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{{Short description|Title given by the king of Denmark in 13th century}}
The first '''duke of Estonia''' <ref>Also known as '''''' or '''''' or ''''''</ref> ({{lang-da|Hertug af Estland}} ) was appointed in 1220 <ref name="DMH">{{cite book |title=Danish Medieval History & Saxo Grammaticus |last=Skyum-Nielsen |first=Niels |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1981 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |location= |isbn=978-87-88073-30-0 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EUFCkqua7dUC&pg=PA119}}</ref> by ] after Danish conquest of Estonia during ]. The title was resumed by the kings of Denmark since 1269. For the period of 1266-82 during the reign of Queen Dowager ] the title ''lady of Estonia'' ({{lang-la|Domina Estonie}}) was used.<ref name="DMH"/>


] of Sweden including Duke of Estonia in his stated titles]]
In 1332 after ] died his second son ] inherited the title of the duke of Estonia. ] assumed the title in 1338. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=993&kateg=43&alam=80 |title=
The first '''duke of Estonia''' <ref>Also known as '''''' or '''''' or ''''''</ref> ({{langx|da|Hertug af Estland}}&thinsp;) was appointed in 1220<ref name="DMH">{{cite book |title=Danish Medieval History & Saxo Grammaticus |last=Skyum-Nielsen |first=Niels |year=1981 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=978-87-88073-30-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUFCkqua7dUC&pg=PA119}}</ref> by King ] after the Danish conquest of Estonia during the ]. The title was resumed by the kings of Denmark since 1269. During the 1266-82 reign of the ] ], the title ''lady of Estonia'' ({{langx|la|Domina Estonie}}) was used.<ref name="DMH"/>
Overture in Europe |accessdate=2008-10-05 |work= |publisher=estonica.org |date= }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>


In 1332, after ] died, his second son ] inherited the title of the duke of Estonia. ] assumed the title in 1338.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=993&kateg=43&alam=80 |title=Overture in Europe |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=estonica.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610131754/http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=993&kateg=43&alam=80 |archive-date=June 10, 2007 }}</ref>
The dukes of Estonia rarely resided in Estonia. To govern the ] the king of Denmark appointed together with royal counsellors the Lieutenant ({{lang-la|Capitaneus}}) who resided in ]. <ref>{{cite book |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History |last=Michael |first=Jones |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher= |location= |isbn=978-0-521-36290-0 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LOS1c0w91AcC&pg=RA1-PA718 }}</ref>


The king of Denmark sold the duchy to ] in 1346 but ] reassumed the title of duke of Estonia in 1456. <ref>{{cite book |title=The Northern Crusades |last=Christiansen |first=Eric |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1997 |publisher=Penguin |location= |isbn=978-0-14-026653-5 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=W02ZZFqP1JcC&q=%22Duke+of+Estonia%22&dq=%22Duke+of+Estonia%22&ei=_c_mSLSKIILeyASUvPXLAQ&pgis=1}}</ref> The dukes of Estonia rarely resided in Estonia. To govern the ], the king of Denmark and royal counsellors appointed the Lieutenant ({{langx|la|Capitaneus}}), who resided in ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History |last=Michael |first=Jones |year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-36290-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOS1c0w91AcC&pg=RA1-PA718 }}</ref>


The king of Denmark sold the duchy to the ] in 1346, but ] reassumed the title of duke of Estonia in 1456.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Northern Crusades |last=Christiansen |first=Eric |year=1997 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-026653-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric|url-access=registration |quote=Duke of Estonia. }}</ref>
After the ] Estonia became part of ] and the title was gained by kings of Sweden.<ref>{{cite book |title=Research Guide to European Historical Biography |last=Moncure |first=James |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1992 |publisher=University of Michigan |location= |isbn=978-0-933833-28-9 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dU8YAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Duke+of+Estonia%22&dq=%22Duke+of+Estonia%22&lr=&ei=7NnmSKvDM5KQzQTJnfWDAQ&pgis=1 }}</ref> Crown Prince ] was Duke of Estonia 1607-1611 before he became King, but then officially abolished all ] in 1618.


