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{{short description|Inhabitants of Maghreb region}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group {{Infobox ethnic group
| image =
|group = Maghreb People<br/>مغاربه - M'ɣarba
| group = Maghrebis
|population = ~98 Millions
| native_name = {{lang|ar|المغاربيون}}<br/>{{transl|ar|al-Māghāribiyyun}}
|popplace= ] ] 87,979,238
| population =
|image = ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
| popplace = ]
|caption = {{Collapsible list
| region1 = {{Flag|Algeria}}
|framestyle =
| pop1 = 45,917,000<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/algeria-population/#:~:text=The%20current%20population%20of%20Algeria,the%20latest%20United%20Nations%20data.| title=Algeria Population (LIVE)| date=2021-10-10| access-date=10 October 2021| archive-date=23 February 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223154930/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/algeria-population/#:~:text=The%20current%20population%20of%20Algeria,the%20latest%20United%20Nations%20data.| url-status=live}}</ref>
|title = Maghreb People
| region2 = {{Flag|Morocco}}
|1 = <small><center>1<sup>st</sup> row: ] • ] • ] • ] • ]
| pop2 = 38,670,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/morocco-population/|title=Morocco Population (2021) - Worldometer|access-date=8 January 2021|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026160119/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/morocco-population/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2 = <center>2<sup>nd</sup> row: ] • ] • ] • ] • ] • ]
| region3 = {{Flag|Tunisia}}
|3 = <center>3<sup>rd</sup> row: ] • ] • ] • ] • ] • ]
| pop3 = 12,135,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/|title=Libya|author=CIA World Factbook.|access-date=5 February 2013|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya|url-status=live}}</ref>
|4 = <center>4<sup>th</sup> row: ] • ] • ] • ] • ] • ]
| region4 = {{Flag|Libya}}
|5 = <center>5<sup>th</sup> row: ] • ] • ] • ] • ]
| pop4 = 7,112,000<ref>"Estimé à six millions d'individus, l'histoire de leur enracinement, processus toujours en devenir, suscite la mise en avant de nombreuses problématiques...", « Être Maghrébins en France » in Les Cahiers de l'Orient, n° 71, troisième trimestre 2003</ref><ref>Maghreb people represent 45% of people born in Arab countries who emigrated to Europe and N.America, they are 41% of the all Immigrants in Europe</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://css.escwa.org.lb/sdd/docs/TMMIGE.pdf |title=css.escwa.org |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317085558/http://css.escwa.org.lb/sdd/docs/TMMIGE.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|6 = <center>6<sup>th</sup> row: ] • ] • ] • ]}}
|region1 = {{Flag|Algeria}} | region5 = {{Flag|France}}
| pop5 = 5,326,000<ref name="Insee">{{cite web | title=Immigrés et descendants d'immigrés | website=Insee | url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4797578 | language=fr | access-date=12 Nov 2022 | archive-date=12 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112180549/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4797578 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|pop1 = 34,994,937
|region2 = {{Flag|Morocco}} | region6 = {{Flag|Mauritania}}
| pop6 = 4,975,000<ref name=census>{{cite report |date=July 2015 |title=Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH) 2013 |language=fr |chapter=1: Répartition spatiale de la population |chapter-url=http://www.ons.mr/images/rgph2013/Chapitres_RGPH_Fr/Chapitre01_R%C3%A9partition_spatiale_fr.pdf |page=v |publisher=National Statistical Office of Mauritania |access-date=20 December 2015 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|pop2 = 31,968,361 <ref>without ], ]</ref>
|region3 = {{Flag|Tunisia}} | region7 = {{Flag|Israel}}
| pop7 = 750,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAFR/MFA-Archive/Pages/Les%20Maghrebins%20en%20Israel.aspx|title=Les Maghrebins en Israel|language=fr|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920051014/https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAFR/MFA-Archive/Pages/Les%20Maghrebins%20en%20Israel.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>–950,000<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-migrations-societe-2008-6-page-131.htm |title=Les immigrés juifs maghrébins en Israël |journal=Migrations Société |year=2008 |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=131–154 |language=fr |last1=Sharaby |first1=Rachel |last2=Wenden |first2=Catherine Wihtol de |last3=Giovanella |first3=Myrna |doi=10.3917/migra.120.0131 |doi-access=free |access-date=14 May 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626071521/https://www.cairn.info/revue-migrations-societe-2008-6-page-131.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|pop3 = 10,629,186
| region8 = {{Flag|Canada}}{{ref label|c|c}}
|region4 = {{Flag icon|Europe}}]
| pop8 = 274,425<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035501&geocode=A000011124 | title=Census Profile, 2021 Census – Ethnic or Cultural Background – Canada – provinces & territories | date=14 July 2024}}</ref>
|pop4 = ~10 Millions <ref>"Estimé à six millions d'individus, l'histoire de leur enracinement, processus toujours en devenir, suscite la mise en avant de nombreuses problématiques...", « Être Maghrébins en France » in Les Cahiers de l’Orient, n° 71, troisième trimestre 2003</ref><ref>Maghreb people represent 45% of people born in arab countries who emigrated to Europe and N.America, they are 41% of the all Immigrants in Europe</ref><ref></ref>
| languages = {{ubl|]|] }}
|region5 = {{Flag|Libya}}
| religions = {{ubl|Predominantly: ]|Minority: ], ]; ]<ref name="Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background">{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087 |title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131231859/http://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census |url-status=live |last1=Miller |first1=Duane A. }}</ref>}}
|pop5 = 6,597,960
| footnotes = {{note label|a|a}} Without ] and ].{{ubl|{{note label|b|b}} Primarily in ], where nearly half of all Maghrebis in Europe reside.|{{note label|c|c}} Primarily in ], which has the largest Maghrebi community in North America.|Population statistics from the }}
|region5 = {{Flag|Mauritania}}
|pop5 = 3,281,634
|region6 = {{Flag icon|Western Sahara}}]
|pop6 = 507,160
|languages = <b>official:</b> ]{{•w}}]
|religions = Mostly ]<br/>], ], ] (only in ] and ])
|related = ]{{•w}}]
|footnotes =Population statistics from the <br/>{{Collapsible list |title = notes and references|1 ={{reflist}}}}
}} }}
The '''Maghreb people''' are the inhabitants of the ] countries (], ], ], ], ]).


'''Maghrebis''' or '''Maghrebians''' ({{langx|ar|المغاربيون|translit=al-Māghāribiyyun}}) are the inhabitants of the ] region of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambergh.com/learn-arabic/the-arab-world |title=The Arab world |publisher=AMBergh Education |quote=The North African part of the Arab World to the west of Egypt and Sudan is known as the Maghreb (gharb meaning west). |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503143544/http://www.ambergh.com/learn-arabic/the-arab-world |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a modern ] term meaning "Westerners", denoting their location in the western part of the ]. Maghrebis are predominantly of ] and ] origins.
More than two and a half million Maghrebin immigrants live in France, especially from Algeria. In addition, there are 3 million French of Maghrebi origin (in 1999) (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco or Tunisia).<ref>{{cite journal |first=Michèle |last=Tribalat |year=2004 |title=An Estimation of the Foreign-Origin Populations of France in 1999 |url=http://www.cairn.info/revue-population-english-2004-1-page-49.htm |journal=Population |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=49–80 |doi=10.3917/pope.401.0049}}</ref> According to other sources about 8 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Jean-Baptiste |last=Drouet |coauthors=Alex Masson |month=December |year=2008 |title=Culture Le cinéma français est-il raciste ? |language=French |url=http://bworldconnection.com/culture.html?idA=175&rub=Culture |journal=] |pages=75–78}}</ref>


==Origins== == Name ==
Maghrebis were known in ancient and medieval times as the ] or ]. The word ''Moor'' is of ] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&pg=PA560 |title=First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936 |date=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09796-4 |pages=560 |language=en}}</ref> The etymology of the word can be traced back to the Phoenician term {{transl|phn|Mahurin}}, meaning "Westerners", from which the ] derive {{transl|grc|Mauro}}, and from which ] derives {{lang|la|]}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Skutsch |first=Carl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities |date=2013-11-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-19388-1 |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref>
]n woman wearing traditional clothes]]
The inhabitants of the region are predominantly "Arab-Berbers" but this term implies a complete fusion of the two groups which is not the case. Whereas Arabs and Berbers, united through Islam are the main ethnic and cultural elements, it is important to bear in mind that over the centuries the Maghreb has been a melting-pot of many other ethnic groups and cultures. Before the Arab conquest ]ns, ], ], ], and ] colonized the Maghreb and contributed to the development of its culture. Later, ]s and ]es, that is, indigenous ] who had earlier converted to the Muslim faith and were fleeing, together with ethnic Arab and Berber Muslims, from the ] settled to the Maghreb. Among West Asians are Turks who came over with the expansion of the ]. A small ] population exists, particularly in Tunisia and Algeria. Other European contributions included French, Italians, and others captured by the ] and then turned into ].<ref>Smail Chadli, , Anthropologie Génétique et Histoire du peuplement Humain. Antropo, 20, 41-48</ref>


