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{{Redirect|Kazar|the 2009 film|Kazar (film)|the Marvel Comics character|Ka-Zar|the village in Azerbaijan|Xəzər}}
{{Redirect|Khazar|places in Iran|Khazar, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Khazar, Iran}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{lead too long|date=November 2012}}
{{Too many photos|date=November 2012}}
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== notes ==
{{Split|Khazar Khaganate|date=November 2012}}
*]
*]
*]


=== Baroque / 17th Cent ===
{{Infobox Former Country
;Mid-century
|native_name =
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
|conventional_long_name = Hazar Kağanlığı<br>Eastern Tourkia<br>ממלכת הכוזרים<br>Khazaria
*] (1588–1679)
|common_name = Khazar
*] (1596–1650)
|continent = Asia
*] (1598–1680)
|region = Caucasus
*] (1599–1660)
|country =
*] (1606–1669)
|era = Middle Ages
*] (1622–1673)
|status = Khazar Khaganate
*] (1623–1662)
|year_start = 618
*] (1632–1675)
|year_end = 1048
*] (1632–1677)
|native_name =
{{colend}}
|event_pre =
|date_pre =
|event_start =
|date_start =
|event_end =
|date_end =
|image_flag =
|image_coat =Davestar.jpg
|symbol =
|symbol_type = Seal discovered in excavations
|image_map = Chasaren.jpg
|image_map_caption = Khazar Khaganate, 650–850
|capital = ] <small>(650-820)</small><br>] <small>(820-1048)</small>
|national_motto =
|national_anthem =
|common_languages = ]
|religion = ],<ref>{{Harvnb|Wexler|1996|p=50}}</ref> ], ], ],<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC&pg=PA136&dq=khazaria+christian&hl=en&ei=VH6MTqHOCoKh4gToguysCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=khazaria%20christian&f=false</ref><ref>.......in the middle ages in which pagans, Christians, Muslims and Jews, could peacefully co-exist..............http://books.google.com/books?id=pF-I25OC5ugC&pg=PA84&dq=khazaria+christian&hl=en&ei=VH6MTqHOCoKh4gToguysCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=khazaria%20christian&f=false</ref> ] and ]
|currency = ]
|leader1 = ]
|year_leader1 = 618–628
|leader2 = ]
|year_leader2 = 9th century
|leader3 = ]
|year_leader3 = 9th century
|leader4 = ]
|year_leader4 = 9th century
|leader5 = ]
|year_leader5 = 9th century
|leader6 = ]
|year_leader6 = 9th century
|leader7 = ]
|year_leader7 = 9th century
|leader8 = ]
|year_leader8 = 10th century
|leader9 = ]
|year_leader9 = 10th century
|leader10 = ]
|year_leader10 = 10th century
|leader11 = ]
|year_leader11 = 11th century
|title_leader = ]
}}{{History of Turkey}}{{History of Tatarstan}}{{History of Russia}}{{History of Ukraine}}
The '''Khazars''' (]: ]]]]]{{fact|date=January 2013}} {{IPA-tr|hɑˈzɑɾ|IPA}}) were semi-]ic ] who established one of the largest states of medieval Eurasia, with the capital of ] and territory comprising much of modern-day European ], western ], eastern ], ], large portions of the northern ] (], ]), parts of ], the ], and northeastern ].<ref>''Encyclopaedic ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia: A-I, Volume 1'' By R. Khanam</ref> Khazar inscriptions are mainly in an eastern Turkish ] script. ] is one of the very few primary sources on history of Khazars.
Khazaria was the first ] to be established in ].<ref>''The world of the Khazars: new perspectives '' page 202, by Peter B. Golden, Haggai Ben-Shammai, András Róna-Tas (BRILL, 2007)</ref> Khazaria was one of the major arteries of commerce between ] and ], as well as a connection to the ]. The name "Khazar" is found in numerous languages<ref>] ''sing.'' "{{lang|he-Latn|Kuzari}}" {{lang|he|כוזרי}} ''plur.'' "{{lang|he-Latn|Kuzarim}}" {{lang|he|כוזרים}}; ] ''sing.'' "{{lang|tr|Hazar}}" ''plur.'' {{lang|tr|Hazarlar}}; ] ''sing.'' {{lang|ru|Хазарин}} ''plur.'' {{lang|ru|Хазары}}; ] ''sing.'' {{lang|tt|Xäzär}} ''plur.'' {{lang|tt|Xäzärlär}}; ] ''sing.'' {{lang|crh|Hazar}}, ''plur.'' {{lang|crh|Hazarlar}}; ] {{lang|el|Χαζάροι}}/{{lang|el|Χάζαροι}}; ] {{lang|fa|خزر}} ''khazar''; ] "{{lang|la|Gazari}}" or "{{lang|la|Cosri}}"</ref> and seems to be tied to a ] verb form meaning "wandering" (Modern Turkish: Gezer).<ref>cf. ] adjective 'gezer' = "mobile", verb 'gezmek' = "to walk around", 'gez-' being the root for the idea of "stroll".</ref> Because of their jurisdiction over the area in the past, Turkic people today still call the ] the '']''. ] is a term used by historians to refer to the period during which the Khazaria dominated the ] and the ].


;Late
The period when the Khazars had their greatest power corresponded with the European ], and took place at a very important time for the creation of ].<ref>Adshead 1988, China in World History (New York, NY: St Martin’s Press); and Adshead 1997, Material Culture in Europe and China, 1400–1800 (New York, NY: St Martin’s Press</ref> Its strategic importance between ] on one side and the ] and ] on the other, temporarily gave all of Eurasia incredible riches.<ref>Thomas T. Allsen 1997, ‘Ever Closer Encounters: The Appropriation of Culture and the Apportionment of Peoples in the Mongol Empire’, Journal of Early Modern History, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2-23. And S. A. M. Adshead 1993, Central Asia in World History (New York, NY: St Martin’s Press);)</ref>
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
*] (1632–1704)
*] (1642–1726/27)
*] (1646–1716)
*] (1653–1706)
*] (1659–1695)
*] (1660–1725)
*] (1678–1741)
*] (1681–1767)
*] (1683–1764)
*] (1685–1750)
*] (1685–1759)
{{colend}}


=== Enlightenment / 18th Cent ===
In ] (9th-11th centuries) ] sources written in ], Khazaria was referred to as Eastern ] ('']''), whereas the ] was referred to as Western Tourkia.<ref>Carter V. Findley, , Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51</ref><ref>Peter B. Golden, , Ashgate/Variorum, 2003.
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
"Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and Hungary as 'Western Tourkia.'" Carter Vaughn Findley, , Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden, 'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' ''Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi'' 2 (1982), 37–76.</ref>


*] (1685–1753)
Khazaria had an ongoing ''entente'' with ]. Serving their ] in wars against the ], Khazars aided the Byzantine emperor ] (reigned 610–641) by sending an army of 40,000 soldiers<ref>http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&pg=PA230&lpg=PA230&dq=khazars+40000&source=bl&ots=HED5ynlDuP&sig=H1wHJ2PDC5D804-i3eiXBKU5ucA&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=N6QhUK24E6uL4gSlioDwAw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=khazars%2040000&f=false</ref> in their campaign against the ]ns in the ].<ref>, ] online</ref> In 775, ] (son of ]) was crowned as the sole emperor of the ]. ] (a Turkish word meaning White Fortress) was built in 830s by a joint team of ] and Khazar architects to protect the north-western border of the Khazar state.<ref>http://www.khazaria.com/sarkel.html</ref> The ] during the construction of Sarkel was ] (Πετρωνᾶς Καματηρός) who later became the ] of ].
*] (1689–1755)
*] (1706–1790)
*] (1709–1784)
*] (1711–1776)
*] (1712–1778)
*] (1713–1784)
*] (1724–1804)
*] (1729–1797)
*] (1732–1809)
*] (1743–1826)
*] (1749–1832)
*] (1751–1836)
*] (1755–1804)
*] (1756–1791)


{{colend}}
Khazars played a role in the balance of powers and destiny of world civilization. After Kubrat's ] was destroyed by the Khazars, some of the Bulgars fled to the west and founded a new ] (present day ]) near the Danubian Plain, under the command of ]. The most of the rest of the Bulgars fled to the north of the Volga River region and founded another state there called ] (present day ] and ]).<ref name="khazaria.com">http://www.khazaria.com/khazar-history.html</ref> The eldest son of ], ] allied his ] (Black Bulgars) with the Khazars. Kara-Bulgars were descendent of the tribes from ]'s state called ].


== ] ==
By serving as a ] between ] and ], the Khazars helped to block the western spread of ] in ]. Some scholars go to the extreme of arguing that, in the unlikely scenario Arabs had occupied what is now Ukraine and Russia, the ] might never have been able to push south and east from the Baltic to establish ].<ref>David Keys; Catastrophe: An Investigation into the Origins of Modern Civilization</ref>
*] , ]
* http://www.denverpioneers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=18600&ATCLID=1152658
* http://www.denverpost.com/du/ci_22916338/george-gwozdecky-out-du-hockey-coach-after-19
* http://www.denverpost.com/lunchspecial/ci_22923234/george-gwozdecky-firing-hockey-coach-at-du-both
* http://www.denverpost.com/du/ci_22924272/george-gwozdecky-initially-stunned-and-shocked-by-firing


==Apperception==
The Khazars had, for years, been venturing forth southward, in their marauding raids on the Muslim countries south of the Caucasus.<ref>http://www.apfn.org/thewinds/library/khazars.html</ref>
* http://www.studyplace.org/Apperception


==]==
In a ], Khazars are mentioned as follows: ''Allah's Apostle (]) said, "The Hour will not be established until you fight with the Turks; people with small eyes, red faces, and flat noses. Their faces will look like shields coated with leather. The Hour will not be established till you fight with people whose shoes are made of hair." (Volume 4, Book 52, Number 179)<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20110427081114/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/052.sbt.html</ref>''
*http://www.westword.com/2013-07-11/music/little-fyodor-and-babushka-band/full/
*https://web.archive.org/web/20140314193348/http://www.readthehorn.com/lifestyle/sxsw_2014/91191/sxsw_2014_artist_spotlight_little_fyodor_and_babushka
*http://www.ticketfly.com/event/265509-radio-1190-little-fyodor-denver/
*http://www.spin.com/2014/01/sxsw-2014-bands-lineup-guide-dum-girls-mobb-deep/
*http://www.heyreverb.com/blog/2014/03/05/steal-track-little-fyodor/86412/


== Medieval history ==
The first major attempt of the Muslim armies to take control of the Transcaucasus came in 642. Islamic armies conquered part of ], ], ], ], ], and what is now the modern-day post-Soviet Republic of ] and surrounded the Byzantine heartland (present-day ]) in a pincer movement which extended from the Mediterranean to the Caucasus and the southern shores of the Caspian. This was the time when the long series of wars called the ] began. These wars largely ended with Arab defeats, with a fairly well-known commander, ], perishing in one instance. The Arab armies' inability to traverse the Caucasus played a role in preventing them from succeeding in their siege of the Byzantine capital, ]. Coupled with the military barrier presented by the Khazars themselves, this protected Europe from more direct and intensive assaults by the forces of Islam.
===Carolingians===
*http://en.wikipedia.org/Carolingian_Empire
*http://en.wikipedia.org/Middle_Ages#Carolingian_Europe
*EB, Carolingians, Martel & Pippin, Charlemagne , http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215768/France/40279/The-hegemony-of-Neustria
*http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/96523/Carolingian-dynasty
*https://www.google.com/#q=carolingian+dynasty&hl=en&tbm=bks
*http://www.emersonkent.com/royal_and_ruling_families/carolingian_dynasty.htm
*encyc, Carolingians, http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Carolingians.aspx
*early Carolingians, prelude to empire, https://books.google.com/books?id=Is2WQyLMKV4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=carolingian+empire&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lPRHVePqAYahgwSiwoDQDw&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=carolingian%20empire&f=false
*MacLean, end of Carolingians, late 9th C, https://books.google.com/books?id=0Icl9qL3FnMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=carolingian+empire&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yPRHVbDAM47ggwSqxoGQDQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=carolingian%20empire&f=false


====]====
After fighting the ] to a standstill in the North Caucasus, Khazars became increasingly interested in replacing their ] with a state religion that would give them equal religious standing with their ] neighbors. During the 8th century, the Khazar royalty and much of the aristocracy converted to a form of ].<ref>], a leader of the ] in the 19th century, argued that the Khazars converted to ]. See {{cite journal|title=The Khazar kingdom's conversion to Judaism|author=]|journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies|volume=2|issue=3|year=1978|pages=261&ndash;281|jstor=41035790}} for a discussion.</ref> ] is the name of the rabbi who converted the Khazars to Judaism according to Jewish sources.
*Charlemagne, https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=charlemagne


*Rosamund McKitterick, Charlemagne Formation of European Identity,
Khazars were judged according to the ], while the other tribes were judged according to their own laws.<ref name="khazaria.com"/>
:- http://books.google.com/books?id=kxb8kR4hvbQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
:- Einhard's Charl., http://books.google.com/books?id=kxb8kR4hvbQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false


*Rosamund McKitterick, Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians, 751-987 , https://www.questia.com/read/52238336/the-frankish-kingdoms-under-the-carolingians-751-987
Being a surprisingly tolerant and pluralistic society, even its army incorporated Jews, Christians, Muslims and Pagans at a time when religious warfare was the order of the day around the Mediterranean and in Western Europe. By welcoming educated and worldly Jews from both Christian Europe and the Islamic Middle East, Khazars rapidly absorbed many of the arts and technologies of civilization. As a direct result of this ], they became one of the very few Asian steppe tribal societies that successfully made the transition from nomad to ]. Settling in their newly created towns and cities between the Caspian Sea and the Crimean Peninsula on the Black Sea, they became literate and multi-lingual agriculturalists, manufacturers and international traders.<ref>Kevin A. Brook, The Jews of Khazaria, Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson Inc., 1999, pages 82-86, 99-107; and Samuel Kurinsky, The Glassmakers: An Odyssey of the Jews, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1991, pages 321-352</ref>
:- discussion of implications of Charlemagne coronation , p.70-72
:- Louis I , p. 106-


*Matthew Innes, State and Society in the Early Middle Ages : The Middle Rhine Valley, 400-1000,
Between 965 and 969, Khazar sovereignty was broken by ]. ] defeated them in 965 by conquering the Khazar fortress of ]. Two years later, Sviatoslav conquered ], after which he campaigned in the ].The Rus and the Hungarians both adopted the dual-kingship system of the Khazars ''(The kingship is divided between the khagan and the ]. The Khagan was purely a spiritual ruler or figurehead with limited powers, while the Bek was responsible for administration and military affairs)''. The Rus princes even borrowed Turkic words like ] and ]. Many artifacts from the Khazars, exhibiting their artistic and industrial talents, have survived to the present day which are today being exhibited in the ].<ref name="khazaria.com"/>
:- http://0-site.ebrary.com.albuq.cabq.gov/lib/abqpl/detail.action?docID=5000328&p00=charlemagne
:- https://books.google.com/books?id=CtUueBIMm-cC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
:- division of Carolingian power, 9th c, p.195 (211)


*Bryce , Restoration of the Western Empire,
==Origins and prehistory==
:-Louis I , p.76 , https://books.google.com/books?id=O8cQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false
]: Alexander the Great, had locked these horse-riding barbarians of the far north behind the ] with iron gates.<ref>Bietenholz, Peter G. (1994). Historia and fabula: myths and legends in historical thought from antiquity to the modern age</ref>, in what is likely modern day ] and ].]]
]
]
] in the 1930s.]]
]
] to entrench themselves against the attacks of the ].]]
]
]
Despite becoming one of the largest polities in Europe at one time, strangely the origins of the Khazars are unclear.


