nine ] run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson. When referring to the expressways, local citizens tend to use the names of the expressways rather than the interstate numbers, primarily because the names denote certain sections of the interstate(s).
			===Movies and filming===
	The Kennedy Expressway and the Dan Ryan Expressway are the busiest state maintained routes in the City of Chicago and its suburbs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dot.il.gov/trafficmaps/table.htm |title=Illinois Department of Transportation |publisher=Dot.il.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref>
			{{Main|List of fiction set in Chicago#Films|List of fiction set in Chicago#Television shows|l1 = List of movies set in Chicago|l2 = List of television shows set in Chicago}}
	===Public transportation===		===Radio===
			Chicago has five ]: the ]-owned ] and ]; the ]-owned ]; the ]-owned ]; and the ]-owned ]. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including '']'' with ] on Sunday evenings.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
	The ] (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.
			] produces nationally aired programs such as ]'s '']'' and ]'s '']''.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
	The ] (CTA) handles public transportation in the city of Chicago and a few adjacent suburbs outside of the Chicago city limits. The CTA operates an extensive network of buses and a ] elevated and subway system known as the ] (for "elevated"), with lines designated by colors. These rapid transit lines also serve both ] and ]s. The CTA's rail lines consist of the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] lines. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24 hour service which makes Chicago one of the few cities in the world (and one of only three cities in the United States of America) to offer rail service every day of the year for 24 hours around the clock. A new subway/elevated line, the Circle Line, is also in the planning stages by the CTA.
			==Infrastructure==
	], the nation's second-most used passenger regional rail network, operates an 11-line ] service in Chicago and its suburbs. The ] shares its trackage with Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District's ], which provides commuter service between ] and Chicago. ] provides bus and ] service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.<ref>, by Les Christie,''CNNmoney.com'', 2007-6-29. Retrieved 2009-9-21.</ref>
			===Transportation===
			{{Further|Transportation in Chicago}}
			] (2022) after reconstruction; it initially opened in the 1960s.]]
			Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world after ] and ].{{sfnp|Madigan|2004 |p=52}}
			The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map |journal=Governing |date=December 9, 2014 |url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html |access-date=May 4, 2018 |archive-date=May 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511162014/http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	] provides inter-city bus service to and from the city, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of ].
	===Cycling===		====Parking====
			Due to Chicago's ],<ref>{{cite web
	{{Main|Bicycling in Chicago}}
			|url=https://chicityclerk.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/Signed%20Admin%20Rules%20with%20No%20Fee%20Veteran%20Update%201-27-2021.pdf
	Chicago offers a wide array of bicycle transportation facilities and events, including several miles of on-street bike lanes, 10,000 bike racks, {{convert|170|mi|km}} of bike route signage,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afreshsqueeze.com/chicago/articles/chicago-pedals-fast-boost-reputation-bike-friendly-city |title="Chicago Pedals Fast to Boost Reputation as Bike Friendly City" '&#39;A Fresh Squeeze'&#39; |publisher=Afreshsqueeze.com |date=2009-05-14 |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> a state-of-the-art central bicycle commuter station in Millennium Park and the annual Bike Chicago festival.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pucher |first=John |url=http://www.momentumplanet.com/features/cycling-everyone-part-2 |title=Retrieved January 2, 2010 |publisher=Momentumplanet.com |date=2008-11-18 |accessdate=2010-04-17}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The network has {{convert|100|mi|abbr=on}} of on-street bike lanes and {{convert|50|mi|abbr=on}} of off-street trails.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bike2015plan.org/intro.html |title=Bike 2015 : Introduction |publisher=Bike2015plan.org |date=2005-09-21 |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> Bicycles are permitted on CTA trains and their fleet of over 2,000 buses that have been equipped with racks that carry bikes. The successes of the ] are due in large part to Mayor Daley's leadership and the incorporation of bicycling into the mandates and programs of the Chicago Department of Transportation, CTA, Chicago Park District and the Mayor's Office of Special Events, in partnership with the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bike2015plan.org/pdf/plan.pdf|title=City of Chicago Bike 2015 Plan|date=21 September 2005|accessdate=22 August 2009|work=Mayor's Bicycle Advisory Council|publisher=City of Chicago}}</ref> The ] maintains an {{convert|18|mi|km|adj=on}} ], popular with bicycle commuters, along Lake Michigan called the ].
			|title=Chicago Wheel Tax Administrative Rules
			|date=January 27, 2021
			|publisher=City of Chicago Office of the City Clerk
			|access-date=February 1, 2024
			}}</ref> residents of Chicago who own a vehicle are required to purchase a Chicago City Vehicle Sticker.<ref>{{cite web
			|url=https://ezbuy.chicityclerk.com/vehicle-stickers
			|title=Vehicle Stickers
			|year=2024
			|publisher=City of Chicago Office of the City Clerk
			|access-date=February 1, 2024
			}}</ref> In established Residential Parking Zones, only local residents can purchase Zone-specific parking stickers for themselves and guests.<ref>{{cite web
			|url=https://311.chicago.gov/s/article/Residential-zone-parking?language=en_US
			|title=Residential Zone Parking
			|date=December 12, 2018
			|publisher=City of Chicago Office of the City Clerk
			|access-date=February 1, 2024
			}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
			|url=https://jkalov.carto.com/viz/d52e0db0-8654-11e4-9a46-0e9d821ea90d/public_map
			|title=Chicago Residential Parking Zones
			|year=2015
			|website=jkalov.carto.com
			|access-date=February 1, 2024
			}}</ref>
			Chicago since 2009 has relinquished rights to its ] street parking.<ref>{{cite web
	===Air transportation===
			|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicago-parking-ticket-paybox-snow/1892557/
	{{Main|Transportation in Chicago#Airports}}
			|title=Paying for Parking: It's Snow Joke
	] between concourses B and C in Terminal 1, operated by ].]]
			|date=January 7, 2010
	Chicago is served by ] on the South Side and ], the world's second busiest airport, on the far Northwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second busiest by total passenger traffic (due to government enforced flight caps).<ref>{{PDFlink||520&nbsp;KB}}. ''Airports Council International''.</ref> Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. ], located in nearby ], serves as the third Chicago area airport. Chicago is the world headquarters for ], the world's second-largest airline by revenue-passenger-kilometers and the city is a hub for ]. Midway is a hub for low-cost carrier ].
			|publisher=NBC 5 Chicago
			|access-date=August 12, 2023
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812165146/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicago-parking-ticket-paybox-snow/1892557/
			|archive-date=August 12, 2023}}</ref> In 2008, as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit, the city agreed to a 75-year, $1.16 billion deal to lease its ] system to an operating company created by ], called ]. Daley said the "agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy."<ref name=fail>{{cite news |title=FAIL: The Reader's Parking Meter Investigation; Ben Joravsky and Mick Dumke's report on the privatization of Chicago's parking meters, how the deal went down, and its fallout |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/fail-chicago-parking-meter-privatization-archive/Content?oid=1265254 |newspaper=] |date=December 10, 2009}} {{cite news |title=FAIL, Part One: Chicago's Parking Meter Lease Deal; How Daley and his crew hid their process from the public, ignored their own rules, railroaded the City Council, and screwed the taxpayers on the parking meter lease deal |first1=Ben |last1=Joravsky |first2=Mick |last2=Dumke |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/fail-parking-meters-lease-deal/Content?oid=1098561 |newspaper=Chicago Reader |date=April 9, 2009}} {{cite news |title=FAIL, Part Two: One BILLION Dollars! New evidence suggests Chicago leased out its parking meters for a fraction of what they're worth |date=May 21, 2009 |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/one-billion-dollars-parking-meter-fiasco-part-two/Content?oid=1123046 |newspaper=Chicago Reader |first1=Ben |last1=Joravsky |first2=Mick |last2=Dumke }} {{cite news |title=FAIL, Part Three: The Insiders; Who benefited from the parking meter fiasco |first1=Ben |last1=Joravsky |first2=Mick |last2=Dumke |date= June 18, 2009|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-parking-meter-fiasco-part-iii/Content?oid=1127436 |newspaper=Chicago Reader}}</ref>
			The rights of the parking ticket lease end in 2081, and since 2022 have already recouped over $1.5 billion in revenue for ] investors.<ref>{{cite web
	===Port===
			|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/city-hall/2022/5/26/23143356/chicago-parking-meters-75-year-lease-daley-city-council-audit-skyway-loop-garages-krislov
	{{Main|Port of Chicago}}
			|title=Parking meter deal gets even worse for Chicago taxpayers, annual audit shows
	'''The Port of Chicago''' consists of several major port facilities within the city of ] operated by the '''Illinois International Port District''' (formerly known as the '''Chicago Regional Port District'''). The central element of the Port District, '''Calumet Harbor''', is maintained by the ].<ref>U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (November 2007). Retrieved on 2008-11-11.</ref>
			|date=May 26, 2022
			|work=Chicago Sun-Times
			|access-date=August 12, 2023
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526231258/https://chicago.suntimes.com/city-hall/2022/5/26/23143356/chicago-parking-meters-75-year-lease-daley-city-council-audit-skyway-loop-garages-krislov
			|archive-date=May 26, 2022}}</ref>
	====Facilities====		====Expressways====
			{{Further|Roads and expressways in Chicago}}
	*Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminal: at the mouth of the Calumet River, it includes {{convert|100|acre|km2}} of warehouses and facilities on Lake Michigan with over 780,000 square meters (8,390,000 square feet) of storage.
			Seven mainline and four auxiliary ] (], ], ] (only in Indiana), ] (also in ]), ], ] (also in ]), ] (also in ]), ], ], ], and ]) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S.&nbsp;Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate ].
	*Lake Calumet terminal: located at the union of the ] and ] {{convert|6|mi|km}} inland from Lake Michigan. Includes three transit sheds totaling over 29,000 square meters (315,000 square feet) adjacent to over 900 linear meters (3000 linear feet) of ship and barge berthing.
	*Grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along ].
	*The Illinois International Port district also operates ] #22, which extends {{convert|60|mi|km}} from Chicago's city limits.
			The ] and ] Expressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dot.il.gov/trafficmaps/table.htm |title=Illinois Department of Transportation |publisher=Dot.il.gov |access-date=April 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528044022/http://www.dot.il.gov/trafficmaps/table.htm |archive-date=May 28, 2010}}</ref>
	==Infrastructure==
	===Utilities===
	Electricity for most of ] is provided by ], also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders ] to the south, the ] border to the north, the ] border to the west and the ] border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of ]) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any US state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city started the installation of wind turbines on government buildings with the aim to promote the use of renewable energy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iit.edu/~ipro307f/faq.html |title=IIT.edu |publisher=IIT.edu |date=2003-06-20 |accessdate=2009-05-04 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080605021018/http://www.iit.edu/~ipro307f/faq.html |archivedate = June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kentlaw.edu/news/advisory/adv030707.html |title=KentLaw.edu |publisher=KentLaw.edu |date= |accessdate=2009-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=By Martin LaMonica Staff Writer, CNET News |url=http://news.com.com/Micro+wind+turbines+are+coming+to+town/2100-11398_3-6037539.html |title='Micro' wind turbines are coming to town &#124; CNET News.com |publisher=News.com.com |date= |accessdate=2009-05-04}}</ref>
			====Transit systems====
	Natural Gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of ], which is headquartered in Chicago.
			], opened in 1925, is the third-busiest passenger rail terminal in the United States.]]
			The ] (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.
			* The ] (CTA) handles public transportation in the City of Chicago and a few adjacent suburbs outside of the Chicago city limits. The CTA operates an extensive network of buses and a ] elevated and subway system known as ] (short for "elevated"), with lines designated by colors. These rapid transit lines also serve both ] and O'Hare Airports. The CTA's rail lines consist of the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] lines. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24‑hour service which makes Chicago one of a handful of cities around the world (and one of two in the United States, the other being New York City) to offer rail service 24 hours a day, every day of the year, within the city's limits.
			* ], the nation's second-most used passenger regional rail network, operates an 11-line ] service in Chicago and throughout the Chicago suburbs. The ] shares its trackage with Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District's ], which provides commuter service between ] and Chicago.
			* ] provides bus and ] service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516222801/http://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm |date=May 16, 2008 }}, by Les Christie,''CNNmoney.com'', June 29, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2009.</ref>
			] provides inter-city bus service to and from the city at the ], and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of ].
	Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now ]ed, mainly in the ]. From 1995 to 2008, the city had a ] program to divert certain refuse from landfills.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1322.html |title=chicagohistory.org |publisher=Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org |date= |accessdate=2009-05-04}}</ref> In the fall of 2007 the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling similar to that of other cities due to low participation rates in the blue bag program. After completion of the pilot the city will determine whether to roll it out to all wards.
			====Passenger rail====
	] of Northwestern University.]]
			] train on the '']'' route departs Chicago from ].]]
