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{{Redirect|GamerGate|the type of ant|Gamergate|the online video game store|GamersGate}} |
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The '''Gamergate controversy''' began in August 2014 and concerns ] and ] in ]. Many supporters of the self-described Gamergate movement (sometimes referred to as the ] ''#gamergate'') say that they are concerned about ethical issues in ]. Many commentators and critics have said that the movement is rooted in a ] against women and the diversification of gaming culture. |
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The controversy began after ] developer ]'s ex-boyfriend alleged that Quinn had a romantic relationship with a journalist for the video game news site '']''. Quinn was then subjected to severe misogynistic harassment, including false accusations that the relationship had led to positive coverage of Quinn's game. A number of gaming industry members supportive of Quinn were also subjected to harassment, threats of violence, and the publication of personally identifiable information about them (]); someof them fled their homes. The targets were mostly women, and included Quinn, ] media critic ], and indie game developer ]. The harassment came from ] users, particularly those from ] and ] using the #gamergate hashtag. Often expressly anti-feminist and frequently misogynistic, these attacks heightened discussion of ] and misogyny in the gaming community. |
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Many involved with the Gamergate hashtag have said that they are concerned with ethics in video game journalism; members launched a campaign to convince ad providers to pull support from sites critical of Gamergate. This campaign and others like it have been widely criticized in the media as evidence that the ethics concerns are a front for a culture war against the diversification of video game demographics. The Gamergate group's origins in the false allegations and harassment of Quinn, its failure to identify significant ethical issues in games media, and its frequent criticism of game critics who discuss issues of gender, class, and politics in their reviews have also been cited as evidence for this position. However, some commentators believe that valid ethical concerns have been identified by the Gamergate group. The unorganized, leaderless movement has hitherto been unwilling or unable to distance itself from continued harassment. |
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The events of Gamergate are widely attributed to perceived changes or threats to the "]" identity as a result of the ongoing diversification and maturation of the gaming industry. As video games have become ], they have been subjected to ] and treated directly as a vehicle for such commentary. This move to recognize games as art is thought to have prompted opposition from traditional "hardcore" gamers who view games primarily as a form of entertainment. The resulting culture war led to the subsequent harassment and conflict. |
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==History== |
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At the beginning of the video game industry, games were largely focused on appealing to gamers with satisfying solitary experiences. People who had grown up playing these games developed a "gamer" identity, and as early gamers were predominantly male this contributed to gendered interpretations of the identity. The emergence of the industry also gave rise to numerous publications specializing in the coverage of video games and catering for the interests of gaming enthusiasts; some, such as ''],'' were even owned by manufacturers themselves. Such publications were seen by industry leaders as a means of promotion for their products rather than sources for honest critical discussion and there was recurring criticism of the close relationship between gaming journalists and the major gaming companies.<ref name=Vox /><ref name=GuardianKS /><ref name=Kubas-Meyer /> The growing popularity of games among casual consumers, due to more accessible technologies such as the Nintendo ] and ]s, expanded the audience for the industry to include many who did not fit the mold of the traditional hardcore gamer. As games also came to be seen as an art form rather than a product, games which featured meaningful artistic and cultural themes grew in popularity. This increasing perception of games as art prompted gaming publications to move towards ] of the games. ], which allows developers to release titles without publisher interference, has made these games more common.<ref name=Vox /><ref name=LATimes /><ref name=Time /><ref name=VoxConfuse /><ref name=MetalEater1 /> |
