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{{short description|Pentacyclic chemical compound in plant leaves and fruit}}
{{chembox
{{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 434037539 | verifiedrevid = 434037539
| Name = Oleanolic acid | Name = Oleanolic acid
| Reference=<ref> at ]</ref> | Reference = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/o5504?lang=en&region=GB |title=Oleanolic acid |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Sigma-Aldrich |publisher=Merck |access-date=November 29, 2018}}</ref>
| ImageFile = Oleanolic acid.png | ImageFile = Oleanolic acid.png
| ImageClass = skin-invert-image
| ImageSize = 200px
| ImageName = Oleanolic acid | ImageName = Oleanolic acid
| IUPACName = 3β-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid
| IUPACName = (4a''S'',6a''R'',6a''S'',6b''R'',8a''R'',10''S'',12a''R'',14b''S'')-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid | SystematicName = (4a''S'',6a''S'',6b''R'',8a''R'',10''S'',12a''R'',12b''R'',14b''S'')-10-Hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,12b,13,14b-octadecahydropicene-4a(2''H'')-carboxylic acid
| SystematicName =
| OtherNames = Oleanic acid | OtherNames = Oleanic acid
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| Abbreviations = | IUPHAR_ligand = 3306
| Abbreviations =
| InChI = 1S/C30H48O3/c1-25(2)14-16-30(24(32)33)17-15-28(6)19(20(30)18-25)8-9-22-27(5)12-11-23(31)26(3,4)21(27)10-13-29(22,28)7/h8,20-23,31H,9-18H2,1-7H3,(H,32,33)/t20-,21-,22+,23-,27-,28+,29+,30-/m0/s1 | InChI = 1S/C30H48O3/c1-25(2)14-16-30(24(32)33)17-15-28(6)19(20(30)18-25)8-9-22-27(5)12-11-23(31)26(3,4)21(27)10-13-29(22,28)7/h8,20-23,31H,9-18H2,1-7H3,(H,32,33)/t20-,21-,22+,23-,27-,28+,29+,30-/m0/s1
| InChIKey = MIJYXULNPSFWEK-GTOFXWBIBS | InChIKey = MIJYXULNPSFWEK-GTOFXWBIBS
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
Line 19: Line 23:
| InChIKey1 = MIJYXULNPSFWEK-GTOFXWBISA-N | InChIKey1 = MIJYXULNPSFWEK-GTOFXWBISA-N
| CASNo = 508-02-1 | CASNo = 508-02-1
| CASNo_Ref = | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNos = | CASNoOther =
⚫ | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| CASOther =
| PubChem = 10494 | UNII = 6SMK8R7TGJ
| EINECS = 208-081-6 | PubChem = 10494
| EC-number = | EINECS = 208-081-6
| EINECSCASNO = | EC_number =
| UNNumber = | UNNumber =
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = | DrugBank =
⚫ | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = | KEGG =
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 168 | ChEMBL = 168
| MeSHName = | MeSHName =
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI =
| RTECS = | ChEBI = 37659
| ATCvet = | RTECS =
⚫ | SMILES = O=C(O)54(/C3=C/C1(CC21(C)CC(O)C2(C)C)(C)3(C)CC4)CC(C)(C)CC5
| ATCCode_prefix =
⚫ | Beilstein =
| ATCCode_suffix =
⚫ | Gmelin =
| ATC_Supplemental =
⚫ | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
⚫ | SMILES = O=C(O)54(/C3=C/C1(CC21(C)CC(O)C2(C)C)(C)3(C)CC4)CC(C)(C)CC5
| InChI =
⚫ | Beilstein =
⚫ | Gmelin =
⚫ | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 10062 | ChemSpiderID = 10062
| 3DMet = | 3DMet =
}} }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |Section2={{Chembox Properties
| C=30|H=48|O=3 | C=30 | H=48 | O=3
| Appearance = light yellow | Appearance = White
| Density = | Density =
| MeltingPt = >300 °C | MeltingPt= >
| Melting_notes = | MeltingPtC = 300
| BoilingPt = | MeltingPt_notes =
| Boiling_notes = | BoilingPt =
| Solubility = | BoilingPt_notes =
| SolubleOther = | Solubility =
| Solvent = | SolubleOther =
| LogP = | Solvent =
| VaporPressure = | LogP =
| VaporPressure =
| HenryConstant = | HenryConstant =
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = | AtmosphericOHRateConstant =
| pKa = | pKa =
| pKb = | pKb =
}} }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |Section3={{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = | CrystalStruct =
| Coordination = | Coordination =
| MolShape = }} | MolShape =
}}
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = | DeltaHf =
| DeltaHc = | DeltaHc =
| Entropy = | Entropy =
| HeatCapacity = }} | HeatCapacity =
}}
| Section5 = {{Chembox Pharmacology |Section5={{Chembox Pharmacology
| AdminRoutes = | AdminRoutes =
| Bioavail = | Bioavail =
Line 86: Line 90:
| Legal_AU = | Legal_AU =
| Legal_CA = | Legal_CA =
| PregCat = | Pregnancy_category =
| PregCat_AU = | Pregnancy_AU =
| PregCat_US = }} | Pregnancy_US =
⚫ }}
| Section6 = {{Chembox Explosive |Section6={{Chembox Explosive
| ShockSens = | ShockSens =
| FrictionSens = | FrictionSens =
| ExplosiveV = | DetonationV =
| REFactor = }} | REFactor =
}}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalMSDS = | ExternalSDS =
| EUClass = | MainHazards =
| EUIndex = | NFPA-H =
| MainHazards = | NFPA-F =
| NFPA-H = | NFPA-R =
| NFPA-F = | NFPA-S =
| NFPA-R = | FlashPt =
| NFPA-O = | AutoignitionPt =
| RPhrases = | ExploLimits =
| SPhrases = | LD50 =
| RSPhrases = | PEL =
⚫ }}
| FlashPt =
⚫ |Section8={{Chembox Related
| Autoignition =
| ExploLimits = | OtherAnions =
⚫ | OtherCations =
| LD50 =
| PEL = | OtherFunction =
| OtherFunction_label =
⚫ }}
| OtherCompounds =
⚫ | Section8 = {{Chembox Related
}}
| OtherAnions =
⚫ | OtherCations =
| OtherFunctn =
| Function =
| OtherCpds =
⚫ }}
}} }}