The Arabic term ] ({{Langx|ar|مغرب}}) was given by the first Muslim Arab settlers to the ] located west of the ] capital of ] in the 7th century AD.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IektAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1071 |title=The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology |last2=Lane |first2=Paul |date=2013-07-04 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-162615-9 |pages=1071 |language=en}}</ref> It initially referred to the area extending from ] in the east to the ] in the west.<ref name="HareirMbaye2011">{{cite book |author1=Idris El Hareir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA375 |title=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World |author2=Ravane Mbaye |publisher=UNESCO |year=2011 |isbn=978-92-3-104153-2 |pages=375–376}}</ref>
Nowadays, a majority of the current population in the Maghreb consider themselves generally ] in identity, regardless of mixed ethnic or linguistic heritage. There are significant non-Arab or non-Arab identifying populations in the region and most important of the non-Arab populations found throughout the Maghreb, particularly in Morocco and Algeria, are the ]. They represented the majority of the pre-Islamic population. After the arrival of Islamic Arabs, Berbers assimilated in large numbers to Arab or mixed Arab-Berber ethnic identities.

Historically the Maghreb was also home to significant ]ish communities, including the ], who predated the 7th century introduction and conversion of the majority of Berbers to Islam. Under the ] rule in the 12th century, the Jews were forced to convert en masse to Islam.<ref>], , Routledge, 2007, p.104</ref> Later largely augmented by Spanish ], fleeing the Spanish Catholic Reconquista, established a presence in North Africa, chiefly in the urban trading centers. They have contributed to the wider population through conversion and assimilation. Many Sephardic Jews emigrated to North America in the early 20th century or to France and Israel later in the 20th century.

On the Saharan southern edge of the Maghreb are large communities of black populations, sometimes called ], who are orally identify themselves as the original inhabitants of southern oasis.


==Religion== ==Religion==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2009}}
Historic records of religion in the Maghreb region show its gradual inclusion in the Classical World, with coastal colonies established first by Phoenicians, some Greeks, and later extensive conquest and colonization by the Romans. By the 2nd century common era, the area had become a center of Latin-speaking Christianity. Both Roman settlers and Romanized populations converted to Christianity. The region produced figures such as Christian Church writer ] (c. 155&nbsp;– c. 202); and Christian Church martyrs or leading figures such as ] (+ 258); ]; her son the philosopher ], Bishop of Hippo I (+ 430) (1); and ] (5th century).


Historic records of religion in the Maghreb region show its gradual inclusion in the ], with coastal colonies established first by ], ], and later extensive conquest and rule by the ]. By the 2nd century common era, the area had become a center of Latin-speaking Christianity. Both Roman settlers and Romanized Berbers converted to Christianity. The region produced figures such as Christian Church writer ] ({{circa}} 155&nbsp;– {{circa}} 202); and Christian Church martyrs or leading figures such as ] ({{circa}} 210&nbsp;– 258); ]; her son the philosopher ] (354&nbsp;– 430); and ] (5th century). The region was a birthplace of many Christians movements like ] and ], now cast-off.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
The domination of Christianity ended when Arab invasions brought Islam in 647. Carthage fell in 698 and the remainder of the region followed in subsequent decades. Gradual Islamization proceeded, although surviving letters showed correspondence from regional Christians to Rome up until the 9th century. Christianity was still a living faith. Christian bishoprics and dioceses continued to be active, with relations continuing with Rome. As late as ] (974-983) reign, a new Archbishop of Carthage was consecrated. Evidence of Christianity in the region then faded through the 10th century.


{{multiple image
During the 7th century, the region's peoples began their nearly total conversion to Islam. There is a small but thriving Jewish community, as well as a small Christian community. Most Muslims follow the ] ] school. Small ] communities remain in some areas. A strong tradition of venerating ]s and saints' tombs is found throughout regions inhabited by Berbers. Any map of the region demonstrates the tradition by the proliferation of "]"s, showing places named after the marabouts. Like some other religious traditions, this has substantially decreased over the 20th century. A network of ]s traditionally helped proliferate basic literacy and knowledge of Islam in rural regions.
| width = 120
| image1 = Tertullian.jpg
| alt1 = Tertullian
| caption1 = ]
| image2 = Saint_Augustine_and_Saint_Monica.jpg
| alt2 = Saint Augustine and Saint Monica
| caption2 = ] and ]
}}


The domination of Christianity ended when Arab invasions brought Islam in 647. Carthage fell in 698 and the remainder of the region followed in subsequent decades. Gradual Islamization proceeded, although surviving letters showed correspondence from regional Christians to Rome up until the 9th century. Christianity was still a living faith. Christian bishoprics and dioceses continued to be active, with relations continuing with Rome. As late as ] (974-983) reign, a new Archbishop of Carthage was consecrated. Evidence of Christianity in the region then faded through the 10th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUMSywEACAAJ|isbn = 9781683072874|title = Christianity in North Africa and West Asia|date = May 2020|publisher = Hendrickson Publ}}</ref>
==Culture==
{{Main|Arabic music|Berber music|Berber cuisine|Arab cuisine}}


During the seventh century, the region's peoples began their nearly total conversion to ]. There was a small but thriving ] community, as well as a small ] community. Most Muslims follow the ] school of ]. Small ] communities remain in some areas. A strong tradition of venerating ]s and saints' tombs is found throughout regions inhabited by Berbers. Any map of the region demonstrates the tradition by the proliferation of "]"s, showing places named after the marabouts. Like some other religious traditions, this has substantially decreased over the 20th century. A network of ] traditionally helped proliferate basic literacy and knowledge of Islam in rural regions.
==Anthropology, Genetics and Linguistics==
Various disciplines shed light on the origin of the Northwest-Africans (Berbers and Arabs).


Recently, the Christian community of Berber or Arab descent has experienced significant growth, and conversions to Christianity, especially to ], is common in ],<ref>*{{in lang|fr}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134716/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 |date=18 October 2017 }}</ref> especially in the ],<ref>], ''Le monde arabe existe-t-il ?'', page 12, 2005, Editions de Paris, Paris.</ref> ]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f4361e72.html |title=Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008-2011) |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301151201/https://www.refworld.org/docid/4f4361e72.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and ].<ref name=report> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309212647/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90222.htm |date=9 March 2021 }}. United States ] (14 September 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the ].''</ref> A 2015 study estimates 380,000 Muslims converted to ].<ref name="Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background"/>
===Physical anthropology===
Northwest-Africans are defined as Mediterraneans with moderate Alpinid and Nordic elements.<ref>Marie-Claude Chamla in ''Physical Anthropology of European Populations'', Mouton, 1980, p.264: "Basically, there are three main types to be found (...). The Mediterranean element is always the major one making up about three-quarters of the population , and it appears to have three recognizable variants: (1) an Ibero-insular type (...); (2) an Atlanto-Mediterranean type (...); (3) finally, a type called "Saharan", rather infrequent (...). A second element which is fundamental but not widespread has been classed as Alpine by certain authors. (...) They constitute about one-tenth of the population, but it does not seem that they can be confused with the European Alpine type (...). A third element with Armenoid ties characterizes less than ten percent of the subjects (...). Beside these classes, some traces of the ancient ] type can be found (...)."</ref> A significant proportion of the Rif Berbers, Kabyles and Chouias have blue or green eyes, a percentage sometimes higher than that found in Sicilians or Spaniards.<ref>Marie-Claude Chamla in ''Physical Anthropology of European Populations'', Mouton, 1980, p.265-66 :"Green or light chestnut-colored eyes can frequently be found in the mountains areas (Kabylie and especially aures) and in the high plains of the east. This relative frequency of "mixed" colored eyes is not peculiar to Algerians but is apparent in other countries of North Africa as well, especially in Morocco (...) The frequency of pale-colored eyes (blue and gray), varies from two to fifteen percent according the region concerned"</ref>