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The growth of the gaming audience also brought in many female gamers, which resulted in a diversification of the male-oriented gamer identity, and who began to question some assumptions and ] that were historically used by game developers. Critics became increasingly interested in discussing issues of ] and identity in video games.<ref name=Vox /><ref name=Time /> One prominent feminist critic of the representation of women in gaming is ], whose '']'' project is devoted to criticism of female stereotypes in games. Her initial Kickstarter to raise funds for the series and her subsequent videos have all been met with hostile commentary and harassment from some gamers, who view her discourse as threatening. Further incidents, such as those concerning Jennifer Hepler raised concerns about ].<ref name=Vox /><ref name=Time /><ref name=PolygonFBI /> Prior to August 2014, concerns about escalating harassment prompted the ] to provide support groups for harassed developers, and to begin discussions with the United States ] to help investigate online harassment of game developers.<ref name=PolygonFBI /> |
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In February 2013, ] released her ] game '']'' as a means to represent her own bout with ]. Though the game was met positively by critics, it generated a backlash from some gamers who believed that the game received an undue amount of attention in comparison to its quality. Quinn began to receive ] over the game upon its release, receiving enough harassment to cause her to change her phone number. By September 2014, Quinn had already endured eighteen months of harassment, which had created "an ambient hum of menace in her life, albeit one that she has mostly been able to ignore."<ref name=dot /><ref name="new yorker" /> |
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==False allegations against Quinn and subsequent harassment== |
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] was the original target of the harassment campaign.]] |
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''Depression Quest'' was released through ] in August 2014, which coincided with the suicide of actor ]. Quinn, who had received the notification of the release from Steam shortly after the news about Williams' death, decided to release the game free as a service to those who may be suffering from depression, the only revenue the game receives is "]" proceeds, part of which are donated to the ].<ref name="new yorker"/><ref name=DQReleaseVB/> She said she did not want to be seen as capitalizing on the public tragedy, and decided that instead she would promote the game some time later out of respect for Williams.<ref name=DQReleaseForbes/><ref name=DQReleasePoly/><ref name=DQReleaseIGN/> Nonetheless her timing was criticized.<ref name="new yorker"/> |
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Shortly after the release, Quinn's former boyfriend Eron Gjoni wrote a blog post containing a series of allegations, among which was that Quinn had an affair with ] journalist Nathan Grayson.<ref name=WaPo /> This post, which ''The New York Times'' described as a "strange, rambling attack",<ref name=NYTimesIntelBoycott /> led to false allegations from Quinn's detractors in the gaming community that the relationship had resulted in Grayson publishing a positive review of Quinn's game, ''Depression Quest''.<ref name=GuardianKS /><ref name=WaPo /><ref name=KotakuRefuted /><ref name="slate" /><ref name=TeleStuart/><ref name=NYMag/><ref name="new yorker" /> Kotaku's editor-in-chief Stephen Totilo affirmed the two had been involved in a relationship, but clarified that Grayson had not written anything about Quinn after the relationship had commenced and that he had never reviewed her games.<ref name=KotakuRefuted /> While Grayson had written an article about the failed ''GAME_JAM'' web reality show which Quinn had participated in and briefly mentioned ''Depression Quest'' in the piece,<ref name=KotakuGJ /> and another Kotaku article had also mentioned her game,<ref name=KotakuDQ /> both were written and published before their relationship began.<ref name=KotakuRefuted /><ref name="pcmag about gg"/> Although the accusations of favorable coverage were refuted, the incident led to broader allegations on social media that game developers and the gaming press are too often closely connected and that cultural criticism of video games has led to an increasing focus on social representation and cultural meaning in games by some video games writers.<ref name=WaPo /> A number of commentators in and outside the gaming industry denounced the attack on Quinn as ] and unfounded.<ref name=dot /><ref name=beast /><ref name=BostonGlobe /> |
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{{Quote box | width=30% | align=right| quote="Next time she shows up at a conference we ... give her a crippling injury that's never going to fully heal ... a good solid injury to the knees. I'd say a brain damage, but we don't want to make it so she ends up too retarded to fear us." |source=<small>A threat issued to Zoe Quinn, as reported by '']''.<ref name="new yorker" /></small> }} |