			] long distance and ] services originate from ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Amtrak |url=https://chicagounionstation.com/travel/amtrak |website=Chicago Union Station |access-date=June 30, 2023 |archive-date=June 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630014904/https://chicagounionstation.com/travel/amtrak |url-status=live }}</ref> Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Garcia |first1=Evan |title=Chicago Highlighted as the US Railroad Capital by Trains Magazine |url=https://news.wttw.com/2017/02/23/chicago-highlighted-us-railroad-capital-trains-magazine |access-date=June 30, 2023 |work=WTTW News |date=February 23, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=April 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417070254/https://news.wttw.com/2017/02/23/chicago-highlighted-us-railroad-capital-trains-magazine |url-status=live }}</ref> The services terminate in the San Francisco area, Washington, D.C., New York City, New Orleans, ], ], ], ], ], ], Boston, ], ], ], Los Angeles, and ]. Future service will terminate at ]. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the ]. Parts of this were built, but it was never completed.
	===Health systems===		====Bicycle and scooter sharing systems====
			In July 2013, the ] ] was launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stations<ref>{{cite press release |title=Chicago Welcomes Divvy Bike Sharing System |url=http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/cdot/provdrs/bike/news/2013/jul/chicago_welcomesdivvybikesharingsystem.html |publisher=] |date=July 1, 2013 |access-date=December 1, 2019}}</ref> It is operated by ] for the ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buckley |first1=Madeline |title=Divvy to get $50 million upgrade from Lyft investment in exchange for ride revenue under contract proposal |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-met-divvy-expansion-deal-20190312-story.html |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=March 12, 2019 |access-date=December 1, 2019 |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513181450/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-met-divvy-expansion-deal-20190312-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city, excluding ], Rosedale, ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/transportation/ct-biz-divvy-bike-share-south-side-getting-around-20190708-6ky2nlk6zvhuzisj45xroroju4-story.html |title=City gets ready to spread Divvy bikes to Far South Side |last=Wisniwski |first=Mary |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=June 8, 2019 |access-date=October 28, 2019 |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028144350/https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/transportation/ct-biz-divvy-bike-share-south-side-getting-around-20190708-6ky2nlk6zvhuzisj45xroroju4-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	Chicago is home to the ], on the Near West Side. It includes ], the ], Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and ], the largest trauma-center in the city.
			In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2019/05/02/city-of-chicago-announces-e-scooter-pilot-program-and-call-for-vendors/ |title=City Of Chicago Announces E-Scooter Pilot Program And Call For Vendors |publisher=CBS 2 |date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=December 1, 2019 |archive-date=March 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305121003/https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2019/05/02/city-of-chicago-announces-e-scooter-pilot-program-and-call-for-vendors/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The program started on June 15 with 10 different scooter companies, including scooter sharing market leaders ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-biz-cb-scooters-are-coming-20190611-story.html |title=Electric shared scooters have arrived in Chicago: Here's what you need to know |last=Wiesniewski |first=Mary |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=December 1, 2019 |archive-date=September 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905225206/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-biz-cb-scooters-are-coming-20190611-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Each company was allowed to bring 250 ], although both Bird and Lime claimed that they experienced a higher demand for their scooters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chicago.curbed.com/2019/8/16/20808590/bird-scooters-chicago-lyft-lime-electric |title=Just like Lime, Bird says biggest rider complaint is not enough scooters |last=Freund |first=Sara |website=] Chicago |date=August 16, 2019 |access-date=December 1, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816195756/https://chicago.curbed.com/2019/8/16/20808590/bird-scooters-chicago-lyft-lime-electric |url-status=live }}</ref> The program ended on October 15, with nearly 800,000 rides taken.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazettechicago.com/index/2019/11/should-chicago-keep-e-scooter-program-going/ |title=Should Chicago keep e-scooter program going? |last=Hofmann |first=Eva |newspaper=] |date=December 1, 2019 |access-date=December 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108171527/http://www.gazettechicago.com/index/2019/11/should-chicago-keep-e-scooter-program-going/ |archive-date=November 8, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	The ] was ranked the fourteenth best hospital in the country by '']''.<ref name="hospital">{{cite web| title=America's Best Hospitals | year=2005 | publisher=U.S. News and World Report | url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/health/best-hospitals/honorroll.htm | accessdate=2006-05-31 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060505165655/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/health/best-hospitals/honorroll.htm |archivedate = May 5, 2006}}</ref> It is the only hospital in Illinois ever to be included in the magazine's "Honor Roll" of the best hospitals in the United States.<ref name="honor">{{cite web| title=National survey again names University of Chicago Hospitals to the Honor Roll of the best US hospitals | year=2005 | publisher=University of Chicago Hospitals | url=http://www.uchospitals.edu/about/awards/usnews.html | accessdate=2006-06-06}}</ref>
			====Freight rail====
	The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes the ], ], ] (rated best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by ''U.S. News & World Report''), the new ], and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, which is currently under construction.
			Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.beltrailway.com/about-2/ |title=About |date=March 19, 2012 |access-date=April 20, 2016 |archive-date=April 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419211030/http://www2.beltrailway.com/about-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> All five ]s meet in Chicago. {{as of|2002}}, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).<ref>{{cite web |last=Winsor |first=Jeromie |url=http://www.metroplanning.org/articleDetail.asp?objectID=1707 |title=Metropolitan Planning Council |publisher=Metroplanning.org |date=July 14, 2003 |access-date=May 4, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530063637/http://www.metroplanning.org/articleDetail.asp?objectID=1707 |archive-date=May 30, 2012}}</ref> According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040.<ref>{{cite web |title=CREATE Program Benefits Fact Sheets |url=http://www.createprogram.org/benefits.htm |website=CREATE |access-date=July 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814015216/http://createprogram.org/benefits.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2015}}</ref> CREATE, the ], comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area.<ref>{{cite web |title=CREATE projects |url=http://www.createprogram.org/projects.htm |website=CREATE |publisher=CREATE.org |access-date=July 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813234025/http://createprogram.org/projects.htm |archive-date=August 13, 2015}}</ref>
			====Airports====
	The ] at UIC is the largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and ]).<ref>. ''UIC College of Medicine'' at www.medicine.uic.edu/about.</ref>
			{{Further|Transportation in Chicago#Airports}}
			]]]
			Chicago is served by ], the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2016/04/04/ACI-releases-preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings- |title=Annual Traffic Data – 2015 Preliminary |work=] |access-date=May 6, 2015 |archive-date=April 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405082544/http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2016/04/04/ACI-releases-preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings- |url-status=live }}</ref> on the far Northwest Side, and ] on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airports.org/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/PR140306_2005_Prelim_Results.pdf |title=Preliminary Traffic Results for 2005 Show Firm Rebound (March 14, 2006) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623093321/http://www.airports.org/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/PR140306_2005_Prelim_Results.pdf |archive-date=June 23, 2006}}&nbsp;{{small|(520&nbsp;KB)}}. ''Airports Council International''.</ref> Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. ] and ], located in ] and ], respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards ] in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Metsch |first=Steve |title=Top IDOT official says third airport will be built |date=July 2012 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/14080173-418/top-idot-official-says-third-airport-will-be-built.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801232449/http://www.suntimes.com/news/14080173-418/top-idot-official-says-third-airport-will-be-built.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2012 |access-date=June 11, 2013 |newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref> The City of Chicago is the world headquarters for ], the world's third-largest airline.
			====Port authority====
	In addition, the ] and Loyola University Chicago's ] are located in the suburbs of ] and ], respectively. The ] Chicago College of ] is in ].
			{{Main|Port of Chicago}}
			The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Calumet Harbor and River |url=http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/Missions/CivilWorksProjects/CalumetHarborandRiver.aspx |work=] |access-date=June 12, 2013 |archive-date=June 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610095421/http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/Missions/CivilWorksProjects/CalumetHarborandRiver.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
	The ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and the ], and ] are all based in Chicago.
			* Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminal: at the mouth of the Calumet River, it includes {{convert|100|acre|km2}} of warehouses and facilities on Lake Michigan with over {{convert|780,000|m2|ft2|sp=us}} of storage.
			* Lake Calumet terminal: located at the union of the ] and ] {{convert|6|mi|km}} inland from Lake Michigan. Includes three transit sheds totaling over {{convert|29,000|m2|ft2|sp=us}} adjacent to over 900 linear meters (3,000 linear feet) of ship and barge berthing.
			* Grain (14&nbsp;million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along ].
			* The Illinois International Port district also operates ] No.&nbsp;22, which extends {{convert|60|mi|km}} from Chicago's city limits.
	===Telecommunications===		===Utilities===
			Electricity for most of ] is provided by ], also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders ] to the south, the ] border to the north, the ] border to the west and the ] border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of ]) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any U.S. state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iit.edu/~ipro307f/faq.html |title=IIT.edu |publisher=IIT.edu |date=June 20, 2003 |access-date=May 4, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080605021018/http://www.iit.edu/~ipro307f/faq.html |archive-date = June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kentlaw.edu/news/advisory/adv030707.html |title=KentLaw.edu |publisher=KentLaw.edu |access-date=May 4, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203000/http://www.kentlaw.edu/news/advisory/adv030707.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Martin LaMonica Staff Writer |author2=CNET News |url=http://news.cnet.com/Micro+wind+turbines+are+coming+to+town/2100-11398_3-6037539.html |title='Micro' wind turbines are coming to town &#124; CNET News.com |publisher=CNET |access-date=May 4, 2009 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709113341/https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/micro-wind-turbines-are-coming-to-town/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
	Using only 3% of the total available bandwidth capacity and 13% of the available fiber pairs, Chicago area data centers move data for local, area, regional and international networks.<ref name="Telecommunications Hub"/>
			Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of ], which is headquartered in Chicago.
	==Sister cities==
	<!-- BEFORE ADDING TO THIS LIST, VERIFY THE INFO AT WWW.CHICAGOSISTERCITIES.COM OR PROVIDE AN ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. -->
	Chicago has twenty-eight ] and one Friendship City.<ref name="sistercities">{{cite web|title=Chicago Sister Cities|url=http://www.chicagosistercities.com/|year=2009|work= |publisher= Chicago Sister Cities International|accessdate=22 July 2009}}</ref> Like Chicago, many of them are or were, the ] of their country, or they are the main city of a country that has had many immigrants settle in Chicago. ] is a ''Partner City'', due to the one sister city policy of their respective ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974 |title=Le jumelage avec Rome |accessdate=2008-07-09|publisher=Municipalité de Paris |language=French}}</ref>
			Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now ]ed, mainly in the ]. From 1995 to 2008, the city had a ] program to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1322.html |title=Waste Disposal |publisher=Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org |access-date=March 31, 2012 |archive-date=June 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605002907/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1322.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbez.org/series/curious-city/what-really-happens-chicagos-blue-cart-recycling-112302 |title=What really happens to Chicago's blue cart recycling? |last1=Bentley |first1=Chris |date=July 1, 2015 |website=WBEZ91.5 Chicago Public Media |publisher=Chicago Public Media |access-date=December 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211143038/http://www.wbez.org/series/curious-city/what-really-happens-chicagos-blue-cart-recycling-112302 |archive-date=December 11, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	To celebrate the sister cities, Chicago hosts a yearly festival in ], which features cultural acts and food tastings from the other cities.<ref name="sistercities" /> In addition, the Chicago Sister Cities program hosts a number of delegation and formal exchanges.<ref name="sistercities" /> In some cases, these exchanges have led to further informal collaborations, such as the academic relationship between the Buehler Center on Aging, Health & Society at the ] of Northwestern University and the Institute of Gerontology of ] (originally of the ]), that was originally established as part of the Chicago-Kyiv sister cities program.<ref>{{cite web|first=Celia|last=Berdes, PhD|coauthors=Levin, Andrew|url=http://www.northwestern.edu/aging/pdf/Annual2008.pdf|work=Annual Report 2008|pages=5–7|publisher=Buehler Center on Aging, Health & Society|title=Director Emeritus James Webster Looks Backward, Forward|accessdate=2009-07-01}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
			===Health systems===
