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{{Short description|11th-century Sufi scholar and saint}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox religious biography
'''Abu Ismaïl Abdullah al-Herawi al-Ansari''' or '''Khajah Abdullah Ansari of Herat''' (1006–1088) ({{lang-fa|'''خواجه عبدالله انصاری'''}}) also known as Pir-i Herat ({{lang-fa|پیر هرات}}) (sage of Herat) was a famous ]<ref>Arthur John Arberry, "Sufism: an account of the mystics of Islam", Courier Dover Publications, 2001. pg 69: "This manual was well regarded in later times; commentaries upon it were written among others by the celebrated Persian mystic Ansari"</ref> ]<ref>A. G. Ravân Farhâdi, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad Anṣārī al-Harawī, "ʻAbdullāh Anṣārī of Herāt (1006-1089 C.E.): an early Ṣūfi master",Routledge, 996.</ref> who lived in the 11th century in ] (then ], now ]). One of the outstanding figures in ] in the 5th/11th century: commentator of the ], traditionist, polemicist, and spiritual master, known for his oratory and poetic talents in ] and ].<ref name="Iranica"/>
| image='Abdullah Ansari with Abu Ahmad, Safavid Shiraz, Iran, second half 16th century.jpg
| caption=Abdullah Ansari (holding a book) with Abu Ahmad. Folio from ]'s ''Majalis al-ushshaq'', created in ], ], second half 16th century
| title = '']'', ''Sage of Herat''
| birth_date = May 4, 1006
| birth_place = ], ]
| death_date = 1089 (aged 82-83)
| death_place = ], ]
| religion = ]
| name = Abū Ismāʿīl al-Harawī
| denomination = ]
| creed = ]<ref name="Halverson47">{{cite book|last=Halverson|first=Jeffry R.|title=Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv|url-access=limited|isbn=9781137473578|pages=|publisher=Pelgrave Macmillan|date=2010}}</ref>
| Maddhab = ]<ref name="Halverson37">{{cite book|last=Halverson|first=Jeffry R.|title=Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv|url-access=limited|isbn=9781137473578|pages=|publisher=Pelgrave Macmillan|date=2010}}</ref>
| movement = ]<ref name="Halverson48">{{cite book|last=Halverson|first=Jeffry R.|title=Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/theologycreedsun00halv|url-access=limited|isbn=9781137473578|pages=|publisher=Pelgrave Macmillan|date=2010}}</ref>
| influenced = ]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Slitine|first1=Moulay|last2=Fitzgerald|first2=Michael|title=The Invocation of God|publisher=Islamic Texts Society|pages=4|isbn=0946621780|date=2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| author = Ovamir Anjum
| title = Sufism without Mysticism: Ibn al-Qayyim's Objectives in Madarij al-Salikin
| publisher = University of Toledo, Ohio
| url =https://www.academia.edu/2248220
| pages = 164
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| author = Livnat Holtzman
| title = Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah
| journal = Essays in Arabic Literary Biography
| date = January 2009
| publisher = Bar Ilan University
| url =https://www.academia.edu/1057824
| pages = 219
}}
</ref>
| module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
| ism = ʿAbd Allāh<br/>({{lang|ar|عبد الله}})
| nasab = Ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī ibn Jaʿfar ibn Manṣūr ibn Matt <br/>({{lang|ar|بن محمد بن علي بن محمد بن أحمد بن علي بن جعفر بن منصور بن مت }})
| kunya = Abū Ismāʿīl<br/>({{lang|ar|أبو إسماعيل}})
| nisba = ]<br />({{lang|ar|الهروي}})
}}
| native_name = أبو إسماعيل الهروي
| native_name_lang = ar
}}

'''Abu Ismaïl Abdullah al-Harawi al-Ansari''' or '''Abdullah Ansari of Herat''' (1006–1089) ({{langx|fa|خواجه عبدالله انصاری}}) also known as ''Pir-i Herat'' ({{lang|fa|پیر هرات}}) "Sage of Herat", was a ] saint,<ref>A. G. Ravân Farhâdi, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad Anṣārī al-Harawī, "ʻAbdullāh Anṣārī of Herāt (1006-1089 C.E.): an early Shia Ṣūfi master", Routledge, 996.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ʿABDALLĀH ANṢĀRĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abdallah-al-ansari|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> who lived in ] (modern-day ]). Ansari was a commentator on the ], scholar of the ] school of thought (]), ], polemicist and spiritual master, known for his oratory and poetic talents in ] and ].<ref name="Iranica"/>


]]] ]]]
], ], and ].]]