*Cantor , Louis I - p. 193
===Uyghurs===
:- Otto pp. 212-215
* Certain scholars, such as ] and ], considered the Khazars to be connected with a ] or ] confederation tribe called ] in ] sources from the 7th century (Suishu, 84). The ] appears to have been an ] tongue, similar to that spoken by the early ] and corresponding to the modern day ] dialects.<ref>The Oghuric origin hypothesis for the ] has been disputed by recent scholarship; for a full discussion ''see'' Erdal (2007).</ref> ] along with ] and ] claimed that the Khazars were a tribal union of ], ], and some other Central Asian ]. That theory is favored among most of the post-Soviet Russian scholars.<ref>These theories mostly originate from 19th-century Kreolic writings, which had the intent of proving that this tribe originated from Turkish descent, distancing themselves from the original Jewish lineage, and therefore exempting themselves from Christian religious discrimination towards the original Jews. This same distancing has survived into the Soviet era. See chapter in "Identity, Assimilation and Revival: Ethnosocial Processes among the Jewish Population of the Former Soviet Union" a research paper from ] in 2007</ref>


*Whaley, translatio imperii, origins of HRE and link to Roman rule, http://books.google.com/books?id=QXdPzWXCphkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false
===Huns===
*Otto I- , http://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=otto&f=false
* A ] origin has also been postulated, particularly as an '']'' tribe, by such scholars as ] and ]. Khazars are mentioned after the fall of the Hunnic ] Empire in 454.<ref>, Hrono {{ru icon}}</ref> Since the Hun empire was not ethnically homogeneous, this proposal is not necessarily in conflict with others.


{{collapse top|title=HRE}}
Hun was a sub-tribe of ancient central Asian Tribe Gurjar/Gujjar, mostly known as Yuezhi by Chinese Scholers . These peoples were lived in North-east of Chinese Kingdoms( Present Ganshu provience of China). By 350 BCE, Chinese officials knew of three powerful groups of mounted, nomadic pastoral people north of China.1 (See map at right.) One of these groups, the Xiongnu (Hsiung-nu), was in the Ordos region2and most of Mongolia (including Inner Mongolia).3 To the east of the Xiongnu, in eastern Mongolia and the plains of Manchuria, there was the second group, the Donghu (Tung-hu).4 The third group, the Yuezhi (Yueh-chi), were west of the Ordos region, in the region of Gansu (Kansu).In 175 BCE The Xiongnu defeated the Yuezhi and dominated all of what is now the modern province of Xinjiang (Sinkiang). The leader of the Yuezhi was killed and his skull was made into a drinking cup.


---------------------
Following Chinese sources, a large part of the Yuezhi people therefore fell under the domination of the Xiongnu, and these may have been the ancestors of the Tocharian speakers attested in the 6th century CE. A very small group of Yuezhi fled south to the territory of the Proto-Tibetan Qiang and came to be known to the Chinese as the "Small Yuezhi". According to the Hanshu, they only numbered around 150 families


{{reflist}}
After 40 years Gurjars (Yuezhi) made kingdoms , Kushana - Gurjars were made a big kingdom . Gurjar was a very complex Tribe divided by many sub - tribes like as Kushana, Khatana, Karahana(Kara- Huna), These Huna take the thrones of modern Afganistan , Pakistan, India and other central asian places and made many huna kingdoms . Now a days Huna peoples can be found in India as a Gotr of Gurjar Tribe. It is likely that the Khazar nation itself was made up of tribes from various ethnic backgrounds, as ] nations traditionally absorbed those they conquered. Their name would accordingly be derived from Turkic *''qaz-'', meaning "to wander, flee." ]n chronicles contain references to the Khazars as early as the late 2nd century. These are generally regarded as ]s, and most scholars believe that they refer to ]s or ]s. ] stated that one of the nations in the ]nish confederacy was called ]. Their king was named ] or Karidachus. Some, going on the similarity between Akatziroi and "Ak-Khazar" (see below), have speculated that the Akatziroi were early proto-Khazars.


{{collapse bottom}}
===Transoxiana origin===
* Dmitri Vasilyev of ] recently hypothesized {{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} that the Khazars moved in to the Pontic steppe region only in the late 6th century, and originally lived in ]. According to Vasilyev, Khazar populations remained behind in Transoxiana under ] and ] ], possibly remaining in contact with the main body of their people. ] claims that Khazars were driven out of the region by the rising ]s. In September 2008, Vasilyev reported findings in ] that he thought represented a medieval Jewish capital. Dr Simon Kraiz, an expert on ] at the ], pointed out that no Khazar writings have been found: "We know a lot about them, and yet we know almost nothing: Jews wrote about them, and so did Russians, Georgians, and Armenians, to name a few. But from the Khazars themselves, we have nearly nothing."<ref Name="Kraiz">{{cite news| title =Scholar claims to find medieval Jewish capital | agency =Associated Press | publisher =]| date =2008-09-22 | url =http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,425687,00.html | accessdate =2008-10-28}}</ref>


====Maps====
*481-814 - http://en.wikipedia.org/File:Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg
*814 - http://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Europe_814.svg
*843-870 - http://commons.wikimedia.org/File:843-870_Europe.jpg


===Gurjar origin=== ===Vikings===
*EB , http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628781/Viking
Khazar are divided into two main groups , one is kara-khazar,indian origin and another is Ak-Khazar. As per some scholors Khazars are originates from Gurjar-Hunissh Tribe.Khazars were made their Kingdom after The fall of Hunish kingdom of Attila . As this is well known that Attila is closely related to Gurjar Tribe .The structure of Gurjar/Gujjar/ Guzar/ Gazar was very complex and divided into many Sub- Tribes called Gotr. Kushana, Huna, Kara-Huna(Karhana), Khatana, (Khotan of Chiona named after Khatana King, ]), Chechi( Chechenya is named after Chechi - Gurjars) .One Chechi Kingdom was placed in Chechenya While another was in North China. Georgia is named after Gurjar peoples, Arebian writer called Gurjaristan(Land of Gurjars) to Georgia.
*Cambridge History of Scandanavia - http://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
These all factors indicates that Khazar is modified name of Ancient Central Asian Tribe Gurjar who made many kingdoms in Asia.
*Peter Sawyer , ed. , The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings (1997) , ...
*Else Roesdahl, The Vikings (1998) , http://books.google.com/books?id=S9XNbDqS7dsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Vikings+Else+Roesdahl&hl=en&sa=X&ei=L-amU5TwKsyCogTH6oKoBQ&ved=0CCoQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Vikings%20Else%20Roesdahl&f=false
*T.D. Kendrick, A History of the Vikings (1930) , http://books.google.com/books?id=RrTCAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
*Paul Christian Sinding , History of Scandinavia: From the Early Times of the Northmen and Vikings to ... (1860) , http://books.google.com/books?id=hs4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=vikings%20history&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q=vikings%20history&f=false
*Ferguson (Hist Ch series) - http://books.google.com/books?id=HY_klT7NjvAC&lpg=PP1&dq=vikings%20history&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=vikings%20history&f=false
*Logan - http://books.google.com/books?id=_TD-AQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=vikings%20history&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=vikings%20history&f=false
*Oliver - http://books.google.com/books?id=NV5YAQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=vikings%20history&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=vikings%20history&f=false
*Angelo Forte, Richard D. Oram, Frederik Pedersen - http://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C&lpg=PP1&dq=vikings%20history&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=vikings%20history&f=false
*Viking language, runic inscriptions - http://books.google.com/books?id=p8ZK3v0hrk4C&lpg=PP1&dq=vikings%20history&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=vikings%20history&f=false
*longships - http://books.google.com/books?id=KwmRv3QAk3kC&lpg=PP1&dq=vikings%20history&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false
*trade, settlement - http://books.google.com/books?id=moFItudb2msC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false


===Others=== ===Russia & Balkans===
*John V.A. Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century (1991), http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Early_Medieval_Balkans.html?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C
Following the ] of the Khazarian royalty and aristocracy, their descendants began to claim origins in ], a son of ]{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}. Togarmah is mentioned in ] (Chapter 10 verses 2 & 3) as a grandson of ]. Some scholars in the former ] considered the Khazars to be an ] of the ], mostly ]. They argue that the name ''khazar'' comes from the Chechen language, meaning ''beautiful valley''.<ref>, accessed 23 Dec 2010</ref>
*John V.A. Fine, The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest (1994), http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Late_Medieval_Balkans.html?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC
*Paul Magocsi, History of Ukraine: http://books.google.ie/books?id=BNUtdVrw6lIC&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false
*Martin, Russia: http://books.google.ie/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false
*Walter Moss, A History of Russia: To 1917 (2005) , http://books.google.com/books?id=BXgNSFIEJ2QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=russian+history&hl=en&sa=X&ei=n8qzUeiTCebgigLC_4HABw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=russian%20history&f=false
*Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (2003), http://books.google.com/books?id=sRCc3TtL9bIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=russian+medieval+history&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vsqzUYzaOe6aigKww4DYDA&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=russian%20medieval%20history&f=false
*Georgije Ostrogorski, , p.228
*George Majeska, , A Companion to Russian History] (Abbott Gleason, ed., 2009), p.51
*Simon Franklin, Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c.950–1300, https://www.questia.com/read/105100510/writing-society-and-culture-in-early-rus-c-950-1300


====]====
==Tribes==
*Primary Chronicle, complete: http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf
The Khazars' tribal structure is not well understood. They were divided between ''Ak-Khazars'' ("White Khazars") and ''Kara-Khazars'' ("Black Khazars"). The 10th-century Muslim geographer al-] claimed that the White Khazars were strikingly handsome with reddish hair, white skin and blue eyes while the Black Khazars were swarthy verging on deep black as if they were "some kind of ]n".<ref>Dunlop, ''History'' 96.</ref> Many Turkic nations had a similar (political, not racial) division between a "white" ruling warrior caste and a "black" class of commoners; the consensus among mainstream scholars is that Istakhri was confused by the names given to the two groups.<ref>Brook 3-4.</ref> However, Khazars are described by the generality of early Arab sources as having a white complexion, blue eyes, and reddish hair.<ref>Raphael Patai, Jennifer Patai, The myth of the Jewish race, Wayne State University Press, 1989, p.70</ref><ref>Jits Van Straten, The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unraveled, Walter de Gruyter, 2011, p.148</ref><ref>Joseph Roth, Radetzkymarsch, Tredition, 2011, p.136</ref><ref>Fundația Culturalǎ Română, Plural: culture & civilization, Ausgabe 27, The Foundation, 2006, p.232</ref><ref>Kevin Alan Brook, The Jews of Khazaria, Rowman & Littlefield, 2009, p.3</ref> The Turkic affinities of the Khazars are confirmed by modern anthropological studies.<ref>Mourant, A. E.; Kopec, A. C.; and Domaniewska-Sobczak, K. The Distribution of the Human Blood Groups and Other Polymorphisms. London: Oxford University Press, 1976</ref>
*]
*timeline: http://books.google.com/books?id=dhm0cGdrTOIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA389#v=onepage&q&f=false
--------
*] , ]
*943 / 968 , ]
*943, Caspian attack , http://books.google.com/books?id=d-XiZO8V4qUC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=Bardha%27a+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&source=bl&ots=buQbzi9VOy&sig=Ald5PDsxWvwijP840kujzz7p6KE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5JcBUtGzI823qAH_y4HoBQ&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Bardha%27a%20Encyclopaedia%20of%20Islam&f=false , Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia, edited by Phillip Pulsiano, 1993
*944 , Birnbaum 49 , http://books.google.com/books?id=k7Z6d0ifWfEC&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false - Henrik Birnbaum, ''Christianity before Christianization: Christians and Christian Activity in Pre-988 Rus''', California Slavic Studies, vol. 16:1 (Boris Gasporov, ed., University of California Press, 1993), pp.48-62.
---------
*945 , death , ]
*945 , Igor death - Olga , 38 , George Vernadsky, Kievan Russia (1976), http://books.google.com/books?id=1HEdAP9N6ikC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false
*945, Igor death , Czars 20 , http://books.google.com/books?id=5aDCySDCuHgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false
*945, Igor death , Early Slavs 243 , http://books.google.com/books?id=1Z9ItAtbJ5AC&lpg=PA243&dq=igor%20to%20sviatoslav&pg=PA243#v=onepage&q=igor%20to%20sviatoslav&f=false
*945, Olga / Sviatoslav , Moss , 17: http://books.google.com/books?id=BXgNSFIEJ2QC&lpg=PA17&dq=igor%20to%20sviatoslav&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=igor%20to%20sviatoslav&f=false
*Magiosi , Olga / 945-65 , p.68: http://books.google.com/books?id=BNUtdVrw6lIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=true
---------
*962 , Svait vs Khazars , Brooks 151 http://books.google.com/books?id=hEuIveNl9kcC&lpg=PA153&dq=rus'%20khazars&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q=rus'%20khazars&f=false
*962-72 , Logan , 195 , http://books.google.com/books?id=XldSYkGIeLwC&lpg=PA185&vq=Rus'&pg=PA195#v=snippet&q=Rus'&f=false
*965 , Rus'-Khazars , ]
*] , ]
*965 , Fine 1991, p.169: Discussing Bulgarian trade -- "Bulgaria was an important transit point, lying between the Byzantine Empire and either central Europe or Russia and the Steppes. Some towns, such as Perejaslavec on the Danube, were to acquire great prosperity from this trade. Svjatoslav of Kiev described Perejaslavec in the mid-960s as more properous than his own well-known trading center of Kiev."
*965-972 , Fine 1991, pp.180-187: Svjatoslav
*Pechngs 968- , Martin 980 , p.18: http://books.google.com/books?id=sRCc3TtL9bIC&lpg=PP1&dq=russian%20medieval%20history&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q=russian%20medieval%20history&f=false
*] (950s-960s) , ] , 969-986
*968 , p.268 , Timothy E. Gregory, A History of Byzantium (2010) , http://books.google.com/books?id=gXCl9P0vKS4C&lpg=PA220&pg=PA268#v=onepage&q&f=false
*968 , 503 , Warren T. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (1997) , http://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC&lpg=PA446&pg=PA503#v=onepage&q&f=false
*968, Spanei , p.98: http://books.google.com/books?id=2vl538CMBsAC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA98#v=onepage&q&f=false
*Byz, 971 , Majeska , http://books.google.ie/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&lpg=PA51&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false
*981 , Moss , 31 , http://books.google.com/books?id=BXgNSFIEJ2QC&lpg=PP1&dq=russian%20history&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q=Pechenegs&f=false
*Moss , Pechngs /Vladimir 1036 , p.30 , http://books.google.com/books?id=BXgNSFIEJ2QC&lpg=PP1&dq=russian%20history&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q=Pechenegs&f=false
---------
*KR trade routes: http://books.google.ie/books?id=BNUtdVrw6lIC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false - http://books.google.ie/books?id=BNUtdVrw6lIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q&f=false - http://books.google.ie/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q&f=false - http://books.google.com/books?id=BXgNSFIEJ2QC&lpg=PP1&dq=russian%20history&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q=russian%20history&f=false