	{| cellpadding="10"
			] Downtown Campus]]
	|- style="vertical-align:top;"
			The ] is on the Near West Side. It includes ], ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by ''U.S. News & World Report'' for 2014–16, the ], Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and ], one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Havertz |first=Rieke |title=Counting Bullets: A Night at a Chicago Trauma Unit |url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/north-america-chicago-stroger-hospital-cook-county-youth-violence-counting-bullets-night-chicago-trauma-unit |work=] |access-date=September 2, 2013 |archive-date=August 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823113103/http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/north-america-chicago-stroger-hospital-cook-county-youth-violence-counting-bullets-night-chicago-trauma-unit |url-status=live }}</ref>
	|
	*{{Flag icon|Poland}} ''']''' (]) ''1960''
	*{{Flag icon|Italy}} ''']''' (]) ''1973''
	*{{Flag icon|Japan}} ''']''' (]) ''1973''
	*{{Flag icon|Morocco}} ''']''' (]) ''1982''
	*{{Flag icon|People's Republic of China}} ''']''' (]) ''1985''
	*{{Flag icon|People's Republic of China}} ''']''' (China) ''1985''
	*{{Flag icon|Sweden}} ''']''' (]) ''1987''
	*{{Flag icon|Ghana}} ''']''' (]) ''1989''
	*{{Flag icon|Czech Republic}} ''']''' (]) ''1990''
	*{{Flag icon|Ukraine}} ''']''' (]) ''1991''
	*{{Flag icon|Mexico}} ''']''' (]) ''1991''
	*{{Flag icon|Canada}} ''']''' (]) ''1991''
	*{{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} ''']''' (United Kingdom) ''1993''
	*{{Flag icon|Lithuania}} ''']''' (]) ''1993''
	*{{Flag icon|Germany}} ''']''' (]) ''1994''
	||
	*{{Flag icon|Israel}} ''']''' (]) ''1994''
	*{{Flag icon|France}} ''']''' (]) ''1996 – Partner City''
	*{{Flag icon|Greece}} ''']''' (]) ''1997''
	*{{Flag icon|South Africa}} ''']''' (]) ''1997''
	*{{Flag icon|Ireland}} ''']''' (]) ''1997''
	*{{Flag icon|Russia}} ''']''' (]) ''1997''
	*{{Flag icon|Switzerland}} ''']''' (]) ''1998''
	*{{Flag icon|India}} ''']''' (]) ''2001''
	*{{Flag icon|Jordan}} ''']''' (]) ''2004''
	*{{Flag icon|Serbia}} ''']''' (]) ''2005''
	*{{Flag icon|Pakistan}} ''']''' (]) ''2007''
	*{{Flag icon|South Korea}} ''']''' (]) ''2007''
	*{{Flag icon|Colombia}} ''']''' (]) ''2009''
	*{{Flag icon|Brazil}} ''']''' (]) ''2010''
	|}
			Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including ] and the ]. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes the ]; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by ''U.S. News & World Report'' for 2017–18;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/chicago-il |title=Rankings |website=health.usnews.com |access-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213095509/https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/chicago-il |url-status=live }}</ref> the ] (formerly named the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by ''U.S. News & World Report'';<ref>{{cite web |title=Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago |url=http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/il/rehabilitation-institute-of-chicago-6431012 |work=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=September 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819161644/http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/il/rehabilitation-institute-of-chicago-6431012 |archive-date=August 19, 2013}}</ref> the new ]; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.
	==Bibliography== <!--Hardcopy or soft (e.g., PDF, digitized books, etc) sources from which specific pages are cited. -->
	*{{Cite book
	|author = Clymer, Floyd
	|title = Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925
	|publisher = Bonanza Books
	|year = 1950
	|location = New York
	|oclc=1966986
	}}
	*{{Cite book
	| editor=Madigan, Charles
	| title=Global Chicago
	| publisher=University of Illinois Press
	| location=Urbana
	| year=2004
	| isbn=0-252-02941-0 |oclc=54400307
	}}
	*{{Cite book
	| editor=Montejano, David
	| title=Chicano Politics and Society in the Late Twentieth Century
	| publisher=University of Texas Press
	| year=1999
	| location=Austin
	| isbn=0-292-75215-6 |oclc=38879251
	}}
	*{{Cite book
	| author= Norcliffe, Glen
	| title = The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869–1900
	| publisher= University of Toronto Press
	| year= 2001
	| location = Toronto |isbn=0-8020-4398-4 |oclc=46625313
	}}
	*{{Cite book| author=Pogorzelski, Daniel | coauthors=Maloof, John | title=Portage Park (IL) (Images of America) | year=2008 | publisher=Arcadia Publishing | location=Charleston, SC | isbn=0-7385-5229-1 | oclc=212843071
	}}
	*{{Cite book
	| last=Sawyer | first=R. Keith
	| title=Improvised dialogue: emergence and creativity in conversation
	| publisher=Ablex Pub.
	| location=Westport, Conn.
	| year=2002
	| isbn=1-56750-677-1 |oclc=59373382
	}}
	*{{Cite book| last=Schneirov | first=Richard | title=Labor and urban politics: class conflict and the origins of modern liberalism in Chicago, 1864–97 | year=1998 | publisher=University of Illinois Press | location=Urbana | isbn=0-252-06676-6 | oclc=37246254
	}}
	*{{Cite book| last=Spears | first=Timothy B. | title=Chicago dreaming: Midwesterners and the city, 1871–1919 | year=2005 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | location=Chicago | isbn=0-226-76874-0 | oclc=56086689
	}}
			The ] at UIC is the second-largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and ]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aamc.org/download/321526/data/factstableb1-2.pdf |title=Fact sheet |website=aamc.org |access-date=October 11, 2016 |archive-date=October 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016215352/https://www.aamc.org/download/321526/data/factstableb1-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
	==Notes==
	{{Reflist|group=footnote}}
			In addition, the ] and Loyola University Chicago's ] are located in the suburbs of ] and ], respectively. The ] Chicago College of ] is in ].
			The ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], the ], and ] are all based in Chicago.
			==Sister cities==
			{{Main|List of sister cities in Illinois#C|l1 = List of sister cities of Chicago}}
	==See also==		==See also==
			* ]
	{{Portal|Chicago}}
			* ]
	* ]
	*]		* ]
			* ]
	*]
			* ]
	*]
	*]		* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ], four ships
			== Explanatory notes ==
	==References==
			{{notelist|33em}}
	{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
	==Further reading==		== References ==
			=== Citations ===
			{{Reflist}}
			=== Cited references ===
	<!--When creating entries to additional items please refer to the Misplaced Pages ] guidelines. -->		<!--When creating entries to additional items please refer to the Misplaced Pages ] guidelines. -->
			{{refbegin|30em}}
	*{{Cite book
			* {{citation |last=Bach |first=Ira J. |title=Chicago's Famous Buildings |year=1980 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-03396-1 |lccn=79023365 |url=https://archive.org/details/chicagosfamousbu00cond |url-access=registration }}
	|first = William
			* {{citation |last=Buisseret |first=David |title=Historic Illinois From The Air |year=1990 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-07989-9 |lccn=89020648 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historicillinois0000buis }}
	|last = Cronon|authorlink=William Cronon
			* {{citation |last=Clymer |first=Floyd |author-link=Floyd Clymer |title=Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925 |publisher=Bonanza Books |year=1950 |location=New York |oclc=1966986}}
	|year = 1992|origyear=1991
			* {{citation |last=Condit |first=Carl W. |author-link=Carl W. Condit |title=Chicago 1910–29: Building, Planning, and Urban Technology |year=1973 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-11456-2 |lccn=72094791 |url=https://archive.org/details/chicago191029bui0000cond }}
	|title = Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West
			* {{citation |last=Genzen |first=Jonathan |title=The Chicago River: A History in Photographs |year=2007 |publisher=Westcliffe Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-1-56579-553-2 |lccn=2006022119}}
	|publisher = W.W. Norton|location=New York
			* {{citation|editor-last1=Grossman |editor-first1=James R. |editor-last2=Keating |editor-first2=Ann Durkin |editor-last3=Reiff |editor-first3=Janice L. |title=The Encyclopedia of Chicago |year=2004 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-31015-9 |oclc=54454572}}
	|isbn = 0393308731|oclc=26609682}}
			* Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. ''Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980'' (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. ; see index at pp.&nbsp;406–411 for list.
	*{{Cite book
			* {{citation |last=Lowe |first=David Garrard |title=Lost Chicago |year=2000 |location=New York |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |lccn=00107305 |isbn=0-8230-2871-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/lostchicago0000lowe }}
	| first = James R.
			* {{citation |editor-last=Madigan |editor-first=Charles |editor-link=Charles Madigan |title=Global Chicago |year=2004 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana |isbn=0-252-02941-0 |oclc=54400307 |url=https://archive.org/details/globalchicago00char }}
	| last = Grossman
			* {{citation |editor-last=Montejano |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Montejano |title=Chicano Politics and Society in the Late Twentieth Century |year=1999 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |isbn=0-292-75215-6 |oclc=38879251 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/chicanopoliticss0000unse_y4a4 }}
	| coauthors = Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L.
			* {{citation |last=Norcliffe |first=Glen |title=The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869–1900 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=0-8020-4398-4 |oclc=46625313}}
	| year = 2004
			* {{citation |last1=Pogorzelski |first1=Daniel |last2=Maloof |first2=John |title=Portage Park |year=2008 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-5229-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4p2aYsItpT8C&pg=PP1 |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709113333/https://books.google.com/books?id=4p2aYsItpT8C&pg=PP1 |url-status=live }}
	| title = ]
			* {{citation |last=Schneirov |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Schneirov |title=Labor and urban politics: class conflict and the origins of modern liberalism in Chicago, 1864–97 |year=1998 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana |isbn=0-252-06676-6 |oclc=37246254}}
	| publisher = University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago
			{{refend}}
	| isbn = 0226310159|oclc=54454572}}
	*{{Cite book
			==Further reading==
	| first = Donald L.
			{{refbegin|30em}}
	| last = Miller
			* {{citation |last=Cronon |first=William |author-link=William Cronon |title=Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West |orig-year=1991 |year=1992 |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=0-393-30873-1 |oclc=26609682 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393308730 }}
	| year = 1996
			* {{citation |last=Granacki |first=Victoria |title=Chicago's Polish Downtown |year=2004 |publisher=Arcadia Pub |isbn=978-0-7385-3286-8 |lccn=2004103888}}
	| title = City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America
			* {{citation |last1=Jirasek |first1=Rita Arias |last2=Tortolero |first2=Carlos |title=Mexican Chicago |year=2001 |publisher=Arcadia Pub |isbn=978-0-7385-0756-9 |lccn=2001088175}}
	| publisher = Simon and Schuster
			* {{citation |last=Miller |first=Donald L. |title=City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America |year=1996 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-684-80194-9 |oclc=493430274 |url=https://archive.org/details/cityofcentury00dona }}
	| isbn = 0684801949|location=New York|oclc=493430274}}
			* {{citation |last=Pacyga |first=Dominic A. |title=Chicago: A Biography |year=2009 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-64431-8 |oclc=298670853}}
	*{{Cite book
			* {{citation |last=Sampson |first=Robert J. |author-link = Robert J. Sampson |title=Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect |year=2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-73456-9|title-link=Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect}}
	|first = Dominic A.
			* {{citation |last=Sawyer |first=R. Keith |title=Improvised dialogue: emergence and creativity in conversation |year=2002 |publisher=Ablex Pub. |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=1-56750-677-1 |oclc=59373382}}
	|last = Pacyga
			* {{citation|editor1-last=Slaton |editor1-first=Deborah |title=Wild Onions: A Brief Guide to Landmarks and Lesser-Known Structures in Chicago's Loop |year=1997 |edition=2nd |publisher=] |location=Champaign, IL |oclc=42362348}}
	|year = 2009
			* {{citation |last=Smith |first=Carl S. |title=The Plan of Chicago: Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City |series=Chicago visions + revisions |year=2006 |publisher=] |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-76471-0 |oclc=261199152 |url=https://archive.org/details/planofchicagodan0000smit }}
	|title = Chicago: A Biography
	|publisher = University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago		* {{citation |last=Spears |first=Timothy B. |title=Chicago dreaming: Midwesterners and the city, 1871–1919 |year=2005 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-76874-0 |oclc=56086689}}
			* {{citation |last=Swanson |first=Stevenson |others=Chicago Tribune (Firm) |title=Chicago Days: 150 Defining Moments in the Life of a Great City |year=1997 |publisher=Cantigny First Division Foundation |location=Chicago |isbn=1-890093-03-3 |oclc=36066057 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/chicagodays150de0000unse }}
	|isbn = 0226644316|oclc=298670853}}
			* {{citation |last=Zurawski |first=Joseph W. |title=Polish Chicago: Our History—Our Recipes |year=2007 |publisher=G. Bradley Pub, Inc. |isbn=978-0-9774512-2-7}}
	*{{Cite book
			{{refend}}
	|first = Carl S.
	|last = Smith
	|year = 2006
	|title = The Plan of Chicago: Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City
	|publisher = University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|series=Chicago visions + revisions
	|isbn = 0226764710|oclc=261199152}}
	*{{Cite book
	| first = Stevenson
	| last = Swanson|others=Chicago Tribune (Firm)
	| year = 1997
	| title = Chicago Days: 150 Defining Moments in the Life of a Great City
	| publisher = Cantigny First Division Foundation|location=Chicago
	| isbn = 1890093033|oclc=36066057}}
	==External links==		==External links==
	{{Spoken Misplaced Pages|Chicago.ogg|2005-07-22}}		{{Spoken Misplaced Pages|Chicago.ogg|date=July 22, 2005}}
			* , comprehensive coverage of city and suburbs, past and present
	{{Sister project links}}
	*		* {{official website|http://www.cityofchicago.org/}} ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/*/http://ci.chi.il.us|title=Website archives}})
			* —Official tourism website
	*
			* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609094509/https://earlychicago.com/chron/ |date=June 9, 2022 }}
	*
			*
	*
			* {{HALS |survey=IL-10 |id=il0993 |title=Chicago Cityscape, Chicago, Cook County, IL |photos=45 |cap=4}}
	*
			* Local Chicago Wiki
	{{Template group
			* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Chicago |volume= 6 | pages = 118–125 |short=1 }}
	|title = Articles Related to ]
			* {{Cite EB1922 |wstitle= Chicago |volume = 30 |short= 1}}
	|list =
	{{Chicago}}		{{Chicago}}
			{{Navboxes
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			|list =
			{{Community areas of Chicago}}
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			{{Subject bar|portal1= Chicago|portal2= Illinois |portal3=Cities|portal4= United States|commons=yes|wikt=yes|n=yes|q=yes|s=yes|b=yes|voy=yes|v=yes|d=yes}}
			{{Authority control}}
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Latest revision as of 17:35, 18 January 2025