'''Oleanolic acid''' or '''oleanic acid''' is a naturally occurring ], widely distributed in food and medicinal plants, related to ]. It can be found in '']'' (American pokeweed), and '']'' spp, garlic, etc. It is relatively non-toxic, antitumor, and ], as well as exhibiting antiviral properties.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0378-8741(95)90032-2 | pmid = 8847885 | title = Pharmacology of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid | author = Liu J | year = 1995 | volume = 49 | issue = 2 | pages = 57–68 | journal = Journal of ethnopharmacology}}</ref> '''Oleanolic acid''' or '''oleanic acid''' is a naturally occurring pentacyclic ] related to ]. It is widely distributed in food and plants where it exists as a free acid or as an ] of triterpenoid ]s.<ref name="pmid22377690">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pollier J, Goossens A | title = Oleanolic acid | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 77 | pages = 10–15 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22377690 | doi = 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.022 }}</ref>


== Natural occurrence ==
Oleanolic acid was found to exhibit strong anti-] activity,<ref>Kishiwada, 1998<!--details of this citation are needed--></ref> the related compound betulinic acid was used to create the first commercial ] drug. It was first studied and isolated from several plants, including '']'' (leaves), '']'' (leaves and twigs), '']'' (whole plant), '']'' (leaves), '']'' (whole plant), and '']'' (aerial part). Other ''Syzygium'' species including java apple ('']'') and rose apples contain it.
Oleanolic acid can be found in ], '']'' (American pokeweed), and '']'' spp, garlic, etc. It was first studied and isolated from several plants, including '']''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0002364 |title=Oleanolic acid (HMDB0002364) |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=HMDB |publisher=Canadian Institutes of Health Research |access-date= November 29, 2018}}</ref> (leaves, fruit), '']'' (leaves), '']'' (leaves and twigs), '']'' (whole plant), '']'' (leaves), '']'' (whole plant), '']''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Constituents of Mirabilis jalapa| vauthors = Siddiqui S, Siddiqui BS, Adil Q, Begum S |journal=Fitoterapia|date=1990 |volume=61 |issue=5 |page=471 |url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19910302341.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104210857/http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19910302341.html;jsessionid=196D9B7C532F29E40F2551F192CD3923 |archive-date=2014-01-04}})</ref> and '']'' (aerial part). Other ''Syzygium'' species including java apple ('']'') and rose apples contain it, as does '']'' (holy basil).


