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RFC for Jewish exodus

The closure of this discussion is currently being reviewed to assess whether or not it reflects the consensus of participants. It might be modified or overturned when the review concludes.

The following discussion is an archived record of a request for comment. Please do not modify it. No further edits should be made to this discussion. A summary of the conclusions reached follows.

Should the lead section of 1948 Arab-Israeli War mention the Jewish exodus from the Muslim world? Andre🚐 21:40, 27 October 2024 (UTC)

Survey

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• No - as the discussion and the sourcing makes clear at the exact same RFC about the parent article of this makes clear, the Jewish exodus from Muslim countries is not a major aspect of the topic of this war. Since apparently we need to have this same discussion over and over, I’ll just quote myself from that RFC. certainly it was an important event, but it was not an event that is a subtopic of this war. At most a small portion of the emigration was even indirectly related to this war, and the argument that we should include decades of immigration from a large number of countries not even involved in this war makes no sense. And the claim that reliable sources agree that it was a major consequence of the war is just not true. Morris says "The war indirectly created a second, major refugee problem", Schindler says In Arab countries, the defeat of the Arab armies and the exodus of the Palestinian Arabs exacerbated an already difficult situation. In December 1947, a pogrom and the destruction of synagogues in Aleppo persuaded half the city’s Jewish population to leave. In Egypt, arrests, killings and confiscations catalyzed the flight of nearly 40 per cent of the Jewis hcommunity by 1950. In Kuwait, the minuscule number of Jews were expelled. In Iraq, the Criminal Code was amended in July 1948 such that Zionists were lumped together with Anarchists and Communists. The death penalty could be meted out to adherents or they could be sentenced to many years’ imprisonment. Enforced emigration to Israel became the officially permitted route out of Iraq for an increasingly oppressed Jewish community. Israel ironically became the unlikely destination for many Jewish Communists despite their opposition to Zionism. In Libya, Algeria and Morocco, there were periodic outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence. Over 37 per cent of Jews in Islamic countries – the Arab world, Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan – left for Israel between May 1948 and the beginning of 1952. This amounted to 56 per cent of the total immigration. And he says that in a chapter on Jewish emigration, not in coverage of this war. It is an attempt at trying to balance what actually was a direct major consequence of this war, the expulsion and flight of 80-90% of the Palestinians from the territory Israel would come to control in this war, with an entirely different topic that was not a part of this war. And a ton of it was from countries not involved in this war at all. There are no sources that treat this as a major consequence of this war, and the claim that there is rests on the assumption that nobody will actually check, as it is so plainly not true, and been shown untrue on this talk page previously. Beyond that, there is no definition of immediately after that includes years and years later nableezy - 22:38, 27 October 2024 (UTC)
• No, there was an RFC about this same question which established "consensus against inclusion in the lede" at the article 1948 Palestine war. IOHANNVSVERVS (talk) 22:41, 27 October 2024 (UTC)
• Yes, discussed extensively by the best sources on the war. Andre🚐 22:45, 27 October 2024 (UTC)

  Which sources are you referring to? IOHANNVSVERVS (talk) 00:32, 28 October 2024 (UTC)

  Küntzel 2023, Benny Morris 1948: A History, as mentioned by Alaexis in the previous section, Shabi 2009, Shlaim/Rogan 2001, Benoussan, Beinin, and Gat. Andre🚐 00:50, 28 October 2024 (UTC)

Strong oppose to its inclusion in the lede as the Jewish exodus is completely irrelevant to the war in a direct way for the following reasons:

1- Geographic irrelevance: The 1948 Arab-Israeli war took place in Mandatory Palestine, and not in any regional Arab country with sizable Jewish communities that later mostly left for Israel such as Iraq, unlike the expulsion of Palestinians which occurred in Palestine.

2- Temporal irrelevance: The exodus of Jewish Arabs from their home countries mostly occurred after the 1948 Arab-Israeli war had ended, unlike the expulsion of Palestinians which occurred mostly during the war.