Most populous city in Illinois, United States This article is about the city in Illinois. For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation).

City in Illinois, United States

Chicago
City
The LoopChicago River"L" trainWrigley FieldNavy PierArt Institute of ChicagoBuckingham Fountain
FlagSeal[REDACTED] Logo
Etymology: Miami-Illinois: shikaakwa ('wild onion' or 'wild garlic')
Nicknames: The Windy City and others
Mottoes: Latin: Urbs in Horto (City in a Garden); I Will
Interactive map of Chicago
ChicagoShow map of IllinoisChicagoShow map of the United States
Coordinates: 41°52′55″N 87°37′40″W / 41.88194°N 87.62778°W / 41.88194; -87.62778
Country	United States
State	Illinois
Counties	Cook (majority) and DuPage (minority)
Settled	c. 1780; 245 years ago (1780)
Incorporated (town)	August 12, 1833; 191 years ago (1833-08-12)
Incorporated (city)	March 4, 1837; 187 years ago (1837-03-04)
Founded by	Jean Baptiste Point du Sable
Government
• Type	Mayor–council
• Body	Chicago City Council
• Mayor	Brandon Johnson (D)
• City Clerk	Anna Valencia (D)
• City Treasurer	Melissa Conyears-Ervin (D)
Area
• City	234.53 sq mi (607.44 km)
• Land	227.73 sq mi (589.82 km)
• Water	6.80 sq mi (17.62 km)
Elevation	597.18 ft (182.02 m)
Highest elevation	672 ft (205 m)
Lowest elevation	578 ft (176 m)
Population
• City	2,746,388
• Estimate	2,664,452
• Rank	5th in North America 3rd in the United States 1st in Illinois
• Density	12,059.84/sq mi (4,656.33/km)
• Urban	8,671,746 (US: 3rd)
• Urban density	3,709.2/sq mi (1,432.1/km)
• Metro	9,618,502 (US: 3rd)
Demonym	Chicagoan
GDP
• Metro	$894.862 billion (2023)
Time zone	UTC−06:00 (CST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−05:00 (CDT)
ZIP Code prefixes	606xx, 607xx, 608xx
Area codes	312, 773, 872
FIPS code	17-14000
GNIS feature ID	0428803
Website	chicago.gov

Chicago is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 census, it is the third-most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. As the seat of Cook County, the second-most populous county in the U.S., Chicago is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area, often colloquially called "Chicagoland" and home to 9.6 million residents.

Located on the shore of Lake Michigan, Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless, but Chicago's population continued to grow. Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and architecture, such as the Chicago School, the development of the City Beautiful movement, and the steel-framed skyscraper.

Chicago is an international hub for finance, culture, commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation. It has the largest and most diverse finance derivatives market in the world, generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone. O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked among the world's top ten busiest airports by passenger traffic, and the region is also the nation's railroad hub. The Chicago area has one of the highest gross domestic products (GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $689 billion in 2018. Chicago's economy is diverse, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce.

Chicago is a major destination for tourism, including visitors to its cultural institutions, and Lake Michigan beaches. Chicago's culture has contributed much to the visual arts, literature, film, theater, comedy (especially improvisational comedy), food, dance, and music (particularly jazz, blues, soul, hip-hop, gospel, and electronic dance music, including house music). Chicago is home to the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Lyric Opera of Chicago, while the Art Institute of Chicago provides an influential visual arts museum and art school. The Chicago area also hosts the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and the University of Illinois Chicago, among other institutions of learning. Professional sports in Chicago include all major professional leagues, including two Major League Baseball teams.

Etymology and nicknames

Main article: Nicknames of Chicago See also: Windy City (nickname) and List of Chicago placename etymologies

The name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the indigenous Miami–Illinois word shikaakwa for a wild relative of the onion; it is known to botanists as Allium tricoccum and known more commonly as "ramps". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir. Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild "garlic" grew profusely in the area. According to his diary of late September 1687:

... when we arrived at the said place called "Chicagou" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region.

The city has had several nicknames throughout its history, such as the Windy City, Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders.

History

Main article: History of Chicago For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Chicago history.

Beginnings

In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by the Potawatomi, an indigenous tribe who had succeeded the Miami, Sauk and Meskwaki peoples in this region.

The first known permanent settler in Chicago was trader Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African descent, perhaps born in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the "Founder of Chicago."

In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in the Northwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville. In 1803, the U.S. Army constructed Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed during the War of 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn by the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt.

After the War of 1812, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the 1833 Treaty of Chicago and sent west of the Mississippi River as part of the federal policy of Indian removal.

19th century

The location and course of the Illinois and Michigan Canal (completed 1848)State and Madison streets, once known as the busiest intersection in the world (1897)

On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837, and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city.

As the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened in 1848. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River.

A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade (established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized "exchange-traded" forward contracts, which were called futures contracts.

In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas, the champion of the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery. These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the 1860 Republican National Convention, which was held in a purpose-built auditorium called the Wigwam. He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for the American Civil War.

To accommodate rapid population growth and demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approved Chesbrough's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system. The project raised much of central Chicago to a new grade with the use of jackscrews for raising buildings. While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River, and subsequently into Lake Michigan, polluting the city's primary freshwater source.

The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that connects to the Illinois River, which flows into the Mississippi River.

In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time. Much of the city, including railroads and stockyards, survived intact, and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction. During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction.

The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the Hyde Park Township, which now comprises most of the South Side of Chicago and the far southeast of Chicago, and the Jefferson Township, which now makes up most of Chicago's Northwest Side. The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents.

Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States. Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage. Germans, Irish, Poles, Swedes, and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population).

Labor conflicts followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886, and in 1894 the Pullman Strike. Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr to found Hull House in 1889. Programs that were developed there became a model for the new field of social work.

During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever were both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states.

The city established many large, well-landscaped municipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago was John H. Rauch, M.D. Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago.

In the 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals. In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American time zones. This system for telling time spread throughout the continent.

In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at the present location of Jackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history. The University of Chicago, formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects the Washington and Jackson Parks.

20th and 21st centuries

1900 to 1939

During World War I and the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the Southern United States. Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903. This Great Migration had an immense cultural impact, called the Chicago Black Renaissance, part of the New Negro Movement, in art, literature, and music. Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as the Chicago race riot of 1919, also occurred.

The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters, including Al Capone, Dion O'Banion, Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era. Chicago was the location of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran.

From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenant rent strikes, which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords.

Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called the Society for Human Rights. It produced the first American publication for homosexuals, Friendship and Freedom. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband.

The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been a Democrat.

From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago. Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, with Unemployed Councils contributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 the Workers Alliance of America begun organizing the poor, workers, the unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed the Memorial Day massacre of 1937 in the neighborhood of East Side.

In 1933, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was fatally wounded in Miami, Florida, during a failed assassination attempt on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition World's Fair. The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding.

1940 to 1979

During World War II, the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more than Nazi Germany from 1943 – 1945.

The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in the second wave, as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards.

On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945.

Mayor Richard J. Daley, a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics. In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County.

By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known as white flight – as Blacks continued to move beyond the Black Belt. While home loan discriminatory redlining against blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known as blockbusting, completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods. Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. and Albert Raby led the Chicago Freedom Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders.

Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police. Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower, which in 1974 became the world's tallest building), University of Illinois at Chicago, McCormick Place, and O'Hare International Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. In 1979, Jane Byrne, the city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-ridden Cabrini-Green housing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis.

1980 to present

In 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after. Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderperson Eugene Sawyer, who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election.

Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development, as well as closing Meigs Field in the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term.

In 1992, a construction accident near the Kinzie Street Bridge produced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of an abandoned freight tunnel system extending throughout the downtown Loop district. The tunnels filled with 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m) of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power. The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95 billion.

On February 23, 2011, Rahm Emanuel, a former White House Chief of Staff and member of the House of Representatives, won the mayoral election. Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015. Lori Lightfoot, the city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019. All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk was Anna Valencia and the city treasurer was Melissa Conyears-Ervin.

On May 15, 2023, Brandon Johnson assumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Chicago Chicago skyline at sunset in October 2020, from near Fullerton Avenue looking south

Topography

Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, situated in both the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region. The city rests on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds. In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city.

Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.

When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks. The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m) above sea level. While measurements vary somewhat, the lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge of Blue Island in the city's far south side.

Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include Lincoln Park, Grant Park, Burnham Park, and Jackson Park. There are 24 public beaches across 26 miles (42 km) of the waterfront. Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for Navy Pier, Northerly Island, the Museum Campus, and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront.

An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is "Chicagoland", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions.

Communities

See also: Community areas in Chicago and List of neighborhoods in Chicago

Major sections of the city include the central business district, called the Loop, and the North, South, and West Sides. The three sides of the city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white stripes. The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront. The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago.

In the late-1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinct community areas, which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally defined neighborhoods.

Streetscape

Main article: Roads and expressways in Chicago

Chicago's streets were laid out in a street grid that grew from the city's original townsite plot, which was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south. Streets following the Public Land Survey System section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction, about one street per 200 meters in one direction and one street per 100 meters in the other direction. The grid's regularity provided an efficient means of developing new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the Plan of Chicago, but only the extension of Ogden Avenue was ever constructed.

In 2021, Chicago was ranked the fourth-most walkable large city in the United States. Many of the city's residential streets have a wide patch of grass or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself. This helps to keep pedestrians on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic. Chicago's Western Avenue is the longest continuous urban street in the world. Other notable streets include Michigan Avenue, State Street, 95th Street, Cicero Avenue, Clark Street, and Belmont Avenue. The City Beautiful movement inspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways.

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of ChicagoFurther information: List of tallest buildings in Chicago and List of Chicago Landmarks

The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in the skyscraper era, which would then be followed by many other cities around the world. Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and densest.

Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago; Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in the Western Hemisphere after One World Trade Center, and Trump International Hotel and Tower is the third tallest in the country. The Loop's historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building, the Fine Arts Building, 35 East Wacker, and the Chicago Building, 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments by Mies van der Rohe. Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such as Daniel Burnham, Louis Sullivan, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, and Helmut Jahn.

The Merchandise Mart, once the largest building in the world, had its own zip code until 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River. Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code), Trump International Hotel and Tower, the Aon Center (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the John Hancock Center. Industrial districts, such as some areas on the South Side, the areas along the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and the Northwest Indiana area are clustered.

Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the Prairie School, two movements in architecture. Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brick bungalows built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the Polish Cathedral style of church architecture. The Chicago suburb of Oak Park was home to famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who had designed The Robie House located near the University of Chicago.

A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River.

Monuments and public art

Main article: List of public art in Chicago

Chicago is famous for its outdoor public art with donors establishing funding for such art as far back as Benjamin Ferguson's 1905 trust. A number of Chicago's public art works are by modern figurative artists. Among these are Chagall's Four Seasons; the Chicago Picasso; Miro's Chicago; Calder's Flamingo; Oldenburg's Batcolumn; Moore's Large Interior Form, 1953-54, Man Enters the Cosmos and Nuclear Energy; Dubuffet's Monument with Standing Beast, Abakanowicz's Agora; and, Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate which has become an icon of the city. Some events which shaped the city's history have also been memorialized by art works, including the Great Northern Migration (Saar) and the centennial of statehood for Illinois. Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art: Plensa's Crown Fountain as well as Burnham and Bennett's Buckingham Fountain.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Chicago

The city lies within the typical hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa), and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are hot and humid, with frequent heat waves. The July daily average temperature is 75.4 °F (24.1 °C), with afternoon temperatures peaking at 84.5 °F (29.2 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures reach at least 90 °F (32 °C) on 17 days, with lakefront locations staying cooler when winds blow off the lake. Winters are relatively cold and snowy. Blizzards do occur, such as in winter 2011. There are many sunny but cold days. The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C). January and February are the coldest months. A polar vortex in January 2019 nearly broke the city's cold record of −27 °F (−33 °C), which was set on January 20, 1985. Measurable snowfall can continue through the first or second week of April.

Spring and autumn are mild, short seasons, typically with low humidity. Dew point temperatures in the summer range from an average of 55.8 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July. They can reach nearly 80 °F (27 °C), such as during the July 2019 heat wave. The city lies within USDA plant hardiness zone 6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs.

According to the National Weather Service, Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded on July 24, 1934. Midway Airport reached 109 °F (43 °C) one day prior and recorded a heat index of 125 °F (52 °C) during the 1995 heatwave. The lowest official temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded on January 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport. Most of the city's rainfall is brought by thunderstorms, averaging 38 a year. The region is prone to severe thunderstorms during the spring and summer which can produce large hail, damaging winds, and occasionally tornadoes.

Like other major cities, Chicago experiences an urban heat island, making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. The proximity to Lake Michigan tends to keep the Chicago lakefront somewhat cooler in summer and less brutally cold in winter than inland parts of the city and suburbs away from the lake. Northeast winds from wintertime cyclones departing south of the region sometimes bring the city lake-effect snow.

Climate data for Chicago (Midway International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1928–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	67 (19)	75 (24)	86 (30)	92 (33)	102 (39)	107 (42)	109 (43)	104 (40)	102 (39)	94 (34)	81 (27)	72 (22)	109 (43)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	53.4 (11.9)	57.9 (14.4)	72.0 (22.2)	81.5 (27.5)	89.2 (31.8)	93.9 (34.4)	96.0 (35.6)	94.2 (34.6)	90.8 (32.7)	82.8 (28.2)	68.0 (20.0)	57.5 (14.2)	97.1 (36.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	32.8 (0.4)	36.8 (2.7)	47.9 (8.8)	60.0 (15.6)	71.5 (21.9)	81.2 (27.3)	85.2 (29.6)	83.1 (28.4)	76.5 (24.7)	63.7 (17.6)	49.6 (9.8)	37.7 (3.2)	60.5 (15.8)
Daily mean °F (°C)	26.2 (−3.2)	29.9 (−1.2)	39.9 (4.4)	50.9 (10.5)	61.9 (16.6)	71.9 (22.2)	76.7 (24.8)	75.0 (23.9)	67.8 (19.9)	55.3 (12.9)	42.4 (5.8)	31.5 (−0.3)	52.4 (11.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	19.5 (−6.9)	22.9 (−5.1)	32.0 (0.0)	41.7 (5.4)	52.4 (11.3)	62.7 (17.1)	68.1 (20.1)	66.9 (19.4)	59.2 (15.1)	46.8 (8.2)	35.2 (1.8)	25.3 (−3.7)	44.4 (6.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	−3 (−19)	3.4 (−15.9)	14.1 (−9.9)	28.2 (−2.1)	39.1 (3.9)	49.3 (9.6)	58.6 (14.8)	57.6 (14.2)	45.0 (7.2)	31.8 (−0.1)	19.7 (−6.8)	5.3 (−14.8)	−6.5 (−21.4)
Record low °F (°C)	−25 (−32)	−20 (−29)	−7 (−22)	10 (−12)	28 (−2)	35 (2)	46 (8)	43 (6)	29 (−2)	20 (−7)	−3 (−19)	−20 (−29)	−25 (−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	2.30 (58)	2.12 (54)	2.66 (68)	4.15 (105)	4.75 (121)	4.53 (115)	4.02 (102)	4.10 (104)	3.33 (85)	3.86 (98)	2.73 (69)	2.33 (59)	40.88 (1,038)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	12.5 (32)	10.1 (26)	5.7 (14)	1.0 (2.5)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.1 (0.25)	1.5 (3.8)	7.9 (20)	38.8 (99)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	11.5	9.4	11.1	12.0	12.4	11.1	10.0	9.3	8.4	10.8	10.2	10.8	127.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	8.9	6.4	3.9	0.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	1.6	6.3	28.2
Average ultraviolet index	1	2	4	6	7	9	9	8	6	4	2	1	5
Source 1: NOAA, WRCC
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)

Climate data for Chicago (O'Hare Int'l Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	67 (19)	75 (24)	88 (31)	91 (33)	98 (37)	104 (40)	105 (41)	102 (39)	101 (38)	94 (34)	81 (27)	71 (22)	105 (41)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	52.3 (11.3)	56.8 (13.8)	71.0 (21.7)	80.9 (27.2)	88.0 (31.1)	93.1 (33.9)	94.9 (34.9)	93.2 (34.0)	89.7 (32.1)	81.7 (27.6)	67.0 (19.4)	56.4 (13.6)	96.0 (35.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	31.6 (−0.2)	35.7 (2.1)	47.0 (8.3)	59.0 (15.0)	70.5 (21.4)	80.4 (26.9)	84.5 (29.2)	82.5 (28.1)	75.5 (24.2)	62.7 (17.1)	48.4 (9.1)	36.6 (2.6)	59.5 (15.3)
Daily mean °F (°C)	25.2 (−3.8)	28.8 (−1.8)	39.0 (3.9)	49.7 (9.8)	60.6 (15.9)	70.6 (21.4)	75.4 (24.1)	73.8 (23.2)	66.3 (19.1)	54.0 (12.2)	41.3 (5.2)	30.5 (−0.8)	51.3 (10.7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	18.8 (−7.3)	21.8 (−5.7)	31.0 (−0.6)	40.3 (4.6)	50.6 (10.3)	60.8 (16.0)	66.4 (19.1)	65.1 (18.4)	57.1 (13.9)	45.4 (7.4)	34.1 (1.2)	24.4 (−4.2)	43.0 (6.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	−4.5 (−20.3)	0.5 (−17.5)	11.8 (−11.2)	25.6 (−3.6)	36.7 (2.6)	46.0 (7.8)	54.5 (12.5)	54.3 (12.4)	41.8 (5.4)	29.7 (−1.3)	17.3 (−8.2)	3.2 (−16.0)	−8.5 (−22.5)
Record low °F (°C)	−27 (−33)	−21 (−29)	−12 (−24)	7 (−14)	27 (−3)	35 (2)	45 (7)	42 (6)	29 (−2)	14 (−10)	−2 (−19)	−25 (−32)	−27 (−33)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	1.99 (51)	1.97 (50)	2.45 (62)	3.75 (95)	4.49 (114)	4.10 (104)	3.71 (94)	4.25 (108)	3.19 (81)	3.43 (87)	2.42 (61)	2.11 (54)	37.86 (962)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	11.3 (29)	10.7 (27)	5.5 (14)	1.3 (3.3)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.2 (0.51)	1.8 (4.6)	7.6 (19)	38.4 (98)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)	6.3 (16)	6.3 (16)	4.0 (10)	0.6 (1.5)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	1.5 (3.8)	3.9 (9.9)	9.8 (25)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	11.0	9.4	10.8	12.3	12.5	11.1	9.7	9.4	8.5	10.5	10.0	10.6	125.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	8.5	6.4	4.0	1.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	1.6	6.1	27.8
Average relative humidity (%)	72.2	71.6	69.7	64.9	64.1	65.6	68.5	70.7	71.1	68.6	72.5	75.5	69.6
Average dew point °F (°C)	13.6 (−10.2)	17.6 (−8.0)	27.1 (−2.7)	35.8 (2.1)	45.7 (7.6)	55.8 (13.2)	61.7 (16.5)	61.0 (16.1)	53.8 (12.1)	41.7 (5.4)	31.6 (−0.2)	20.1 (−6.6)	38.8 (3.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	135.8	136.2	187.0	215.3	281.9	311.4	318.4	283.0	226.6	193.2	113.3	106.3	2,508.4
Percent possible sunshine	46	46	51	54	62	68	69	66	60	56	38	37	56
Source: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)

Sunshine data for Chicago
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily daylight hours	10.0	11.0	12.0	13.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	14.0	12.0	11.0	10.0	9.0	12.2
Source: Weather Atlas

Time zone

As in the rest of the state of Illinois, Chicago forms part of the Central Time Zone. The border with the Eastern Time Zone is located a short distance to the east, used in Michigan and certain parts of Indiana.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Chicago

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1840	4,470		—
1850	29,963		570.3%
1860	112,172		274.4%
1870	298,977		166.5%
1880	503,185		68.3%
1890	1,099,850		118.6%
1900	1,698,575		54.4%
1910	2,185,283		28.7%
1920	2,701,705		23.6%
1930	3,376,438		25.0%
1940	3,396,808		0.6%
1950	3,620,962		6.6%
1960	3,550,404		−1.9%
1970	3,366,957		−5.2%
1980	3,005,072		−10.7%
1990	2,783,726		−7.4%
2000	2,896,016		4.0%
2010	2,695,598		−6.9%
2020	2,746,388		1.9%
2023 (est.)	2,664,452		−3.0%
United States Census Bureau 2010–2020

During its first hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the 5th-most populous city in the world, and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million, and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census.