== Biosynthesis of oleanolic acids ==
⚫ An extremely potent synthetic triterpenoid analogue of oleanolic acid was found in 2005, that is a powerful inhibitor of cellular inflammatory processes. They work by the induction by ] of ] (iNOS) and of ] in mouse ]. They are extremely potent inducers of the ] (e.g., elevation of ] and ]), which is a major protector of cells against ] and ] stress.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/102/12/4584 | title = Extremely potent triterpenoid inducers of the phase 2 response: Correlations of protection against oxidant and inflammatory stress | author = Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova, Karen T. Liby, Katherine K. Stephenson, W. David Holtzclaw, Xiangqun Gao, Nanjoo Suh, Charlotte Williams, Renee Risingsong, Tadashi Honda, Gordon W. Gribble, Michael B. Sporn, and Paul Talalay | pmid = 15767573 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0500815102 | year = 2005 | volume = 102 | issue = 12 | pages = 4584–9 | pmc = 555528 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}}</ref>
Oleanolic acid biosynthesis starts with mevalonate to create ]. ] in the next step oxidases the squalene and forms an epoxide resulting in ].<ref name=EOF>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fukushima EO, Seki H, Ohyama K, Ono E, Umemoto N, Mizutani M, Saito K, Muranaka T | display-authors = 6 | title = CYP716A subfamily members are multifunctional oxidases in triterpenoid biosynthesis | journal = Plant & Cell Physiology | volume = 52 | issue = 12 | pages = 2050–2061 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22039103 | doi = 10.1093/pcp/pcr146 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Beta-amyrin synthase creates beta-amyrin by a ring formation cascade.<ref name=EOF/><ref name=mpd>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dale MP, Moses T, Johnston EJ, Rosser SJ | title = A systematic comparison of triterpenoid biosynthetic enzymes for the production of oleanolic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = e0231980 | date = 2020-05-01 | pmid = 32357188 | pmc = 7194398 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0231980 | bibcode = 2020PLoSO..1531980D | doi-access = free }}</ref> After the formation of beta amyrin, CYP716AATR2, also known as a cytochrome p450 enzyme, oxidizes carbon 28 turning it into alcohol.<ref name=mpd/> CYP716AATR2 converts the alcohol to aldehyde and finally to a carboxylic acid forming oleanolic acid.<ref name=mpd/>
]


==Pharmacological research==
⚫ ==See also==
Oleanolic acid is relatively non-toxic, ], and exhibits ] and ] properties.<ref name="pmid8847885">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu J | title = Pharmacology of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 49 | issue = 2 | pages = 57–68 | date = December 1995 | pmid = 8847885 | doi = 10.1016/0378-8741(95)90032-2 }}</ref> Oleanolic acid was found to exhibit weak anti-]<ref name="pmid11859458">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mengoni F, Lichtner M, Battinelli L, Marzi M, Mastroianni CM, Vullo V, Mazzanti G | title = In vitro anti-HIV activity of oleanolic acid on infected human mononuclear cells | journal = Planta Medica | volume = 68 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–114 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11859458 | doi = 10.1055/s-2002-20256 }}</ref> and weak anti-] activities '']'', but more potent synthetic ] are being investigated as potential drugs.<ref name="pmid23662817">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yu F, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Peng Y, Qiu Y, Shi Y, Zheng Y, Xiao S, Wang H, Huang X, Zhu L, Chen K, Zhao C, Zhang C, Yu M, Sun D, Zhang L, Zhou D | display-authors = 6 | title = Development of oleanane-type triterpenes as a new class of HCV entry inhibitors | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 56 | issue = 11 | pages = 4300–4319 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23662817 | doi = 10.1021/jm301910a }}</ref>

⚫ An extremely potent synthetic triterpenoid analog of oleanolic acid was found in 2005, that is a powerful inhibitor of cellular inflammatory processes. They work by the induction by ] of ] (iNOS) and of ] in mouse ]. They are extremely potent inducers of the ] (e.g., elevation of ] and ]), which is a major protector of cells against ] and ] stress.<ref name="pmid15767573">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dinkova-Kostova AT, Liby KT, Stephenson KK, Holtzclaw WD, Gao X, Suh N, Williams C, Risingsong R, Honda T, Gribble GW, Sporn MB, Talalay P | display-authors = 6 | title = Extremely potent triterpenoid inducers of the phase 2 response: correlations of protection against oxidant and inflammatory stress | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 102 | issue = 12 | pages = 4584–4589 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15767573 | pmc = 555528 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0500815102 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2005PNAS..102.4584D }}</ref>