3- Indirect relevance: The exodus of Jews from Arab countries such as Iraq was not directly related to the war, but rather indirectly, unlike the mostly direct expulsion and ethnic cleansing of Palestinians.

Therefore, the inclusion of this disputed content would also give a misleading false equivalence between two completely unrelated and dissimilar issues. Makeandtoss (talk) 11:12, 28 October 2024 (UTC)

One can't really establish lack of a causal connection through arguments like this. A similar argument would suggest that the Holocaust wasn't connected to the creation is Israel. — xDanielx /_C\ 18:50, 7 November 2024 (UTC)

Morris said it was indirect. Idk what the Holocaust has to do with this discussion. Selfstudier (talk) 18:55, 7 November 2024 (UTC)

• No. Unlike the exodus of the Palestinians, which was part of the war and to a large extent a war aim, the exodus of Jews from Arab countries was a result of the foundation of Israel and the consequent implementation of Israeli policy. It was part of the demographic development over the following 3-10 years, not an aspect of the war. Zero 12:26, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
• No, The same arguments are valid here, as here, the exodus of Jews from Arab contries happened after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and was at leat partly due the the actions of the new Israeli state, (Lavon Affair, anyone?) Huldra (talk) 23:14, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
• No per reasoning by Nableezy and Huldra. Bluethricecreamman (talk) 04:37, 29 October 2024 (UTC)
• No Nableezy has explained quite well why this is out of place here, and also that there has already been consensus established on this. Raskolnikov.Rev (talk) 05:35, 29 October 2024 (UTC)
• No per reasoning by Nableezy and Zero. M.Bitton (talk) 14:12, 29 October 2024 (UTC)
• No. We had this discussion at the 'Jewish exodus' article in February. Again, I quote Tessler 2009 (1,064 Google scholar cites), pp. 308-311, which covers this in depth:

  Supporters of Israel have frequently sought to buttress the case for Palestinian resettlement by emphasizing that roughly 450,000 Jewish "refugees" from the Arab world were resettled in Israel in the decade after 1948. More than half of these individuals arrived in the Jewish state between 1949 and 1951 ...

  While the arrival of these Jews from the Arab world played a critical role in shaping the character and evolution of Israeli society after 1948, the argument that their dislocation was comparable to that of the Palestinians is controversial and problematic. Israeli propagandists stressed the difficulties that confronted Jews in Arab lands and suggested that they had been forced to leave their homes. ... In fact, however, such statements give a distorted impression of the complex and varied situation of the Jews in Arab countries and of the diverse reasons that led most to leave.

  Scholarly Israeli and Jewish sources, as well as others, offer a more realistic appraisal. ... In these cases, and undoubtedly some others, it was the attraction of Israel, rather than a desire to flee persecution, that led Jews to leave the Arab countries in which they lived.

  Socioeconomic factors may have been an even more important consideration. ...

  In some instances, cultural factors provided yet another stimulus to Jewish emigration. ...

  Finally, post-1948 Zionist efforts to promote Jewish emigration appear to have been an important factor in at least a few instances. ... In any event, when Zionist involvement is added to the socioeconomic, cultural, and other factors that helped to stimulate Jewish departures, it becomes clear that it is highly oversimplified, and in many ways misleading, to equate the flight of Palestine's Arabs with the immigration to Israel of Jews from Arab countries.