==Life== ==Life==
Ansari was born in the Kohandez, the old citadel of Herat, in 1006. His father, Abu Mansur, was a shopkeeper who had spent several years of his youth at ].<ref name="Iranica">S. de Laugier de Beaureceuil, "Abdullah Ansari" in Encylcoapedia Iranica </ref>


Ansari was a direct descendant of ], a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, being the ninth in line from him. The lineage is described, and traced in the family history records,<ref>''The Ulama of Farangi Mahall and Islamic Culture in South Asia'', Francis Robinson, Ferozsons (pvt) Limited, Pakistan. 2002</ref> as follows;
He was born in the Kohandez,<ref name="Iranica">S. de Laugier de Beaureceuil, "Abdullah Ansari" in Encylcoapedia Iranica </ref> the old citadel of ], on 4 May 1006. His father Abu Mansur, was a shopkeeper who had spent several years of his youth at ].<ref name="Iranica"/>
Abdullah was the disciple of ], for whom he had deep respect and faith, as he has said: "Abdullah was a hidden treasure, and its key was in the hands of ]."


Abu Ismail Khajeh Abdollah Ansari, ''son of'' Abu Mansoor Balkhi, ''son of'' Jaafar, ''son of'' Abu Mu'aaz, ''son of'' Muhammad, ''son of'' Ahmad, ''son of'' Jaafar, ''son of'' Abu Mansoor al-Taabi'i, ''son of'' ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Seerat Mezban e Rasool Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari r.a by Talib Al Hashmi.pdf |url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B-e6qHPbxSdNRnZ5Yi1IZmtSaDA/edit?resourcekey=0-GhtDna5jgRtEiPQv1OeNRQ&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Google Docs}}</ref>
He practiced the ] ], one of the four ] schools of ] or ]. ], built during the ], is a popular pilgrimage site.


In the reign of the third ], ], Abu Mansoor al-Taabi'i took part in the conquest of Khorasan, and subsequently settled in Herat, his descendant Khwajah Abdullah Ansari died there in Dhū al-Ḥijjah 481/February-March 1089.<ref name=":0" />
He wrote several books on Islamic ] and philosophy in ] and ]. His most famous work is "Munajat Namah" (literally 'Litanies or dialogues with God'), which is considered a masterpiece of Persian literature. After his death, many of his sayings that had been transmitted by his students along with others that were in his written works were included in the Tafsir of Maybudi, "Kashf al-Asrar" (The Unveiling of Secrets). This is among the earliest complete Sufi Tafsirs of Quran and has been published several times in 10 volumes.


Ansari was a disciple of ].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} He practised the ] school of ] ]. The ], built during the ], is a popular pilgrimage site. He excelled in the knowledge of '']'', history and ''ʻilm al-ansāb'' (]). He wrote several books on ] and philosophy, in ] and ].
He excelled in the knowledge of ''Hadith'', history, and ''Ilm ul-Ansaab''. He used to avoid the company of the rich, powerful and the influential. His yearly ''majlis-e-wa'az'' was attended by people from far and wide. Whatever his disciples and followers used to present to him was handed over to the poor and the needy. He is said to have had a very impressive personality, and used to dress gracefully.


Abdullah Ansari had 5 children in total: Khwaja Jabir, Khwaja Abdurrahman, Khwaja Hashim Buzurg, Qazi Mohd Yusuf and Qazi Mohd Naimat.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/ANSARISOFYUSUFPUR | title=Ansaris of Yusufpur | date=November 2013 }}</ref>
Khwajah Abdullah Ansari of Herat was a direct descendant of ], and was the ninth in line from him. The lineage is described, and traced in the family history records,<ref>''The Ulama of Farangi Mahall and Islamic Culture in South Asia'', Francis Robinson, Ferozsons (pvt) Limited, Pakistan. 2002</ref> as follows;


==Descendants==
Abu Ismail Khajeh Abdollah Ansari, ''son of'' Abu Mansoor Balkhi, ''son of'' Jaafar, ''son of'' Abu Mu'aaz, ''son of'' Muhammad, ''son of'' Ahmad, ''son of'' Jaafar, ''son of'' Abu Mansoor al-Taabi'i, ''son of'' ].
The descendants of the sons of Abdullah Ansari had migrated to other regions in ], some remained in ].
Some settlements of the descendants of Abdullah Ansari are in, ], ], ], ], ], ] and the scholars at the famous university in ], ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmud Ansari |url=http://archive.org/details/ANSARISOFYUSUFPUR |title=ANSARIS OF YUSUFPUR |date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-03 |title=Ansari's of Firangi Mahal by Abdul Kidwai - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/abdulkidwai/docs/ansarisoffirnagimahal |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nevill |first=H. r |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135388 |title=Ghazipur A Gazetteer Vol.29 |date=1909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohammad Inayat Ullah Ansari |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.424928 |title=Tazkira Ulmaye Firangi Mahal |date=}}</ref>