A 2002 study in ]s found that oleanolic acid reduced sperm quality and motility, causing infertility. After withdrawing exposure, male rats regained fertility and successfully impregnated female rats.<ref name="pmid12396287">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mdhluli MC, van der Horst G | title = The effect of oleanolic acid on sperm motion characteristics and fertility of male Wistar rats | journal = Laboratory Animals | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 432–437 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12396287 | doi = 10.1258/002367702320389107 | s2cid = 34990111 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Oleanolic acid is also used as standard for comparison of ], ] and matrix-metalloproteinase-1 inhibition of other substances in primary research (similar to diclofenac sodium for comparison of analgesic activity).<ref name="pmid23112418">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maity N, Nema NK, Sarkar BK, Mukherjee PK | title = Standardized Clitoria ternatea leaf extract as hyaluronidase, elastase and matrix-metalloproteinase-1 inhibitor | journal = Indian Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 44 | issue = 5 | pages = 584–587 | date = 2012 | pmid = 23112418 | pmc = 3480789 | doi = 10.4103/0253-7613.100381 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="NemaMaity2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nema NK, Maity N, Sarkar BK, Mukherjee PK | title = Matrix metalloproteinase, hyaluronidase and elastase inhibitory potential of standardized extract of Centella asiatica | journal = Pharmaceutical Biology | volume = 51 | issue = 9 | pages = 1182–1187 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23763301 | doi = 10.3109/13880209.2013.782505 | s2cid = 24453413 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Oleanolic acid activates ] in ]s (PBMCs) 5.9-fold, more than any other compounded tested, with the exception of '']''&nbsp;(8.8-fold).<ref name="pmid31485647">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsoukalas D, Fragkiadaki P, Calina D | title=Discovery of potent telomerase activators: Unfolding new therapeutic and anti-aging perspectives | journal=Molecular Medicine Reports | volume=20 | issue=4 | pages=3701-3708 | year=2019 | doi= 10.3892/mmr.2019.10614 | pmc=6755196 | pmid=31485647}}</ref> Less telomerase activation is seen for ] extract&nbsp;4.3-fold, ]&nbsp;2.2-fold, and ]&nbsp;2-fold.<ref name="pmid31485647" />

⚫ == See also ==
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ], a ] of oleanolic acid. * ], a ] of oleanolic acid
* ] * ]


==References== == References ==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


{{Authority control}}
⚫ ]
⚫ ]
⚫ ]


⚫ ]
]
⚫ ]
]
⚫ ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 04:33, 12 January 2025

Pentacyclic chemical compound in plant leaves and fruit
Oleanolic acid
Oleanolic acid
Oleanolic acid
Names
IUPAC name 3β-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid
Systematic IUPAC name (4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,12bR,14bS)-10-Hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,12b,13,14b-octadecahydropicene-4a(2H)-carboxylic acid
Other names Oleanic acid
Identifiers
CAS Number
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.007.347 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 208-081-6
IUPHAR/BPS
PubChem CID
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C30H48O3/c1-25(2)14-16-30(24(32)33)17-15-28(6)19(20(30)18-25)8-9-22-27(5)12-11-23(31)26(3,4)21(27)10-13-29(22,28)7/h8,20-23,31H,9-18H2,1-7H3,(H,32,33)/t20-,21-,22+,23-,27-,28+,29+,30-/m0/s1Key: MIJYXULNPSFWEK-GTOFXWBISA-N
  • InChI=1S/C30H48O3/c1-25(2)14-16-30(24(32)33)17-15-28(6)19(20(30)18-25)8-9-22-27(5)12-11-23(31)26(3,4)21(27)10-13-29(22,28)7/h8,20-23,31H,9-18H2,1-7H3,(H,32,33)/t20-,21-,22+,23-,27-,28+,29+,30-/m0/s1Key: MIJYXULNPSFWEK-GTOFXWBIBS
  • Key: MIJYXULNPSFWEK-GTOFXWBISA-N
SMILES
  • O=C(O)54(/C3=C/C1(CC21(C)CC(O)C2(C)C)(C)3(C)CC4)CC(C)(C)CC5
Properties
Chemical formula C30H48O3
Molar mass 456.711 g·mol
Appearance White
Melting point > 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). ☒N verify (what is  ?) Infobox references
Chemical compound

Oleanolic acid or oleanic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid related to betulinic acid. It is widely distributed in food and plants where it exists as a free acid or as an aglycone of triterpenoid saponins.