== ] ==
==Rise==
*New Mexico Athletics,
:*archived MG13-14:
:*archived MG 16-17:
*Lobo Basketball Game Notes 2012-13 , http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/nm/sports/w-baskbl/auto_pdf/2012-13/release/release_20130120aaa.pdf
*Lobo Basketball Game Notes 2013-14 , https://admin.xosn.com/pdf9/2560546.pdf


*NCAA Final Four Media Guide 2014 - http://www.ncaa.org/championships/statistics/ncaa-mens-basketball-final-four-records-books , http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_final4/2014/2EarlyRounds.pdf
===Formation of the Khazar state===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2011}}
], c. 650, showing the early territory of the Khazars and their neighbors.]]
]ates at their height, c. 600 CE. Lighter areas show direct rule; darker areas show spheres of influence.]]
{{Further|European Avars}} {{See also|Caucasian Avars|Akatziroi|List of Khazar rulers}}
Early Khazar history is intimately tied with that of the ] Empire, founded when the ] clan overthrew the ] in 552 CE. It is known that in 515-516 Hunnic-] attacked Armenia. The widow of the Hunnic-] prince Bolakh Boariks concluded a peace with Byzantium in 527. In 529, Prince ] of the ] fought the social movement led by the ] priest ]. Numerous Jewish families who supported the movement had to flee the country north of ]. In 552, a western-Turkic khaganate is mentioned led by ] (or ''Tumen'') out of the ] clan. There are some speculations that the Western portion of the Göktürk Empire in the West became known as ].<ref> {{ru icon}}</ref> During that time, there is mention of ] and Khazars' attacks on ].


=== Giddens, Thomas ===
The first significant appearance of the Khazars in history is their aid to the campaign of the ] emperor ] against the ] ]ns. The Khazar ruler Ziebel (sometimes identified as ] of the West Turks) aided the Byzantines in overrunning ]. A marriage was even contemplated between Ziebel's son and Heraclius' daughter, but never took place. During these campaigns, the Khazars may have been ruled by ] and their forces may have been under the command of his son ].<ref>Pletneva 15-16.</ref>
UNM graduation: https://www.abqjournal.com/1417060/better-late-than-never-thomas-earns-his-degree.html


=== Hunter Greene ===
With the collapse of the Göktürk Empire due to internal conflict in the 6th century, the western half of the Turkish empire split into a number of tribal confederations, among whom were the ], led by the ], and the Khazars, led by the ] clan, the traditional rulers of the Göktürk Empire. By 670, the Khazars had broken the Bulgar confederation, causing various tribal groups to migrate and leaving two remnants of Bulgar rule - ], and the ]n khanate on the ] River.
*AZ block: http://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/04/sports/arizona-stunned-by-new-mexico.html
*' ': http://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/01/03/The-Pit-claimed-another-victim-Saturday-nightHunter-Greene-knocked/2081568184400/
*broadcasting: http://www.golobos.com/news/2014/10/20/209727190.aspx
*broadcasting: http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/blog/morning-edition/2014/10/sperry-van-ness-adviser-greene-will-call-lobo-men.html


=== Weir ===
During the 7th and 8th centuries, the Khazar fought a series of wars against the ], which was attempting simultaneously to expand its influence into ] and the ]. The first war was fought in the early 650 and ended with the defeat of an Arab force led by ] outside the Khazar town of ], after a battle in which both sides used ]s on the others' troops.
*https://www.abqjournal.com/1030638/unms-weir-has-a-golden-experience-in-egypt.html
]
A number of Russian sources give the name of a Khazar khagan, ], from this period, and describe him as a scion of the Göktürk royal house, the Ashina. Whether Irbis ever existed is open to debate, as is the issue of whether he can be identified with one of the many Göktürk rulers of the same name.


=== 2016-17 ===
Several further conflicts erupted in the decades that followed, with Arab attacks and Khazar raids into ]. There is evidence from the account of al-Tabari that the Khazars formed a united front with the remnants of the Göktürks in Transoxiana.
*https://www.abqjournal.com/980643/the-craig-neal-era-at-unm-a-timeline.html


===Khazars and Byzantium=== === 2015-16 ===
*preview - http://www.golobos.com/news/2015/11/2/MBB_1102154934.aspx
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2011}}
*All-MWC: http://www.abqjournal.com/735742/sports/adams-is-mountain-west-player-of-the-year-two-lobos-earn-first-team-honors.html
{{see also|Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628|Third Perso-Turkic War}}
Khazar dominion over most of the ] dates from the late 7th century CE. In the mid-8th century, the rebellious ] were put down and their city, ] (modern Mangup) occupied. A Khazar tudun was resident at ] in the 690s, despite the fact that this town was nominally subject to the ].


=== 2014-15 review ===
The Khazars are also known to have been allied with the Byzantine Empire during at least part of the 8th century. In 704/705 ], exiled in ], escaped into Khazar territory and married ], the sister of the Khagan ]. With the aid of his wife, he escaped from Busir, who was working against him with the usurper ], murdering two Khazar officials in the process. He fled to ], whose Khan ] helped him regain the throne. The Khazars later provided aid to the rebel general ], who seized the throne in 711 as Emperor ].
*Hugh career: http://www.abqjournal.com/551179/sports/seniors-look-to-end-with-flourish.html
*Hugh , season: http://www.mwcconnection.com/2015/4/29/8508697/new-mexico-basketball-breaking-down-hugh-greenwood
*Hugh, http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865629563/Utah-Jazz-Hugh-Greenwood-isn7t-just-a-hoops-prospect-he7s-a-philanthropist.html?pg=all
*http://www.abqjournal.com/555718/sports/after-15-16-season-lobos-plan-on-a-reset.html
*The Pit lights, http://www.abqjournal.com/581959/news/lighting-up-pit-tower.html
*Hugh, footy - http://www.abqjournal.com/631238/sports/former-lobo-greenwood-drops-hoops-to-pursue-aussie-rules-football.html
:*2017, pre Grand Final: http://www.themercury.com.au/sport/afl/hugh-greenwood-draws-on-his-past-experience-for-afls-big-day/news-story/78ff2f46db4f22e1db486ac87bf2a042


=== Mike Roberts ===
The Byzantine emperor ] married his son Constantine (later ] Kopronymous) to the Khazar princess ] (Çiçek in Turkish), daughter of the Khagan ]) as part of the alliance between the two empires. Tzitzak, who was baptized as Irene, became famous for her wedding gown, which started a fashion craze in Constantinople for a type of robe (for men) called ''tzitzakion''. Their son Leo (]) would be better known as "Leo the Khazar".
:- http://www.golobos.com/news/2016/9/13/general-legendary-former-announcer-mike-roberts-passes-away.aspx
:- https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-bDCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=mike+roberts+albuquerque&source=bl&ots=MmfugaWUN2&sig=GodLyiO2H6LFQQ5FZbbFLYTaVcw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2t6L4wo_PAhVj5YMKHbFFDTQ4HhDoAQhPMAk#v=onepage&q=mike%20roberts%20albuquerque&f=false
:- http://www.golobos.com/sports/2015/5/12/GEN_20140101101.aspx
:- https://www.abqjournal.com//sports/302946sports04-26-08.htm
:- http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/abqjournal/obituary.aspx?n=mike-roberts&pid=181451672&fhid=7153
:- http://www.kob.com/albuquerque-news/longtime-lobo-mike-roberts-honored-at-the-pit/4273651/?cat=500
:- http://krqe.com/2016/09/25/voice-of-the-lobos-mike-roberts-remembered-at-public-viewing/


===Second Arab–Khazar war=== === Loose ends ===
*Pit - Dreamstyle seeks input on naming, 5/11/17: https://www.abqjournal.com/1002257
{{anchor|Second Khazar-Arab war}}{{Main|Arab–Khazar Wars}}
:- https://www.abqjournal.com/1006440/fans-dont-shy-from-helping-to-name-pit.html
] to 750 CE.<br> From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923 <br> Courtesy of The General Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin]]
:- https://www.abqjournal.com/1009615/choices-have-been-narrowed-down-for-pit-2.html


*Mel Daniels, HoF induction, http://www.hoophall.com/hall-of-famers/tag/mel-daniels
Hostilities broke out again with the Caliphate in the 710s, with raids back and forth across the Caucasus but few decisive battles. The Khazars, led by a prince named ], invaded northwestern ] and defeated the ] forces at ] in December 730, killing the Arab general ] and briefly occupying the town. They were defeated the next year at ], where Barjik directed Khazar forces from a throne mounted with al-Djarrah's severed head, and Barjik was killed. Arab armies led first by the Arab prince ] and then by Marwan ibn Muhammad (later Caliph ]) poured across the Caucasus and eventually (in 737) defeated a Khazar army led by ], briefly occupying ] itself and possibly forcing the Khagan to convert to Islam. The instability of the Umayyad regime made a permanent occupation impossible; the Arab armies withdrew and Khazar independence was re-asserted. It has been speculated that the adoption of ] (which in this theory would have taken place around 740) was part of this re-assertion of ].
:- mentions Ira Harge, Bob King, Tow Diehm in acceptance speech


*Katz vid , http://www.archive.today/cEbbD{{dead link <!-- consider change the domain --> }}
Around 729, Arab sources give the name of the ruler of the Khazars as ] or Barsbek, a woman who appears to have directed military operations against them. This suggests that women could have very high positions within the Khazar state, possibly even as a stand-in for the khagan.


*Cody Toppert update, June 2018: https://www.abqjournal.com/1188513/albuquerques-toppert-is-rising-with-the-suns.html
Although they stopped the ] expansion into ] for some time after these wars, the Khazars were forced to withdraw behind the Caucasus. In the ensuing decades they extended their territories from the ] in the east (many cultures still call the Caspian Sea "Khazar Sea"; e.g. "Xəzər dənizi" in ], "Hazar Denizi" in Turkish, "Bahr ul-Khazar" in Arabic, "Darya-ye Khazar" in Persian) to the steppe region north of ] in the west, as far west at least as the ] River.


*Craig Neal , http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20131119/PC20/131129983/1032/lobos-x2019-neal-a-cremins-favorite
In 758, the ] ] Abdullah ] ordered ], one of his nobles and military governor of ], to take a royal Khazar bride and make peace. Yazid took home a daughter of Khagan ], the Khazar leader. Unfortunately, the girl died inexplicably, possibly in childbirth. Her attendants returned home, convinced that some Arab faction had poisoned her, and her father was enraged. A Khazar general named ] invaded what is now northwestern Iran, plundering and raiding for several months. Thereafter relations between the Khazars and the ] (whose foreign policies were generally less expansionist than its Umayyad predecessor) became increasingly cordial.
:*http://www.si.com/college-basketball/2014/06/18/year-1-year-2-chat-new-mexico-coach-craig-neal
:*http://www.abqjournal.com/239775/sports/college/neal-gets-to-make-his-mark-3.html


*68 tournmt - http://www.abqjournal.com/370923/sports/heartache-from-the-beginning.html
==Extent of influence==
The Khazar Khaganate was, at its height, an immensely powerful state. The Khazar heartland was on the lower Volga and the Caspian coast as far south as ]. The territory of the Bulgars, themselves legendary for their fierceness in battle, was conquered by the Khazars in 642. A portion of them fled westward to the region of the Danube in the Balkans and formed what is now modern-day Bulgaria.<ref>Brook, The Jews of Khazaria, p. 16.</ref> In addition, from the late 7th century the Khazars controlled most of the ] and the northeast littoral of the ]. By 800 Khazar holdings included most of the Pontic steppe as far west as the ] and as far east as the Aral Sea (some Turkic history atlases show the Khazar sphere of influence extending well east of the Aral). During the Arab–Khazar war of the early 8th century, some Khazars evacuated to the ] foothills, and some settlements may have remained. For a century and a half, the Khazars were the supreme masters of the southern half of Eastern Europe and presented a virtually impenetrable bulwark, blocking the Ural-Caspian gateway from Asia into Europe. During that entire period, they held back the onslaught of the nomadic tribes from the East.<ref>Artamonov, M. I., Khazar History (Leningrad, 1962).</ref>


*Pit - NCAA, 5 loudest - http://www.ncaa.com/video/basketball-men/2013-12-17/college-basketball-high-five-loudest-arenas
===Khazar towns===
:- Pit capacity (substitute for current link): http://www.abqjournal.com/381132/sports/demand-up-capacity-down-at-the-pit.html
] ] and surrounding states, c. 820 CE. Area of direct Khazar control shown in dark blue, sphere of influence in purple. Other boundaries shown in dark red.]]
:ESPN encyclopedia (newer version?) , http://books.google.com/books?id=g42TyP-V5C8C&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=the+pit+loudest+arena&source=bl&ots=cXVKbPO7mw&sig=ns0K8OwEncT92i9iPj36kM_P3mo&hl=en&ei=7YS-TJPyI8L48AbAvM28Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&sqi=2&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=the%20pit%20loudest%20arena&f=true
Khazar towns included:
*Along the Caspian coast and Volga delta:
:]; ]; ]
*In the ]:
:]; ]; ]; ]
*In ] and ] region:
:] (also called Bospor); ]; Güzliev (modern ]); ] (also called ], Tamatarkha); ] (also called Sugdaia)
*In the ] valley:
:]
*A number of Khazar settlements have been discovered in the ] region. Some scholars suppose, that on the ], the Khazars founded a settlement called Sambat, which was part of what would become the city of ]. ] is also thought to have started as a Khazar settlement.