==Sufism==
In the reign of the third Caliph amongst the ''Khulafaa-e-Rashideen'' of Islam, ], Abu Mansoor al-Taabi'i took part in the conquest of Khorasan, and subsequently settled in Herat, his descendant Khwajah Abdullah Ansari died there in 1088.
He was one of the first Sufis to write in Persian, which he wrote in a local dialect, thus indicating that he wanted to spread his teachings to the general populace instead of just to the '']'', who knew Arabic.<ref>{{cite book|title=Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban|author=Nile Green|publisher=University of California Press|pages=8|isbn=9780520294134|year=2017}}</ref>


Ansari's most famous work is "Munajat Namah" (literally 'Litanies or dialogues with God'), which is considered a masterpiece of ]. After his death, many of his sayings recorded in his written works and transmitted by his students were included in the 10-volume Tafsir of Maybudi, "Kashf al-Asrar" (The Unveiling of Secrets). This was among the earliest complete Sufi ] (]) of the Quran and has been published several times.
The Hanbali jurist ] wrote a lengthy commentary on a treatise written by Ansari entitled Madarij al-Salikin. He expressed his love and appreciation for Ansari in this commentary<ref>Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Madarij al-Salikin fi ma bayna iyyaka na'budu wa iyyaka nasta'in, ed. Ahmad Fakhri al-Rifi and Asam Faris al-Hurstani, Beirut, Dar al-Jil, 1412/1991, II,. 41 and III. 431</ref> Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya refers to Ansari with the honorific title "Sheikh al-Islam" in his work Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyab <ref>Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, The Invocation of God translated by M. A. Fitzgerald, p4</ref>


The Hanbali jurist ] wrote a lengthy commentary on a treatise written by Ansari entitled ''Madarij al-Salikin''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holtzman |first=Livnat |date=2009-01-01 |title=Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah |url=https://www.academia.edu/1057824/Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyyah |journal=Essays in Arabic Literary Biography}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holtzman |first=Livnat |date=2006-01-01 |title=Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya |url=https://www.academia.edu/1070946/Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyya |journal=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia}}</ref> He expressed his love and appreciation for Ansari in this commentary with his statement, "Certainly I love the Sheikh, but I love the truth more!".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sufism without Mysticism: Ibn al-Qayyim's Objectives in Madarij al-Salikin |url=https://www.academia.edu/2248220/Sufism_without_Mysticism_Ibn_al_Qayyims_Objectives_in_Madarij_al_Salikin |access-date=2024-05-07}}</ref> Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya refers to Ansari with the honorific title "''Sheikh al-Islam''" in his work ''Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyab'' <ref name=":1" />
== Books (in Persian) ==
* Kashf al-Asrar wa 'Iddat al-Abrar (] ]) (dari : کشف الاسرار و عدة الابرار)
* Munajat Namah (dari : مناجات نامه)
* Nasayeh (dari : نصایح)
* Zad-ul Arefeen (dari : زاد االعالرفین)
* Kanz-ul Salikeen (dari : کنز السالکین)
* Haft Hesar (dari : هفت حصار)
* Elahi Namah (dari : الهی نامه)
* Muhabbat Namah (dari : محبت نامه)
* Qalandar Namah (dari : قلندر نامه)
* Resala-é Del o Jan (dari : رساله دل و جان)
* Resala-é Waredat (dari : رساله واردات)
* Sad Maidan (dari : صد میدان)
* Resala Manaqib Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal


== Books (in Arabic) == == Works ==
===Arabic===

* Anwar al-Tahqeeq * Anwar al-Tahqeeq
* Zem al-Kalam * Dhamm al-Kalaam
* Manāzel al-Sā'erīn * Manāzel al-Sā'erīn
* Kitaab al-Frooq * Kitaab al-Frooq
* Kitaab al-Arba'een * Kitaab al-Arba'een
* Resala Manaqib Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal (Arabic: رسالة مناقب الإمام أحمد بن حنبل)
* Zad-ul Arefeen (Arabic: زاد االعارفین)
===Persian===
* Munajat Namah (Persian: مناجات نامه)
* Nasayeh (Persian: نصایح)
* Kanz-ul Salikeen (Persian: کنز السالکین)
* Haft Hesar (Persian: هفت حصار)
* Elahi Namah (Persian: الهی نامه)
* Muhabbat Namah (Persian: محبت نامه)
* Qalandar Namah (Persian: قلندر نامه)
* Resala-é Del o Jan (Persian: رساله دل و جان)
* Resala-é Waredat (Persian: رساله واردات)
* Sad Maidan (Persian: صد میدان)