Natural occurrence

Oleanolic acid can be found in olive oil, Phytolacca americana (American pokeweed), and Syzygium spp, garlic, etc. It was first studied and isolated from several plants, including Olea europaea (leaves, fruit), Rosa woodsii (leaves), Prosopis glandulosa (leaves and twigs), Phoradendron juniperinum (whole plant), Syzygium claviflorum (leaves), Hyptis capitata (whole plant), Mirabilis jalapa and Ternstroemia gymnanthera (aerial part). Other Syzygium species including java apple (Syzygium samarangense) and rose apples contain it, as does Ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil).

Biosynthesis of oleanolic acids

Oleanolic acid biosynthesis starts with mevalonate to create squalene. Squalene monooxygenase in the next step oxidases the squalene and forms an epoxide resulting in 2,3-oxidosqualene. Beta-amyrin synthase creates beta-amyrin by a ring formation cascade. After the formation of beta amyrin, CYP716AATR2, also known as a cytochrome p450 enzyme, oxidizes carbon 28 turning it into alcohol. CYP716AATR2 converts the alcohol to aldehyde and finally to a carboxylic acid forming oleanolic acid.

Biosynthesis of Oleanolic Acid in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Pharmacological research

Oleanolic acid is relatively non-toxic, hepatoprotective, and exhibits antitumor and antiviral properties. Oleanolic acid was found to exhibit weak anti-HIV and weak anti-HCV activities in vitro, but more potent synthetic analogs are being investigated as potential drugs.

An extremely potent synthetic triterpenoid analog of oleanolic acid was found in 2005, that is a powerful inhibitor of cellular inflammatory processes. They work by the induction by IFN-γ of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and of cyclooxygenase 2 in mouse macrophages. They are extremely potent inducers of the phase 2 response (e.g., elevation of NADH-quinone oxidoreductase and heme oxygenase 1), which is a major protector of cells against oxidative and electrophile stress.

A 2002 study in Wistar rats found that oleanolic acid reduced sperm quality and motility, causing infertility. After withdrawing exposure, male rats regained fertility and successfully impregnated female rats. Oleanolic acid is also used as standard for comparison of hyaluronidase, elastase and matrix-metalloproteinase-1 inhibition of other substances in primary research (similar to diclofenac sodium for comparison of analgesic activity).

Oleanolic acid activates telomerase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) 5.9-fold, more than any other compounded tested, with the exception of Centella asiatica (8.8-fold). Less telomerase activation is seen for Astragalus extract 4.3-fold, TA-65 2.2-fold, and maslinic acid 2-fold.

See also

References

  1. "Oleanolic acid". Sigma-Aldrich. Merck. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
  2. Pollier J, Goossens A (May 2012). "Oleanolic acid". Phytochemistry. 77: 10–15. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.022. PMID 22377690.
  3. "Oleanolic acid (HMDB0002364)". HMDB. Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
  4. Siddiqui S, Siddiqui BS, Adil Q, Begum S (1990). "Constituents of Mirabilis jalapa". Fitoterapia. 61 (5): 471. Archived from the original on 2014-01-04.)
  5. ^ Fukushima EO, Seki H, Ohyama K, Ono E, Umemoto N, Mizutani M, et al. (December 2011). "CYP716A subfamily members are multifunctional oxidases in triterpenoid biosynthesis". Plant & Cell Physiology. 52 (12): 2050–2061. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcr146. PMID 22039103.
  6. ^ Dale MP, Moses T, Johnston EJ, Rosser SJ (2020-05-01). "A systematic comparison of triterpenoid biosynthetic enzymes for the production of oleanolic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". PLOS ONE. 15 (5): e0231980. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1531980D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231980. PMC 7194398. PMID 32357188.
  7. Liu J (December 1995). "Pharmacology of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 49 (2): 57–68. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(95)90032-2. PMID 8847885.
  8. Mengoni F, Lichtner M, Battinelli L, Marzi M, Mastroianni CM, Vullo V, Mazzanti G (February 2002). "In vitro anti-HIV activity of oleanolic acid on infected human mononuclear cells". Planta Medica. 68 (2): 111–114. doi:10.1055/s-2002-20256. PMID 11859458.
  9. Yu F, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Peng Y, Qiu Y, Shi Y, et al. (June 2013). "Development of oleanane-type triterpenes as a new class of HCV entry inhibitors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 56 (11): 4300–4319. doi:10.1021/jm301910a. PMID 23662817.
  10. Dinkova-Kostova AT, Liby KT, Stephenson KK, Holtzclaw WD, Gao X, Suh N, et al. (March 2005). "Extremely potent triterpenoid inducers of the phase 2 response: correlations of protection against oxidant and inflammatory stress". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (12): 4584–4589. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.4584D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0500815102. PMC 555528. PMID 15767573.
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