*Lobo sports , http://www.abqjournal.com/tricent/320967shock04-10-05.htm
===Tributary and subject nations===
] ] and contemporary states, c. 820 CE. ]]
Many nations were tributaries of the Khazars. A ] subject to Khazar overlordship was called an "]". At various times, Khazar vassals included:


*Aggies rivalry , http://www.abqjournal.com/news/pdf/lobosVaggies2007.pdf
====Pontic steppes, Crimea and Turkestan====
The ]; the ]; the ]; the Crimean ] (]?); the early ]


*Images - ] , ] , ] , ]
====Caucasus====
];various ]n principalities; ]; the ]; ]; the ]; the ]; and the ].


*Longley - http://www.abqjournal.com/371890/sports/exlobo-star-longley-blazed-a-path-for-bairstow.html
====Upper Don and Dnieper====
Various ] tribes such as the ] and the ]; various early ] polities


*Snell, Bairstow - http://www.reviewjournal.com/sports/basketball/nba-summer-league/bulls-guard-ex-lobos-star-takes-initiative-ahead-second-pro
====Volga====
]; the ]; various ] forest tribes such as the ] and ]; the ]; the ]


**FF intl, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/26/sports/basketball/for-fran-fraschilla-espns-draft-interpreter-overseas-talent-must-be-translated.html?smprod=nytcore-ipad&smid=nytcore-ipad-share
===Khazars outside Khazaria===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2011}}
Khazar communities existed outside those areas under Khazar overlordship. Many Khazar ] served in the armies of the ] and other ] states. Documents from medieval ] attest to a Khazar community mingled with the Jews of the suburb of ]. Christian Khazars also lived in Constantinople, and some served in its armies, including, in the 9th and 10th centuries, the imperial '']'' bodyguard, where they formed their own separate company. The ] ] was once angrily referred to by the Emperor as "Khazar-face", though whether this refers to his actual lineage or is a generic insult is unclear.


;conf tournmt section - ?
] legends speak of Jews being present in ] before the establishment of the Polish monarchy. Polish coins from the 12th and 13th centuries sometimes bore Slavic inscriptions written in the ]<ref name = "JE">.</ref><ref name = "JE2">.</ref> though connecting these coins to Khazar influence is purely a matter of speculation.
*MG, 127 - all conf tournmt games listed, break down, put in Conferences section, remove table
*Conference Tournament, Record breakdown
:*Overall: ............................ 32-25 / 10-11 MW
:*First Round: ......................... 1-1 / 0-1 MW
:*Quarterfinals: ...................... 18-10 / 5-7 MW
:*Semifinals: ...........................9-9 / 3-2 MW
:*Championship: .........................4-5 / 2-1 MW


*Lobos in the NBA / ABA: http://thelobolair.com/forum/showthread.php?t=54075
====Khavars in Hungary====
The ]s (called often ''Kabars'') who settled in ] in the late 9th and early 10th centuries may have included Khazars among their number. According to the archaeologist-historian ], the native language of the Khavars was Khazar.<ref>Vékony, Gábor (2004): A székely rovásírás emlékei, kapcsolatai, története . Publisher: Nap Kiadó, Budapest. p. 217</ref> According to the Turkologist Prof. ] part of the Khazars - who rebelled but then were subverted by the Khazar Khagane - joined with the ] and then took part with them in the Settlement of Hungary at the end of the 9th century.<ref>Róna-Tas, András (1999): Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages – An Introduction to Early Hungarian History, Budapest: CEU Press, ISBN 979-9639116480{{Please check ISBN|reason=does not match hyphenation rules and is probably invalid}}, p. 56</ref>


*Colson , http://www.nba.com/grizzlies/news/colson_02.html
==Decline and fall==
- http://www.golobos.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&DB_OEM_ID=26000&ATCLID=209063190&SPID=87123&SPSID=616943
The 9th century is sometimes known as the '']'', a period of Khazar ] over the ] that allowed trade to flourish and facilitated trans-Eurasian contacts. However, in the early 10th century the empire began to decline due to the attacks of both ]s from ] and various Turkic tribes. It enjoyed a brief revival under the strong rulers ] and ], who subdued rebellious client states such as the ] and led victorious wars against Rus' invaders.
- http://www.lipscombsports.com/mbasketball/news/2012-13/7488/where-are-they-now-gary-colson/
]


*Marvin Johnson , http://0-infoweb.newsbank.com.albuq.cabq.gov/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=144B3D8EAF8EFCE0&p_docnum=12&p_queryname=3
===Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars===
:- A record to savor, night to remember, Albuquerque Journal (NM) - Tuesday, February 26, 2013
{{Main|Kabar}}
*SI Vault, 77-78 , http://www.si.com/vault/1978/02/20/822393/loco-about-the-lobos-once-more-a-pack-of-transfers-has-new-mexico-fans-howling-not-for-blood-but-with-joy
At some point in the 9th century (as reported by ]) a group of three Khazar clans called the ] revolted against the Khazar government. ], ] and others have speculated that the revolt had something to do with a rejection of rabbinic Judaism; this is unlikely as it is believed that both the Kabars and mainstream Khazars had pagan, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim members. Pritsak maintained that the Kabars were led by the Khagan Khan-Tuvan Dyggvi in a war against the Bek. In any event Pritsak cited no primary source for his propositions in this matter. The Kabars were defeated and joined a confederacy led by the Magyars. It has been speculated that "Hungarian" derives from the Turkic word "Onogur", or "Ten Arrows", referring to two ] tribes and eight ] tribes (composed of ]s, ]s, and the three tribes of the Kabars).<ref>Érdy, Miklós. ''A Magyarság Keleti Eredete és Hun Kapcsolata''. 2010. ISBN 978-963-662-369-2</ref><ref>Petrik, István. ''Rejtélyek Országa''. 2008. ISBN 978-963-263-006-9</ref>
*Lavon McD , politics , http://0-infoweb.newsbank.com.albuq.cabq.gov/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=12D52D74EFF61B50&p_docnum=26&p_queryname=3
*top Lobo coaches , http://0-infoweb.newsbank.com.albuq.cabq.gov/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=129CCB479C7074E0&p_docnum=31&p_queryname=3
*http://swbbcamp.net/history


*further res. , http://0-infoweb.newsbank.com.albuq.cabq.gov/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_topdoc=51&p_action=list
In the closing years of the 9th century the Khazars and Oghuz allied to attack the Pechenegs, who had been attacking both nations. The Pechenegs were driven westward, where they forced out the Magyars (]) who had previously inhabited the Don-Dnieper basin in vassalage to Khazaria. Under the leadership of the chieftain ] and later ], the Hungarians moved west into modern-day ]. The departure of the Hungarians led to an unstable power vacuum and the loss of Khazar control over the steppes north of the Black Sea.


*Willie Howard, https://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/18848/Volume%2081%20No%2078%201-19-1978.pdf?sequence=1 , https://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/18659/Volume%2080%20No%2053%2011-3-1976.pdf?sequence=1
===Diplomatic isolation and military threats===
] (seated in the boat), the destroyer of the Khazar Khaganate. <br>From Klavdiy Lebedev (1852–1916), ''Svyatoslav's meeting with ], as described by Leo the Deacon.'']]


*Bliss recruiting/signing Bird at IU , http://www.newspapers.com/image/45597539/?terms=indiana+dave+bliss+larry+bird+1974 , http://cornellbasketball.blogspot.com/2010/11/collegehoopsnet-interviews-dave-bliss.html , http://www.si.com/more-sports/2009/03/04/march-mad
The alliance with the Byzantines began to collapse in the early 10th century. Byzantine and Khazar forces may have clashed in the Crimea, and by the 940s ] Porphyrogentius was speculating in '']'' about ways in which the Khazars could be isolated and attacked. The Byzantines during the same period began to attempt alliances with the Pechenegs and the Rus', with varying degrees of success.
:*ISU over Oklahoma , tournmt 79 , http://www.newspapers.com/image/2692544/?terms=dave+bliss+larry+bird , http://www.newspapers.com/image/2692935/?terms=dave+bliss+larry+bird , http://www.newspapers.com/image/13887144/?terms=dave+bliss+larry+bird


*Mel Daniels, 64-65 season review , http://www.newspapers.com/image/68981417/?terms=Ira+Harge
From the beginning of the 10th century, the Khazars found themselves fighting on multiple fronts as nomadic incursions were exacerbated by uprisings by former clients and invasions from former allies. According to the ], the Khazar ruler ] fought a war against a coalition of "'SY, TWRQY, 'BM, and PYYNYL," who were instigated and aided by "MQDWN". MQDWN or ] refers to the Byzantine Empire in many medieval Jewish writings; the other entities named have been tenuously identified by scholars including Omeljan Pritsak with the ], ], ] and ], respectively. Though Benjamin was victorious, his son ] had to face another invasion, this time led by the ]. Aaron defeated the Alans with Oghuz help, yet within a few years the Oghuz and Khazars were enemies.


----------------
] reported Oghuz hostility to the Khazars during his journey c. 921. Some sources, discussed by Tamara Rice, claim that ], the eponymous progenitor of the ], began his career as an Oghuz soldier in Khazar service in the early and mid-10th century, rising to high rank before he fell out with the Khazar rulers and departed for ].


=== ] ===
===Rise of Rus'===
* basketball stats: http:// statsheet .com/mcb/coaches/roy-w-johnson
]
* SI: http://si.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1001937/index.htm
Originally the Khazars were probably allied with various ] factions who controlled the region around ]. The ], an early Rus' polity in modern northwestern Russia and Belarus, was probably heavily influenced by the Khazars. The Rus' regularly travelled through Khazar-held territory to attack territories around the Black and Caspian Seas; in one such raid, the Khagan is said to have given his assent on the condition that the Rus' give him half of the booty. In addition, the Khazars allowed the Rus' to use the ] along the Volga River. This alliance was apparently fostered by the hostility between the Khazars and Arabs. At a certain point, however, the Khazar connivance to the sacking of the Muslim lands by the ] led to a backlash against the Norsemen from the Muslim population of the Khaganate. The Khazar rulers closed the passage down the Volga for the Rus', sparking a war. In the early 960s, Khazar ruler ] wrote to ] about the deterioration of Khazar relations with the Rus: "I have to wage war with them, for if I would give them any chance at all they would lay waste the whole land of the Muslims as far as ]."
* golobos.com: http://www.golobos.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&DB_OEM_ID=26000&ATCLID=209073245&SPID=87123&SPSID=616943
] (in red) and the ] (in purple). Other trade routes of the 8th-11th centuries shown in orange.]]
*http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_year_by_year.php?coachid=1195
*http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/NASSH_Proceedings/NP1977/NP1977za.pdf
*UNM arch , http://books.google.com/books?id=ox5s9VpD4EIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
*airplane trip 1929 - https://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/14198/Volume%2032%20No%204%2010-11-1929.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
:*https://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/14199/Volume%2032%20No%205%2010-18-1929.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
*Border Conference formed , http://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/14250/Volume%2033%20No%2027%204-17-1931.pdf?sequence=1


*newsp:
The Rus' warlords ] and ] launched several wars against the Khazar khaganate, often with Byzantine connivance. The Schechter Letter relates the story of a campaign against Khazaria by HLGW (Oleg) around 941 (in which Oleg was defeated by the Khazar general ]); this calls into question the timeline of the ] and other related works on the history of the Eastern Slavs.
:*Doldazelli , http://www.newspapers.com/image/#69883639
:*theater director , http://www.newspapers.com/image/#68404535


:*continue... , http://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=roy+johnson&offset=45&t=971
Sviatoslav finally succeeded in destroying Khazar imperial power in the 960s. The Khazar fortresses of ] and ] fell to the Rus' in 965, with the capital city of ] following circa 968 or 969. A visitor to Atil wrote soon after the sacking of the city: "The Rus' attacked, and no grape or raisin remained, not a leaf on a branch."


==Government== === Bob King ===
*King/ISU/Bird , http://www.newspapers.com/image/23346311/?terms=basketball+bob+king+larry+bird
*King/ISU/Bird , http://www.newspapers.com/image/18562888/?terms=basketball+bob+king+larry+bird
*Stan Neal , Wash High , http://www.newspapers.com/image/62095891/?terms=washington+stan+neal , http://www.newspapers.com/image/62094628/?terms=washington+stan+neal , http://www.newspapers.com/image/62095168/?terms=washington+stan+neal , http://www.newspapers.com/image/62095413/?terms=washington+stan+neal
:*Neal player Mr. B 1979 , IU , http://www.hoopshall.com/hall-of-fame/steve-bouchie/?back=HallofFame
:*tournmt run was Neal's first year as head coach at Wash High , http://www.newspapers.com/image/62249215/?terms=washington+stan+neal , http://www.newspapers.com/image/59795956/?terms=washington+stan+neal , (+King/Nicks story) , http://www.newspapers.com/image/62096266/?terms=washington+stan+neal
*AAU game in Mitchell , http://www.newspapers.com/image/24254431/?terms=mitchell+indiana+aau+basketball+1975


===Khazar kingship=== ===misc===
*record as/vs ranked team, pp. 102-03 (section 1)
{{Main|Khagan|Khagan Bek|List of Khazar rulers}}


*curse of Bob King re sweet 16, http://www.abqjournal.com/sports/2013/03/19/why-they-wont.html
)</ref>]]
*King obit , http://www.golobos.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/121004aab.html


*] - , New Mexico Official Athletic Site ; New Mexico Women's Basketball, , pp.113,150-53, New Mexico Official Athletic Site ; Ken Sickenger, , Albuquerque Journal, Apr 5, 2011.
Khazar kingship was divided between the ] and the Bek or ]. Contemporary Arab historians related that the Khagan was purely a spiritual ruler or figurehead with limited powers, while the Bek was responsible for administration and military affairs. A strange ritual of killing the Khagan was allegedly found among both the Western Turks and the Khazars. According to al-], a limit was imposed upon the length of a Khazar Khagan's after he started ruling.<ref>Dunlop, ''The History of the Jewish Khazars,'' 97.</ref> The nobles intended to kill him if his reign last even one day beyond the specified number of years. ] gave a percise figure for the maximum number of years allotted to a king's reign. If a Khagan had ruled for at least forty years, he wrote, his courtiers and subjects felt that his ability to reason had become impaired, on account of his old age. Therefore, they would kill the Khagan.<ref>Dunlop, ''The History of the Jewish Khazars,'' 112.</ref>
:*http://www.wolf-bytes.com/index_files/Calender/Rudy03.htm


*Media Guide 12-13:
Both the Khagan and the Khagan Bek lived in ]. The Khagan's palace, according to Arab sources, was on an island in the ]. He was reported to have a harem of 25 wives, each the daughter of a client ruler; this may, however, have been an exaggeration.
:*http://www.golobos.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209086990
:*http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/nm/sports/m-baskbl/auto_pdf/2012-13/misc_non_event/records-1.pdf
*2001-02:


---------------
In the ], ] identifies himself as the ruler of the Khazars and makes no reference to a colleague. It has been disputed whether Joseph was a Khagan or a Bek; his description of his military campaigns make the latter probable. However, аccording to the Schechter Letter, king Joseph is identified as not Khagan. A third option is that by the time of the Correspondence (c. 950-960) the Khazars had merged the two positions into a single ruler, or that the Beks had somehow supplanted the Khagans or vice versa.


