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| {{Short description|Battle fought in the Khmelnytsky Uprising}} | |||
| {{Infobox military conflict | {{Infobox military conflict | ||
| |conflict=Battle of Pyliavtsi | | conflict = Battle of Pyliavtsi | ||
| |partof=the ] | | partof = the ] | ||
| | image = Bytwa pid Pylyavciamy 2.png | |||
| |image= | |||
| | caption = Attack of the ] and ] on the ] | |||
| |caption=The defeat of the Polish army near Pyliavtsi. V. Horbenko, 2004 | |||
| |date= |
| date = 21–23 September 1648 | ||
| |place=], ] | | place = ], ], ] | ||
| |result= |
| result = Cossack–Tatar victory | ||
| |combatant1 |
| combatant1 = ]<br />] | ||
| |combatant2 |
| combatant2 = ] | ||
| |commander1=] <br> ] | | commander1 = ]<br />]<br />]<br />] | ||
| |commander2=] |
| commander2 = ]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />] | ||
| | strength1 = 60,000–80,000 Zaporozhian Cossacks<ref name=waybackmachine>]. Yuriy Mytsyk, “Battle of Pyliavtsi 1648, Encyclopedia of the history of Ukraine”. 4 November 2016.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=April 2024}}<br />3,000–4,000 Crimean Tatars<ref name=waybackmachine>]. Yuriy Mytsyk, “Battle of Pyliavtsi 1648, Encyclopedia of the history of Ukraine”. 4 November 2016.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=April 2024}} | |||
| |strength1= 30,000 and 2,000 Tatars <ref name="EoU"> at </ref> | |||
| | strength2 =40,000–50,000 Polish–Lithuanian servants{{cn|date=April 2024}}<br>32,000–40,000 Polish–Lithuanian nobility, cavalry and infantry{{cn|date=April 2024}}<br />8,000 German mercenaries{{cn|date=April 2024}} | |||
| |strength2= 25,000 | |||
| | casualties1 = Unknown killed and wounded<ref name=waybackmachine>]. Yuriy Mytsyk, “Battle of Pyliavtsi 1648, Encyclopedia of the history of Ukraine”. 4 November 2016.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=April 2024}} | |||
| |casualties1=Unknown | |||
| |casualties2=Unknown | | casualties2 = Unknown killed and wounded | ||
| | image_size = 270px | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{Campaignbox Khmelnytsky Uprising}} | {{Campaignbox Khmelnytsky Uprising}}{{Multiple issues|{{Full citations needed|date=April 2024}} | ||
| {{Page numbers needed|date=April 2024}} | |||
| {{One source|date=February 2024}}}} | |||
| The '''Battle of Pyliavtsi''' (]: ''Битва під Пилявцями'', ]: ''Bitwa pod Piławcami;'' 21–23 September 1648) was the third significant ] of the ]. Near the site of the present-day village of ] in ], a forces of the ] and ] under the command of ] ], ] ], ] ] and ] attacked and decisively defeated the ] forces under the command of ] ] and ], ] ] and ] with ] ]. | |||
| ==Background== | |||
| '''Battle of Pyliavtsi''' ({{lang-uk|Пилявцi}}; {{lang-pl|Piławce}}); September 23, 1648) was the third significant battle of the ]. Near the site of the present-day village of ] in south-central Ukraine, ] forces met a numerically superior force of ]s and ] under the command of ] and ]. The Commonwealth forces were dealt a third consecutive defeat. | |||
| At the beginning of the ] in the early months of 1648, ] tried to suppress it but suffered two defeats at the ] and ]. This was followed by the death of king ] on 20 May 1648, and Chancellor ] called for a congress of notables in ] on 9 June, at which ], ] and ] were designated provisional commanders, and ] was instructed to enter into negotiations with ].<ref name=Hrushevsky>Hrushevsky, M., 2002, History of Ukraine-Rus, Volume Eight, The Cossack Age, 1626-1650, Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, {{ISBN|1895571324}}</ref>{{rp|418–419}} By 27 June, the ] region, ] and the south ] region were engulfed by the uprising, Khmelnytsky had halted at ], ] foraged with his horde, and the khan had returned to the ] with two hundred thousand captives.<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|431, 442–443}} By August, Kysil's commission had failed and this period of truce was coming to an end.<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|467}} | |||
| The ] organized in ], headed by the unpopular triumvirate of Crown commissioners: ], ], and ], were all famously derided by ] as a ''peryna'' (the feather-down bed), ''latyna'' (the Latinist) and ''dytyna'' (the child), respectively.<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|468}} ] Army marched to ] on 16 August 1648, in the footsteps of another ] organized around ], who had been stationed in south ] "following the battles at ]".<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|468}} These armies merged on 1 September 1648, at Chovhanskyi Kamin.<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|469}} | |||