The title was resumed by the Russian ]s after the ] and ] when Estonia became part of ]. The last duke of Estonia ({{lang-ru|Князь Эстляндский}}) was ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Russia as it Really is |last=Joubert |first=Carl |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1905 |publisher=E. Nash |location= |isbn= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FhwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA296&dq=%22Duke+of+Estland%22}}</ref> After the ], Estonia became part of the ], and the title was gained by kings of Sweden.<ref>{{cite book |title=Research Guide to European Historical Biography |last=Moncure |first=James |year=1992 |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=978-0-933833-28-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dU8YAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Duke+of+Estonia%22 }}</ref> Crown Prince ] was already Duke of Estonia 1607-1611 before he became King, but then officially abolished all ] in 1618.

The title was resumed by the Russian ]s after the ] and ] when Estonia became part of the ]. The last duke of Estonia ({{langx|ru|Князь Эстляндский}}) was ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Russia as it Really is |last=Joubert |first=Carl |year=1905 |publisher=E. Nash |url=https://archive.org/details/russiaasitreall02joubgoog|page= |quote=Duke of Estland. }}</ref>

== Danish dukes of Estonia ==
The ] was part of the Kingdom of Denmark, where the ] reigned.
{|style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
!width=10%|Name!!width=10%|Portrait!!width=20%|Birth!!width=20%|Marriages!!width=20%|Death
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Knud Valdemarsen )''</small><br />1220–1227 (deposed)
| ]
| 1205<br />] of ] and ]
| ]<br />before 1260<br />two children
| 1260<br />aged 55
|-
|align="center" colspan="6"| <big>Occupied by the ]:1227-1237</big>
|-
|align="center" colspan="6"| <big>Occupied by the ] of the ]:1237-1238</big>
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Knud Valdemarsen )''</small><br />1238–40 (restored)
| ]
| 1205<br />] of ] and ]
| ]<br />before 1260<br />two children
| 1260<br />aged 55
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Valdemar Sejr)''</small><br />1240–41
| ]
| 9 May/28 June 1170<br />second son of ] and ]
| (1) ]<br />c. 1205<br />]<br />one son<br />(2) ]<br />18/24 May 1214<br />four children
| 28 March 1241<br />]<br />aged 70
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Erik Plovpenning)''</small><br />1241–50
| ]
| c. 1216<br />eldest son of ] and ]
| ]<br />17 November 1239<br />six children
| 9 August 1250<br />on the ]<br />aged 33–34
|-
| ''']'''<br />1 November<br />1250–1252
| ]
| c. 1218<br />second son of ] and ]
| ]<br />25 April 1237<br />]<br />four children
| 29 June 1252<br />]<br />aged 33–34
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Christoffer 1.)''</small><br />25 December<br />1252–1259
| ]
| c. 1219<br />third son of ] and ]
| ]<br />c. 1248<br />five children
| 29 May 1259<br />]<br />aged 39–40
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Erik Klipping)''</small><br />1259–66 (abdicated)
| ]
| c. 1249<br />eldest son of ] and ]
| ]<br />11 November 1273<br />]<br />seven children
| 22 November 1286<br />Finderup<br />aged 36–37
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Margrethe Sambiria)''</small><br />1266-1282
| ]
| c. 1230<br />daughter of ] and ]
| ]<br />c.1248<br />five children
| December 1282<br />Finderup<br />aged 51–52
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Erik Klipping)''</small><br />1282–86 (restored)
| ]
| c. 1249<br />eldest son of ] and ]
| ]<br />11 November 1273<br />]<br />seven children
| 22 November 1286<br />Finderup<br />aged 36–37
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Erik Menved)''</small><br />1286–1319
| ]
| c. 1274<br />eldest son of ] and ]
| ]<br />June 1296<br />]<br />fourteen children
| 13 November 1319<br />]<br />aged 44–45
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Christoffer 2.)''</small><br />25 January<br />1320–26<br />(deposed)
| ]
| 29 September 1276<br />second son of ] and ]
| ]<br />c. 1300<br />six children
| 2 August 1332<br />Nykøbing Castle<br />aged 55
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Erik Christoffersen)''</small><br />1321-26<br>(deposed)
| ]
| c. 1307<br />eldest son of ] and ]
| ]<br />1330<br />no issue
| early 1332<br />aged c. 25
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Valdemar 3.)''</small><br />1326–1329<br />(deposed)
| ]
| c. 1314<br />only son of ] and Adelaide of Holstein
| ]<br />two sons
| c. 1364<br />aged 49–50
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Knud Pedersen Porse)''<br/>(])<br/></small><br />1329–30 (elected)
| ]
| c.1282<br />Son of Peter Knudsen Porse
| ]<br />21 June 1327<br />three children
| 30 May 1330<br />]<br />aged 47–48
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Ingibjörg Hákonardóttir)''</small><br />1329–32 (co-ruler)
| ]
| 1301<br />daughter of ] and ]
| ]<br />1312<br />]<br />two children<br/><br/>]<br />21 June 1327<br />three children
| 17 June 1361<br />aged 59–60
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Otto Christoffersen)''</small><br />1332-38
| ]
| c. 1310<br />second son of ] and ]
| ''unmarried''
| after 1341<br />aged c. 31/32
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Valdemar 3.)''</small><br />1338-40<br />(restored)
| ]
| c. 1314<br />only son of ] and Adelaide of Holstein
| ]<br />two sons
| c. 1364<br />aged 49–50
|-
| ''']'''<br /><small>''(Valdemar Atterdag)''</small><br />21 June<br />1340–46
| ]
| c. 1320<br />third son of ] and ]
| ]<br />c. 1340<br />]<br />six children
| 24 October 1375<br />]<br />aged 54–55
|-
|}