==Culture==
===Genetic evidence===
{{Main|Music of the Maghreb|Berber music|Maghreb cuisine|Berber cuisine}}
The genetic proximity observed between the Northwest-Africans and ]ans is due to the fact that both these groups shared a common ancestor either in the ], in the ] or alternatively during history with the invasion and the occupation during nearly seven centuries of the Iberian Peninsula by Moorish troops.<ref name=pmid19053990>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00493.x |pmid=19053990 |title=The Complex and Diversified Mitochondrial Gene Pool of Berber Populations |month=March |year=2009 |author=Coudray C, Olivieri A, Achilli A, ''et al.'' |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=196–214 |issn=0003-4800}}</ref>


==Diaspora==
====Y-chromosome DNA====
===France===
The Y-chromosome genetic structure of the Maghreb population seems to be mainly Modulated by geography, The Y-DNA Haplogroups ] and ], which are so common among the population of North African and the Middle East, Haplogroups ] and ], are the most widespread among North African groups especially E1b1b1b (], formerly E3b1b) which is typical of the indigenous Berbers of North-West Africa. In some parts of Morocco E1b1b1b can peak at 80% of the population. Followed by ] especially ]<ref>combined (Semino et al. 2004 30%) & (Arredi et al. 2004 32%)</ref> , which is typically Middle Eastern which can reach frequencies of 35% in the region,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Alshamali F, Pereira L, Budowle B, Poloni ES, Currat M |title=Local population structure in Arabian Peninsula revealed by Y-STR diversity |journal=Hum. Hered. |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |year=2009 |pmid=19339785 |doi=10.1159/000210448 |url=http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?doi=10.1159/000210448}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">*Alshamali et al. 2009 81% (84/104) *Malouf et al. 2008: 70% (28/40) *Cadenas et al. 2008:45/62 = 72.6% J1-M267</ref> and has its highest density founded in the Southwestern ],<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Followed by ]<ref></ref> which has been observed in North African though with lower frequency. The Y-DNA Haplogroups shown above are observed in both Arab and Berber-speakers.
Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the ] and Mediterranean regions. Many famous French people like ],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, </ref> ], ], ], ], ] and many others have Maghrebi ancestry.


According to ], a researcher at ], there were more than 4.6 million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one Maghrebi grandparent from Algeria, Morocco or Tunisia) living in France in 2011 (3 million in 1999).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html |date=14 September 2011 }}, Espace populations sociétés , 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, « Une estimation des populations d'origine étrangère en France en 2011 », Espace populations sociétés, 2015/1-2, {{Webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170212021528/http://eps.revues.org/6073 |date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> Below is a table of population of Maghrebi origin in France in 2011, numbers are in thousands:
The Northwest-African ] pool (including both Berber and Arab populations) may be summarized as follows where only two haplogroups ] and ] comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/319521 |pmid=11254456 |title=High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Variation Shows a Sharp Discontinuity and Limited Gene Flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula |month=April |year=2001 |author=Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, ''et al.'' |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=1019–29 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=1275654}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/340669 |pmid=11992266 |title=Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa |month=June |year=2002 |author=Nebel A, Landau-Tasseron E, Filon D, ''et al.'' |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=1594–6 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=379148}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/386295 |pmid=15069642 |pmc=1181965 |title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area |month=May |year=2004 |author=Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, ''et al.'' |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=1023–34 |last12=King |first12=R |last13=Torroni |first13=A |last14=Cavalli-Sforza |first14=LL |last15=Underhill |first15=PA |last16=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first16=AS |issn=0002-9297}}</ref><ref name=Arredi>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/423147 |pmid=15202071 |pmc=1216069 |title=A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa |month=August |year=2004 |author=Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, ''et al.'' |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=338–345 |issn=0002-9297}}</ref><ref name=Cruciani>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/386294 |pmid=15042509 |pmc=1181964 |title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa |month=May |year=2004 |author=Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Santolamazza P, ''et al.'' |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=1014–22 |last12=Vona |first12=G |last13=Aman |first13=R |last14=Cali |first14=F |last15=Akar |first15=N |last16=Richards |first16=M |last17=Torroni |first17=A |last18=Novelletto |first18=A |last19=Scozzari |first19=R |issn=0002-9297}}</ref><ref name=Robino>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5 |pmid=17909833 |title=Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample |month=May |year=2008 |author=Robino C, Crobu F, Di Gaetano C, ''et al.'' |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=251–5 |issn=0937-9827}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.173 |title=Y-chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa: High-resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations |month=August |year=2008 |author=Onofri V, Alessandrini F, Turchi C, ''et al.'' |journal=Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=235–6}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
* ] (mainly E-M81) (50-80 %)
!Country of origin (2011)
* ] (mainly J1-M267) (0-40%)
!Immigrants
* ] (0-15%)
!1st generation born in France
* Sub-Saharan and other haplogroups (0-8%)
!2nd generation born in France (aged under 60 only)

!Total
E1b1b1b (E-M81) is the most common Y haplogroup among North African ]s and ] dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. It is thought to have originated in North Africa 5,600 years ago.<ref name=Arredi/><ref name=Cruciani/> Colloquially referred to as the "Berber marker" for its prevalence among ], ], ] and other Berber groups, E-M81 is also quite common among North African ] groups (45% in ]).<ref name=Robino/> It can reach frequencies of up to 80% in the Maghreb.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 75%"; border="1"
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Population'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Nb'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''A/B'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''E(xE1b1b1)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''E1b1b1'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''E1b1b1a'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''E1b1b1b'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''E1b1b1c'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''F'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''K'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''G'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''I'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''J1'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''J2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''R1a'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''R1b-M269'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Other'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Study'''
|- |-
|Algeria
| 1 Algeria/]||102||0||7.9%||0||5.9%||45.1%||0||0||0||0||0||22.5%||4.9%||1%||11.8%||1%||Robino et al. (2008)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Robino C, Crobu F, Di Gaetano C, ''et al.'' |title=Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=251–5 |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=17909833 |doi=10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5}}</ref>
|737
|1 170
|563
|2 470
|- |-
|Morocco
| 2 Algeria/]||35||0||2.9%||0||11.4%||42.9%||0||11.8%||2.9%||0||0||22.9%||5.7%||0||0||0||Arredi et al. (2004)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, ''et al.'' |title=A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=338–45 |year=2004 |month=August |pmid=15202071 |pmc=1216069 |doi=10.1086/423147}}</ref>
|679
|698
|130
|1 507
|- |-
|Tunisia
| 3 Algeria/]||19||0||0||0||0||47.4%||10.5%||10.5%||0||0||0||15.8%||0||0||15.8%||0||Arredi et al. (2004)
|- |246
|280
| 4 Tunisia/]||148||0||2%||3.4%||5.4%||37.8%||2.7%||4.7%||0.7%||0||0||32.4%||3.4%||0.7%||6.1%||0.7%||Arredi et al. (2004)
|- |129
|655
| 5 Tunisia||52||0||0||9.6%||15.4%||32.7%||0||1.9%||1.9%||0||0||34.6%||3.8%||0||0||0||Onofri et al. (2008)
|-
| 6 ]||221||0||6.4%||4.1%||6.8%||65%||0||0.9%||1.8%||0.9%||0.5%||5%||4.1%||0||4.1%||0||Fregel et al. (2009)
|-
| 7 Morocco||51||3.9%||5.9%||5.9%||5.9%||54.9%||0||0||0||0||0||19.60%||0||0||3.9%||0||Onofri et al. (2008)
|-
| 8 Morocco/Amizmiz Valley||33||3%||6.1%||0||3%||84.8%||3%||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||Alvarez et al. (2009)
|-
| 9 ]||89||0||20.2%||0||0||59.6%||0||0||0||0||0||20.2%||0||0||0||0||Fregel et al. (2009)
|- |-
|'''Total Maghreb'''
|'''1 662'''
|'''2 148'''
|'''821'''
|'''4 631'''
|} |}
Note: for second generation born in France only individuals under 60 are taken into account.