  Nowhere on Misplaced Pages should we be stating in Wikivoice this widely-debunked "population exchange" or "Jewish Nakba" theory. Levivich (talk) 15:16, 29 October 2024 (UTC)
• Yes, per sources which make the connection clear and treat it as a consequence of the war, including Benny Morris (The war indirectly created a second, major refugee problem. Partly because of the clash of Jewish and Arab arms in Palestine, some five to six hundred thousand Jews who lived in the Arab world emigrated, were intimidated into flight, or were expelled from their native countries) and others, please see more in the discussion thread. It's certainly true that there were other reasons for the migration but the sources make it clear that the war was one of the major ones. Alaexis_¿question? 22:14, 29 October 2024 (UTC)
• No Apart from sources such as Tessler as quoted by Levivich, the One Million Plan#Following establishment of Israel makes it clear that encouraging Jewish immigration from Arab countries was a priority for the new Israeli government.Selfstudier (talk) 11:18, 30 October 2024 (UTC)
• Yes, clearly a result of the hostilities, and per Alaexis and Andrevan. ABHammad (talk) 14:22, 31 October 2024 (UTC)Blocked sockSelfstudier (talk) 11:19, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
• Yes, per what Alaexis shows below. HaOfa (talk) 08:15, 1 November 2024 (UTC) Striking blocked sock - Butterscotch Beluga (talk) 18:59, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
• Yes, the actions of Arab states who invaded Israel against Jewish citizens in those states is very relevant to the war. Researcher (Hebrew: חוקרת) (talk) 13:01, 3 November 2024 (UTC)
• Yes Per WP:LEAD, summarize article's content. Jewish mass immigration, particularly from the Arab world, was an important consequence of the war. No serious source on the topic disputes that. BePrepared1907 (talk) 09:02, 7 November 2024 (UTC)
• No as stated by others it was not a result of the war, but of further colonialisation following the establishment of the Israel state. No mention of it belongs in the article let alone the lead. TarnishedPath 10:05, 7 November 2024 (UTC)
• Yes, per Andre, BePrepared1907 and others. With regards, Oleg Y. (talk) 01:10, 8 November 2024 (UTC)
• Yes, 100% yes. So obviously yes that I'm surprised that we need a survey for this. MaskedSinger (talk) 11:45, 12 November 2024 (UTC)
• No, 100% no. The Jewish exodus was more caused by the existence of Israel, not by the war as such. Many Israeli leaders wanted the exodus (-> they wanted Jewish immigrants to Israel). That Mossad created Jewish fifth columnist in Egypt (the Lavon Affair) didn't help Egyptian Jews, to put it mildly. Similar in Iraq, (read Avi Shlaim's (2023): "Three Worlds: Memoirs of an Arab-Jew". Huldra (talk) 22:32, 22 November 2024 (UTC)

  It seems that plenty of sources on the 1948 war specify its impact on the exodus. Questions of relative weight in what caused the Jewish exodus are probably best answered on the Jewish exodus from the Muslim world page. Unless Shlaim's claim (or other RS's claim) is that Mossad/Israeli govt. actions caused the exodus to the exclusion of the 1948 war, I don't think your reasoning amounts to a no !vote - even if there are sources like that, at most it would mean that the the claim that the war contributed/led to the exodus should be attributed, not that the claim should be omitted. Samuelshraga (talk) 11:08, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