In 1346, Northern Estonia is sold to the Livonian Order. This Order was already ruling Southern Estonia since 1237.

==Swedish dukes of Estonia==
The ] or Swedish Estonia was part of the ].

=== ] ===

{{Monarchs - table header}}
|width=auto|] (''Erik XIV'') <br /> 1561&ndash; 29 September 1568||]||], 13 December 1533 son of ] and ]||]||Died (Poisoned) while imprisoned in ] Castle, 26 February 1577. Aged 43, buried at ]
|-
|width=auto|] (''Johan III'') <br>30 September 1568 &ndash; 17 November 1592||]||Stegeborg Castle, Östergötland, 20 December 1537 son of ] and ]||] (1562&nbsp;–&nbsp;1583),<br />] (1585–1597)||], 17 November 1592, aged 54, buried at ]
|-
|width=auto|] (''Sigismund'') <br>17 November 1592 &ndash; 24 July 1599||]||], 20 June 1566, son of ] and ].||] (1592–1598),<br />] (1605–1631)||], Poland, 30 April 1632, aged 65, buried at ], ], Poland
|-
|width=auto|] (''Karl IX'') <br /> 22 March 1604 &ndash; 30 October 1611 <br /> also as regent ], 1599–1604||]||], 4 October 1550 son of ] and ]||] (1579–1589),<br />] (1592–1611)||], 30 October 1611, aged 61, buried at ]
|-
|width=auto|] (''Gustav II Adolf'') <br> 30 October 1611 &ndash; 6 November 1632||]||], 9 December 1594, son of ] and ].||]||6 November 1632, in the ], ], aged 37, buried in ]
|-
|width=auto|] (''Kristina'') <br>6 November 1632 &ndash; 6 June 1654||]||], 8 December<ref>Note that the birth date is 8 December in the ], which was in effect in Sweden at the time, corresponding to 18 December in the ].</ref> 1626, daughter of ] and ]||Unmarried||Rome, 19 April 1689, aged 62, buried at ], ]
|-
|}

=== ], a branch of the ] ===

{{Monarchs - table header}}
|] (''Karl X Gustav'') <br> 6 June 1654 &ndash; 13 February 1660||]||], 8 November 1622, son of ], ] of ] and ] (daughter of ])||]||], 13 February 1660, aged 37, buried in ]
|-
|] (''Karl XI'') <br /> 13 February 1660 &ndash; 5 April 1697||]||], 24 November 1655 son of ] and ]||]||], 5 April 1697, aged 41, buried in ]
|-
|] (''Karl XII'') <br> 5 April 1697 &ndash; 30 November 1718||]||], 17 June 1682 son of ] and ]||Unmarried||], Norway, 30 November 1718, aged 36, buried in ]
|-
|] (''Ulrika Eleonora'')<br> 5 December 1718 &ndash; 29 February 1720||]||], 23 January 1688 daughter of ] and ]||]||], 24 November 1741, aged 53, buried in ]
|-
|}

=== ] ===
{{Monarchs - table header}}
|width=auto|] (''Fredrik I av Hessen'') <br>24 March 1720 &ndash; 10 September 1721||]||], (in today's Germany), 23 April 1676 son of ] and Princess ]||]<br /> ]||], 25 March 1751, aged 74, buried in ]
|-
|}

On 10 September 1721, Sweden ceded Estonia to the ], in the ].