According to ] (the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies), 16% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 have at least one Maghrebi grandparent born in the Greater Maghreb.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708005009/http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/ref/FPORSOC11d_VE22Immig.pdf |date=8 July 2012 }}, Pascale Breuil-Genier, Catherine Borrel, Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee 2011</ref>
====Mitochondrial DNA====
Many studies<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/430073 |pmid=15791543 |title=Saami and Berbers—An Unexpected Mitochondrial DNA Link |month=May |year=2005 |author=Achilli A, Rengo C, Battaglia V, ''et al.'' |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=883–6 |last12=Semino |first12=O |last13=Torroni |first13=A |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=1199377}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/030144601300119106 |pmid=11393336 |title=Human mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the Moroccan population of the Souss area |month=May–June |year=2001 |author=Brakez Z, Bosch E, Izaabel H, ''et al.'' |journal=Annals of Human Biology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=295–307 |issn=0301-4460}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/hub.2005.0028 |pmid=16114817 |title=Female Gene Pools of Berber and Arab Neighboring Communities in Central Tunisia: Microstructure of mtDNA Variation in North Africa |month=February |year=2005 |author=Cherni L, Loueslati BY, Pereira L, ''et al.'' |journal=Human Biology |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |issn=0018-7143}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00096.x |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~genealogiadelamaza/PDF/Bereberes.pdf |title=Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers |year=2004 |author=Fadhlaoui-Zid, K. |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=68 |pages=222–33 |pmid=15180702 |month=May |last1=Fadhlaoui-Zid |first1=K |last2=Plaza |first2=S |last3=Calafell |first3=F |last4=Ben Amor |first4=M |last5=Comas |first5=D |last6=Bennamar El Gaaied |first6=A |issue=Pt 3 |issn=0003-4800 |last7=Gaaied |first7=El}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/302314 |title=mtDNA Analysis of Nile River Valley Populations: A Genetic Corridor or a Barrier to Migration? |year=1999 |author=Krings, M |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=64 |pages=1166–76 |last2=Salem |first2=A |last3=Bauer |first3=K |last4=Geisert |pmc=1377841 |first4=H |last5=Malek |first5=A |last6=Chaix |first6=L |last7=Simon |first7=C |last8=Welsby |first8=D |last9=Dirienzo |first9=A |pmid=10090902 |issue=4}}</ref><ref>Loueslati et al. 2006{{Verify source|date=September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/302204 |title=The Emerging Tree of West Eurasian mtDNAs: A Synthesis of Control-Region Sequences and RFLPs |year=1999 |author=Macaulay, V |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=64 |pages=232–49 |pmid=9915963 |month=Jan |last1=Macaulay |first1=V |last2=Richards |first2=M |last3=Hickey |first3=E |last4=Vega |first4=E |last5=Cruciani |first5=F |last6=Guida |first6=V |last7=Scozzari |first7=R |last8=Bonné-Tamir |first8=B |last9=Sykes |first9=B |issue=1 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=1377722}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1135566 |title=The mtDNA Legacy of the Levantine Early Upper Palaeolithic in Africa |year=2006 |author=Olivieri, A. |journal=Science |volume=314 |pages=1767–70 |pmid=17170302 |month=Dec |last12=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first12=AS |last13=Semino |first13=O |last14=Bandelt |first14=HJ |last15=Torroni |first15=A |issue=5806 |issn=0036-8075 |last2=Achilli |first2=A |last3=Pala |first3=M |last4=Battaglia |first4=V |last5=Fornarino |first5=S |last6=Al-Zahery |first6=N |last7=Scozzari |first7=R |last8=Cruciani |first8=F |last9=Behar |first9=DM}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00039.x |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~genealogiadelamaza/PDF/Desde_los_pilares_de_Hercules.pdf |title=Joining the Pillars of Hercules: mtDNA Sequences Show Multidirectional Gene Flow in the Western Mediterranean |year=2003 |author=Plaza, S. |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=67 |pages=312–28 |pmid=12914566 |last2=Calafell |first2=F |last3=Helal |first3=A |last4=Bouzerna |first4=N |last5=Lefranc |first5=G |last6=Bertranpetit |first6=J |last7=Comas |first7=D |issue=Pt 4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.1998.6260531.x |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Northwest African populations reveals genetic exchanges with European, Near-Eastern, and sub-Saharan populations |year=1998 |author=Rando, J. C. |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=62 |pages=531–50 |pmid=10363131 |month=Nov |last1=Rando |first1=JC |last2=Pinto |first2=F |last3=González |first3=AM |last4=Hernández |first4=M |last5=Larruga |first5=JM |last6=Cabrera |first6=VM |last7=Bandelt |first7=HJ |issue=Pt 6 |issn=0003-4800}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x |title=Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Diversity in a Sedentary Population from Egypt |year=2004 |author=Stevanovitch, A. |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=68 |pages=23–39 |pmid=14748828 |last2=Gilles |first2=A |last3=Bouzaid |first3=E |last4=Kefi |first4=R |last5=Paris |first5=F |last6=Gayraud |first6=RP |last7=Spadoni |first7=JL |last8=El-Chenawi |first8=F |last9=Béraud-Colomb |first9=E |issue=Pt 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00493.x |title=The Complex and Diversified Mitochondrial Gene Pool of Berber Populations |year=2009 |author=Coudray, C. |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=73 |pages=196–214 |pmid=19053990 |month=Mar |last1=Coudray |first1=C |last2=Olivieri |first2=A |last3=Achilli |first3=A |last4=Pala |first4=M |last5=Melhaoui |first5=M |last6=Cherkaoui |first6=M |last7=El-Chennawi |first7=F |last8=Kossmann |first8=M |last9=Torroni |first9=A |issue=2 |issn=0003-4800}}</ref><ref name=Cherni2009>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20979 |title=Post-last glacial maximum expansion from Iberia to North Africa revealed by fine characterization of mtDNA H haplogroup in Tunisia |year=2009 |author=Cherni, Lotfi |journal='']'' |volume=139 |pages=253–60 |pmid=19090581 |month=Jun |last1=Cherni |first1=L |last2=Fernandes |first2=V |last3=Pereira |first3=JB |last4=Costa |first4=MD |last5=Goios |first5=A |last6=Frigi |first6=S |last7=Yacoubi-Loueslati |first7=B |last8=Amor |first8=MB |last9=Slama |first9=A |issue=2 |issn=0002-9483}}</ref> have attempted to describe the genetic diversity of Northwest-African populations, evaluating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation and the results may be summarized as follows (data for 536 individuals from 9 populations : Morocco (Asni, Bouhria, Figuig, Souss), Algeria (Mozabites), Tunisia (Chenini-Douiret, Sened, Matmata, Jerba)<ref name=pmid19053990/>):


In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) were about 7% in ], 12% in ], 13% in ], 21% in ], 22% in the ] of ], 37% in ] and 40% in several arrondissements of ].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°126, p.436</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref>
* Total Eurasian lineages (], ], ], ], ], ], ] (without U6), ], ], ], ]) : 50-90% with an average of about 5/8
* Total sub-Saharan lineages (], ], ], ], ]) : 3-50% with an average of about 2/8
* Total North African lineages (], ]) : 0-35% with an average of about 1/8


{| class="wikitable"
The Northwest-African mtDna pool is characterized by an "overall high frequency of Western Eurasian haplogroups, a somehow lower frequency of sub-Saharan L lineages, and a significant (but differential) presence of North African haplogroups U6 and M1."<ref name=pmid19053990/> According to Cherni et al. 2009 "the post-Last glacial maximum expansion originating in Iberia not only led to the resettlement of Europe but also of North Africa".<ref name=Cherni2009/>
!2005

!]
According to a Ottoni et al. 2010, besides the "autochthonous" South-Saharan component, the maternal pool of Northern Africa appears to be characterized by at least two other major components: (i) a Levantine contribution (i.e. haplogroups U6 and M1), associated with the return to Africa around 45 kya, and (ii) a more recent West European input associated with the postglacial expansion.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ottoni C, Primativo G, Hooshiar Kashani B, Achilli A, Martínez-Labarga C ''et al.'' | year = 2010 | title = Mitochondrial Haplogroup H1 in North Africa: An Early Holocene Arrival from Iberia | url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013378 | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 10| page = e13378 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0013378 }}</ref>
!]

!]
Until recently, some papers suggested that the distribution of the main L haplogroups in North Africa was mainly due to trans-Saharan slave trade.<ref>Harich et .al 2010, </ref> However in September 2010, a thorough study about Berber mtDNA by Frigi ''et al.'' concluded that most of L haplogroups were much older and introduced by an ancient African gene flow around 20,000 years ago.<ref>Frigi et. al 2010, , Human Biology, Volume 82, Number 4, August 2010</ref>
!]