== Coding ==
The Khazar dual kingship may have influenced other people; power was similarly divided among the early ] between the sacral king, or ], and the military king, or ]. Similarly, according to ], the early ] had a warlord, the ], who was subordinate to the reigning ].
*dash: —
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*< nowiki>
*{{od|5}}
*<s>strikeout</s>


*talk page reflist: <nowiki>{{reflist-talk}}</nowiki>
===Army===
*talk page quote: {{tq|.....}}


*hidden text: <!-- Hidden text -->
At the peak of their empire, it is believed that the Khazars had a permanent standing army that could have numbered as many as 100,000 and controlled or exacted tribute, astonishingly, from thirty different nations and tribes inhabiting the vast territories between the Caucasus, the Aral Sea, the Ural Mountains and the Ukrainian steppes.<ref>Bury, J. B., A History of the Eastern Roman Empire (London, 1912).</ref><ref>Koestler, The Thirteenth Tribe, p. 18.</ref> Khazar armies were led by the ] and commanded by subordinate ]s known as ]s. When the bek (the Khazar head of the military and second in command to the Khagan) sends out a body of troops, they do not in any circumstances retreat. If they are defeated, every one who returns to him is killed.<ref>Dunlop, ''The History of the Jewish Khazars,'' 113.</ref> A famous tarkhan referred to in ] sources as ] led an invasion of ] in 758. The army included regiments of ] auxiliaries known as ], of ]ian or ] extraction, who were quite influential. These regiments were exempt from campaigning against their fellow Muslims. Early ] sources sometimes referred to the city of ] (across the ] from ]) as ] and the Khazar (]) sea as ]. According to some scholars such as ], these terms were ] versions of "Khwarezmian" and referred to these ].


----------
In addition to the Bek's standing army, the Khazars could call upon tribal levies in times of danger and were often joined by ] from subject nations.


*border:
===Other officials===
{| border=1
Settlements were governed by administrative officials known as ]s. In some cases (such as the Byzantine settlements in southern ]), a tudun would be appointed for a town nominally within another polity's ].
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Other officials in the Khazar government included dignitaries referred to by ] as '']'' and '']'', but their responsibilities are unknown.
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*collapse, large:
===Judiciary===
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Muslim sources report that the Khazar supreme court consisted of two ], two ], two ], and a "heathen" (whether this is a Turkic shaman or a priest of Hungarian or Slavic or Norse religion is unclear), and a citizen had the right to be judged according to the laws of his religion. Some have argued that this configuration is unlikely, as a ], or rabbinical court, requires three members. It is therefore possible that as practitioners of the state religion, the Jews had three judges on the Supreme Court rather than two, and that the Muslim sources were attempting to downplay their influence.
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------------
==Economic position==
columns:
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2011}}
{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
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------------
===Trade===
]
The Khazars occupied a prime ] nexus. Goods from western Europe travelled east to Central Asia and China and vice versa, and the Muslim world could only interact with northern Europe via Khazar intermediaries. The ], a guild of medieval Jewish merchants, had a trade route that ran through Khazaria, and may have been instrumental in the Khazars' conversion to Judaism.


*Alerts:
No Khazar paid taxes to the central government. Revenue came from a 10% levy on goods transiting through the region, and from tribute paid by subject nations. The Khazars exported ], ]s, ], ] and other ]s, ], and ]. D.M. Dunlop and Artamanov asserted that the Khazars produced no material goods themselves, living solely on trade. This theory has been refuted by discoveries over the last half century, which include pottery and glass factories.
:*to user pg -
{{Talkback|user1}}
:*to article pg -
{{Talkback|Talk:<Page name>||ts=00:15, 17 May 2014 (UTC)}}


------------
===Khazar coinage===


*talk pg Welcome box:
The Khazars are known to have minted silver coins, called '']s''. Many of these were imitations of Arab ]s with corrupted Arabic letters. Coins of the Caliphate were in widespread use due to their reliable silver content. Merchants from as far away as ], ], and ] accepted them regardless of their inability to read the Arab writing. Thus issuing imitation dirhems was a way to ensure acceptance of Khazar coinage in foreign lands.
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Some surviving examples bear the legend "Ard al-Khazar" (Arabic for "land of the Khazars"). In 1999 a hoard of ] coins was discovered on the property of the Spillings farm in the ] island of ]. Among the coins were several dated 837/8 CE and bearing the legend, in ], "] is the Prophet of God" (a modification of the Muslim coin inscription "] is the Prophet of God").<ref>Brook ch. 5.</ref> In "Creating Khazar Identity through Coins", Roman Kovalev postulated that these dirhems were a special ] issue celebrating the adoption of Judaism by the Khazar ruler Bulan.<ref>Kovalev, "Creating Khazar Identity" 220-253.</ref>


------------
==Language==
{{Main|Khazar language}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2011}}
The Khazar language spoken by the Khazars is also referred to as Khazarian, Khazaric, or Khazari. The language is extinct and written records are almost non-existent. Few examples of the Khazar language exist today, mostly in names that have survived in historical sources. All of these examples seem to be of the "Lir"-type though. Extant written works are primarily in ].


*clippings, Newspapers.com:
collection of ]. The ] inscription is at the bottom-left section of the letter.]]
{{collapse top|title=clippings}}
]
===Citation and Open Access===
*Editors should always provide original citation information, in addition to linking a Newspaper.com article, per ] and ]
*Editors should not provide bare links to non-free Newspapers.com pages
*Citations should include a link to a "Clipping" (see ])
*Make sure to include the {{t|Open access}} template in citations of clippings, we want our readers to know that they can access these articles.


;Example
The only Khazar word written in the original Khazar alphabet that survives is the single word-phrase OKHQURÜM, "I read (this or it); (Modern Turkish: OKURUM)" at the end of the ]. This word is written in ] script, suggesting that this script survived the upper class's conversion to Judaism. Titles like ], ] and ] refer to an ] root which today spoken in Turkey and Azerbaijan.
:<code><nowiki><ref> {{cite news|title=Obituary Notes: Charles Wingate |url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/141558/the_new_york_timesnew_york_new/|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 September 1909|page=9|via = ]|accessdate = July 21, 2014 }} {{Open access}}</ref></nowiki></code>
* {{cite news|title=Obituary Notes: Charles Wingate |url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/141558/the_new_york_timesnew_york_new/|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 September 1909|page=9|via = ]|accessdate = July 21, 2014 }} {{Open access}}


====Using the Open Access "Clipping" function====
==Genetics==
Both Newspapers.com and The Misplaced Pages Library would prefer that articles citing Newspapers.com be linked to clippings. Clippings allow Newspapers.com subscribers to identify particular articles, extract them from the original full sheet newspaper, and share them through unique URLs. Thus users who click on a Newspapers.com Clipping link will be able to access that particular article, and the full page of the paper if they come from the clipping, without needing to subscribe to Newspapers.com. For more information about how to use clippings, see http://www.newspapers.com/basics/#h-cliptypes .
In a recent study by Elhaik, "Caucasus Georgians and Armenians were considered proto-Khazars because they are believed to have emerged from the same genetic cohort as the Khazars."<ref>http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/12/14/gbe.evs119.full.pdf+html</ref>
{{collapse bottom}}


---------------------------
==Religions==


*]
===Turkic Tengriism===
{{Main|Tengriism}}
]


---------------------------
Originally, the Khazars practiced traditional Turkic ], focused on the sky ] ], but were heavily influenced by ] ideas imported from ], notably that of the ]. The ] clan were considered to be the chosen of Tengri and the kaghan was the incarnation of the favor the sky-god bestowed on the Turks. A kaghan who failed had clearly lost the god's favor and was typically ]. Historians have sometimes wondered, only half in jest, whether the Khazar tendency to occasionally execute their rulers on religious grounds led those rulers to seek out other religions.


===Gallery format===
The Khazars revered a number of traditional divinities subordinate to Tengri, including the fertility divinity ], ], a thunder divinity, and ], the divinity of underworld.
*example:<br>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow= "5" caption= "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor ">
<!--- File:Peter Paul Rubens - Charles V in Armour - WGA20378.jpg|Emperor Charles&nbsp;V in Armour by ]. File:Karl V by Ticiano.jpg|Portrait of the Emperor, after ]. File:Barend van Orley - Portrait of Charles V (1519) - Google Art Project.jpg|Portrait of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, by ]. --->
</gallery>


*template:<br>
===Conversion of the royalty and aristocracy to Judaism===
<!---
{{Jews and Judaism sidebar|ethnicities}}
{{Gallery
] communities had existed in the Greek cities of the ] coast since late classical times. ], ], ] and other Crimean cities sustained Jewish communities, as did ], and ] / ] was said to have had a Jewish majority as early as the 670s. Jews fled from Byzantium to Khazaria as a consequence of persecution under ], ], ], and ].<ref>Golden, "conversion" 141-145, 161; Brook ''passim''; Graetz 139; Rossman 82; Pinkus, Benjamin. ''The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority'', ], 1988, p. 2. While anti-Jewish persecutions are known to have occurred in Byzantium, scholars differ on their specific extent, nature and consistency. ''E.g.'', Angold, Michael. ''Church and Society in Byzantium Under the Comneni'', 1081-1261, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 508; Gil, Moshe. ''A History of Palestine, 634-1099'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 9; Haldon, John F. ''Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, 345. ISBN 0-521-31917-X. See also Scharf 97-99; Whittow, Mark. ''The Making of Byzantium, 600-1025'', University of California Press, 1996, p. 44; Bowman, Stephen B., Ankori, Zvi ''The Jews of Byzantium 1204-1453'' Bloch Pub Co (December 2001); Starr, Joshua, ''The Jews in the Byzantine Empire 641-1204'' Burt Franklin (1970); R. Jenkins "Byzantium"; Ostrogorski 161; Cohen 112; Norwich 89; Geanakoplos 268; ''The Oxford History of Byzantium'' 13; Browning 54; Cameron 272-274.</ref> These were joined by other Jews fleeing from ] ] (particularly during the ] revolts),<ref>Levy ch. 4 ''passim''; Rossman 82.</ref> and, later, the ] world. Jewish merchants such as the ]s regularly traded in Khazar territory, and may have wielded significant economic and political influence. Though their origins and history are somewhat unclear, the ] also lived in or near Khazar territory and may have been allied with the Khazars, or subject to them; it is conceivable that they, too, played a role in Khazar conversion.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
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|File:Federal Hall NYC 27.JPG|alt1=Back of statue facing a city building whose facade is Greek columns covered by a huge U.S. flag|The statue of Washington outside ] in ], looking on ].
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|File:George Washington Presidential $1 Coin obverse.png|alt4=Gold coin with bust of Washington facing slightly left of but looking sternly straight at the viewer. "GEORGE WASHINGTON" is above, "1st PRESIDENT 1789–1797" below, and "JFM" in tiny letters at the bust's base.|Washington is also commemorated on some ].
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*packed hover:<br>
At some point in the last decades of the 8th century or the early 9th century, the Khazar ] and ] ] to ], and part of the general population may have followed.<ref>''E.g.'', Brook; Dunlop; Golden, ''Khazar Studies'' ''passim''; Christian 282-300.</ref> The extent of the conversion is debated. The 10th-century ] ] ] reported that "all the Khazars are Jews." Notwithstanding this statement, most scholars believe that only the upper classes converted to Judaism;<ref>]''L'Islam, des origines au début de l'Empire ottoman'', Hachette Littérature, 1997, ISBN 2-01-278852-1, pp. 137-139.</ref> there is some support for this in contemporary Muslim texts.<ref>Dunlop; Pritsak, "Conversion"; and Barthold ''passim''.</ref>
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*more: ] ,
Contemporary historians provided much details about the religion and daily life of Khazars. One of the most detailed description of Khazars came from Arab historian Ahmed ibn Fadlan who traveled to Khazaria in 922 as the emissary of Baghdad caliph. According to his account the majority of Khazars were Muslims and Christians while the Jewish population represented a minority in the kingdom. According to ibn Fadlan, contrary to non Jewish Khazars, the king and his royal court was Jewish. Ibn Fadlan claimed that 100,000 Muslims have lived in Khazaria and 30 mosques were established there. He also described a strong pagan community consisting mostly of Slavic peoples. Considering the governance Ibn Fadlan wrote that judges were elected equally from Christian, Jewish, Muslim and Pagan community<ref>http://books.google.rs/books?id=p8_f-npoejEC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=at+this+time+the+khazar+kingdom+may+have+acted++as+bulwark+against+rus+expansion+to+the+south&source=bl&ots=z4nEUBpn16&sig=cLdAcvlipC6-8sfhmFLWpLbRExM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vxxqUJHOHsnCswbqmIDACw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=at%20this%20time%20the%20khazar%20kingdom%20may%20have%20acted%20%20as%20bulwark%20against%20rus%20expansion%20to%20the%20south&f=false</ref> Dmitry Vasilyev, a professor at Astrakhan State University, who excavated sites associated with Khazars, states that after the fall of Khazar empire " Khazars were slowly assimilated by Turkic-speaking tribes, Tatars and Mongols"<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,425687,00.html</ref>


===misc===
The Khazars enjoyed close relations with the Jews of the ] and ]. The ], for example, hoped that the Khazars might succeed in conquering the Caliphate.<ref>], in Kohut Memorial Volume, p. 244.</ref> The high esteem in which the Khazars were held among the Jews of the Orient may be seen in the application to them, in an ] commentary on ] ascribed by some to Saadia Gaon, and by others to ], of ] 48:14: "The Lord hath loved him." "This", says the commentary, "refers to the Khazars, who will go and destroy ]" (i.e., ]ia), a name used to designate the country of the Arabs.<ref>Harkavy in "Ha-Maggid". 1877, p. 357.</ref> From the ] it is apparent that two Spanish Jews, Judah ben Meir ben Nathan and Joseph Gagris, had succeeded in settling in the land of the Khazars. Saadia, who had a fair knowledge of the kingdom of the Khazars, mentions a certain Isaac ben Abraham who had removed from ] to Khazaria.<ref>Harkavy, in Kohut Memorial Volume, p. 244.</ref>
*that vs which:
:- https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/usage/that-or-which
:- http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/which-versus-that


==References==
Likewise, the Khazar rulers viewed themselves as the protectors of international ], and corresponded with foreign Jewish leaders. ] exchanged between the Khazar ruler ] and the Spanish rabbi ] have been preserved. They were known to retaliate against Muslim or Christian interests in Khazaria for persecution of Jews abroad. ] relates that around 920 the Khazar ruler received information that Muslims had destroyed a synagogue in the land of ], in ]; he gave orders that the ] of the ] in his capital should be broken off, and the ] executed. He further declared that he would have destroyed the mosque entirely had he not been afraid that the Muslims would in turn destroy all the synagogues in their lands.