| ==Before the battle== | |||
| {{Expand section|date=June 2008}} | |||
| Khmelnytsky was moving slowly towards the Volyn, while waiting for the Polish diplomatic delegation. During this time a new Polish army was gathered in the southern Volyn and started to advance against cossack forces. Khmelnytsky directed his troops right against it, while sending for Tatar reinforcements. The Polish army and Cossacks met by the small castle near Pyliava village (]). Khmelnytsky engaged in negotiations while awaiting for the requested help. Upon the arrival of the Tatar forces he started the battle. | |||
| ] was "sationed at the time with his army on the fields of ] southeast of ]".<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|469}} | |||
| After the beginning of the Khmelnytsky uprising in the early months of 1648 several unsuccesful attempts were made by Polish forces to supress it. Having suffered two defeats at the ] and ] the Commonwealth sent a new army to confront Khmelnitsky. The Polish army was headed by three inept and inexperienced nobles: ], ], and ], all famously derided by Khmelnytsky as a ''peryna'' (the feather-down bed), ''latyna'' (the Latinist) and ''dytyna'' (the child). | |||
| An advance regiment commanded by ] and ] crossed the Ikopot River at Rosolivtsi on 6 September 1648, and encountered a Cossack garrison near ], who overnight abandoned the town to the ].<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|472}} Yet, rather than "establishing themselves in..this mighty fortress...they set out to take" ] position at ], convinced "he would do anything to avoid a battle" while awaiting the arrival of the ].<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|472}} | |||
| ==The battle== | |||
| {{Empty section|date=June 2008}} | |||
| On 8 September 1648, Polish cavalry troops under the command of Mykola Zatsyvilkovsky approached the Cossack positions at ], driving a Cossack reconnaissance patrol from the field, allowing the ] to camp on the Ikva opposite ].<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|473}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ==Battle== | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| Following several days of minor battles, ] led his army on the morning of 13 September 1648 shouting: “For the faith, brave warriors, for the faith!", killing many Polish cavalrymen as they fled back across the Ikva.<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|474}} That night, the Polish commanders decided to retreat in ] to ], but while preparing for this retreat the next day, they would hold their position and fight under ] command.<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|475}} However, "rumours began curculating among the troops ... that the commanders had abandoned the camp and taken flight, and fear was turned into wholesale panic".<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|475}} "Everyone else began to flee, leaving behind wagons, cannon, and all kind of supplies, only the sick and maimed remained", not stopping at ], ] went to ], ] to ], ] to ].<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|475}} | |||
| ==Aftermath== | ==Aftermath== | ||
| The Poles left behind an "immense, unheard-of booty", including a hundred thousand loaded wagons, and the "Cossacks then threw themselves, completely unarmed, into looting the camp", which "significantly weakened the victor's desire to launch a pursuit."<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|476–477}} Even the "Tatar Horde, arriving after the rout, paid no attention to taking prisoners, but applied themselves to keeping the assorted booty".<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|477}} A few days later, ] seized ], "the residence of the ] greatest enemy, ]", continued on to siege ] from 28 September until 15 October 1648, leaving after that city paid 500,000 złoty worth of "money, metal, goods, and supplies" (330,000 went the Tatars).<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|480–481, 489}} He then laid siege to ] on 27 October until 22 November 1648, before receiving 20,000 złotys.<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{Full citation needed|date=April 2024}}{{rp|493,497}} | |||