!]
====Autosomal DNA====
!]
In a recent study by Jun Z. Li et al. 2008 that studied 938 unrelated individuals from 51 populations of the Human Genome Diversity Panel at 650,000 ] they found that "the ] from the northern Sahara bear contributions from sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and Europe; this group in fact originates from the ]." (on average 55% Middle East, 25% European and 20% Sub-saharan).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1153717 |title=Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation |year=2008 |author=Li, J. Z. |journal=Science |volume=319 |pages=1100–4 |pmid=18292342 |month=Feb |issue=5866 |issn=0036-8075 |last2=Absher |first2=DM |last3=Tang |first3=H |last4=Southwick |first4=AM |last5=Casto |first5=AM |last6=Ramachandran |first6=S |last7=Cann |first7=HM |last8=Barsh |first8=GS |last9=Feldman |first9=M}}</ref>

===Influences on Europe and Latin America===
According to a study in 2011, almost all Southern Europeans have inherited 1%–3% Sub-Saharan ancestry (3.2% in Portugal, 2.9% in Sardinia, 2.7% in Southern Italy, 2.4% in Spain and 1.1% in Northern Italy) with an average mixture date of around 55 generations ago, "consistent with North African gene flow at the end of the Roman Empire and subsequent Arab migrations".<ref>Moorjani P, Patterson N, Hirschhorn JN, Keinan A, Hao L, et al. (2011) . PLoS Genet 7(4): e1001373. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001373</ref>

====Iberia====
In the ], North African haplogroups, especially E1b1b1b (E-M81), E1b1b1a-b (M78 derived chromosomes showing the rare DYS439 allele 10) and a subset of J1 (M267 derived),<ref>Capelli et al. 2008</ref> are found in significant amounts with an average frequency of about 7-8% in the peninsula with frequencies surpassing 10% in some regions, like 18.6% in ].<ref name=pmid15280900>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225 |title=Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography |year=2004 |author=Flores, Carlos |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=12 |pages=855–63 |pmid=15280900 |month=Oct |last1=Flores |first1=C |last2=Maca-Meyer |first2=N |last3=González |first3=AM |last4=Oefner |first4=PJ |last5=Shen |first5=P |last6=Pérez |first6=JA |last7=Rojas |first7=A |last8=Larruga |first8=JM |last9=Underhill |first9=PA |issue=10 |issn=1018-4813 |format=Free full text}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00221.x |title=Micro-Phylogeographic and Demographic History of Portuguese Male Lineages |year=2006 |author=Beleza, Sandra |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=70 |pages=181–94 |pmid=16626329 |month=Mar |last1=Beleza |first1=S |last2=Gusmão |first2=L |last3=Lopes |first3=A |last4=Alves |first4=C |last5=Gomes |first5=I |last6=Giouzeli |first6=M |last7=Calafell |first7=F |last8=Carracedo |first8=A |last9=Amorim |first9=A |issue=Pt 2 |issn=0003-4800}}</ref><ref name="Adams, Susan M. 2008 725">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 |title=The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula |year=2008 |author=Adams, Susan M. |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=83 |pages=725–36 |pmid=19061982 |month=Dec |last1=Adams |first1=SM |last2=Bosch |first2=E |last3=Balaresque |first3=PL |last4=Ballereau |first4=SJ |last5=Lee |first5=AC |last6=Arroyo |first6=E |last7=López-Parra |first7=AM |last8=Aler |first8=M |last9=Grifo |first9=MS |issue=6 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=2668061}}</ref><ref name=Capelli2009>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.258 |title=Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe |year=2009 |author=Capelli, Cristian |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=17 |pages=848–52 |pmid=19156170 |month=Jun |last1=Capelli |first1=C |last2=Onofri |first2=V |last3=Brisighelli |first3=F |last4=Boschi |first4=I |last5=Scarnicci |first5=F |last6=Masullo |first6=M |last7=Ferri |first7=G |last8=Tofanelli |first8=S |last9=Tagliabracci |first9=A |issue=6 |issn=1018-4813 |pmc=2947089}}</ref> As an exceptional case in Europe, E-M81 has also been observed at 40% the ] from ].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/386294 |title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa |year=2004 |author=Cruciani, F |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |pages=1014–22 |pmid=15042509 |month=May |last1=Cruciani |first1=F |last2=La Fratta |first2=R |last3=Santolamazza |first3=P |last4=Sellitto |first4=D |last5=Pascone |first5=R |last6=Moral |first6=P |last7=Watson |first7=E |last8=Guida |first8=V |last9=Colomb |first9=EB |issue=5 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=1181964}}</ref>

Concerning the level of male genetic ] in Iberia, an important study by Adams et al. 2008 that analysed 1140 individuals in ] found a mean North African admixture of 10.6%, with wide geographical variation, ranging from 2.5% in ], 11.8% in North ], 16.1% in South Portugal, 20.8% in ] to 21.7% in Northwest ].<ref name="Adams, Susan M. 2008 725"/><ref>"The study shows that religious conversions and the subsequent marriages between people of different lineage had a relevant impact on modern populations both in Spain, especially in the Balearic Islands, and in Portugal", , Elena Bosch, 2008</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border=1
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Iberian region'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''%NW African male admixture'''
|-
| Castile, NorthWest||21.7%
|-
| Minorca||21.5%
|-
| Galicia||20.8%
|-
| Extremadura||19%
|-
| Andalucia, West||16.7%
|-
| Portugal, South||16.1%
|-
| Valencia||12.8%
|-
| Portugal, North||11.8%
|-
| Asturias||10.5%
|-
| Castile, NorthEast||9.3%
|-
| Majorca||6.6%
|-
| Aragon||4.8%
|-
| Ibiza||3.8%
|-
| Andalucia, East||2.4%
|-
| Catalonia||2.3%
|- |-
|'''Total Maghreb'''
| Castilla||0.9%
| align="right" |22.0%
| align="right" |13.2%
| align="right" |13.0%
| align="right" |13.0%
| align="right" |12.1%
| align="right" |6.9%
|- |-
|} |}


According to other sources between 5 and 8 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France, and between 150,000 and 300,000 people of Maghrebin origin live in Canada.<ref>], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Jean-Baptiste |last1=Drouet |author2=Alex Masson |date=December 2008 |title=Culture Le cinéma français est-il raciste ? |language=French |url=http://bworldconnection.com/culture.html?idA=175&rub=Culture |journal=] |pages=75–78 |access-date=14 January 2009 |archive-date=14 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214075221/http://bworldconnection.com/culture.html?idA=175&rub=Culture |url-status=live }}</ref>
MtDna genetic studies on Iberian populations also show that North African ] sequences (]) are found at much higher levels than those generally observed elsewhere in Europe. Although the overall absolute frequency of U6 is low (2.4%), this signals a possible current North African ancestry proportion of 8%–9%, because U6 is not a common lineage in North Africa itself. U6 reaches its highest frequency in North Portugal at about 4-6% where Gonzalez et al. 2003 estimated a possible North African ancestry proportion of 27%.<ref name="Pereira, Luisa 2005 213">{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/hub.2005.0041 |title=African Female Heritage in Iberia: A Reassessment of mtDNA Lineage Distribution in Present Times |year=2005 |author=Pereira, Luisa |journal=Human Biology |volume=77 |pages=213–29 |last2=Cunha |first2=Carla |last3=Alves |first3=Cintia |last4=Amorim |first4=Antonio |pmid=16201138 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00039.x |title=Joining the Pillars of Hercules: mtDNA Sequences Show Multidirectional Gene Flow in the Western Mediterranean |year=2003 |author=Plaza, S. |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=67 |pages=312–28 |pmid=12914566 |last2=Calafell |first2=F |last3=Helal |first3=A |last4=Bouzerna |first4=N |last5=Lefranc |first5=G |last6=Bertranpetit |first6=J |last7=Comas |first7=D |issue=Pt 4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10168 |title=Mitochondrial DNA affinities at the Atlantic fringe of Europe |year=2003 |author=González, Ana M. |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=120 |pages=391–404 |pmid=12627534 |month=Apr |last1=González |first1=AM |last2=Brehm |first2=A |last3=Pérez |first3=JA |last4=Maca-Meyer |first4=N |last5=Flores |first5=C |last6=Cabrera |first6=VM |issue=4 |issn=0002-9483}}</ref>