From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including Italians, Jews, Russians, Poles, Greeks, Lithuanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Romanians, Turks, Croatians, Serbs, Bosnians, Montenegrins and Czechs. To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrial working class, were added an additional influx of African Americans from the American South—with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930. Chicago has a significant Bosnian population, many of whom arrived in the 1990s and 2000s.

In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago settled in a so‑called "Black Belt" on the city's South Side. A large number of blacks also settled on the West Side. By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's black population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition. Around that time, a lesser known fact about African Americans on the North Side is that the block of 4600 Winthrop Avenue in Uptown was the only block African Americans could live or open establishments. Chicago's South Side emerged as United States second-largest urban black concentration, following New York's Harlem. In 1990, Chicago's South Side and the adjoining south suburbs constituted the largest black majority region in the entire United States. Since the 1980s, Chicago has had a massive exodus of African Americans (primarily from the South and West sides) to its suburbs or outside its metropolitan area. The above average crime and cost of living were leading reasons for the fast declining African American population in Chicago.

Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born in Mexico, Poland or India. A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500.

Chicago's population declined in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6 million in 1950 down to under 2.7 million by 2010. By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken by Los Angeles as the United States' second largest city.

The city has seen a rise in population for the 2000 census and after a decrease in 2010, it rose again for the 2020 census.

According to U.S. census estimates as of July 2019, Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.8% of the population, Blacks at 30.1% and the Hispanic population at 29.0% of the population.

Racial composition	2020	2010	1990	1970	1940
White (non-Hispanic)	31.4%	31.7%	37.9%	59.0%	91.2%
Hispanic or Latino	29.8%	28.9%	19.6%	7.4%	0.5%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)	28.7%	32.3%	39.1%	32.7%	8.2%
Asian (non-Hispanic)	6.9%	5.4%	3.7%	0.9%	0.1%
Two or more races (non-Hispanic)	2.6%	1.3%	n/a	n/a	n/a

Racial and ethnic composition as of the 2020 census

Race or Ethnicity	Race Alone		Total
White	35.9%	35.9	45.6%	45.6
Black or African American	29.2%	29.2	30.8%	30.8
Hispanic or Latino	—		29.8%	29.8
Asian	7.0%	7	8.0%	8
Native American	1.3%	1.3	2.6%	2.6
Mixed	10.8%	10.8	—
Other	15.8%	15.8	—

Chicago has the third-largest LGBT population in the United States. In 2018, the Chicago Department of Health, estimated 7.5% of the adult population, approximately 146,000 Chicagoans, were LGBTQ. In 2015, roughly 4% of the population identified as LGBT. Since the 2013 legalization of same-sex marriage in Illinois, over 10,000 same-sex couples have wed in Cook County, a majority of them in Chicago.

Chicago became a "de jure" sanctuary city in 2012 when Mayor Rahm Emanuel and the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey data estimates for 2022, the median income for a household in the city was $70,386,and the per capita income was $45,449. Male full-time workers had a median income of $68,870 versus $60,987 for females. About 17.2% of the population lived below the poverty line. In 2018, Chicago ranked seventh globally for the highest number of ultra-high-net-worth residents with roughly 3,300 residents worth more than $30 million.

According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the specific ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were:

• Mexican (586,906)
• German (200,726)
• Irish (184,983)
• Polish (129,468)
• Puerto Rican (101,625)
• Italian (100,915)
• English (87,282)
• Chinese (67,951)
• Indian (48,535)
• Filipino (39,048)
• French (25,629)
• Russian (24,707)
• Swedish (21,795)
• Arab (19,432)
• West Indian (18,636)
• Guatemalan (18,205)
• Scottish (17,121)
• Korean (16,224)
• Ecuadorian (15,935)
• Nigerian (15,064)
• Greek (14,946)
• Norwegian (13,391)
• Colombian (13,785)
• Ukrainian (12,956)
• Vietnamese (12,280)
• Cuban (11,765)
• Czech (11,313)
• Romanian (11,237)
• Lithuanian (11,235)
• Dutch (11,196)

Persons who did not report or classify an ancestry were 548,790.

Religion

Religion in Chicago (2014)

  Protestantism (35%)  Roman Catholicism (34%)  Eastern Orthodoxy (1%)  Jehovah's Witness (1%)  No religion (22%)  Judaism (3%)  Islam (2%)  Buddhism (1%)  Hinduism (1%)

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalently practiced religion in Chicago (71%), with the city being the fourth-most religious metropolis in the United States after Dallas, Atlanta and Houston. Roman Catholicism and Protestantism are the largest branches (34% and 35% respectively), followed by Eastern Orthodoxy and Jehovah's Witnesses with 1% each. Chicago also has a sizable non-Christian population. Non-Christian groups include Irreligious (22%), Judaism (3%), Islam (2%), Buddhism (1%) and Hinduism (1%).

Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including the Evangelical Covenant Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. It is the seat of several dioceses. The Fourth Presbyterian Church is one of the largest Presbyterian congregations in the United States based on memberships. Since the 20th century Chicago has also been the headquarters of the Assyrian Church of the East. In 2014 the Catholic Church was the largest individual Christian denomination (34%), with the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago being the largest Catholic jurisdiction. Evangelical Protestantism form the largest theological Protestant branch (16%), followed by Mainline Protestants (11%), and historically Black churches (8%). Among denominational Protestant branches, Baptists formed the largest group in Chicago (10%); followed by Nondenominational (5%); Lutherans (4%); and Pentecostals (3%).

Non-Christian faiths accounted for 7% of the religious population in 2014. Judaism has at least 261,000 adherents which is 3% of the population. A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500.

The first two Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago. Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, including Mother Teresa, the Dalai Lama and Pope John Paul II in 1979.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Chicago See also: List of companies in the Chicago metropolitan area

Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $670.5 billion according to September 2017 estimates. The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification. The Chicago metropolitan area has the third-largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation. Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists John Crerar, John Whitfield Bunn, Richard Teller Crane, Marshall Field, John Farwell, Julius Rosenwald, and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.

Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States, following Midtown Manhattan. The city is the seat of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Bank's Seventh District. The city has major financial and futures exchanges, including the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the "Merc"), which is owned, along with the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), by Chicago's CME Group. In 2017, Chicago exchanges traded 4.7 billion in derivatives. Chase Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's Chase Tower. Academically, Chicago has been influential through the Chicago school of economics, which fielded 12 Nobel Prize winners.

The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers. Illinois is home to 66 Fortune 1000 companies, including those in Chicago. The city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims three Dow 30 companies: aerospace giant Boeing, which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001; McDonald's; and Walgreens Boots Alliance. For six consecutive years from 2013 through 2018, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations. However, three Fortune 500 companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City.

Manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are based in the Chicago area, including Baxter International, Boeing, Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare division of General Electric. Prominent food companies based in Chicago include the world headquarters of Conagra, Ferrara Candy Company, Kraft Heinz, McDonald's, Mondelez International, and Quaker Oats. Chicago has been a hub of the retail sector since its early development, with Montgomery Ward, Sears, and Marshall Field's. Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers, including Walgreens, Sears, Ace Hardware, Claire's, ULTA Beauty, and Crate & Barrel.

Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, with the Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs, while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the Brass Era car builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907. Chicago was also the site of the Schwinn Bicycle Company.

Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world. Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando) in number of conventions hosted annually.

Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and reached $15 in 2021.

Culture and contemporary life

Main article: Culture of ChicagoFurther information: List of people from Chicago

The city's waterfront location and nightlife attracts residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods from Rogers Park in the north to South Shore in the south. The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include the Mexican American neighborhoods, such as Pilsen along 18th street, and La Villita along 26th Street; the Puerto Rican enclave of Paseo Boricua in the Humboldt Park neighborhood; Greektown, along South Halsted Street, immediately west of downtown; Little Italy, along Taylor Street; Chinatown in Armour Square; Polish Patches in West Town; Little Seoul in Albany Park around Lawrence Avenue; Little Vietnam near Broadway in Uptown; and the Desi area, along Devon Avenue in West Ridge.

Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental, and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called "The Loop", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term "The Loop" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes the Near North Side, the Near South Side, and the Near West Side, as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famous skyscrapers, abundant restaurants, shopping, museums, Soldier Field, convention facilities, parkland, and beaches.

Lincoln Park contains the Lincoln Park Zoo and the Lincoln Park Conservatory. The River North Gallery District features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City. Lake View is home to Boystown, the city's large LGBT nightlife and culture center. The Chicago Pride Parade, held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance. North Halsted Street is the main thoroughfare of Boystown.

The South Side neighborhood of Hyde Park is the home of former U.S. President Barack Obama. It also contains the University of Chicago, ranked one of the world's top ten universities, and the Museum of Science and Industry. The 6-mile (9.7 km) long Burnham Park stretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sits Washington Park. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called the Midway Plaisance, running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African American Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic, which travels through Bronzeville to Washington Park. Ford Motor Company has an automobile assembly plant on the South Side in Hegewisch, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side.

The West Side holds the Garfield Park Conservatory, one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here include Humboldt Park's Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture and the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as the National Museum of Mexican Art and St. Adalbert's Church in Pilsen. The Near West Side holds the University of Illinois at Chicago and was once home to Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Studios, the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's.

The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films like The Blues Brothers and television programs like the Saturday Night Live skit "Bill Swerski's Superfans", is an advanced form of Inland Northern American English. This dialect can also be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes such as Cleveland, Milwaukee, Detroit, and Rochester, New York, and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as the short 'a' sound as in "cat", which can sound more like "kyet" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city.

Entertainment and the arts

Further information: Theater in Chicago, Visual arts of Chicago, and Music of Chicago See also: List of theaters in Chicago

Renowned Chicago theater companies include the Goodman Theatre in the Loop; the Steppenwolf Theatre Company and Victory Gardens Theater in Lincoln Park; and the Chicago Shakespeare Theater at Navy Pier. Broadway In Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: the Nederlander Theatre, CIBC Theatre, Cadillac Palace Theatre, Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University, and Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place. Polish language productions for Chicago's large Polish speaking population can be seen at the historic Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park. Since 1968, the Joseph Jefferson Awards are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modern improvisational theater, and includes the prominent groups The Second City and I.O. (formerly ImprovOlympic).

The Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) performs at Symphony Center, and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world. Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park. Ravinia Festival, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago. The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago was founded by Lithuanian Chicagoans in 1956, and presents operas in Lithuanian.

The Joffrey Ballet and Chicago Festival Ballet perform in various venues, including the Harris Theater in Millennium Park. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago and Chicago Dance Crash.

Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include Chicago blues, Chicago soul, jazz, and gospel. The city is the birthplace of house music (a popular form of electronic dance music) and industrial music, and is the site of an influential hip hop scene. In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular for alternative rock, punk, and new wave. The city has been a center for rave culture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago indie. Annual festivals feature various acts, such as Lollapalooza and the Pitchfork Music Festival. Lollapalooza originated in Chicago in 1991 and at first travelled to many cities, but as of 2005 its home has been Chicago. A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by the University of Chicago Cultural Policy Center ranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in "size of music industry" and fourth among all U.S. cities in "number of concerts and performances".

Chicago has a distinctive fine art tradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurative surrealism, as in the works of Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of the Chicago Imagists, such as Roger Brown, Leon Golub, Robert Lostutter, Jim Nutt, and Barbara Rossi produced bizarre representational paintings. Henry Darger is one of the most celebrated figures of outsider art.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Chicago See also: List of beaches in Chicago

In 2014, Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors. These visitors contributed more than US$13.7 billion to Chicago's economy. Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination. A 2017 study by Walk Score ranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States. Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of Soldier Field. Navy Pier, located just east of Streeterville, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a Ferris wheel. The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists.