• Yes per sources that Alaexis compiled below. By consensus and crossing partisan lines, one of the major outcomes of the war was the Jewish exodus. Samuelshraga (talk) 10:46, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  There are no sources that claim this was a major outcome of the war, that is just made up. nableezy - 11:33, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  I'll strike major, I suppose that word is applying my own interpretation to the sources below. (Provisionally, if I find the time to find sources myself I'll update my !vote again). Samuelshraga (talk) 11:53, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  As far as Edward Said, unless I’m missing something, and Alaexis provides no quote or page number so if I’m wrong he can do that, the only thing Said says about this is Along with the militarization went the wholesale persecution of communities, preeminently but not exclusively the Jewish ones, whose presence in our midst for generations was suddenly thought to be dangerous. I know that there was an active Zionist role in stimulating unrest between the Jews of Iraq, Egypt, and elsewhere on the one hand, and the governments of those Arab countries were scarcely democratic, on the other, but it seems to me to be incontestable that there was a xenophobic enthusiasm officially decreeing that these and other designated “alien” communities had to be extracted by force from our midst. Nor was this all. In the name of military security in countries like Egypt there was a bloody minded, imponderably wasteful campaign against dissenters, mostly on the left, but independent-minded people too whose vocation as critics and skilled men and women was brutally terminated in prisons, by fatal torture and summary executions. As one looks back at these things in the context of 1948, it is the immense panorama of waste and cruelty that stands out as the immediate result of the war itself. I’m not quite sure how that is claimed to be Said calling this a consequence, major or otherwise, of the war. The part on the Egypt isn’t a chapter on the Jews of Egypt, and I may be missing something again as my copy has the chapter on Egypt beginning on page 150 but having read it I don’t see where it discusses the exodus as a consequence of the war. A vague wave to a book and saying it’s there doesn’t really help anybody check if this actually true. Now page 140 *does* have material on the Iraqi Jewish community, but it doesn’t support the claim here. What it says is The relative inactivity of Iraq during 1948 had suited many in the political elite, but it had clearly not suited all. In particular, Sadiq al-Bassam, the minister of defense in Pachachi’s government, found that there was little for him to do, other than to administer martial law. He used this opportunity, therefore, to prosecute his own war-time strategy, targeting the Jewish community in Iraq itself. This may partly have been due to his own formation in the pan-Arabism of the 1930s which had portrayed Iraqi Jews as a potential fifth column. However, Bassam was merely the most powerful representative for a time of the trend within Iraq that made the position of Jewish Iraqis increasingly untenable. In this sense, he represented the Iraqi side of an equation in which there was less and less space for the existence of a Jewish Arab Iraqi identity. The other side of the equation, which exerted a correspondingly powerful force on the Iraqi Jews, was the Zionist movement itself which set out not simply to protect, but also to “save” them by encouraging their mass immigration to Israel. The mass exodus of Iraqi Jews was not to take place until 1950–51 when about 120,000 arrived in Israel. However, in 1948 it was becoming clear that their position as a community had become precarious. It then discusses the acts of the Iraqi government but not as a consequence of the war, given next to no Iraqi involvement in it. Again, if quotes can be provided to back up the claims here that would be helpful, but I don’t see where in those chapters the book supports the idea that this was a consequence of the war rather than a consequence of the foundation of Israel and the political turmoil that followed across the Middle East. nableezy - 13:07, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Re: I don’t see where in those chapters the book supports the idea that this was a consequence of the war rather than a consequence of the foundation of Israel and the political turmoil that followed across the Middle East. I don't think the war and the foundation of Israel are separable. In the case of Said's afterword, he frames it around consequences of the war: The title of the chapter is "Afterword: the consequences of l948". In any case, the terms of the conclusion of the war - with Israel existing as a "putative danger to the Arab world" make it hard to draw that distinction. I think Said describes how Arab societies were militarised and in a "perpetual state of emergency" as a result of the way the war ended, contributing to the "xenophobic enthusiasm officially decreeing that these and other designated “alien” communities had to be extracted by force from our midst".

  As for the Iraq chapter, I think, again, that you've found the right quote, but I don't agree with your conclusion. The quote spells out that the Iraqi defense minister used the wartime imposition of martial law to target the Jewish community, and that this (as part of a wider Iraqi trend) was a significant part of the "equation" in which Iraqi Jewish life became untenable leading to their exodus in 1951-2. At least the specific example Said cites seems firmly tied to the war, even if the broader trend might not be.

  None of this is to specifically dispute Said's (or anyone's) contention that Zionist actions also drove the exodus, or to assign relative weight to different factors. Nor does it say that there's a simple causal relationship between the war and the exodus - I wouldn't argue that at all. But I think the source does make a clear connection between the war and the exodus. Samuelshraga (talk) 14:29, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Even if there is such a connection, it still isn't at all due for the lead. Selfstudier (talk) 14:42, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  I think there is such a connection. I (partly relying on Alaexis' compilation of sources below, but having specifically checked the one disputed above) think that the connection is significant enough and backed up by sources enough to be due. Samuelshraga (talk) 08:19, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