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As a result of these allegations, Quinn and her family were subjected to what '']'' called a "virulent" harassment campaign<ref name=dot /><ref name=WaPo /><ref name=beast /> including ] (the public release of private information such as home address, phone numbers, and credit card details), threats of rape, hacking attempts, and at least one death threat. She began staying with friends out of fear that she would be tracked to her home.<ref name="new yorker" /><ref name=WaPo /> Quinn told the BBC, "Before (GamerGate) had a name, it was nothing but trying to get me to kill myself, trying to get others to hurt me, going after my family. There is no mention of ethics in journalism at all outside making the same accusation everyone makes of successful women; that clearly she got to where she is because she had sex with someone."<ref name="BBCQuinnInterview"/> Quinn told ''The New Yorker'' that she feels sympathy for her attackers because they have "deep-seeded loathing in themselves."<ref name="new yorker" /> In an interview with ]'s '']'', she said she regards her GamerGate detractors as becoming increasingly irrelevant in the industry due to the democratization of game-making tools,<ref name=Ronan /> but nonetheless noted later in an interview with the BBC after speaking at ] in Nottingham that, "I used to go to games events and feel like I was going home... Now it's just like... are any of the people I'm currently in the room with ones that said they wanted to beat me to death?"<ref name=BBCQuinnInterview /> |
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] faced death threats after releasing a new '']'' video.]] |
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The harassment expanded to include renewed threats against ] after a new episode in her series ("Women as Background, Pt. 2") was released shortly after Gjoni's blog entry. She reported that she had received death threats that compelled her to temporarily leave her home.<ref name=BBC /><ref name="TheStar" /><ref name="TorontoExclusive" /><ref name=BF /> Shortly thereafter at the ] in Portland, Oregon, she said, in regard to the accusations that high-profile women were making up the threats against them, that "One of the most radical things you can do is to actually believe women when they talk about their experiences," and that "The perpetrators do not see themselves as perpetrators at all... They see themselves as noble warriors."<ref name=VergeXOXO /> |
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Others were targeted by similar harassment, doxxing, and death threats under the GamerGate umbrella. Those who came to Quinn's defense were targeted and labeled by their opponents with the "insulting"<ref name=NPR /> phrase "] warriors" or "SJW" for short,<ref name=VergeFish /> which ''The Washington Post'' described as "a derogatory term for people in the video-game industry who use the medium to talk about political issues," though the term has much broader, often negative implications.<ref name=WaPo /> Among those so described was fellow video game developer ], who had been a focus of controversy on social media in 2013.<ref name=VergeFish /> Fish, reportedly known for his combative hostility on social media, was doxxed after speaking in support of Quinn, which included numerous denigrating tweets he made about her opponents.<ref name=FishPaste/><ref name=DailyFish/> Many of his personal details were released<ref name=BI/> and documents relating to his company Polytron exposed in a hack that led him to sell Polytron and leave the gaming industry.<ref name="gs fish" /> |
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===Further harassment and threats=== |
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In mid-October, indie game developer ] shared an ] on Twitter that mocked GamerGate supporters as, among other things, "fighting an apocalyptic future where women are 8 percent of programmers and not 3 percent." When GamerGate supporters began mocking her in return, she promised not to back down and soon watched as her home address and other identifying information were posted on ]. Wu then became the target of threats on Twitter and elsewhere, which ''The Boston Globe'' called "a frightening online campaign threatening rape and death" that Wu and a number of sources have attributed to GamerGate supporters. After contacting police, Wu and her husband fled their home, but said she would not allow the threats to intimidate her into silence.<ref name="nytimes usu threat" /><ref name=WuBoston /><ref name=WuGuardian /><ref name=WuVenture /> Wu later offered a personal reward for any information leading to a conviction for those involved in her harassment, and set up a legal fund to help any other game developers that have been harassed online.<ref name="wu reward"/> |