| {{Empty section|date=June 2008}} | |||
| The ] convened 26 September 1648 (6 November 1648,) and elected ] as ], Andrzej Firlej as ], and ] as king on 17 November, who sent Jakub Smiarowski to ask ] to withdraw "to the usual places".<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|500–501,506}} Khmelnytsky departed ] on 24 November, the king confirmed Khmelnytsky as hetman in December<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|512}} and Khmelnytsky entered ] before ].<ref name=Hrushevsky/>{{rp|511,515}} | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> | <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> | ||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| <div class="references-small"> | |||
| ===Inline=== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| <references/> | |||
| * {{cite book | title=Ukraine: A History | author= |
* {{cite book | title=Ukraine: A History | author=Subtelny, Orest | author-link=Orest Subtelny | publisher=] | year=2000 | isbn=0-8020-8390-0 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0 }} | ||
| {{refend}} | |||
| </div> | |||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| <div class="references-small"> | |||
| * {{ |
* {{in lang|uk}} | ||
| * - Battle of Pyliavtsi | * - Battle of Pyliavtsi | ||
| * - Battle of Pyliavtsi | * - Battle of Pyliavtsi | ||
| {{refend}} | |||
| </div> | |||
| {{coord|49.599|27.460|type:event_globe:earth_region:UA|display=title}} | |||
| {{coord missing|Ukraine}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Pyliavtsi}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Pyliavtsi}} | ||
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| {{Ukraine-hist-stub}} | |||
Latest revision as of 08:52, 22 October 2024
Battle fought in the Khmelnytsky Uprising| Battle of Pyliavtsi | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising | |||||||
 Attack of the Zaporozhian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
|
Zaporozhian Host Crimean Khanate | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Bohdan Khmelnytsky Tymofiy Khmelnytsky Maksym Kryvonis Tugay Bey |
Władysław Dominik Zasławski-Ostrogski Mikołaj Ostroróg Jeremi Wiśniowiecki Janusz Tyszkiewicz Aleksander Koniecpolski | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
60,000–80,000 Zaporozhian Cossacks 3,000–4,000 Crimean Tatars |
40,000–50,000 Polish–Lithuanian servants 32,000–40,000 Polish–Lithuanian nobility, cavalry and infantry 8,000 German mercenaries | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown killed and wounded | Unknown killed and wounded | ||||||
| Khmelnytsky Uprising | |
|---|---|
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The Battle of Pyliavtsi (Ukrainian: Битва під Пилявцями, Polish: Bitwa pod Piławcami; 21–23 September 1648) was the third significant battle of the Khmelnytsky Uprising. Near the site of the present-day village of Pyliava in Ukraine, a forces of the Zaporozhian Host and Crimean Khanate under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Otaman Tymofiy Khmelnytsky, Colonel Maksym Kryvonis and Tugay Bey attacked and decisively defeated the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth’s forces under the command of Princes Władysław Dominik Zasławski-Ostrogski and Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, Noblemans Mikołaj Ostroróg and Aleksander Koniecpolski with Magnate Janusz Tyszkiewicz.
Background
At the beginning of the Khmelnytsky Uprising in the early months of 1648, Polish forces tried to suppress it but suffered two defeats at the battle of Zhovti Vody and Korsun. This was followed by the death of king Władysław IV on 20 May 1648, and Chancellor Jerzy Ossolinski called for a congress of notables in Warsaw on 9 June, at which Zaslawski, Ostroróg and Koniecpolski were designated provisional commanders, and Adam Kisiel was instructed to enter into negotiations with Bohdan Khmelnytsky. By 27 June, the Bratslav region, Volhynia and the south Kyiv region were engulfed by the uprising, Khmelnytsky had halted at Bila Tserkva, Tugay Bey foraged with his horde, and the khan had returned to the Crimea with two hundred thousand captives. By August, Kysil's commission had failed and this period of truce was coming to an end.