===Governors during Swedish rule===
*1561–1562 {{Interlanguage link|Lars Ivarsson Fleming|de}}
*1562–1562 ]
*1562–1564 ]
*1564–1565 {{Interlanguage link|Hermann Pedersson Fleming|de}}
*1565–1568 ]
*1568–1570 {{Interlanguage link|Gabriel Kristiernsson Oxenstierna|de}}
*1570–1572 {{Interlanguage link|Hans Björnsson Lejon|de}}
*1572–1574 ]
*1574–1575 ]
*1576–1578 {{Interlanguage link|Karl Henriksson Horn|de}}
*1576–1577 Nilsson Hans Eriksson Finne
*1577–1580 {{Interlanguage link|Göran Boije af Gennäs|de}}
*1580–1581 {{Interlanguage link|Svante Eriksson Stålarm|de}}
*1582–1583 Göran Boije af Gennäs (2nd time)
*1583–1585 ]
*1585–1588 {{Interlanguage link|Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna (1551–1597)|lt=Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna|de}}
*1588–1588 ]
*1588–1590 ]
*1590–1592 {{Interlanguage link|Erik Gabrielsson Oxenstierna|de}}
*1592–1600 Göran Boije af Gennäs (3rd time)
*1600–1601 {{Interlanguage link|Karl Henriksson Horn|de}}
*1601–1602 {{Interlanguage link|Moritz Stensson Leijonhufvud|de}}
*1605–1608 ]
*1611–1617 ]
*1617–1619 ]
*1619–1622 ]
*1622–1626 ]
*1626–1628 {{Interlanguage link|Johan De la Gardie|de}}
*1628–1642 {{Interlanguage link|Philipp Scheiding|de}}
*1642–1646 {{Interlanguage link|Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna (1613–1648)|lt=Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna|de|Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna (1613–1648)}}
*1646–1653 {{Interlanguage link|Erik Axelsson Oxenstierna|de}}
*1653–1655 {{Interlanguage link|Heinrich von Thurn-Valsassina|de}}
*1655–1656 {{Interlanguage link|Wilhelm Ulrich|de|Wilhelm Ulrich (Gouverneur)}}
*1656–1674 {{Interlanguage link|Bengt Klasson Horn|de}}
*1674–1681 ]
*1681–1687 ]
*1687–1704 ]
*1704–1706 ]
*1706–1709 ]
*1709–1710 ]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Estonia}} ]
] ]
] ]
]

]
]

Latest revision as of 18:22, 8 January 2025

Title given by the king of Denmark in 13th century
Portrait of King Gustav II Adolph of Sweden including Duke of Estonia in his stated titles

The first duke of Estonia (Danish: Hertug af Estland ) was appointed in 1220 by King Valdemar II of Denmark after the Danish conquest of Estonia during the Livonian crusade. The title was resumed by the kings of Denmark since 1269. During the 1266-82 reign of the queen dowager Margaret Sambiria, the title lady of Estonia (Latin: Domina Estonie) was used.

In 1332, after Christopher II died, his second son Otto inherited the title of the duke of Estonia. Valdemar III assumed the title in 1338.

The dukes of Estonia rarely resided in Estonia. To govern the Duchy of Estonia, the king of Denmark and royal counsellors appointed the Lieutenant (Latin: Capitaneus), who resided in Reval.

The king of Denmark sold the duchy to the Teutonic Order in 1346, but Christian I reassumed the title of duke of Estonia in 1456.

After the Livonian War, Estonia became part of the Swedish Empire, and the title was gained by kings of Sweden. Crown Prince Gustav Adolph was already Duke of Estonia 1607-1611 before he became King, but then officially abolished all Swedish duchies in 1618.

The title was resumed by the Russian tsars after the Great Northern War and Treaty of Nystad when Estonia became part of the Russian Empire. The last duke of Estonia (Russian: Князь Эстляндский) was Nicholas II of Russia.

Danish dukes of Estonia

The Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346) was part of the Kingdom of Denmark, where the House of Estridsen reigned.

Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Canute I
(Knud Valdemarsen )
1220–1227 (deposed) 		1205
illegitimate son of Valdemar II of Denmark and Helena Guttormsdotter 		Hedwig of Pomerelia
before 1260
two children 		1260
aged 55
Occupied by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword:1227-1237
Occupied by the Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order:1237-1238
Canute I
(Knud Valdemarsen )
1238–40 (restored) 		1205
illegitimate son of Valdemar II of Denmark and Helena Guttormsdotter 		Hedwig of Pomerelia
before 1260
two children 		1260
aged 55
Valdemar I the Victorious
(Valdemar Sejr)
1240–41 		9 May/28 June 1170
second son of Valdemar I and Sophia of Minsk 		(1) Dagmar of Bohemia
c. 1205
Lübeck
one son
(2) Berengaria of Portugal
18/24 May 1214
four children 		28 March 1241
Vordingborg Castle
aged 70
Eric I Ploughpenny
(Erik Plovpenning)
1241–50 		c. 1216
eldest son of Valdemar I and Berengaria of Portugal 		Jutta of Saxony
17 November 1239
six children 		9 August 1250
on the Schlei
aged 33–34
Abel
1 November
1250–1252 		c. 1218
second son of Valdemar I and Berengaria of Portugal 		Matilda of Holstein
25 April 1237
Schleswig Cathedral
four children 		29 June 1252
Eiderstedt
aged 33–34
Christopher I
(Christoffer 1.)
25 December
1252–1259 		c. 1219
third son of Valdemar I and Berengaria of Portugal 		Margaret Sambiria
c. 1248
five children 		29 May 1259
Ribe
aged 39–40
Eric II Klipping
(Erik Klipping)
1259–66 (abdicated) 		c. 1249
eldest son of Christopher I and Margaret Sambiria 		Agnes of Brandenburg
11 November 1273
Schleswig Cathedral
seven children 		22 November 1286
Finderup
aged 36–37
Margaret Sambiria
(Margrethe Sambiria)
1266-1282 		c. 1230
daughter of Sambor II of Pomerelia and Matilda of Mecklenburg 		Christopher I of Denmark
c.1248
five children 		December 1282
Finderup
aged 51–52
Eric II Klipping
(Erik Klipping)
1282–86 (restored) 		c. 1249
eldest son of Christopher I and Margaret Sambiria 		Agnes of Brandenburg
11 November 1273
Schleswig Cathedral
seven children 		22 November 1286
Finderup
aged 36–37
Eric III Menved
(Erik Menved)
1286–1319 		c. 1274
eldest son of Eric II and Agnes of Brandenburg 		Ingeborg of Sweden
June 1296
Kärnan Castle
fourteen children 		13 November 1319
Roskilde
aged 44–45
Christopher II
(Christoffer 2.)
25 January
1320–26
(deposed) 		29 September 1276
second son of Eric II and Agnes of Brandenburg 		Euphemia of Pomerania
c. 1300
six children 		2 August 1332
Nykøbing Castle
aged 55
Eric (IV)
(Erik Christoffersen)
1321-26
(deposed) 		c. 1307
eldest son of Christopher II and Euphemia of Pomerania 		Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg
1330
no issue 		early 1332
aged c. 25
Valdemar II
(Valdemar 3.)
1326–1329
(deposed) 		c. 1314
only son of Eric II, Duke of Schleswig and Adelaide of Holstein 		Richardis of Schwerin
two sons 		c. 1364
aged 49–50
Canute II Porse
(Knud Pedersen Porse)
(House of Porse)

1329–30 (elected) 		c.1282
Son of Peter Knudsen Porse 		Ingeborg of Norway
21 June 1327
three children 		30 May 1330
Copenhagen
aged 47–48
Ingeborg of Norway
(Ingibjörg Hákonardóttir)
1329–32 (co-ruler) 		1301
daughter of Haakon V of Norway and Euphemia of Rügen 		Duke Eric Magnusson
1312
Oslo
two children

Canute II Porse
21 June 1327
three children 		17 June 1361
aged 59–60
Otto
(Otto Christoffersen)
1332-38 		c. 1310
second son of Christopher II and Euphemia of Pomerania 		unmarried after 1341
aged c. 31/32
Valdemar II
(Valdemar 3.)
1338-40
(restored) 		c. 1314
only son of Eric II, Duke of Schleswig and Adelaide of Holstein 		Richardis of Schwerin
two sons 		c. 1364
aged 49–50
Valdemar III Atterdag
(Valdemar Atterdag)
21 June
1340–46 		c. 1320
third son of Christopher II and Euphemia of Pomerania 		Helvig of Schleswig
c. 1340
Sønderborg Castle
six children 		24 October 1375
Gurre Castle
aged 54–55

In 1346, Northern Estonia is sold to the Livonian Order. This Order was already ruling Southern Estonia since 1237.