==See also== ==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}} {{portal|Poetry}}

* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
*Ansaris of Saharanpur
*]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmud Ansari |url=http://archive.org/details/ANSARISOFYUSUFPUR |title=ANSARIS OF YUSUFPUR |date=}}</ref>
* ]
* ]


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
* ''Stations of the Sufi Path, The One Hundred Fields (Sad Maydan) of Abdullah Ansari of Herat'', translated by Nahid Angha
*
* ''Stations of the Sufi Path, The One Hundred Fields (Sad Maydan) of Abdullah Ansari of Herat'', translated by Nahid Angha


==References== ==References==


{{reflist}} {{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* (in English) at archive.org.


{{Persian literature}} {{Persian literature}}
{{Scholars of Khorasan}} {{Hanbali scholars}}
{{People of Khorasan}}
{{Sufism}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Ansari, Khwaja Abdullah}}
{{Authority control|VIAF=19703891}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1006
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1088
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 01:59, 21 October 2024

11th-century Sufi scholar and saint
Abū Ismāʿīl al-Harawī
أبو إسماعيل الهروي
Abdullah Ansari (holding a book) with Abu Ahmad. Folio from Kamal al-Din Gazurgahi's Majalis al-ushshaq, created in Shiraz, Safavid Iran, second half 16th century
TitleShaykh al-Islām, Sage of Herat
Personal life
BornMay 4, 1006
Herat, Ghaznavid Empire
Died1089 (aged 82-83)
Herat, Ghaznavid Empire
Religious life
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni Islam
JurisprudenceHanbali
CreedAthari
MovementSufi
Muslim leader
Influenced

Abu Ismaïl Abdullah al-Harawi al-Ansari or Abdullah Ansari of Herat (1006–1089) (Persian: خواجه عبدالله انصاری) also known as Pir-i Herat (پیر هرات) "Sage of Herat", was a Sufi saint, who lived in Herat (modern-day Afghanistan). Ansari was a commentator on the Qur'an, scholar of the Hanbali school of thought (madhhab), traditionalist, polemicist and spiritual master, known for his oratory and poetic talents in Arabic and Persian.

Tomb in Herat
Abdullah Ansari portrayed on a stamp in Tajikistan (2010). Flags of the three Persian speaking countries displayed on top: Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan.

Life

Ansari was born in the Kohandez, the old citadel of Herat, in 1006. His father, Abu Mansur, was a shopkeeper who had spent several years of his youth at Balkh.

Ansari was a direct descendant of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, being the ninth in line from him. The lineage is described, and traced in the family history records, as follows;

Abu Ismail Khajeh Abdollah Ansari, son of Abu Mansoor Balkhi, son of Jaafar, son of Abu Mu'aaz, son of Muhammad, son of Ahmad, son of Jaafar, son of Abu Mansoor al-Taabi'i, son of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari.

In the reign of the third Rashid Caliph, Uthman, Abu Mansoor al-Taabi'i took part in the conquest of Khorasan, and subsequently settled in Herat, his descendant Khwajah Abdullah Ansari died there in Dhū al-Ḥijjah 481/February-March 1089.

Ansari was a disciple of Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani. He practised the Hanbali school of Sunni jurisprudence. The Shrine of Khwaja Abd Allah, built during the Timurid dynasty, is a popular pilgrimage site. He excelled in the knowledge of Hadith, history and ʻilm al-ansāb (genealogy). He wrote several books on Islamic mysticism and philosophy, in Persian and Arabic.

Abdullah Ansari had 5 children in total: Khwaja Jabir, Khwaja Abdurrahman, Khwaja Hashim Buzurg, Qazi Mohd Yusuf and Qazi Mohd Naimat.

Descendants

The descendants of the sons of Abdullah Ansari had migrated to other regions in South Asia, some remained in Herat. Some settlements of the descendants of Abdullah Ansari are in, Jais(Jayas), Gorakhpur, Yusufpur, Mau, Saharanpur, Punjab, Kakori and the scholars at the famous university in Lucknow, Firangi Mahal.

Sufism

He was one of the first Sufis to write in Persian, which he wrote in a local dialect, thus indicating that he wanted to spread his teachings to the general populace instead of just to the ulama, who knew Arabic.

