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Marmosets
Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) at Tibau do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Parvorder:	Platyrrhini
Family:	Callitrichidae
Groups included
Callibella M.G.M. van Roosmalen & T. van Roosmalen, 2003 (Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset) Callimico Miranda-Ribeiro, 1922 (Goeldi's marmoset) Callithrix Erxleben, 1777 (Atlantic marmosets) Cebuella Gray, 1866 (pygmy marmosets) Mico Lesson, 1840 (Amazonian marmosets)
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
Leontopithecus Lesson, 1840 (lion tamarins) Saguinus Hoffmannsegg, 1807 (tamarins)

The marmosets (/ˈmɑːrməˌzɛts, -ˌsɛts/), also known as zaris or sagoin, are twenty-two New World monkey species of the genera Callithrix, Cebuella, Callibella, and Mico. All four genera are part of the biological family Callitrichidae. The term "marmoset" is also used in reference to Goeldi's marmoset, Callimico goeldii, which is closely related.

Most marmosets are about 20 cm (8 in) long. Relative to other monkeys, they show some apparently primitive features; they have claws rather than nails, and tactile hairs on their wrists. They lack wisdom teeth, and their brain layout seems to be relatively primitive. Their body temperature is unusually variable, changing by up to 4 °C (7.2 °F) in a day. Marmosets are native to South America and have been found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Peru. They have also been occasionally spotted in Central America and southern Mexico. They are sometimes kept as pets, though they have specific dietary and habitat needs that require consideration.

According to recent research, marmosets exhibit germline chimerism, which is not known to occur in nature in any primates other than callitrichids. 95% of marmoset fraternal twins trade blood through chorionic fusions, making them hematopoietic chimeras.

Etymology

Callithrix comes from Ancient Greek and means "beautiful fur".

Species list

• Genus Callithrix—Atlantic marmosets
  • Common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus
  • Black-tufted marmoset, Callithrix penicillata
  • Wied's marmoset, Callithrix kuhlii
  • White-headed marmoset, Callithrix geoffroyi
  • Buffy-headed marmoset, Callithrix flaviceps
  • Buffy-tufted marmoset, Callithrix aurita
• Genus Mico—Amazonian marmosets
  • Rio Acari marmoset, Mico acariensis
  • Silvery marmoset, Mico argentatus
  • White marmoset, Mico leucippe
  • Emilia's marmoset, Mico emiliae
  • Black-headed marmoset, Mico nigriceps
  • Marca's marmoset, Mico marcai
  • Black-tailed marmoset, Mico melanura
  • Santarem marmoset, Mico humeralifer
  • Maués marmoset, Mico mauesi
  • Munduruku marmoset, Mico munduruku
  • Gold-and-white marmoset, Mico chrysoleucos
  • Hershkovitz's marmoset, Mico intermedius
  • Satéré marmoset, Mico saterei
  • Rondon's marmoset, Mico rondoni
• Genus Callibella—Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset
  • Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset, Callibella humilis
• Genus Cebuella—Pygmy Marmoset
  • Pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea

Behavior

Marmosets are highly active, living in the upper canopy of forest trees, and feeding on insects, fruit, leaves, tack, sap, and gum. They have long lower incisors, which allow them to chew holes in tree trunks and branches to harvest the gum inside; some species are specialised feeders on gum.

Marmosets live in family groups of three to 15, consisting of one or two breeding females, an unrelated male, their offspring, and occasionally extended family members and unrelated individuals. Their mating systems are highly variable and can include monogamy, polygyny, and polyandry. In most species, fraternal twins are usually born, but triplets are not unknown. Like other callitrichines, marmosets are characterized by a high degree of cooperative care of the young and some food sharing and tolerated theft. Adult males, females other than the mother, and older offspring participate in carrying infants. Father marmosets are an exceptionally attentive example of fathers within the animal kingdom, going as far as assisting their mates in giving birth, cleaning up afterbirth, and even biting the umbilical cords attaching their newborn offspring to their mothers. Most groups scent mark and defend the edges of their ranges, but whether they are truly territorial is unclear, as group home ranges greatly overlap.

The favorite food of marmosets is carbohydrate-rich tree sap, which they reach by gnawing holes in trunks. Their territories are centered on the trees that they regularly exploit in this way. The smaller marmosets venture into the very top of forest canopies to hunt insects that are abundant there.

Marmosets use chirps, trills, and "phee" calls to communicate with each other. "Phee" calls are long-distance vocalizations that help monkeys identify each other's locations. Marmosets have been observed to use distinctive "phee" calls for the different individuals in their group, similar to a human name.

References

1. Groves CP (2005). Wilson DE, Reeder DM (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 129–133. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
2. Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB, eds. (2008). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini): An Annotated Taxonomy". South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
3. "marmoset". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
4. "marmoset". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021.
5. Stafford S (1999). Thermoregulatory and Endocrine Adaptations of Small Body Size in Primates (PhD thesis). Kent State University.
6. "Callithrix Factsheet". Primate Info Net. University of Wisconsin, Madison. Archived from the original on 26 June 2006. Retrieved 8 November 2005.
7. ^ "The Primates: New World Monkeys". Archived from the original on 11 December 2005. Retrieved 6 December 2005.
8. Bradford A (29 March 2017). "Facts About Marmosets". livescience.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
9. Ross C, French J, Ortí G (2007). "Germ-line chimerism and paternal care in marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104 (15): 6278–82. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.6278R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607426104. PMC 1851065. PMID 17389380. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
10. Tachibana M, Sparman M, Mitalipov S (January 2012). "Generation of Chimeric Rhesus Monkeys". Cell. 148 (1–2): 285–95. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.12.007. PMC 3264685. PMID 22225614.
11. Gengozian N, Batson JS, Eide P (1964). "Hematologic and Cytogenetic Evidence for Hematopoietic Chimerism in the Marmoset, Tamarinus Nigricollis". Cytogenetics. 10 (6): 384–393. doi:10.1159/000129828. PMID 14267132.
12. Davis LC, Ford SM, Porter LM (2009). The Smallest Anthropoids: The Marmoset/Callimico Radiation. Springer. p. 384. ISBN 978-1-4419-0292-4.
13. Johnson CY (29 August 2024). "Marmoset monkeys call each other by name, study suggests". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
14. Oren G, Shapira A, Lifshitz R, Vinepinsky E, Cohen R, Fried T, et al. (30 August 2024). "Vocal labeling of others by nonhuman primates". Science. 385 (6712): 996–1003. doi:10.1126/science.adp3757. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 39208084. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.

External links

• Primate Info Net Callithrix Factsheets
• Common Marmoset Care

• Callitrichidae
• Primates of South America
• Mammal common names