The Crown Army organized in Galicia, headed by the unpopular triumvirate of Crown commissioners: Władysław Dominik Zasławski, Mikolaj Ostroróg, and Aleksander Koniecpolski, were all famously derided by Bohdan Khmelnytsky as a peryna (the feather-down bed), latyna (the Latinist) and dytyna (the child), respectively. Zaslawski's Army marched to Zbarazh on 16 August 1648, in the footsteps of another Crown Army organized around Jeremi Wisniowiecki, who had been stationed in south Volhynia "following the battles at Starokostiantyniv". These armies merged on 1 September 1648, at Chovhanskyi Kamin.
Bohdan Khmelnytsky was "sationed at the time with his army on the fields of Pyliavtsi southeast of Starokostiantyniv".
An advance regiment commanded by Koniecpolski and Ostroróg crossed the Ikopot River at Rosolivtsi on 6 September 1648, and encountered a Cossack garrison near Starokostiantyniv, who overnight abandoned the town to the Crown Army. Yet, rather than "establishing themselves in..this mighty fortress...they set out to take" Khmelnytsky's position at Pyliavtsi, convinced "he would do anything to avoid a battle" while awaiting the arrival of the Crimean Tatars.
On 8 September 1648, Polish cavalry troops under the command of Mykola Zatsyvilkovsky approached the Cossack positions at Pyliavtsi, driving a Cossack reconnaissance patrol from the field, allowing the Crown Army to camp on the Ikva opposite Khmelnytsky.
Battle
Following several days of minor battles, Khmelnytsky led his army on the morning of 13 September 1648 shouting: “For the faith, brave warriors, for the faith!", killing many Polish cavalrymen as they fled back across the Ikva. That night, the Polish commanders decided to retreat in corral formation to Starokostiantyniv, but while preparing for this retreat the next day, they would hold their position and fight under Wisniowiecki's command. However, "rumours began curculating among the troops ... that the commanders had abandoned the camp and taken flight, and fear was turned into wholesale panic". "Everyone else began to flee, leaving behind wagons, cannon, and all kind of supplies, only the sick and maimed remained", not stopping at Starokostiantyniv, Koniecpolski went to Brody, Ostroróg to Olesko, Zaslawski to Vyshnivets.
Aftermath
The Poles left behind an "immense, unheard-of booty", including a hundred thousand loaded wagons, and the "Cossacks then threw themselves, completely unarmed, into looting the camp", which "significantly weakened the victor's desire to launch a pursuit." Even the "Tatar Horde, arriving after the rout, paid no attention to taking prisoners, but applied themselves to keeping the assorted booty". A few days later, Bohdan Khmelnytsky seized Zbarazh, "the residence of the Cossack's greatest enemy, Jeremi Wiśniowiecki", continued on to siege Lviv from 28 September until 15 October 1648, leaving after that city paid 500,000 złoty worth of "money, metal, goods, and supplies" (330,000 went the Tatars). He then laid siege to Zamość on 27 October until 22 November 1648, before receiving 20,000 złotys.
The Polish Sejm convened 26 September 1648 (6 November 1648,) and elected Jeremi Wisniowiecki as Crown Hetman, Andrzej Firlej as Field Hetman, and John II Casimir Vasa as king on 17 November, who sent Jakub Smiarowski to ask Bohdan Khmelnytsky to withdraw "to the usual places". Khmelnytsky departed Zamość on 24 November, the king confirmed Khmelnytsky as hetman in December and Khmelnytsky entered Kyiv before Christmas.
References
Inline
- ^ Wayback Machine. Yuriy Mytsyk, “Battle of Pyliavtsi 1648, Encyclopedia of the history of Ukraine”. 4 November 2016.
- ^ Hrushevsky, M., 2002, History of Ukraine-Rus, Volume Eight, The Cossack Age, 1626-1650, Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, ISBN 1895571324
External links
- Military strategy of Bohdan Khmelnytsky (in Ukrainian)
- Ukrainian Television and Radio - Battle of Pyliavtsi
- Zaporizhia National University - Battle of Pyliavtsi
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