The theory that the majority of ] are the descendants of the Khazar population was advocated by various racial theorists<ref>], ''Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement'', UNC Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8078-4638-4, pp. 137-139.</ref><ref name=Goodrick-Clarke>Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, ''Black Sun: Aryan cults, esoteric nazism, and the politics of identity'', NYU Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8147-3155-4, p. 237.</ref> and ]<ref name=Goodrick-Clarke/><ref name="Paul F. Boller 1992, pp. 5-6">Paul F. Boller, ''Memoirs of an Obscure Professor and Other Essays'', TCU Press, 1992, pp. 5-6.</ref><ref name="Barkun, pp.140-141">Barkun, pp.140-141.</ref><ref name="Barkun, p. 142">Barkun, p. 142.</ref> in the 20th century, especially following the publication of Arthur Koestler's '']''.

This belief is still popular among groups such as the ], ], ] and others (particularly Arabs<ref name=Lewis>]. ''Semites and Anti-Semites'', W.W. Norton and Company, 1999, ISBN 0-393-31839-7, p. 48.</ref><ref name="Jerusalem 2003, p. 22">], ''The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews'', I.B.Tauris, 2003, ISBN 1-86064-989-0, p. 22.</ref><ref>"Arab anti-Semitism might have been expected to be free from the idea of racial odium, since Jews and Arabs are both regarded by race theory as Semites, but the odium is directed, not against the Semitic race, but against the Jews as a historical group. The main idea is that the Jews, racially, are a mongrel community, most of them being not Semites, but of Khazar and European origin." Yehoshafat Harkabi, "Contemporary Arab Anti-Semitism: its Causes and Roots", in ], ''The Persisting Question: Sociological Perspectives and Social Contexts of Modern Antisemitism'', Walter de Gruyter, 1987, ISBN 3-11-010170-X, p. 424.</ref>) who claim that they, rather than Jews, are the true descendants of the Israelites, or who seek to downplay the connection between Ashkenazi Jews and Israel in favor of their own. For more detail on this controversy, ].

In his 9th-century work Expositio in Matthaeum Evangelistam, the Benedictine monk Christian of Stavelot referred to them as descendants of Gog and Magog, and says they are "Circumcised and observing all Judaism".<ref>Brook, Kevin A (2006). The Jews of Khazaria pp. 7–8, 96. Rowman&Littlefield.</ref>

===Other religions===
Besides ], other religions practiced in areas ruled by the Khazars included ], ], and ] Christianity, ] as well as ], ], and ] cults.<ref>''Al-Masu'di'' The Book of Golden Meadows, c. 940 CE</ref> The Khazar government tolerated a wide array of religious practices within the Khaganate. Many Khazars reportedly were converts to Christianity and Islam. (See "Judiciary", below.)

A ] bishop was resident at ] and was subject to the authority of the ] of ]. The "apostle of the Slavs", ], is said to have attempted the conversion of Khazars without enduring results. Khazaran had a sizable Muslim population and quarter with a number of ]s. A Muslim officer, the '']'', represented the Muslim community in the royal court.

==Debate about Khazar conversion to Judaism==

===Date and extent of the conversion===

The date of the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism, and whether it occurred as one event or as a sequence of events over time, is widely disputed. The issues surrounding this controversy are discussed above.

The number of Khazars who converted to Judaism is also hotly contested, with historical accounts ranging from claims that only the King and his retainers had embraced Judaism, to the claim that the majority of the lay population had converted. ] was of the opinion that only the upper class converted. Analysis of recent archaeological grave evidence by such scholars as ] asserts that the sudden shift in burial customs, with the abandonment of pagan-style burial with grave goods and the adoption of simple shroud burials during the mid-9th century suggests a more widespread conversion.<ref>Brook, ch. 4 ''passim''.</ref> A mainstream scholarly consensus does not yet exist regarding the extent of the conversions.

===Karaims===
{{See also|Crimean Karaites}}

] children of ] declaiming in ]:"''We, descendants of Khazars of ], came to ] from ] long time ago.''" in a documentary made by ]]]
]-speaking ] (in the ], ''Qaraylar'') have lived in ] for centuries. Their origin is a matter of great controversy. According the Karaite documents<ref>]'s </ref><ref>)</ref><ref>//Y. Duvan . . — СПб., 1890. "Происходя из потомства Авраама, народа Израиля, мы, Караимы, исповедуем Закон Моисеев.(Descended from the progeny of Abraham, the people of Israel, we, the Karaites, profess the law of Moses) " </ref><ref> "Приютом новопришедших Израильтян (праведников) были в самом начале их переселения следующие места. Херсонес , где Кир соорудил себе памятник, Старый Крым (Салхат), Чуфут-Кале, названный «Села Юхудим», то есть «Иудейская скала». Переселенцы сии от смешения с Мидийцами скоро потеряли свой язык и стали говорить по-мидийски, каковый язык, перемешавшись впоследствии с татарским, остался у праведников (впоследствии называющихся Караимами) и доныне(Israelians (righteous) found the shelter at beginning of their migration at the following places. Chersonese, where ]{{dn|{{subst:DATE}}|date=January 2013}} built himself a monument, the Old Crimea (Salhat), ], called «SelaYuhudim» that is "Jewish rock". These settlers by mixing with the Midians soon lost their language and began to speak of the Midians, what language, mixed later with Tatar language , remained with the righteous (subsequently called the Karaites), and until now")"</ref><ref>]. </ref> at the near past they considered themselves as ] who settled in Crimea and adopted the «language of the nomads»<ref>"The Turkic spoken language of the Karaites of Lithuania, Galicia, and Volyn was significantly different from the language of the Crimean Karaites. Modern science calls this language Karaite o rather the Karaite-Kypchak language. Today, this language is one of the most ancient spoken Turkic languages. Karaites call it “lashon kedar” (which in this context can be translated as the “language of the nomads”)."</ref> (see ]). Currently most of them consider themselves, as descendants of ] or ] converted to ]. This theory was originally suggested by Russian ] V. Grigoriev in the 19th century,<ref>''Григорьев В. В.'' Еврейские религиозные секты в России. // Журнал Министерства внутренних дел. — Спб., 1846. Part 15. — p. 11-49. Reprinted : Григорьев В. В. ''Россия и Азия''. СПБ, 1876. — p. 435</ref> has been widely adopted by the ] in the 20th century.<ref>Blady 113-130</ref> (See also ]).

Specialists in Khazar history put the Khazar theory questioned,<ref name=Golden2007p9>], "Khazar Studies: Achievements and Perspectives", in Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András. ''The World of Khazars: New Perspectives'', ], 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2, p. 9.</ref> highlighting the following facts:
* ] belongs to the ] ] group, and the Khazar - the ], therefore, between the two Turkic languages is no close relationship;<ref>] (1999). "The Khazar Language". In: Golden et al., 1999:75-107</ref>
* According ] Khazar Judaism was, most likely, ], and in the tradition of ] the only holy book is the ], the ] is not recognized;
* Khazars disappeared in the 11th century, and the first written mention of the ] was in the 14th century.<ref>A. Harkavy, Altjudische Denkmaler aus der Krim, mitgetheilt von Abraham Firkowitsch, SPb., 1876.</ref>
Today most of the Karaims seek to distance themselves from being identified as ], emphasizing their Turkic heritage as Turkic practitioners of a "Mosaic religion separate and distinct from Judaism", is in-keeping with their study of ].<ref>Sevel Ha Yerushah Bashyazi</ref>

===Krymchaks===
{{See also|Krymchaks}}
The Krymchaks are Turkic people, community of Turkic languages and adherents of Rabbinic Judaism living in Crimea. In the late 7th century most of Crimea fell to the Khazars. The extent to which the Krymchaks influenced the ultimate conversion of the Khazars and the development of Khazar Judaism is unknown. During the period of Khazar rule, intermarriage between Crimean Jews and Khazars is likely, and the Krymchaks probably absorbed numerous Khazar refugees during the decline and fall of the Khazar kingdom (a Khazar ], ruled by ], was centered on ]). It is known that ] converts to Judaism existed, and it is possible that from these converts the Krymchaks adopted their distinctive language. They have historically lived in close proximity to the Karaims. At first krymchak was a Russian descriptive used to differentiate them from their Ashkenazi coreligionists, as well as other Jewish communities in the former Russian Empire such as the Georgian Jews, but in the second half of the 19th century this name was adopted by the Krymchaks themselves.

===Theory of Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazi Jews===

====Early Khazar theories====
The theory that all or most ] Jews might be descended from Khazars dates back to the racial studies of late 19th-century Europe. In some cases it has been cited to assert that most modern Jews are not descended from Israelites and/or to refute Israeli claims to Israel. It was first publicly proposed in a lecture given by the racial-theorist ] on January 27, 1883, titled "Judaism as a Race and as Religion."<ref>], ''Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement'', UNC Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8078-4638-4, p. 137.</ref> It was repeated in articles in '']'' in 1923 and 1925, and popularized by racial theorist ] in a 1926 article in the ''Forum'' titled "The Pedigree of Judah", where he argued that Ashkenazi Jews were a mix of people, of which the Khazars were a primary element.<ref name=Goodrick-Clarke>Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, ''Black Sun: Aryan cults, esoteric nazism, and the politics of identity'', NYU Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8147-3155-4, p. 237.</ref><ref name="Barkun, pp. 138-139">Barkun, pp. 138-139.</ref> Stoddard's views were "based on nineteenth and twentieth-century concepts of race, in which small variations on facial features as well as presumed accompanying character traits were deemed to pass from generation to generation, subject only to the corrupting effects of marriage with members of other groups, the result of which would lower the superior stock without raising the inferior partners."<ref>Barkun, p. 139.</ref> This theory was adopted by ], who saw it as a means of invalidating the claims of Jews (rather than themselves) to be the true descendants of the ancient Israelites, and was supported by early anti-Zionists.<ref name=Goodrick-Clarke/><ref name="Barkun, pp. 138-139"/>

In 1951 ] professor John O. Beaty published ''The Iron Curtain over America'', a work which claimed that "Khazar Jews" were "responsible for all of America's — and the world's — ills beginning with ]". The book repeated a number of familiar antisemitic claims, placing responsibility for U.S. involvement in World Wars I and II and the Bolshevik revolution on these Khazars, and insisting that Khazar Jews were attempting to subvert Western Christianity and establish communism throughout the world. The American millionaire J. Russell Maguire gave money towards its promotion, and it was met with enthusiasm by hate groups and the extreme right.<ref name="Paul F. Boller 1992, pp. 5-6"/><ref name="Barkun, pp.140-141"/> By the 1960s the Khazar theory had become a "firm article of faith" amongst ] groups.<ref name=Goodrick-Clarke/><ref name="Barkun, p. 142"/> In 1971 ] (Glubb Pasha) also took up this theme, insisting that Palestinians were more closely related to the ancient Judeans than were Jews. According to ]:
<blockquote>Of course an anti-Zionist (as well as an anti-Semitic) point is being made here: The Palestinians have a greater political right to Palestine than the Jews do, as they, not the modern-day Jews, are the true descendants of the land's Jewish inhabitants/owners.<ref name="Jerusalem 2003, p. 22"/></blockquote>

The theory gained further support when the Jewish novelist ] devoted his popular book '']'' (1976) to the topic. Koestler's historiography has been attacked as highly questionable by many historians;<ref name=Lewis/><ref>''E.g.'', Abramsky, Chimen. "The Khazar Myth." ''Jewish Chronicle'' (April 9, 1976): 19; ], Hyam. "Koestler's Racism." ''Midstream'' 23 (March 1977).</ref><ref name="Koestler and His Jewish Thesis.">McInnes, Neil. ''National Interest''. Fall 1999.</ref> it has also been pointed out that his discussion of theories about Ashkenazi descent is entirely lacking scientific or historiographical support; to the extent that Koestler referred to place-names and documentary evidence his analysis has been described as a mixture of flawed etymologies and misinterpreted primary sources.<ref>''E.g.'', Abramsky, Chimen. "The Khazar Myth." ''Jewish Chronicle'' (April 9, 1976): 19; Maccoby, Hyam. "Koestler's Racism." ''Midstream'' 23 (March 1977).</ref> Commentors have also noted that Koestler mischaracterized the sources he cited, particularly ]'s ''History of the Jewish Khazars'' (1954).<ref name="Koestler and His Jewish Thesis."/> Dunlop himself stated that the theory that Eastern European Jews were the descendants of the Khazars, "...&nbsp;can be dealt with very shortly, because there is little evidence which bears directly upon it, and it unavoidably retains the character of a mere assumption."<ref>Klier, John D. (2005) The Slavonic and East European Review 83:4 , pp. 779-781. — Review of Victor Shnirelman, The Myth of the Khazars and Intellectual Antisemitism in Russia, 1970s-1990s (Jerusalem: Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2002)</ref>

Koestler, a secular Ashkenazi Jew did not see alleged Khazar ancestry as diminishing the claim of Jews to Israel, which he felt was based on the United Nations mandate, and not on Biblical covenants or genetic inheritance. In his view, "The problem of the Khazar infusion a thousand years ago ... is irrelevant to modern Israel". In addition, according to author ], Koestler was apparently "either unaware of or oblivious to the use anti-Semites had made to the Khazar theory since its introduction at the turn of the century."<ref>Barkun, pp. 144-145.</ref>

====Theories linking Jews to Khazars today====

The Khazar theory still enjoys popularity among anti-Zionists<ref name=Lewis/> and antisemites.<ref>"Arab anti-Semitism might have been expected to be free from the idea of racial odium, since Jews and Arabs are both regarded by race theory as Semites, but the odium is directed, not against the Semitic race, but against the Jews as a historical group. The main idea is that the Jews, racially, are a mongrel community, most of them being not Semites, but of Khazar and European origin." Harkabi, Yehoshafat, "Contemporary Arab Anti-Semitism: its Causes and Roots", in Fein, Helen. ''The Persisting Question: Sociological Perspectives and Social Contexts of Modern Antisemitism'', Walter de Gruyter, 1987, ISBN 3-11-010170-X, p. 424.</ref> Such proponents argue that if Ashkenazi Jews are primarily Khazar and not Semitic in origin, they would have no historical claim to Israel, nor would they be the subject of ]'s ] promise of ] to the ]s, thus undermining the theological basis of both ] and ]. In the 1970s and 80s the Khazar theory was also advanced by some Russian ] antisemites, particularly the historian ], who portrayed "Judeo-Khazars" as having repeatedly sabotaged Russia's development since the 7th century.<ref name = "CDI">.</ref>