Iberia is also the region in Europe with the highest frequency of the female mediated mtDNA haplogroup L of ] origin, likely a result of ] and Arab colonization or African slave trade. Pereira et al. 2005, who analysed 1045 Iberian individuals, found sub-Saharan mtDNA L haplogroups at rates of 11.38% in south Portugal, 5.02% in Center Portugal, 3.21% in North Portugal and 3.26% in ].<ref name="Pereira, Luisa 2005 213"/> According to Alvarez et al. 2010 who found L haplogroups at a rate of 4.70% in the Spanish province of ], "as the Hts found in the area are also shared with North African populations, we cannot discard the possibility that these lineages derived from the North African Muslim permanence in the Iberian Peninsula".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Alvarez L, Santos C, Ramos A, Pratdesaba R, Francalacci P, Aluja MP |title=Mitochondrial DNA patterns in the Iberian Northern plateau: Population dynamics and substructure of the Zamora province |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume= 142|issue= 4|pages= NA|year=2010 |month=February |pmid=20127843 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21252}}</ref> In another study, Casas et al. 2006 extracted DNA from human remains that were exhumed from historic burial sites in ], Spain (between 12th-13th century). The frequency of Sub-Saharan lineages detected in the medieval samples was 14.6% and 8.3% in the present population of ]. The authors suggest both the ], and prehistoric migrations before the Muslim occupation would have been the source of these lineages.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Casas MJ, Hagelberg E, Fregel R, Larruga JM, González AM |title=Human mitochondrial DNA diversity in an archaeological site in al-Andalus: genetic impact of migrations from North Africa in medieval Spain |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=539–51 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=16685727 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20463}}</ref> Brehm at al. 2003 also found a significant Sub-Saharan imprint in the ], with L haplogroups constituting about 13% of the lineages in ] and 3.4 % in the ].

{| class="wikitable sortable" border=1
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Iberian region/NW African mtDna > 2%'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''%U6'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''%L'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Study'''
|-
| Portugal, Alcacer do Sal||50||6.00%||22.00%||28.00%||Pereira 2010<ref>Pereira V, Gomes V, Amorim A, Gusmão L, João Prata M.
''''
Am J Hum Biol. 2010 Sep-Oct;22(5):588-95.</ref>
|-
| Spain, Canary islands (Avg)||300||14.00%||6.60%||20.60%||Brehm 2003<ref>A. Brehm, L. Pereira, T. Kivisild, and A. Amorim.
''Mitochondrial portraits of the madeira and açores archipelagos witness different genetic pools of its settlers.''
Hum Genet, 114(1):77–86, December 2003.</ref>
|-
| Portugal, Madeira||155||3.90%||12.90%||16.80%||Brehm 2003
|-
| Portugal, South||123||1.63%||11.38%||13.01%||Pereira 2005<ref>Pereira, Luisa. Cunha, Carla. Alves, Cintia. Amorim, António,
''African Female Heritage in Iberia: A Reassessment of mtDNA Lineage Distribution in Present Times.''
Human Biology - Volume 77, Number 2, April 2005, pp. 213-229</ref>
|-
| Portugal, South||203||0.49%||10.84%||11.33%||Achilli 2007<ref>Alessandro Achilli, Anna Olivieri, ''Mitochondrial DNA Variation of Modern Tuscans Supports the Near Eastern Origin of Etruscans'' Am J Hum Genet. 2007 April; 80(4): 759–768. Published online 2007 February 6. PMCID: PMC1852723</ref>
|-
| Portugal, Coruche||160||0.62%||8.7%||9.32%||Pereira 2010
|-
| Spain, Priego de Cordoba||108||0.93%||8.33%||9.26%||Casas 2006<ref>Casas MJ, Hagelberg E, Fregel R, Larruga JM, Gonzalez AM.
''Human mitochondrial DNA diversity in an archaeological site in al-Andalus: genetic impact of migrations from North Africa in medieval Spain.''
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006;131:539–551. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20463</ref>
|-
| Portugal, Center||203||2.46%||6.40%||8.87%||Achilli 2007
|-
| Portugal, North||187||5.35%||3.21%||8.56%||Pereira 2005
|-
| South Iberian Peninsula||310||0.65%||7.42%||8.07%||Casas 2006
|-
| Portugal, Center||239||2.51%||5.02%||7.53%||Pereira 2005
|-
| Portugal, North||188||4.26%||3.19%||7.45%||Achilli 2007
|-
| Spain, Galicia||92||2.17%||3.26%||5.43%||Pereira 2005
|-
| Spain, Zamora||214||0.47%||4.67%||5.14%||Alvarez 2010<ref>Alvarez L, Santos C, Ramos A, Pratdesaba R, Francalacci P, Aluja MP.
''Mitochondrial DNA patterns in the Iberian Northern plateau: population dynamics and substructure of the Zamora province.''
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010 Aug;142(4):531-9</ref>
|-
| Portugal, Açores||179||1.70%||3.40%||5.10%||Brehm 2003
|-
| Spain, NorthWest||216||1.39%||3.70%||5.09%||Achilli 2007
|-
| Spain, Center||148||4.05%||0.68%||4.73%||Achilli 2007
|-
| Spain, NorthEast||118||1.69%||2.54%||4.24%||Pereira 2005
|-
| Spain, multiple regions||312||1.28%||2.88%||4.16%||CarlosAlvarez 2007<ref>Alvarez JC, Johnson DL, Lorente JA, Martinez-Espin E, Martinez-Gonzalez LJ, Allard M, Wilson MR, Budowle B.''Characterization of human control region sequences for Spanish individuals in a forensic mtDNA data set.''
Leg Med (Tokyo). 2007 Nov;9(6):293-304. Epub 2007 Jul 5</ref>
|-
| Portugal, Pias||75||0.00%||3.9%||3.9%||Pereira 2010
|-
| Spain, Andalusia||114||1.75%||1.75%||3.51%||Achilli 2007
|-
| Spain, Leon||61||1.64%||1.64%||3.28%||Pereira 2005
|-
| Spain, Andalusia||65||1.54%||1.54%||3.08%||Pereira 2005
|-
| Spain, NorthEast||179||1.12%||1.68%||2.79%||Achilli 2007
|-
| Spain, Castile||38||2.63%||0.00%||2.63%||Pereira 2005
|-
| Spain, Balearic islands||231||0.00%||2.16%||2.16%||Picornell 2005<ref>Picornell A, Gómez-Barbeito L, Tomàs C, Castro JA, Ramon MM.
''Mitochondrial DNA HVRI variation in Balearic populations.''
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2005 Sep;128(1):119-30</ref>
|-
|}

====Canary Islands====
In ], a study by Nicole Maca-Meyer in 2003 found mtDna haplogroup U6 at rate of 14% in the present-day Canary Islands populations reflecting the Berber origin of the ], the aboriginal population of the Canary Islands. In this study they compared aboriginal Guanche mtDNA (collected from Canarian archaeological sites) to that of today's Canarians and concluded that, "despite the continuous changes suffered by the population (Spanish colonization, slave trade), aboriginal mtDNA lineages constitute a considerable proportion of the Canarian gene pool".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075 |title=Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches |year=2004 |author=Maca-Meyer, Nicole |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=12 |pages=155–62 |pmid=14508507 |month=Feb |last1=Maca-Meyer |first1=N |last2=Arnay |first2=M |last3=Rando |first3=JC |last4=Flores |first4=C |last5=González |first5=AM |last6=Cabrera |first6=VM |last7=Larruga |first7=JM |issue=2 |issn=1018-4813 |format=Free full text}}</ref> MtDNA haplogroup L were also found at rate of 6.6%<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00439-003-1024-3 |title=Mitochondrial portraits of the Madeira and Açores archipelagos witness different genetic pools of its settlers |year=2003 |author=Brehm, António |journal=Human Genetics |volume=114 |pages=77–86 |pmid=14513360 |month=Dec |last1=Brehm |first1=A |last2=Pereira |first2=L |last3=Kivisild |first3=T |last4=Amorim |first4=A |issue=1 |issn=0340-6717}}</ref> and E-M81 at a rate of 8.28% with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of ] (10.68%), ] (11.54%) and ] (13.33%). According to Fregel et al. 2009 the presence of autochthonous North African E-M81 lineages, and also other relatively abundant markers (E-M78 and J-M267) from the same region in the indigenous Guanche population, "strongly points to that area as the most probable origin of the Guanche ancestors". In this study, they estimated that, based on Y-chromosome and mtDNA haplogroup frequencies, the relative female and male indigenous Guanche contributions to the present-day Canary Islands populations were respectively of 41.8% and 16.1%.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fregel R, Gomes V, Gusmão L, ''et al.'' |title=Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=9 |issue= |pages=181 |year=2009 |pmid=19650893 |pmc=2728732 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-181}}</ref>