Museums

Further information: List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago

Among the city's museums are the Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, the Field Museum of Natural History, and the Shedd Aquarium. The Museum Campus joins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago's Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the Chicago History Museum, the Driehaus Museum, the DuSable Museum of African American History, the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum, the Polish Museum of America, the Museum of Broadcast Communications, the Chicago Architecture Foundation, and the Museum of Science and Industry.

Cuisine

See also: Culture of Chicago § Food and drink, Chicago farmers' markets, and List of Michelin starred restaurants in Chicago

Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned deep-dish pizza; this style is said to have originated at Pizzeria Uno. The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city. Certain Chicago pizza favorites include Lou Malnati's and Giordano's.

The Chicago-style hot dog, typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish, yellow mustard, pickled sport peppers, tomato wedges, dill pickle spear and topped off with celery salt on a poppy seed bun. Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use of ketchup as a garnish, but may prefer to add giardiniera.

A distinctly Chicago sandwich, the Italian beef sandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered in au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. The Maxwell Street Polish is a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.

Chicken Vesuvio is roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. The Puerto Rican-influenced jibarito is a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. The mother-in-law is a tamale topped with chili and served on a hot dog bun. The tradition of serving the Greek dish saganaki while aflame has its origins in Chicago's Greek community. The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused with Metaxa and flambéed table-side. Chicago-style barbecue features hardwood smoked rib tips and hot links which were traditionally cooked in an aquarium smoker, a Chicago invention. Annual festivals feature various Chicago signature dishes, such as Taste of Chicago and the Chicago Food Truck Festival.

One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a recipient of three Michelin stars, Alinea is located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include: Charlie Trotter, Rick Tramonto, Grant Achatz, and Rick Bayless. In 2003, Robb Report named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination".

Literature

Further information: Chicago literature

Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of social realism. In the Encyclopedia of Chicago, Northwestern University Professor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people." The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago. Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time, and create a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie. Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check.

At least three short periods in the history of Chicago have had a lasting influence on American literature. These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of the Great Depression through the 1940s.

What would become the influential Poetry magazine was founded in 1912 by Harriet Monroe, who was working as an art critic for the Chicago Tribune. The magazine discovered such poets as Gwendolyn Brooks, James Merrill, and John Ashbery. T. S. Eliot's first professionally published poem, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", was first published by Poetry. Contributors have included Ezra Pound, William Butler Yeats, William Carlos Williams, Langston Hughes, and Carl Sandburg, among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching the Imagist and Objectivist poetic movements. From the 1950s through 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago. In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, the poetry slam.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Chicago Soldier FieldWrigley FieldUnited CenterRate Field

The city has two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and the Chicago White Sox of the American League play in Rate Field on the South Side. The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once, in 1906.

The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city; they have played in Chicago since 1871. They had the dubious honor of having the longest championship drought in American professional sports, failing to win a World Series between 1908 and 2016. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901.

The Chicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of the National Football League (NFL), have won nine NFL Championships, including the 1985 Super Bowl XX. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field.

The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world. During the 1990s, with Michael Jordan leading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons.

The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the "Original Six" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won six Stanley Cups, including in 2010, 2013, and 2015. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the United Center.

Major league professional teams in Chicago (ranked by attendance)

Club	League	Sport	Venue	Attendance	Founded	Championships
Chicago Bears	NFL	Football	Soldier Field	61,142	1919	9 Championships (1 Super Bowl)
Chicago Cubs	MLB	Baseball	Wrigley Field	41,649	1870	3 World Series
Chicago White Sox	MLB	Baseball	Rate Field	40,615	1900	3 World Series
Chicago Blackhawks	NHL	Ice hockey	United Center	21,653	1926	6 Stanley Cups
Chicago Bulls	NBA	Basketball		20,776	1966	6 NBA Championships
Chicago Fire	MLS	Soccer	Soldier Field	17,383	1997	1 MLS Cup, 1 Supporters Shield
Chicago Sky	WNBA	Basketball	Wintrust Arena	10,387	2006	1 WNBA Championships
Chicago Red Stars	NWSL	Soccer	SeatGeek Stadium	5,863	2013	1 WPSL Elite championship

Chicago Fire FC is a member of Major League Soccer (MLS) and plays at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and four U.S. Open Cups, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field.

The Chicago Red Stars are a team in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). They previously played in Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), of which they were a founding member, before joining the NWSL in 2013. They play at SeatGeek Stadium in Bridgeview, Illinois.

The Chicago Sky is a professional basketball team playing in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They play home games at the Wintrust Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began.

The Chicago Marathon has been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of six World Marathon Majors.

Five area colleges play in Division I conferences: two from major conferences—the DePaul Blue Demons (Big East Conference) and the Northwestern Wildcats (Big Ten Conference)—and three from other D1 conferences—the Chicago State Cougars (Northeast Conference); the Loyola Ramblers (Atlantic 10 Conference); and the UIC Flames (Missouri Valley Conference).

Chicago has also entered into esports with the creation of the OpTic Chicago, a professional Call of Duty team that participates within the CDL.

Parks and greenspace

Main articles: Parks in Chicago, Chicago Boulevard System, and Cook County Forest Preserves

When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto Urbs in Horto, a Latin phrase which means "City in a Garden". Today, the Chicago Park District consists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) of municipal parkland. There are 31 sand beaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas. Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors after Central Park in New York City, and the National Mall and Memorial Parks in Washington, D.C.

There is a historic boulevard system, a network of wide, tree-lined boulevards which connect a number of Chicago parks. The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois legislature in 1869. A number of Chicago neighborhoods emerged along these roadways in the 19th century. The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and six squares, along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets. The Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.

With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system. In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, DuSable Park on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.

The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest, prairie, wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts, including both the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe and the Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield. Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago.

Law and government

Government

Main article: Government of Chicago

The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The current mayor is Brandon Johnson. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 alderpersons, one elected from each ward in the city. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions and approves the city budget.

The Chicago Police Department provides law enforcement and the Chicago Fire Department provides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the Cook County Circuit Court of the State of Illinois court system, or in the Northern District of Illinois, in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinois state's attorney; in the Federal court it is the United States attorney.

Politics

Main article: Political history of Chicago

Presidential election results in Chicago

Year	Democratic	Republican	Others
2020	82.5% 944,735	15.8% 181,234	1.6% 18,772
2016	82.9% 912,945	12.3% 135,320	4.8% 53,262

During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations. For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been "solid blue" in presidential elections since 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding.

Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 17 districts in the United States House of Representatives. All eight of the city's representatives are Democrats; only two Republicans have represented a significant portion of the city since 1973, for one term each: Robert P. Hanrahan from 1973 to 1975, and Michael Patrick Flanagan from 1995 to 1997.

Machine politics persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities. During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington (in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.

The city is home of former United States President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama; Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a U.S. senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago in Kenwood on the city's south side.

Crime

Main articles: Crime in Chicago and Timeline of organized crime in Chicago

Chicago's crime rate in 2020 was 3,926 per 100,000 people. Chicago experienced major rises in violent crime in the 1920s, in the late 1960s, and in the 2020s. Chicago's biggest criminal justice challenges have changed little over the last 50 years, and statistically reside with homicide, armed robbery, gang violence, and aggravated battery. Chicago has a higher murder rate than the larger cities of New York and Los Angeles. However, while it has a large absolute number of crimes due to its size, Chicago is not among the top-25 most violent cities in the United States.

Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question. The neighborhoods of Englewood on the South Side, and Austin on the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city. Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions. According to reports in 2013, "most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories," and is specifically related to the activities of the Sinaloa Cartel, which is active in several American cities. Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime. In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people; the murder rate was 10.4 per 100,000 – while high crime districts saw 38.9 murders, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000.

Chicago has a long history of public corruption that regularly draws the attention of federal law enforcement and federal prosecutors. From 2012 to 2019, 33 Chicago alderpersons were convicted on corruption charges, roughly one third of those elected in the time period. A report from the Office of the Legislative Inspector General noted that over half of Chicago's elected alderpersons took illegal campaign contributions in 2013. Most corruption cases in Chicago are prosecuted by the U.S. Attorney's office, as legal jurisdiction makes most offenses punishable as a federal crime.

Education

Schools and libraries

Chicago Public Schools (CPS) is the governing body of the school district that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Walter Payton College Prep High School is ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois.

Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests. The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S. On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources, and other issues. According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's "choice system", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools).

Chicago has a network of Lutheran schools, and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as the Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Ridge. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates Catholic schools, that include Jesuit preparatory schools and others. A number of private schools are completely secular. There are also the private Chicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the public Chicago High School for the Arts, a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts.

The Chicago Public Library system operates three regional libraries and 77 neighborhood branches, including the central library.

Colleges and universities

For a more comprehensive list, see List of colleges and universities in Chicago.

Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States, as determined by U.S. News & World Report. Highly regarded universities in Chicago and the surrounding area are the University of Chicago; Northwestern University; Illinois Institute of Technology; Loyola University Chicago; DePaul University; Columbia College Chicago and the University of Illinois Chicago. Other notable schools include: Chicago State University; the School of the Art Institute of Chicago; East–West University; National Louis University; North Park University; Northeastern Illinois University; Robert Morris University Illinois; Roosevelt University; Saint Xavier University; Rush University; and Shimer College.

William Rainey Harper, the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of the junior college concept, establishing nearby Joliet Junior College as the first in the nation in 1901. His legacy continues with the multiple community colleges in the Chicago proper, including the seven City Colleges of Chicago: Richard J. Daley College, Kennedy–King College, Malcolm X College, Olive–Harvey College, Truman College, Harold Washington College, and Wilbur Wright College, in addition to the privately held MacCormac College.

Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as the Adler School of Professional Psychology, The Chicago School the Erikson Institute, Institute for Clinical Social Work, Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, Catholic Theological Union, Moody Bible Institute, and University of Chicago Divinity School.

Media

Further information: Media in Chicago and Chicago International Film Festival

Television

The Chicago metropolitan area is a major media hub and the third-largest media market in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles. Each of the big five U.S. television networks, NBC, ABC, CBS, Fox and The CW, directly owns and operates a high-definition television station in Chicago (WMAQ 5, WLS 7, WBBM 2, WFLD 32 and WGN-TV 9, respectively). WGN is owned by the CW through a majority stake held in the network by the Nexstar Media Group, which acquired it from its founding owner Tribune Broadcasting in 2019. WGN was once carried, with some programming differences, as "WGN America" on cable and satellite TV nationwide and in parts of the Caribbean. WGN America eventually became NewsNation in 2021.

Chicago has also been the home of several prominent talk shows, including The Oprah Winfrey Show, Steve Harvey Show, The Rosie Show, The Jerry Springer Show, The Phil Donahue Show, The Jenny Jones Show, and more. The city also has one PBS member station (its second: WYCC 20, removed its affiliation with PBS in 2017): WTTW 11, producer of shows such as Sneak Previews, The Frugal Gourmet, Lamb Chop's Play-Along and The McLaughlin Group. As of 2018, Windy City Live is Chicago's only daytime talk show, which is hosted by Val Warner and Ryan Chiaverini at ABC7 Studios with a live weekday audience. Since 1999, Judge Mathis also films his syndicated arbitration-based reality court show at the NBC Tower. Beginning in January 2019, Newsy began producing 12 of its 14 hours of live news programming per day from its new facility in Chicago.