  The foundation of Israel was a consequence of the war. What followed from that is not. As far as Iraq, what happened in a country not even involved in the war is being offered as a direct and major consequence of the war, which I think is self-evidently incorrect, but either way the source does not say that it was a consequence of the war, much less a major one. nableezy - 15:46, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  I think it's the other way around. Israel was founded and then the war started. And, the rising tensions and the war absolutely affected Jews in Egypt and other Arab nations, even those not directly involved. Andre🚐 22:49, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  The sources don’t support any part of that interpretation and the ones you’ve cited in your vote do not support the idea that this was a direct consequence of the war. nableezy - 22:52, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  This is covered extensively in the sources mentioned, and more detail for example in Beinin and Benoussan Andre🚐 22:59, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Pages and quotes supporting the contention that the exodus was a direct consequence of the war and a significant aspect of it. nableezy - 23:02, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  The war is frequently mentioned in any serious discussion. I think it's a little more complex than a simple sentence that says "the exodus was a direct consequence of the war" because the exodus was gradual and was brought on by various forms of domestic persecution. The war caused most of these things to accelerate. For example p.417 of Benoussan mentioned, "war of 1948-1949 resulted in a wave of dispossessions... Apartments were confiscated, with their inhabitants given only a few hours to pack their bags and take shelter..." Now, you can argue that this itself is somehow indirect because a caused b caused c, but I read that as the fact that the war accelerated and subsequently, there was an acceleration of the dispossessions of their apartments, which is a de facto expulsion or at the very least proximate cause of flight. I'd say this meets the burden, but let me know your objection to it, Andre🚐 23:20, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  It isn’t my argument, Morris directly says it is an indirect effect. nableezy - 02:05, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

  The foundation of Israel was a consequence of the war. What followed from that is not. I think we'll simply have to agree to disagree on this point. I suppose we could try and separate them with the counter-factual of what if the Arab states - or at least Egypt, Syria and Iraq - had not declared war on Israel, but I doubt that there would be any sources to back up the analysis of what the prognosis for the Jewish communities would have been in that case. Samuelshraga (talk) 08:17, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• No - per nableezy, makeandtoss, and others. We've already had this discussion and resolved not to do it. Obviously it was an important event on its own, but it's not a subtopic of the 1948 war. The Jewish exodus from the Muslim world does not make this suggestion (with the exception of an unsourced comment in the lead that I've gone ahead and removed), mostly citing the creation of Israel as motivation. As obnoxious as it is to pull up a fallacy, making this change would be a classic post hoc ergo propter hoc situation, where we assume that because the war happened before emigration happened, the two must be directly related. They are at best indirectly related, as you can see in many of the RS that have already been cited at length. Smallangryplanet (talk) 11:51, 27 November 2024 (UTC)

Discussion

• Notified WikiProject Jewish history, WikiProject Arab world, WikiProject Israel, WikiProject Palestine. Andre🚐 19:51, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
• Andrevan and Alaexis there are a two components to this debate. Yes, you should show that (1) the Jewish exodus was caused by the 1948 war. You also need to show that (2) among the war's many effects, the Jewish exodus was one of the most significant outcomes. Showing (1) alone would merit mention of the war in the lead of Jewish exodus from the Muslim world, but not here. Indeed, we have no mention of the Jewish exodus in the lead of the Iranian revolution, even though that revolution did lead to many Jews leaving Iran, because the Iranian revolution had far more significant outcomes (according to RS).VR _{(Please ping on reply)} 10:48, 31 October 2024 (UTC)

  The two first sources from the list below are books about the war and they describe this as one of the effects of the war (in Conclusion and Afterword respectively). It's called a *major* refugee problem. Other sources which deal with the history of Israel also stress the importance of this migration. Alaexis_¿question? 22:51, 31 October 2024 (UTC)

  In the entirety of 1948 by Morris he even mentions Jewish refugees, according to the index, over a total of 4 pages, one page discussing internal Jewish refugees (where he says During the following months, abandoned urban houses were often settled by Jewish refugees from Palestine’s war zone) and three pages of the conclusion of the book. This in a book 420 pages long. Thats 3 pages about an indirect effect out of 420 pages, so about .7% of the pages of the book even mention this supposedly major subtopic. Giving that even a sentence in the lead is wildly undue even if one ignores that Morris himself doesn’t even say that this was a consequence of the war itself. nableezy - 23:33, 31 October 2024 (UTC)