An ] study in 2011 found an average Northwest African influence of about 17% in Canary Islanders with a wide interindividual variation ranging from 0% to 96%. According to the authors, the substantial Northwest African ancestry found for Canary Islanders supports that, despite the aggressive conquest by the Spanish in the 15th century and the subsequent immigration, genetic footprints of the first settlers of the Canary Islands persist in the current inhabitants. Paralleling mtDNA findings, the largest average Northwest African contribution was found for the samples from ].<ref>Pino-Yanes M, Corrales A, Basaldúa S, Hernández A, Guerra L, et al. 2011 . PLoS ONE 6(3): e18389. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018389</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border=1
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Canary Islands'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Average NW African ancestry'''
|-
| La Gomera||7||42.50%
|-
| Fuerteventura||10||21.60%
|-
| La Palma||7||21.00%
|-
| El Hierro||7||19.80%
|-
| Lanzarote||13||16.40%
|-
| Tenerife||30||14.30%
|-
| Gran Canaria||30||12.40%
|-
| Total Canary Islanders||104||17.40%
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" border=1
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Canary Islands/NW African mtDna'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''%U6'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''%L'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Study'''
|-
| La Gomera||46||50.01%||10.86%||60.87%||Fregel 2009<ref>Fregel et al.(2009) Euro J Hum Gen 17:1314-1324</ref>
|-
| El Hierro||32||21.88%||12.49%||34.37%||Fregel 2009
|-
| Lanzarote||49||20.40%||8.16%||28.56%||Fregel 2009
|-
| Gran Canaria||80||11.25%||10%||21.25%||Fregel 2009
|-
| Tenerife||174||12.09%||7.45%||19.54%||Fregel 2009
|-
| La Palma||68||17.65%||1.47%||19.12%||Fregel 2009
|-
| Fuerteventura||42||16.66%||2.38%||19.04%||Fregel 2009
|-
|}

====Italy====
In ], the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be about 6%-8% which shows a "genetic affinity between Sicily and North Africa".<ref name=Capelli2009/><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.120 |title=Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome |year=2009 |author=Di Gaetano, Cornelia |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=17 |pages=91–9 |pmid=18685561 |month=Jan |last1=Di Gaetano |first1=C |last2=Cerutti |first2=N |last3=Crobu |first3=F |last4=Robino |first4=C |last5=Inturri |first5=S |last6=Gino |first6=S |last7=Guarrera |first7=S |last8=Underhill |first8=PA |last9=King |first9=RJ |issue=1 |issn=1018-4813 |pmc=2985948}}</ref> In ],<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm049 |title=Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12 |year=2007 |author=Cruciani, F. |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=24 |pages=1300–11 |pmid=17351267 |month=Jun |last12=Watson |first12=E |last13=Melegh |first13=B |last14=Barbujani |first14=G |last15=Fuselli |first15=S |last16=Vona |first16=G |last17=Zagradisnik |first17=B |last18=Assum |first18=G |last19=Brdicka |first19=R |last20=Kozlov |first20=AI |last21=Efremov |first21=GD |last22=Coppa |first22=A |last23=Novelletto |first23=A |last24=Scozzari |first24=R |issue=6 |issn=0737-4038 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17351267 |format=Free full text |last2=La Fratta |first2=R |last3=Trombetta |first3=B |last4=Santolamazza |first4=P |last5=Sellitto |first5=D |last6=Colomb |first6=EB |last7=Dugoujon |first7=JM |last8=Crivellaro |first8=F |last9=Benincasa |first9=T}}</ref> North African haplogroups were found especially in a region of Southern Italy (East ], Northwest ], ]) at frequency of 4.7% due to ]’s relocation of Sicilian Muslims in the city of ] in the 13th century.<ref name=Capelli2009/> Haplogroup U6 have also been detected in ] and ] at very low levels.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0773.1991.tb02042.x |title=An Attempted Reversal of Cocaine-Induced Analgesia by Dexamethasone |year=1991 |author=Pertovaara, Antti |journal=Pharmacology & Toxicology |volume=68 |pages=93 |last2=Kauppila |first2=Timo |last3=Mecke |first3=Ernst}}</ref>

====Latin America====
As a consequence of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of Latin America, North African haplogroups are also found throughout ] especially in ] and ] where frequencies surpass generally 5%.<ref>See of genetic genealogist Robert Tarín for example. We can add 6.1% (8 out of 132) in ]{{Verify credibility|date=September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3322/canjclin.39.1.50 |title=The Use of Cancer Registry Data to Study Preoperative Carcinoembryonic Antigen Level as an Indicator of Survival in Colorectal Cancer |year=1989 |author=Sener, S. F. |journal=CA a Cancer Journal for Clinicians |volume=39 |pages=50–7 |pmid=2492877 |month=Jan |issue=1 |issn=0007-9235 |url=http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2492877 |format=Free full text |last2=Imperato |first2=JP |last3=Chmiel |first3=J |last4=Fremgen |first4=A |last5=Sylvester |first5=J}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajhb.20567 |title=Y-chromosome genetic variation in Rio De Janeiro population |year=2006 |author=Silva, Dayse A. |journal=American Journal of Human Biology |volume=18 |pages=829–37 |pmid=17039481 |month=Nov |last1=Silva |first1=DA |last2=Carvalho |first2=E |last3=Costa |first3=G |last4=Tavares |first4=L |last5=Amorim |first5=A |last6=Gusmão |first6=L |issue=6 |issn=1042-0533}}</ref> and among Hispanic men in USA.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/jmg.40.11.815 |title=A Y chromosomal influence on prostate cancer risk: the multi-ethnic cohort study |year=2003 |author=Paracchini, S |journal=Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=40 |pages=815–9 |pmid=14627670 |month=Nov |issue=11 |issn=0022-2593 |last2=Pearce |first2=CL |last3=Kolonel |first3=LN |last4=Altshuler |first4=D |last5=Henderson |first5=BE |last6=Tyler-Smith |first6=C |pmc=1735314}}</ref>

According to Fregel et al. (2009), the fact that male North African E-M81 and female U6 lineages from the Canaries have been detected in Cuba and Iberoamerica, demonstrates that Canary Islanders with indigenous Guanche ancestors actively participated in the American colonization.<ref>Rosa Fregel, Verónica Gomes, Leonor Gusmão, Ana M González , Vicente M Cabrera1 , António Amorim, Jose M Larruga et al. (2009) BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:181doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181</ref>

====Other regions====
In other countries, North African haplogroups can be found in ], ], ], ] (4%),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4 |title=Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan |year=2005 |author=Flores, Carlos |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=50 |pages=435–41 |pmid=16142507 |month= |last1=Flores |first1=C |last2=Maca-Meyer |first2=N |last3=Larruga |first3=JM |last4=Cabrera |first4=VM |last5=Karadsheh |first5=N |last6=Gonzalez |first6=AM |issue=9 |issn=1434-5161}}</ref> ] and amongst ].

===Linguistics===
The Maghreb have always been a multilingual region. Two thousand years ago, Punic, Latin and Berber alternated in communication among the populations of the Western parts of North Africa. The Arabic language arrived in the Maghreb region with the Arab conquest and Islam. This language ousted the Romances languages, although the process was a long time one : Romance language islets still existed in the Maghreb in the 12th century. The Maghreb once again became partly Romance with colonisation. From the 1830s, the French began by conquering Algeria, where French was declared the official language of the country. It also obtains the position of highly placed languages of local elites. In today's Maghreb, only Arabic possesses the status of official language. In spite of that, French is doing well in the region at the start of the 21st century.