], stated in 1999:

<blockquote>This theory… is supported by no evidence whatsoever. It has long since been abandoned by all serious scholars in the field, including those in Arab countries, where the Khazar theory is little used except in occasional political polemics.<ref name=Lewis/></blockquote>

====Genetic studies on Ashkenazi Jewry====
{{See also|Ashkenazi Jews#Genetic origins|Genetic studies on Jews}}

A 1999 study by Hammer ''et al.'', published in the ] compared the Y chromosomes of Ashkenazi, Roman, North African, Kurdish, Near Eastern, Yemenite, and Ethiopian Jews with 16 non-Jewish groups from similar geographic locations. It found that "Despite their long-term residence in different countries and isolation from one another, most Jewish populations were not significantly different from one another at the genetic level... The results support the hypothesis that the paternal gene pools of Jewish communities from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East descended from a common Middle Eastern ancestral population, and suggest that most Jewish communities have remained relatively isolated from neighboring non-Jewish communities during and after the Diaspora."<ref name="hammer">{{cite journal|title=Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes|first=M. F.|last=Hammer|coauthors=A. J. Redd, E. T. Wood, M. R. Bonner, H. Jarjanazi, T. Karafet, S. Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Oppenheim, M. A. Jobling, T. Jenkins, H. Ostrer, and B. Bonné-Tamir|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|month=May 9|year=2000|doi=10.1073/pnas.100115997|volume=97|page=6769| pmid=10801975|issue=12|pmc=18733|ref=harv|bibcode=2000PNAS...97.6769H}}</ref> According to ] "The results accord with Jewish history and tradition and refute theories like those holding that Jewish communities consist mostly of converts from other faiths, or that they are descended from the Khazars, a medieval Turkish tribe that adopted Judaism."<ref name="New York Times2000">{{cite journal|title=Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora |journal=New York Times |month=May 9 |year=2000 |author=Nicholas Wade|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02E0D71338F93AA35756C0A9669C8B63|ref=harv}}</ref>

A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon ''et al.'' says "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews. The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Khazars or Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry."<ref name=Atzmon2010>G.Atzmon, L.Hao, I.Pe'er, C.Velez, A.Pearlman, P.F.Palamara, B.Morrow, E.Friedman, C.Oddoux, E.Burns and H.Ostrer. Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Midde Eastern Ancestry. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 03 June 2010.</ref>

Concerning male-line ancestry, several Y-DNA studies have tested the hypothesis of Khazar ancestry amongst Ashkenazim.<ref name=Nebel2005>Almut Nebel, Dvora Filon, Bernd Brinkmann, Partha P. Majumder, Marina Faerman, Ariella Oppenheim. , (''The American Journal of Human Genetics'' (2001), Volume 69, number 5. pp. 1095–112).</ref><ref name="Behar2003">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1086/378506 | last1 = Behar | first1 = Doron M. | author-separator =, | last2 = Thomas | author-name-separator= | first2 = MG| year = 2003 | last3 = Skorecki | first3 = K | last4 = Hammer | first4 = MF | last5 = Bulygina | first5 = E | last6 = Rosengarten | first6 = D | last7 = Jones | first7 = AL | last8 = Held | first8 = K | last9 = Moses | first9 = V | title = Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries | url = http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/400971.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet | volume = 73 | issue = 4| pages = 768–779 | pmid = 13680527 | pmc = 1180600 | ref = harv }}</ref><ref>Almut Nebel, Dvora Filon, Marina Faerman, Himla Soodyall and Ariella Oppenheim. , (''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2005) 13, 388–391. {{doi|10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201319}} Published online 3 November 2004).</ref> In these studies ] chromosomes (sometimes called Eu 19) have been identified as potential evidence of one line of Eastern European ancestry amongst Ashkenazim, which could possibly be Khazar. One concluded that "neither the NRY haplogroup composition of the majority of Ashkenazi Jews nor the microsatellite haplotype composition of the R1a1 haplogroup within Ashkenazi Levites is consistent with a major Khazar or other European origin", athough "one cannot rule out the important contribution of a single or a few founders among contemporary Ashkenazi Levites."<ref name="Behar2003"/> Another concluded that "if the R-M17 chromosomes in Ashkenazi Jews do indeed represent the vestiges of the mysterious Khazars then, according to our data, this contribution was limited to either a single founder or a few closely related men, and does not exceed ~ 12% of the present-day Ashkenazim."<ref name=Nebel2005/>

In August 2012, Dr. ] stated in his book "Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People" that all major Jewish groups do have common Middle Eastern origin, originating from ancient Israelites, and refuted any large scale genetic contribution from the Turkic Khazars.<ref>http://www.jpost.com/Sci-Tech/Article.aspx?id=282584</ref>

Geneticist ] asserts that although recent DNA studies "do not appear to support" the Khazar hypothesis, they do not "entirely eliminate it either."<ref>Balter, Michael. , '']'', June 3, 2010.</ref>
while ] and ], a geneticist at the ], commenting on the results of genetic studies stated "This is clearly showing a genetic common ancestry of all Jewish populations."<ref>http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2010/06/tracing-the-roots-of-jewishness.html</ref>

A study by Elhaik (2012)<ref>{{citation|url=http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/12/14/gbe.evs119.full.pdf+html|last=Elhaik|year=2012|doi=10.1093/gbe/evs119|title=The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution}}</ref> analyzed data collected for previous studies and assumed that Armenians and Georgians are Proto Khazars. Elhaik claimed that the DNA of Eastern and Central European Jewish populations indicates that their ancestry is "a mosaic of Caucasus, European, and Semitic ancestries".

===Other claims of descent===
Others{{who|date=September 2011}} have claimed Khazar origins for such groups as the ] and ]. There is little evidence to support these theories, although it is possible that some Khazar descendants found their way into these communities. Non-Jewish groups who claim at least partial descent from the Khazars include the ], ] and ]; as with the above-mentioned Jewish groups, these claims are subject to a great deal of controversy and debate.

==Late references to the Khazars==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2011}}
]s, c.1015. The areas in blue are those possibly still under Khazar control.]]
There is debate as to the temporal and geographic extent of Khazar polities following ]'s sack of Atil in 968/9, or even whether any such states existed. The Khazars may have retained control over some areas in the Caucasus for another two centuries, but sparse historical records make this difficult to confirm.

The evidence of later Khazar polities includes the fact that Sviatoslav did not occupy the Volga basin after he destroyed Atil, and departed relatively quickly to embark on his campaign in ]. The permanent conquest of the Volga basin seems to have been left to later waves of steppe peoples like the ] and Cumans.

===Jewish sources===
A letter in Hebrew dated ] ] (985–986) refers to "our lord David, the Khazar prince" who lived in ]. The letter said that this David was visited by envoys from Kievan Rus' to ask about religious matters — this could be connected to the ] conversion which took place during the same time period. Taman was a principality of Kievan Rus' around 988, so this ] (if that is what it was) may have been conquered altogether. The authenticity of this letter, the ], has however been questioned by such scholars as ].

], a 13th-century rabbi and traveler, reported traveling through "Khazaria", though he gave few details of its inhabitants except to say that they lived amidst desolation in perpetual mourning.
The account of the conversion of the "seven kings of Meshech" is extremely similar to the accounts of the Khazar conversion given in the ], and in ]. It is possible that Meshech refers to the Khazars, or to some Judaized polity influenced by them. Arguments against this possibility include the reference to "seven kings" (though this, in turn, could refer to seven successor tribes or state micropolities).

===Arabic and Muslim sources===
]
] and ] refer to Atil after 969, indicating that it may have been rebuilt. ] (mid-11th century) reported that Atil was in ruins, and did not mention the later city of ] which was built nearby, so it is possible that this new Atil was only destroyed in the middle of the 11th century. Even assuming al-Biruni's report was not an anachronism, there is no evidence that this "new" Atil was populated by Khazars rather than by ] or a different tribe.

], who wrote around 1200, described "the raid of Fadhlun the Kurd against the Khazars". Fadhlun the Kurd has been identified as ] ], who ruled ] and other parts of ] in the 1030s. According to the account he attacked the Khazars but had to flee when they ambushed his army and killed 10,000 of his men. Two of the great early 20th-century scholars on Eurasian nomads, ]<!--name spelling changed in 1922--> and ], disagreed about this account. Marquart believed that this incident refers to some Khazar remnant that had reverted to paganism and nomadic life. Barthold, (and more recently, Kevin Brook), took a much more skeptical approach and said that ibn al-Athir must have been referring to Georgians or Abkhazians. There is no evidence to decide the issue one way or the other.

===Kievan Rus' sources===
According to the ], in 986 Khazar Jews were present at ]'s ] to decide on the prospective religion of the Kievian Rus'. Whether these were Jews who had settled in Kiev or emissaries from some Jewish Khazar remnant state is unclear. The whole incident is regarded by a few radical scholars as a fabrication, but the reference to Khazar Jews (after the destruction of the Khaganate) is still relevant. ] alleged that these were Jewish missionaries from the Crimea, but provided no reference to primary sources for his allegation.

In 1023 the ] reports that ] (one of Vladimir's sons) marched against his brother Yaroslav with an army that included "Khazars and Kasogs". Kasogs were an early ] people. "Khazars" in this reference is considered by most to be intended in the generic sense, but some have questioned why the reference reads "Khazars and Kasogs", when "Khazars" as a generic would have been sufficient. Even if the reference is to Khazars, of course, it does not follow that there was a Khazar state in this period. They could have been Khazars under the rule of the Rus.

A Kievian prince named ] (not to be confused with ]) was reportedly kidnapped by "Khazars" in 1078 and shipped off to ], although most scholars believe that this is a reference to the Kipchaks or other steppe peoples then dominant in the Pontic region. Upon his conquest of ] in the 1080s Oleg gave himself the title "] of Khazaria".

===Byzantine, Georgian and Armenian sources===
] documented a joint attack on the Khazar state in ], ruled by ], by the Byzantines and Russians in 1016. Following 1016, there are more ambiguous references in Eastern Christian sources to Khazars that may or may not be using "Khazars" in a general sense (the Arabs, for example, called all steppe people "]"; the ]/] called them all "]"
At least one 12th-century Byzantine source refers to tribes practicing ] law and living in the ]; see ]. The connection between this group and the Khazars is rejected by most modern Khazar scholars.

===Western sources===
], a 13th-century Papal legate to the court of the ] Khan ], gave a list of the nations the Mongols had conquered in his account. One of them, listed among tribes of the Caucasus, Pontic steppe and the Caspian region, was the "], who are Jews." The identity of the Brutakhi is unclear. Giovanni later refers to the Brutakhi as shaving their heads. Though Giovanni refers to them as Kipchaks, they may have been a remnant of the Khazar people. Alternatively, they may have been Kipchak converts to Judaism (possibly connected to the ]s or the ]).

==Khazar place names today==
Today, various place names invoking ''Khazar'' persist. Indeed, the ], traditionally known as the '']'' and '']'' in ], came to be known to ]ians as the ''Khazar Sea'' as an alternative name. Many other cultures still call the Caspian Sea "Khazar Sea"; ''e.g.'' "Xəzər dənizi" in Azerbaijani, "Hazar Denizi" in Turkish, "Bahr ul-Khazar" in Arabic (although "Bahr Qazween" is becoming more popular now), "Darya-ye Khazar" in Persian. In Hungary, there are villages (and people with family names) called Kozár and Kazár.

==In literature==
{{Main|Khazars in fiction}}

The '']'' is one of most famous works of the medieval ] ]ish philosopher and poet Rabbi ]. Divided into five essays ("ma'amarim" (namely, Articles)), it takes the form of a dialogue between the ] ] of the ]s and a ] who was invited to instruct him in the tenets of the ]. Originally written in ], the book was translated by numerous scholars (including ]) into ] and other languages. Though the book is not considered a historical account of the Khazar conversion to Judaism, scholars such as ] and A.P. Novoseltsev have postulated that Yehuda had access to Khazar documents upon which he loosely based his work. His contemporary ] reported meeting Khazar ]nical students in ] in the mid-12th century. In any case, however, the book is in the main - and clearly intended to be - an exposition of the basic tenets of the Jewish religion, rather than a historical account of the actual conversion of the Khazars to Judaism.

The question of mass religious conversion is a central theme in ]'s international bestselling novel '']''. The novel, however, contained many invented elements and had little to do with actual Khazar history. More recently, several novels, including ]'s ''Justinian'' (about the life of Justinian II) and ]'s ''Book of Abraham'' and ''Wind of the Khazars'' have dealt either directly or indirectly with the topic of the Khazars and their role in history.

In 2007, the '']'' serialized a novel by ] entitled '']'' which features 10th-century Khazar characters.