Ansari's most famous work is "Munajat Namah" (literally 'Litanies or dialogues with God'), which is considered a masterpiece of Persian literature. After his death, many of his sayings recorded in his written works and transmitted by his students were included in the 10-volume Tafsir of Maybudi, "Kashf al-Asrar" (The Unveiling of Secrets). This was among the earliest complete Sufi Tafsir (exegeses) of the Quran and has been published several times.

The Hanbali jurist ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya wrote a lengthy commentary on a treatise written by Ansari entitled Madarij al-Salikin. He expressed his love and appreciation for Ansari in this commentary with his statement, "Certainly I love the Sheikh, but I love the truth more!". Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya refers to Ansari with the honorific title "Sheikh al-Islam" in his work Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyab

Works

Arabic

  • Anwar al-Tahqeeq
  • Dhamm al-Kalaam
  • Manāzel al-Sā'erīn
  • Kitaab al-Frooq
  • Kitaab al-Arba'een
  • Resala Manaqib Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal (Arabic: رسالة مناقب الإمام أحمد بن حنبل)
  • Zad-ul Arefeen (Arabic: زاد االعارفین)

Persian

  • Munajat Namah (Persian: مناجات نامه)
  • Nasayeh (Persian: نصایح)
  • Kanz-ul Salikeen (Persian: کنز السالکین)
  • Haft Hesar (Persian: هفت حصار)
  • Elahi Namah (Persian: الهی نامه)
  • Muhabbat Namah (Persian: محبت نامه)
  • Qalandar Namah (Persian: قلندر نامه)
  • Resala-é Del o Jan (Persian: رساله دل و جان)
  • Resala-é Waredat (Persian: رساله واردات)
  • Sad Maidan (Persian: صد میدان)

See also

Further reading

  • Stations of the Sufi Path, The One Hundred Fields (Sad Maydan) of Abdullah Ansari of Herat, translated by Nahid Angha www.archetypebooks.com

References

  1. Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. Pelgrave Macmillan. pp. 37. ISBN 9781137473578.
  2. Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. Pelgrave Macmillan. pp. 47. ISBN 9781137473578.
  3. Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. Pelgrave Macmillan. pp. 48. ISBN 9781137473578.
  4. Slitine, Moulay; Fitzgerald, Michael (2000). The Invocation of God. Islamic Texts Society. p. 4. ISBN 0946621780.
  5. Ovamir Anjum. "Sufism without Mysticism: Ibn al-Qayyim's Objectives in Madarij al-Salikin". University of Toledo, Ohio. p. 164.
  6. Livnat Holtzman (January 2009). "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah". Essays in Arabic Literary Biography. Bar Ilan University: 219.
  7. A. G. Ravân Farhâdi, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad Anṣārī al-Harawī, "ʻAbdullāh Anṣārī of Herāt (1006-1089 C.E.): an early Shia Ṣūfi master", Routledge, 996.
  8. "ʿABDALLĀH ANṢĀRĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  9. ^ S. de Laugier de Beaureceuil, "Abdullah Ansari" in Encylcoapedia Iranica
  10. The Ulama of Farangi Mahall and Islamic Culture in South Asia, Francis Robinson, Ferozsons (pvt) Limited, Pakistan. 2002
  11. ^ "Seerat Mezban e Rasool Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari r.a by Talib Al Hashmi.pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  12. "Ansaris of Yusufpur". November 2013.
  13. Mahmud Ansari. ANSARIS OF YUSUFPUR.
  14. "Ansari's of Firangi Mahal by Abdul Kidwai - Issuu". issuu.com. 2012-06-03. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  15. Nevill, H. r (1909). Ghazipur A Gazetteer Vol.29.
  16. Mohammad Inayat Ullah Ansari. Tazkira Ulmaye Firangi Mahal.
  17. Nile Green (2017). Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban. University of California Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780520294134.
  18. Holtzman, Livnat (2009-01-01). "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah". Essays in Arabic Literary Biography.
  19. Holtzman, Livnat (2006-01-01). "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia.
  20. ^ "Sufism without Mysticism: Ibn al-Qayyim's Objectives in Madarij al-Salikin". Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  21. Mahmud Ansari. ANSARIS OF YUSUFPUR.

External links

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  • Parvin E'tesami
  • Forugh Farrokhzad
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  • Bijan Jalali
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  • Esmail Khoi
  • Shams Langeroodi
  • Mohammad Mokhtari
  • Nosrat Rahmani
  • Yadollah Royaee
  • Tahereh Saffarzadeh
  • Sohrab Sepehri
  • Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani
  • Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar
  • Ahmad Shamlou
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  • Fereydoon Moshiri
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    Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of Iran, Tajikistan and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan.
    Muslim scholars of the Hanbali School
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