  Importance of a historical event or concept is really not best judged using a math formula. This would be mentioned in any serious undergraduate textbook as a major series of events in the introduction or overview. Wars cause refugee crises and there is both a Palestinian and a Jewish refugee crisis that accelerates after 1948. To say that there is the former and not the latter is imbalanced. Andre🚐 23:28, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Weight is. When the source that is about this topic entirely that is being offered for claiming this was a major consequence discusses it for approximately 0% of the book, and never in anything but the afterword, that is proof that it is not a major part of this topic. nableezy - 02:08, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

The RfC template was just removed as expired. Can we agree this resulted in no consensus to include?, or do we need this to be formally closed? If the latter how can that be achieved? IOHANNVSVERVS (talk) 01:24, 27 November 2024 (UTC)

It resulted in no consensus, which would mean it would remain, per status quo. Andre🚐 01:25, 27 November 2024 (UTC)

You can't be serious... IOHANNVSVERVS (talk) 01:26, 27 November 2024 (UTC)

What do you mean by that? Request an uninvolved closer, then, please. Andre🚐 01:27, 27 November 2024 (UTC)

I see where you're coming from actually, Misplaced Pages:Consensus#No consensus after discussion. It just seems very odd to me that content can remain without consensus for its inclusion. IOHANNVSVERVS (talk) 01:51, 27 November 2024 (UTC)

There seems to be a contradiction between WP:ONUS's "The responsibility for achieving consensus for inclusion is on those seeking to include disputed content." and WP:NOCON's "When discussions of proposals to add, modify, or remove material in articles end without consensus, the common result is to retain the version of the article as it was prior to the proposal or bold edit." IOHANNVSVERVS (talk) 01:54, 27 November 2024 (UTC)

Consensus isn't a vote, so if both sides are at a standstill, with roughly equal support, and roughly equally strong arguments, that'd be nocon, and then the status quo would remain. Particularly as this was long-standing, not recently added content. But if you wish a closer to close it you can go to Closure requests, since we are both involved and not impartial to close the discussion or read its consensus. However, personally, if someone closed the discussion as not-nocon, I would be surprised, and potentially send it for a close review, since discussions like this one are typically closed no-consensus absent some irregularities or discretionary interpretation that weighs more heavily, such as BLP, copyright, etc. Andre🚐 01:56, 27 November 2024 (UTC)

Nocon, should that be the result, simply means more discussion until there is a consensus, regardless whether the material is in or out, including discussion of whether it should be in or out. Selfstudier (talk) 10:45, 27 November 2024 (UTC)

Sources discussing the effect on Jewish communities

1. Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. The exodus of the Jewish population is discussed at length (pp. 412-416) in the chapter Some conclusions.

2. Shlaim & Rogan, The War for Palestine. Rewriting the History of 1948. Edward Said (!) who wrote the Afterword mentions it as one of the effects of the war on the Arab world, and there is a chapter about the Jews in Egypt (pp. 140-142).

3. Colin Schindler. A history of modern Israel, pp. 63-64. The exodus is explicitly linked to the war:

4.The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times, p. 150

p. 177

It also has a chapter The mass exodus begins about the flight/emigration of Jews from Arab countries between 1948 and the mid-1950s as a result of the war.

5. Anita Shapira also links the exodus and the war in Israel. A History. When discussing the immigration of Jews from the Arab countries she says (p. 223)

6. Ahron Bregman considers the defeat one of three main drivers of the exodus (A History of Israel, p. 71)

7. Avi Bekker, The Forgotten Narrative: Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 23 January 2025

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Why is it called the 1948 Palestine war. This was after the mandate given to construct Israel. The name of the region, Palestine was not used anymore. It named "the war of liberation" or in Hebrew - milchemet hashicheoor (מלחמת השחרור). This terminology is important and writing it as it is written is misleading and twist the course of history.

 Not done The present title is our best attempt at neutrality, as it does not reflect the preference of either the Israeli or Palestinian side. This has been discussed here many times; check out the archives of this talk page. Zero 06:57, 23 January 2025 (UTC)

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