Television stations

Most of Chicago's television stations are owned and operated by the big television network companies. They are:

• WBBM-TV (2), owned and operated by CBS.
• WMAQ-TV (5), owned and operated by NBC.
• WLS-TV (7), owned and operated by ABC.
• WGN-TV (9), a CW station owned and operated by network majority owner Nexstar Media Group.
• WTTW (11), a PBS member station owned by Window to the World Communications, Inc.
• WCIU-TV (26), an independent station (with a secondary MeTV affiliation) owned by Weigel Broadcasting.
• WFLD (32), owned and operated by Fox.
• WWTO-TV (35), owned and operated by TBN, licensed in Naperville.
• WCPX-TV (38), owned and operated by Ion Television.
• WSNS-TV (44), owned and operated by Telemundo.
• WPWR-TV (50), owned and operated by MyNetworkTV (Fox), licensed to Gary, Indiana.
• WYIN (56), a PBS member station owned by Northwest Indiana Public Broadcasting, Inc., licensed in Gary, Indiana.
• WTVK (59), an independent station owned by Venture Technologies Group, licensed in Oswego, Illinois.
• WXFT-DT (60), owned and operated by Unimas.
• WJYS (62), an independent station owned by Millennial Telecommunications, Inc., licensed to Hammond, Indiana.
• WGBO-DT (66), owned and operated by Univision.

Newspapers

Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times, with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such as Chicago, the Dziennik Związkowy (Polish Daily News), Draugas (the Lithuanian daily newspaper), the Chicago Reader, the SouthtownStar, the Chicago Defender, the Daily Herald, Newcity, StreetWise and the Windy City Times. The entertainment and cultural magazine Time Out Chicago and GRAB magazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazine Chicago Innerview. In addition, Chicago is the home of satirical national news outlet, The Onion, as well as its sister pop-culture publication, The A.V. Club.

Movies and filming

Main articles: List of movies set in Chicago and List of television shows set in Chicago

Radio

Chicago has five 50,000 watt AM radio stations: the Audacy-owned WBBM and WSCR; the Tribune Broadcasting-owned WGN; the Cumulus Media-owned WLS; and the ESPN Radio-owned WMVP. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including Beyond the Beltway with Bruce DuMont on Sunday evenings.

Chicago Public Radio produces nationally aired programs such as PRI's This American Life and NPR's Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me!.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Further information: Transportation in Chicago

Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore.

The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.

Parking

Due to Chicago's Wheel Tax, residents of Chicago who own a vehicle are required to purchase a Chicago City Vehicle Sticker. In established Residential Parking Zones, only local residents can purchase Zone-specific parking stickers for themselves and guests.

Chicago since 2009 has relinquished rights to its public street parking. In 2008, as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit, the city agreed to a 75-year, $1.16 billion deal to lease its parking meter system to an operating company created by Morgan Stanley, called Chicago Parking Meters LLC. Daley said the "agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy."

The rights of the parking ticket lease end in 2081, and since 2022 have already recouped over $1.5 billion in revenue for Chicago Parking Meters LLC investors.

Expressways

Further information: Roads and expressways in Chicago

Seven mainline and four auxiliary interstate highways (55, 57, 65 (only in Indiana), 80 (also in Indiana), 88, 90 (also in Indiana), 94 (also in Indiana), 190, 290, 294, and 355) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson.

The Kennedy and Dan Ryan Expressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois.

Transit systems

The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.

• The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) handles public transportation in the City of Chicago and a few adjacent suburbs outside of the Chicago city limits. The CTA operates an extensive network of buses and a rapid transit elevated and subway system known as the Chicago "L" or just the "L" (short for "elevated"), with lines designated by colors. These rapid transit lines also serve both Midway and O'Hare Airports. The CTA's rail lines consist of the Red, Blue, Green, Orange, Brown, Purple, Pink, and Yellow lines. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24‑hour service which makes Chicago one of a handful of cities around the world (and one of two in the United States, the other being New York City) to offer rail service 24 hours a day, every day of the year, within the city's limits.
• Metra, the nation's second-most used passenger regional rail network, operates an 11-line commuter rail service in Chicago and throughout the Chicago suburbs. The Metra Electric Line shares its trackage with Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District's South Shore Line, which provides commuter service between South Bend and Chicago.
• Pace provides bus and paratransit service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.

Greyhound Lines provides inter-city bus service to and from the city at the Chicago Bus Station, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of Megabus (North America).

Passenger rail

Amtrak long distance and commuter rail services originate from Union Station. Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation. The services terminate in the San Francisco area, Washington, D.C., New York City, New Orleans, Portland, Seattle, Milwaukee, Quincy, St. Louis, Carbondale, Boston, Grand Rapids, Port Huron, Pontiac, Los Angeles, and San Antonio. Future service will terminate at Moline. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the Chicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad. Parts of this were built, but it was never completed.

Bicycle and scooter sharing systems

In July 2013, the bicycle-sharing system Divvy was launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stations It is operated by Lyft for the Chicago Department of Transportation. As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city, excluding Pullman, Rosedale, Beverly, Belmont Cragin and Edison Park.

In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15. The program started on June 15 with 10 different scooter companies, including scooter sharing market leaders Bird, Jump, Lime and Lyft. Each company was allowed to bring 250 electric scooters, although both Bird and Lime claimed that they experienced a higher demand for their scooters. The program ended on October 15, with nearly 800,000 rides taken.

Freight rail

Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry. All five Class I railroads meet in Chicago. As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days). According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040. CREATE, the Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area.

Airports

Further information: Transportation in Chicago § Airports

Chicago is served by O'Hare International Airport, the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations, on the far Northwest Side, and Midway International Airport on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic. Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. Gary/Chicago International Airport and Chicago Rockford International Airport, located in Gary, Indiana and Rockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards building an entirely new airport in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago. The City of Chicago is the world headquarters for United Airlines, the world's third-largest airline.

Port authority

Main article: Port of Chicago

The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

• Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminal: at the mouth of the Calumet River, it includes 100 acres (0.40 km) of warehouses and facilities on Lake Michigan with over 780,000 square meters (8,400,000 sq ft) of storage.
• Lake Calumet terminal: located at the union of the Grand Calumet River and Little Calumet River 6 miles (9.7 km) inland from Lake Michigan. Includes three transit sheds totaling over 29,000 square meters (310,000 sq ft) adjacent to over 900 linear meters (3,000 linear feet) of ship and barge berthing.
• Grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along Lake Calumet.
• The Illinois International Port district also operates Foreign trade zone No. 22, which extends 60 miles (97 km) from Chicago's city limits.

Utilities

Electricity for most of northern Illinois is provided by Commonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of Exelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any U.S. state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy.

Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago.

Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now landfilled, mainly in the Calumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had a blue bag program to divert recyclable refuse from landfills. Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city.

Health systems

The Illinois Medical District is on the Near West Side. It includes Rush University Medical Center, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2014–16, the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation.

Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including Northwestern Memorial Hospital and the University of Chicago Medical Center. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes the Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2017–18; the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly named the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by U.S. News & World Report; the new Prentice Women's Hospital; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.

The University of Illinois College of Medicine at UIC is the second-largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and Urbana–Champaign).

In addition, the Chicago Medical School and Loyola University Chicago's Stritch School of Medicine are located in the suburbs of North Chicago and Maywood, respectively. The Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is in Downers Grove.

The American Medical Association, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education, American Osteopathic Association, American Dental Association, Academy of General Dentistry, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Clinical Pathology, American College of Healthcare Executives, the American Hospital Association, and Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association are all based in Chicago.

Sister cities

Main article: List of sister cities of Chicago

See also

• Chicago area water quality
• Chicago Wilderness
• Gentrification of Chicago
• Index of Illinois-related articles
• List of cities with the most skyscrapers
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Central Chicago
• National Register of Historic Places listings in North Side Chicago
• National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side Chicago
• USS Chicago, four ships

Explanatory notes

1. /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ shih-KAH-goh, locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ shih-KAW-goh; Miami-Illinois: Shikaakwa; Ojibwe: Zhigaagong
2. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
3. Official records for Chicago were kept at various locations in downtown from January 1871 to December 31, 1925, University of Chicago from January 1, 1926 to June 30, 1942, Midway Airport from July 1, 1942 to January 16, 1980, and at O'Hare Airport since January 17, 1980.
4. ^ From 15% sample
5. The total for each race includes those who reported that race alone or in combination with other races. People who reported a combination of multiple races may be counted multiple times, so the sum of all percentages will exceed 100%.
6. Hispanic and Latino origins are separate from race in the U.S. Census. The Census does not distinguish between Latino origins alone or in combination. This row counts Hispanics and Latinos of any race.

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Cited references

• Bach, Ira J. (1980), Chicago's Famous Buildings, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-03396-1, LCCN 79023365
• Buisseret, David (1990), Historic Illinois From The Air, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-07989-9, LCCN 89020648
• Clymer, Floyd (1950), Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925, New York: Bonanza Books, OCLC 1966986
• Condit, Carl W. (1973), Chicago 1910–29: Building, Planning, and Urban Technology, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-11456-2, LCCN 72094791
• Genzen, Jonathan (2007), The Chicago River: A History in Photographs, Westcliffe Publishers, Inc., ISBN 978-1-56579-553-2, LCCN 2006022119
• Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L., eds. (2004), The Encyclopedia of Chicago, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-31015-9, OCLC 54454572
• Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online; see index at pp. 406–411 for list.
• Lowe, David Garrard (2000), Lost Chicago, New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, ISBN 0-8230-2871-2, LCCN 00107305
• Madigan, Charles, ed. (2004), Global Chicago, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-02941-0, OCLC 54400307
• Montejano, David, ed. (1999), Chicano Politics and Society in the Late Twentieth Century, Austin: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-75215-6, OCLC 38879251
• Norcliffe, Glen (2001), The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869–1900, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-4398-4, OCLC 46625313
• Pogorzelski, Daniel; Maloof, John (2008), Portage Park, Arcadia Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7385-5229-3, archived from the original on July 9, 2023, retrieved November 9, 2020
• Schneirov, Richard (1998), Labor and urban politics: class conflict and the origins of modern liberalism in Chicago, 1864–97, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-06676-6, OCLC 37246254

Further reading

• Cronon, William (1992) , Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West, New York: W.W. Norton, ISBN 0-393-30873-1, OCLC 26609682
• Granacki, Victoria (2004), Chicago's Polish Downtown, Arcadia Pub, ISBN 978-0-7385-3286-8, LCCN 2004103888
• Jirasek, Rita Arias; Tortolero, Carlos (2001), Mexican Chicago, Arcadia Pub, ISBN 978-0-7385-0756-9, LCCN 2001088175
• Miller, Donald L. (1996), City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-80194-9, OCLC 493430274
• Pacyga, Dominic A. (2009), Chicago: A Biography, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-64431-8, OCLC 298670853
• Sampson, Robert J. (2012), Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-73456-9
• Sawyer, R. Keith (2002), Improvised dialogue: emergence and creativity in conversation, Westport, Conn.: Ablex Pub., ISBN 1-56750-677-1, OCLC 59373382
• Slaton, Deborah, ed. (1997), Wild Onions: A Brief Guide to Landmarks and Lesser-Known Structures in Chicago's Loop (2nd ed.), Champaign, IL: Association for Preservation Technology International, OCLC 42362348
• Smith, Carl S. (2006), The Plan of Chicago: Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City, Chicago visions + revisions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-76471-0, OCLC 261199152
• Spears, Timothy B. (2005), Chicago dreaming: Midwesterners and the city, 1871–1919, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-76874-0, OCLC 56086689
• Swanson, Stevenson (1997), Chicago Days: 150 Defining Moments in the Life of a Great City, Chicago Tribune (Firm), Chicago: Cantigny First Division Foundation, ISBN 1-890093-03-3, OCLC 36066057
• Zurawski, Joseph W. (2007), Polish Chicago: Our History—Our Recipes, G. Bradley Pub, Inc., ISBN 978-0-9774512-2-7

External links

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• Encyclopedia of Chicago (2004), comprehensive coverage of city and suburbs, past and present
• Official website (Website archives at the Wayback Machine (archive index))
• Choose Chicago—Official tourism website
• Chicago History Archived June 9, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
• Maps of Chicago from the American Geographical Society Library
• Historic American Landscapes Survey (HALS) No. IL-10, "Chicago Cityscape, Chicago, Cook County, IL", 45 photos, 4 photo caption pages
• Chicago – LocalWiki Local Chicago Wiki
• "Chicago" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 118–125.
• "Chicago" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). 1922.

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