==See also== ==See also==
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==References and notes== ==References and notes==
{{biblio}} {{biblio|2|date=July 2024}}

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==External links== ==External links==
* by Henri Teissier, Regional Bishop of North Africa * by Henri Teissier, Regional Bishop of North Africa

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Latest revision as of 23:11, 21 January 2025

Inhabitants of Maghreb region

Ethnic group
Maghrebis
المغاربيون
al-Māghāribiyyun
Regions with significant populations
Maghreb
 Algeria45,917,000
 Morocco38,670,000
 Tunisia12,135,000
 Libya7,112,000
 France5,326,000
 Mauritania4,975,000
 Israel750,000–950,000
 Canada274,425
Languages
Religion
Without Ceuta and Melilla.

Maghrebis or Maghrebians (Arabic: المغاربيون, romanized: al-Māghāribiyyun) are the inhabitants of the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is a modern Arabic term meaning "Westerners", denoting their location in the western part of the Arab world. Maghrebis are predominantly of Arab and Berber origins.

Name

Maghrebis were known in ancient and medieval times as the Roman Africans or Moors. The word Moor is of Phoenician origin. The etymology of the word can be traced back to the Phoenician term Mahurin, meaning "Westerners", from which the ancient Greeks derive Mauro, and from which Latin derives Mauri.

The Arabic term maghrib (Arabic: مغرب) was given by the first Muslim Arab settlers to the recently conquered region located west of the Umayyad capital of Damascus in the 7th century AD. It initially referred to the area extending from Alexandria in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west.

Religion

Historic records of religion in the Maghreb region show its gradual inclusion in the Classical World, with coastal colonies established first by Phoenicians, Greeks, and later extensive conquest and rule by the Romans. By the 2nd century common era, the area had become a center of Latin-speaking Christianity. Both Roman settlers and Romanized Berbers converted to Christianity. The region produced figures such as Christian Church writer Tertullian (c. 155 – c. 202); and Christian Church martyrs or leading figures such as St Cyprian of Carthage (c. 210 – 258); Saint Monica; her son the philosopher Augustine of Hippo (354 – 430); and Julia of Corsica (5th century). The region was a birthplace of many Christians movements like Arianism and Donatism, now cast-off.

TertullianTertullianSaint Augustine and Saint MonicaSaint Augustine and Saint Monica

The domination of Christianity ended when Arab invasions brought Islam in 647. Carthage fell in 698 and the remainder of the region followed in subsequent decades. Gradual Islamization proceeded, although surviving letters showed correspondence from regional Christians to Rome up until the 9th century. Christianity was still a living faith. Christian bishoprics and dioceses continued to be active, with relations continuing with Rome. As late as Pope Benedict VII (974-983) reign, a new Archbishop of Carthage was consecrated. Evidence of Christianity in the region then faded through the 10th century.

During the seventh century, the region's peoples began their nearly total conversion to Islam. There was a small but thriving Local Jewish community, as well as a small Local Christian community. Most Muslims follow the Maliki school of Sunni Islam. Small Ibadi communities remain in some areas. A strong tradition of venerating marabouts and saints' tombs is found throughout regions inhabited by Berbers. Any map of the region demonstrates the tradition by the proliferation of "sidi"s, showing places named after the marabouts. Like some other religious traditions, this has substantially decreased over the 20th century. A network of zawiyas traditionally helped proliferate basic literacy and knowledge of Islam in rural regions.

Recently, the Christian community of Berber or Arab descent has experienced significant growth, and conversions to Christianity, especially to Evangelicalism, is common in Algeria, especially in the Kabylie, Morocco and Tunisia. A 2015 study estimates 380,000 Muslims converted to Christianity in Algeria.

Culture

Main articles: Music of the Maghreb, Berber music, Maghreb cuisine, and Berber cuisine

Diaspora

France

Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the Île-de-France and Mediterranean regions. Many famous French people like Édith Piaf, Isabelle Adjani, Arnaud Montebourg, Alain Bashung, Dany Boon, Gérald Darmanin and many others have Maghrebi ancestry.

According to Michel Tribalat, a researcher at INED, there were more than 4.6 million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one Maghrebi grandparent from Algeria, Morocco or Tunisia) living in France in 2011 (3 million in 1999). Below is a table of population of Maghrebi origin in France in 2011, numbers are in thousands:

Country of origin (2011) Immigrants 1st generation born in France 2nd generation born in France (aged under 60 only) Total
Algeria 737 1 170 563 2 470
Morocco 679 698 130 1 507
Tunisia 246 280 129 655
Total Maghreb 1 662 2 148 821 4 631

Note: for second generation born in France only individuals under 60 are taken into account.

According to Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies), 16% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 have at least one Maghrebi grandparent born in the Greater Maghreb.

In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) were about 7% in Metropolitan France, 12% in Île-de-France, 13% in Lyon, 21% in Perpignan, 22% in the department of Seine-Saint-Denis, 37% in 18th arrondissement of Paris and 40% in several arrondissements of Marseille.

2005 Seine-Saint-Denis Val-de-Marne Val-d'Oise Lyon Paris France
Total Maghreb 22.0% 13.2% 13.0% 13.0% 12.1% 6.9%

According to other sources between 5 and 8 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France, and between 150,000 and 300,000 people of Maghrebin origin live in Canada.

See also

References and notes

This 2's citations lack bibliographical information. Please read the guide to citations and add information such as author, title, date of publication, publisher, ISBN, pages cited, etc. (July 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
  1. "Algeria Population (LIVE)". 10 October 2021. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  2. "Morocco Population (2021) - Worldometer". Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  3. CIA World Factbook. "Libya". Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  4. "Estimé à six millions d'individus, l'histoire de leur enracinement, processus toujours en devenir, suscite la mise en avant de nombreuses problématiques...", « Être Maghrébins en France » in Les Cahiers de l'Orient, n° 71, troisième trimestre 2003
  5. Maghreb people represent 45% of people born in Arab countries who emigrated to Europe and N.America, they are 41% of the all Immigrants in Europe
  6. "css.escwa.org" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  7. "Immigrés et descendants d'immigrés". Insee (in French). Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  8. "1: Répartition spatiale de la population" (PDF). Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH) 2013 (Report) (in French). National Statistical Office of Mauritania. July 2015. p. v. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  9. "Les Maghrebins en Israel" (in French). Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  10. Sharaby, Rachel; Wenden, Catherine Wihtol de; Giovanella, Myrna (2008). "Les immigrés juifs maghrébins en Israël". Migrations Société (in French). 120 (6): 131–154. doi:10.3917/migra.120.0131. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  11. "Census Profile, 2021 Census – Ethnic or Cultural Background – Canada – provinces & territories". 14 July 2024.
  12. ^ Miller, Duane A. "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  13. "The Arab world". AMBergh Education. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019. The North African part of the Arab World to the west of Egypt and Sudan is known as the Maghreb (gharb meaning west).
  14. First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. BRILL. 1993. p. 560. ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4.
  15. Skutsch, Carl (7 November 2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1.
  16. Mitchell, Peter; Lane, Paul (4 July 2013). The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. OUP Oxford. p. 1071. ISBN 978-0-19-162615-9.
  17. Idris El Hareir; Ravane Mbaye (2011). The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. UNESCO. pp. 375–376. ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2.
  18. Christianity in North Africa and West Asia. Hendrickson Publ. May 2020. ISBN 9781683072874.
  19. *(in French) Sadek Lekdja, Christianity in Kabylie, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001 Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  20. Lucien Oulahbib, Le monde arabe existe-t-il ?, page 12, 2005, Editions de Paris, Paris.
  21. "Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008-2011)". Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  22. International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Tunisia Archived 9 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (14 September 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  23. Carolyn Burke. No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, p.5
  24. Michèle Tribalat, « Mariages « mixtes » et immigration en France » Archived 14 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Espace populations sociétés , 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011
  25. Michèle Tribalat, « Une estimation des populations d'origine étrangère en France en 2011 », Espace populations sociétés, 2015/1-2, en ligne Archived 12 February 2017 at Wikiwix
  26. Les immigrés, les descendants d'immigrés et leurs enfants Archived 8 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Pascale Breuil-Genier, Catherine Borrel, Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee 2011
  27. Michèle Tribalat, Revue Commentaire, juin 2009, n°126, p.436
  28. Michèle Tribalat, Les yeux grands fermés, Denoël, 2010
  29. Robert Castel, La discrimination négative, Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007
  30. Drouet, Jean-Baptiste; Alex Masson (December 2008). "Culture Le cinéma français est-il raciste ?". Première (in French): 75–78. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2009.

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