== See also ==
{{col-begin}}
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**], an ethnic community ethnic group derived from Turkic-speaking adherents of ]
**], an ethnic Turkic speaking community practicing Judaism
*]
{{col-end}}

== Notes ==
<!-- Dead note "<Hammer>": ''Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes.'' M. F. Hammer, A. J. Redd, E. T. Wood, M. R. Bonner, H. Jarjanazi, T. Karafet, S. Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Oppenheim, M. A. Jobling, T. Jenkins, H. Ostrer, and B. Bonné-Tamir. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', May 9, 2000. -->
<!-- Dead note "Goldstein": http://www.humanitas-international.org/perezites/news/jewish-dna-nytimes.htm -->
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist|2}}
<references />

==Resources==
*{{Cite book|last=Wexler|first=Paul|title=The non-Jewish origins of the Sephardic Jews|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XZwO2TX8EOcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1996|isbn=0-7914-2795-1|ref=CITEREFWexler1996|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
* ]. ''Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement'', UNC Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8078-4638-4
* ]. (1996). "Khazar". '']'' (Brill Online). Eds.: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill.
* Doron M. Behar · Daniel Garrigan · Matthew E. Kaplan · Zahra Mobasher · Dror Rosengarten · Tatiana M. Karafet ·Lluis Quintana-Murci · Harry Ostrer · Karl Skorecki · Michael F. Hammer "." ''Hum Genet (2004) 114 : 354–365'', March, 2006.
* Bowman, Stephen B., Ankori, Zvi ''The Jews of Byzantium 1204-1453'' Bloch Pub Co (December 2001).
* Kevin Alan Brook. ''The Jews of Khazaria.'' 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006.
*
*
* Browning, Robert. ''The Byzantine Empire''. Catholic University of America Press, 1992.
* Cameron, Averil, ''Byzantines and Jews: some recent work on early Byzantium'', Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 20 (1996): 249-274.
* Cohen, M. R. ''The Voice of the Poor in the Middle Ages: An Anthology of Documents from the Cairo Geniza, ] (2005).
* ]. ''The History of the Jewish Khazars,'' Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954.
* Douglas M. Dunlop. "The Khazars." ''The ]: Jews in Christian Europe, 711-1096''. 1966.
* Geanakoplos, D. J. ''Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen through Contemporary Eyes'' University Of Chicago Press; New Ed edition (1986).
* ]. ''Khazar Studies: An Historio-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars.'' Budapest: Akademia Kiado, 1980.
* Peter B. Golden. "Khazar Turkic Ghulâms in Caliphal Service" (Journal Article in ''Journal Asiatique'', 2004.)
* Peter B. Golden. "Khazar Turkic Ghulâms in Caliphal Service: Onomastic Notes" (Journal Article in ''Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi'', 1993.)
* Peter B. Golden. "Khazars" (Book Chapter in ''Turkish-Jewish Encounters: Studies on Turkish-Jewish Relations through the Ages'', 2001.)
* Peter B. Golden, ''et al.'', eds. ''The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives: Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium''(Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, vol. 17, 2007). Leiden: Brill; contains, ''inter alia'',
** Peter B. Golden. "The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism." 'In: Golden ''et al.'' 2007, pp.&nbsp;123–162.
** ]. "The Khazar Language". In: Golden ''et al.'' 2007, pp.&nbsp;75–107.
* ] and ], ''Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century.'' Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982.
* ]. ''History of the Jews'', Vol. III. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1902.
* ]. (1976): ''The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage''. Random House. ISBN 0-394-40284-7
* Elli Kohen. History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire. '']'', 2007.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Kovalev | first1 = Roman K. | authorlink = Roman K. Kovalev | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 2004 | title = What Does Historical Numismatics Suggest About the Monetary History of Khazaria in the Ninth Century? – Question Revisited | url = | journal = Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi | volume = 13 | issue = | pages = 97–129 | ref = harv }}
* Roman K. Kovalev. "Creating Khazar Identity through Coins: The Special Issue Dirhams of 837/8." ''East Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages'', ed. Florin Curta, pp.&nbsp;220–253. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2005.
* Habib Levy, ''et al.'' ''Comprehensive History of the Jews of Iran: The Outset of the Diaspora''. George W. Maschke, trans. Mazda Publishers, 1999.
* Logan, Donald F. (1992). ''The Vikings in History'' 2nd ed. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08396-6
* {{cite journal | last1 = Mako | first1 = Gerald | year = 2010 | title = The Possible Reasons for the Arab-Khazar Wars | url = | journal = Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi | volume = 17 | issue = | pages = 45–57 }}
* Mango, Cyril (Ed) ''The Oxford History of Byzantium'' ], USA (December 5, 2002).
* Timothy S. Miller, "The Legend of Saint Zotikos According to Constantine Akropolites." ''Analecta Bollandiana'' vol. 112, 1994, pp.&nbsp;339–376.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Noonan | first1 = Thomas S. | authorlink = Thomas S. Noonan | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 1982 | title = Did the Khazars Possess a Monetary Economy? An Analysis of the Numismatic Evidence | url = | journal = Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi | volume = 2 | issue = | pages = 219–267 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Noonan | first1 = Thomas S. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 1983 | title = What Does Historical Numismatics Suggest About the History of Khazaria in the Ninth Century? | url = | journal = Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi | volume = 3 | issue = | pages = 265–281 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Noonan | first1 = Thomas S. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 1984 | title = Why ]s First Reached Russia: The Role of Arab-Khazar Relations in the Development of the Earliest Islamic Trade with ]. | url = | journal = Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi | volume = 4 | issue = | pages = 151–282 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Noonan | first1 = Thomas S. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 1985 | title = Khazaria as an Intermediary between Islam and Eastern Europe in the Second Half of the Ninth Century: The Numismatic Perspective | url = | journal = Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi | volume = 5 | issue = | pages = 179–204 | ref = harv }}
* Thomas S. Noonan. "Byzantium and the Khazars: a special relationship?" ''Byzantine Diplomacy: Papers from the Twenty-fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies'', Cambridge, March 1990, ed. ] and Simon Franklin, pp.&nbsp;109–132. Aldershot, England: Variorium, 1992.
* Thomas S. Noonan. "What Can Archaeology Tell Us About the Economy of Khazaria?" ''The Archaeology of the Steppes: Methods and Strategies - Papers from the International Symposium held in Naples 9–12 November 1992'', ed. Bruno Genito, pp.&nbsp;331–345. Napoli, Italy: Istituto Universitario Orientale, 1994.
* Thomas S. Noonan. "The Khazar Economy." ''Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi'' 9 (1995–1997): 253-318.
* Thomas S. Noonan. "The Khazar-Byzantine World of the Crimea in the Early Middle Ages: The Religious Dimension." ''Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi'' 10 (1998–1999): 207-230.
* Thomas S. Noonan. "Les Khazars et le commerce oriental." ''Les Échanges au Moyen Age: Justinien, Mahomet, Charlemagne: trois empires dans l'économie médiévale'', pp.&nbsp;82–85. Dijon: Editions Faton S.A., 2000.
* Thomas S. Noonan. "The Khazar Qaghanate and its Impact on the Early Rus' State: The translatio imperii from Itil to Kiev." ''Nomads in the Sedentary World'', eds. ] and André Wink, pp.&nbsp;76–102. Richmond, England: Curzon Press, 2001.
* John Julius Norwich. ''A Short History of Byzantium''. Vintage, 1998.
* ]. ''History of the Byzantine State'', ] (July 1986).
* ]. ''Khazary'', 2nd ed. Moscow: Nauka, 1986.
* Omeljan Pritsak. "The Khazar Kingdom's Conversion to ]." (Journal Article in ''Harvard Ukrainian Studies'', 1978)
* Omeljan Pritsak. "The Pre-Ashkenazic Jews of Eastern Europe in Relation to the Khazars, the Rus', and the Lithuanians". ''Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in HIstorical Perspective'', ed. Howard Aster and Peter J. Potichnyj. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1990. p.&nbsp;7.
* Rossman, Vadim. ''Russian Intellectual Antisemitism in the Post-Communist Era'', University of Nebraska Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8032-3948-3
* ] (2009): '']''. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-422-0
* A. Scharf. ''Byzantine Jewry: From Justinian to the Fourth Crusade. London, 1971.
* Starr, Joshua, ''The Jews in the Byzantine Empire 641-1204'' Burt Franklin (1970).
* Tamara Talbot Rice. The ] in ]. Thames and Hudson, London, 1961. pp.&nbsp;18–19.
* Vital, David (1999): ''A People Apart: A History of the Jews in Europe''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821980-6
* Zolitor, Jeff, Wolfe, Peter "The Khazars" Philadelphia: Conference of the Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations, (2002), Canadian Jewish Outlook (Sept/Oct 2002) /www.csjo.org/pages/essays/essaykhazars.htm

===Works written before 1915===
*Blind, Karl. "A Forgotten Turkish Nation in Europe". ''The Gentleman's Quarterly''. Vol. CCXLI, No. 19. London: Chatto & Windus, 1877. pp.&nbsp;439–460.
*''Itinéraires de la Terre Sainte'', Carmody, (Brussels, 1847)
*''Sur le Khazars''. Vivien St. Martin. (Paris, 1851)
*'']'', translated by ], (St. Petersburg, 1869)
*''Der khazarische Königsbrief'', Cassel, (Berlin, 1877)
*''Der Ursprung der Magyaren'', Vambéry, (Leipzig, 1882)
*''Das Buch se-Chazari'', Hirschfield, (Breslau, 1885)
*''Pre- and Proto-historic Finns'', Abercromby, (London, 1898)
*''Osteuropäische und Ostasiatische Streifzüge'', Marquart, (Leipzig, 1903)
*''Jewish Quarterly Review'', Volume iii, Pages 181–219, "An Unknown Khazar Document," (n.s., Philadelphia, 1913)
*Accounts of Oriental writers were published at St. Petersburg by Fraehn, (1821), and by Harkavy, (1874 et seq.)

==External links==
* in the ] collection.
*{{ru icon}} Golubovsky Peter V. (1888) (Болгары и хазары, восточные соседи Руси при Владимире Святом) at ] in ] format
*
* The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
* by Yair Davidiy
*]
*
*
*
*
*
*
* by ]
*{{ru icon}} ''(660 Years Together and 50 Years of Lies)'' by Semyon Charny. Lechaim magazine, March 2003.
*
*

{{Khazaria}}
{{Jews and Judaism}}
{{History of the Jews in Europe}}
{{Crimea topics}}
{{Turkic peoples}}
{{Russia topics}}

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notes

Baroque / 17th Cent

Mid-century
Late

Enlightenment / 18th Cent

George Gwozdecky

Apperception

Little Fyodor

Medieval history

Carolingians

HRE

  • Rosamund McKitterick, Charlemagne Formation of European Identity,
- http://books.google.com/books?id=kxb8kR4hvbQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
- Einhard's Charl., http://books.google.com/books?id=kxb8kR4hvbQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false
- discussion of implications of Charlemagne coronation , p.70-72
- Louis I , p. 106-
  • Matthew Innes, State and Society in the Early Middle Ages : The Middle Rhine Valley, 400-1000,
- http://0-site.ebrary.com.albuq.cabq.gov/lib/abqpl/detail.action?docID=5000328&p00=charlemagne
- https://books.google.com/books?id=CtUueBIMm-cC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
- division of Carolingian power, 9th c, p.195 (211)
  • Bryce , Restoration of the Western Empire,
-Louis I , p.76 , https://books.google.com/books?id=O8cQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false
  • Cantor , Louis I - p. 193
- Otto pp. 212-215
HRE

Maps

Vikings

Russia & Balkans

Kievan Rus'

Lobos

  • archived MG13-14:
  • archived MG 16-17:

Giddens, Thomas

UNM graduation: https://www.abqjournal.com/1417060/better-late-than-never-thomas-earns-his-degree.html

Hunter Greene

Weir

2016-17

2015-16

2014-15 review

Mike Roberts

- http://www.golobos.com/news/2016/9/13/general-legendary-former-announcer-mike-roberts-passes-away.aspx
- https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-bDCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=mike+roberts+albuquerque&source=bl&ots=MmfugaWUN2&sig=GodLyiO2H6LFQQ5FZbbFLYTaVcw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2t6L4wo_PAhVj5YMKHbFFDTQ4HhDoAQhPMAk#v=onepage&q=mike%20roberts%20albuquerque&f=false
- http://www.golobos.com/sports/2015/5/12/GEN_20140101101.aspx
- https://www.abqjournal.com//sports/302946sports04-26-08.htm
- http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/abqjournal/obituary.aspx?n=mike-roberts&pid=181451672&fhid=7153
- http://www.kob.com/albuquerque-news/longtime-lobo-mike-roberts-honored-at-the-pit/4273651/?cat=500
- http://krqe.com/2016/09/25/voice-of-the-lobos-mike-roberts-remembered-at-public-viewing/

Loose ends

- https://www.abqjournal.com/1006440/fans-dont-shy-from-helping-to-name-pit.html
- https://www.abqjournal.com/1009615/choices-have-been-narrowed-down-for-pit-2.html
- mentions Ira Harge, Bob King, Tow Diehm in acceptance speech
- Pit capacity (substitute for current link): http://www.abqjournal.com/381132/sports/demand-up-capacity-down-at-the-pit.html
ESPN encyclopedia (newer version?) , http://books.google.com/books?id=g42TyP-V5C8C&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=the+pit+loudest+arena&source=bl&ots=cXVKbPO7mw&sig=ns0K8OwEncT92i9iPj36kM_P3mo&hl=en&ei=7YS-TJPyI8L48AbAvM28Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&sqi=2&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=the%20pit%20loudest%20arena&f=true
conf tournmt section - ?
  • MG, 127 - all conf tournmt games listed, break down, put in Conferences section, remove table
  • Conference Tournament, Record breakdown
  • Overall: ............................ 32-25 / 10-11 MW
  • First Round: ......................... 1-1 / 0-1 MW
  • Quarterfinals: ...................... 18-10 / 5-7 MW
  • Semifinals: ...........................9-9 / 3-2 MW
  • Championship: .........................4-5 / 2-1 MW

- http://www.golobos.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&DB_OEM_ID=26000&ATCLID=209063190&SPID=87123&SPSID=616943 - http://www.lipscombsports.com/mbasketball/news/2012-13/7488/where-are-they-now-gary-colson/

- A record to savor, night to remember, Albuquerque Journal (NM) - Tuesday, February 26, 2013

Roy Johnson

  • newsp:

Bob King

misc

  • record as/vs ranked team, pp. 102-03 (section 1)
  • Media Guide 12-13:
  • 2001-02:

Coding

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Thank you for your contributions to this 💕. If you decide that you need help, check out Getting Help below or place {{Help me}} on your talk page and ask your question there. Please remember to sign your name on talk pages by clicking or or by typing four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your username and the date. Also, please do your best to always fill in the edit summary field. Below are some useful links to facilitate your involvement. Happy editing! Laszlo Panaflex (talk) 15:19, 27 March 2015 (UTC)

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  • clippings, Newspapers.com:
clippings

Citation and Open Access

  • Editors should always provide original citation information, in addition to linking a Newspaper.com article, per WP:V and WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT
  • Editors should not provide bare links to non-free Newspapers.com pages
  • Citations should include a link to a "Clipping" (see subsection below)
  • Make sure to include the {{Open access}} template in citations of clippings, we want our readers to know that they can access these articles.
Example
<ref> {{cite news|title=Obituary Notes: Charles Wingate |url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/141558/the_new_york_timesnew_york_new/|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 September 1909|page=9|via = ]|accessdate = July 21, 2014 }} {{Open access}}</ref>

Using the Open Access "Clipping" function

Both Newspapers.com and The Misplaced Pages Library would prefer that articles citing Newspapers.com be linked to clippings. Clippings allow Newspapers.com subscribers to identify particular articles, extract them from the original full sheet newspaper, and share them through unique URLs. Thus users who click on a Newspapers.com Clipping link will be able to access that particular article, and the full page of the paper if they come from the clipping, without needing to subscribe to Newspapers.com. For more information about how to use clippings, see http://www.newspapers.com/basics/#h-cliptypes .

Gallery format

  • example:
  • Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
  • template:
  • packed hover:

misc

  • that vs which:
- https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/usage/that-or-which
- http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/which-versus-that

References

User:Laszlo Panaflex/sandbox: Difference between revisions Add topic