Swedish dukes of Estonia

The Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721) or Swedish Estonia was part of the Swedish Empire.

House of Vasa

Name Portrait Birth Marriage(s) Death
Eric XIV (Erik XIV)
1561– 29 September 1568		 Tre Kronor (castle), 13 December 1533 son of Gustav I and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg Karin Månsdotter Died (Poisoned) while imprisoned in Örbyhus Castle, 26 February 1577. Aged 43, buried at Västerås Cathedral
John III (Johan III)
30 September 1568 – 17 November 1592		 Stegeborg Castle, Östergötland, 20 December 1537 son of Gustav I and Margaret Leijonhufvud Catherine Jagellonica (1562 – 1583),
Gunilla Bielke (1585–1597)		 Tre Kronor (castle), 17 November 1592, aged 54, buried at Uppsala Cathedral
Sigmund (Sigismund)
17 November 1592 – 24 July 1599		 Gripsholm Castle, 20 June 1566, son of John III and Catherine Jagellonica of Poland. Anna of Austria (1592–1598),
Constance of Austria (1605–1631)		 Warsaw, Poland, 30 April 1632, aged 65, buried at Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland
Charles IX (Karl IX)
22 March 1604 – 30 October 1611
also as regent Duke Charles, 1599–1604		 Tre Kronor (castle), 4 October 1550 son of Gustav I and Margaret Leijonhufvud Maria of Palatinate-Simmern (1579–1589),
Christina of Holstein-Gottorp (1592–1611)		 Nyköping Castle, 30 October 1611, aged 61, buried at Strängnäs Cathedral
Gustav II Adolph (Gustav II Adolf)
30 October 1611 – 6 November 1632		 Tre Kronor (castle), 9 December 1594, son of Charles IX and Christina of Holstein-Gottorp. Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg 6 November 1632, in the Battle of Lützen, Electorate of Saxony, aged 37, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Christina (Kristina)
6 November 1632 – 6 June 1654		 Stockholm, 8 December 1626, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus and Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg Unmarried Rome, 19 April 1689, aged 62, buried at St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City

House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch of the House of Wittelsbach

Name Portrait Birth Marriage(s) Death
Charles X Gustav (Karl X Gustav)
6 June 1654 – 13 February 1660		 Nyköping Castle, 8 November 1622, son of John Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg and Catharina of Sweden (daughter of Charles IX) Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp Gothenburg, 13 February 1660, aged 37, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Charles XI (Karl XI)
13 February 1660 – 5 April 1697		 Tre Kronor (castle), 24 November 1655 son of Charles X and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp Ulrike Eleonora of Denmark Tre Kronor (castle), 5 April 1697, aged 41, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Charles XII (Karl XII)
5 April 1697 – 30 November 1718		 Tre Kronor (castle), 17 June 1682 son of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder Unmarried Fredrikshald, Norway, 30 November 1718, aged 36, buried in Riddarholmen Church
Ulrica Eleanor (Ulrika Eleonora)
5 December 1718 – 29 February 1720		 Tre Kronor (castle), 23 January 1688 daughter of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel Stockholm, 24 November 1741, aged 53, buried in Riddarholmen Church

House of Hesse

Name Portrait Birth Marriage(s) Death
Frederick (Fredrik I av Hessen)
24 March 1720 – 10 September 1721		 Kassel, (in today's Germany), 23 April 1676 son of Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Maria Amalia of Courland Louise Dorothea of Prussia
Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden		 Stockholm, 25 March 1751, aged 74, buried in Riddarholmen Church

On 10 September 1721, Sweden ceded Estonia to the Tsardom of Russia, in the Treaty of Nystad.

Governors during Swedish rule

References

  1. Also known as Duke of Estland or Prince of Estonia or Lord of Estonia
  2. ^ Skyum-Nielsen, Niels (1981). Danish Medieval History & Saxo Grammaticus. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-88073-30-0.
  3. "Overture in Europe". estonica.org. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  4. Michael, Jones (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36290-0.
  5. Christiansen, Eric (1997). The Northern Crusades. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-026653-5. Duke of Estonia.
  6. Moncure, James (1992). Research Guide to European Historical Biography. University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-933833-28-9.
  7. Joubert, Carl (1905). Russia as it Really is. E. Nash. p. 296. Duke of Estland.
  8. Note that the birth date is 8 December in the Julian calendar, which was in effect in Sweden at the time, corresponding to 18 December in the Gregorian calendar.
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