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Soon afterwards, Sarkeesian canceled a speaking appearance at ] after the school received several anonymous threats, at least one of which claimed affiliation with Gamergate.<ref name="SLT ALberty101614" /> The threats included allusions to the ], a 1989 mass shooting motivated by anti-feminism. Though Sarkeesian had spoken before at other events in the wake of Gamergate which had received similar threats, she opted to cancel when the school could not assure her safety under existing ].<ref name="nytimes usu threat" /><ref name=AnitaUSUCNN /><ref name=AnitaUSUBBC /><ref name=AnitaUSUGuardian /> '']'' referred to the threat as "the most noxious example of a weekslong campaign to discredit or intimidate outspoken critics of the male-dominated gaming industry and its culture."<ref name="nytimes usu threat" /> Some GamerGate supporters have alleged that Wu and Sarkeesian made up the threats themselves as a so-called "]," which led ''The Verge'' to describe the hashtag as "completely devoid of empathy."<ref name=VergeDay /> |
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{{multiple image |
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| image1 = Felicia HS.jpg |
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| width1 = {{#expr: (150 * 1874 / 2800) round 0}} |
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| alt1 = Felicia Day |
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| image2 = Wil Wheaton (5773947255).jpg |
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| width2 = {{#expr: (150 * 3168 / 4752) round 0}} |
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| alt2 = Wil Wheaton |
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| image3 = Chris Kluwe (15311514016) (2).jpg |
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| width3 = {{#expr: (150 * 1536 / 1730) round 0}} |
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| alt3 = Chris Kluwe |
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| footer = ] (left), ] (center), and ] (right), all gamers, made posts critical of GamerGate on social media, but only Day was singled out for harassment. |
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}} |
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After actress and gamer ] made a blog post noting her concerns over GamerGate and how she has avoided discussing it due to fear of the backlash, her address was posted in the comments section. Actor ] and former NFL player ] also posted criticisms of GamerGate, with Kluwe's being noted for its use of "creative insults", but both apparently escaped harassment.<ref name="wapost felicia day" /><ref name=DayGuardian /><ref name=DayTime /><ref name=DayCNN /> This contrast between targeting a woman over two men was cited by some commentators, including ], as evidence of there being misogynistic intent behind the harassment.<ref name=ColbertVerge>. McCormick, Rich. '']'', 30 October 2014</ref><ref name=WaPoColbert>. McDonald, Soraya Nadia. '']'', 30 October 2014</ref> |
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In an interview with NPR's '']'', voice actress ] called on the gaming community to improve the self-policing of its "small" and "vicious" fringe, and said there are still race and gender barriers within the industry.<ref name="Marketplace"/> Writing for '']'', Todd VanDerWerff wrote that the hashtags's "actually interesting concerns" were being "warped and drowned out by an army of trolls spewing bile, often at women."<ref name=Vox /> A portion of Gamergate supporters, called the "Gamergate moderate" by David Auerbach, have been working to identify and report those that have engaged in harassment under the Gamergate banner, and to better present the concerns of the Gamergate hashtag to the public at large.<ref name="Slate End GG"/> In '']'', Elias Isquith criticized Auerbach's analysis, calling it an appeal to moderation "that negates any group or individual responsibility" for Gamergate's behavior.<ref name=SalonMyth /> One concern is that ] are responsible for many of the threats solely out of a desire to stir up conflict.<ref name="bbc gg condemned"/><ref name=Tsukayama /><ref name=Diver /> One Gamergate supporter interviewed by ] said that "the issue is quickly descending into a quagmire attracting trolls, extremists, and opportunists needlessly stirring the pot of controversy ... harassment both sides of this situation".<ref name="bbc gg condemned"/> |
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Various supporters, some who requested to remain anonymous, said that they had been harassed for supporting GamerGate, and one said after he reported threats to police he was instructed to leave his home.<ref name=Tsukayama /> '']''{{'}}s ] tweeted that he had received a syringe in the mail, but he was not concerned,<ref name=CathyYoung /><ref name=TC2 /> and ] personality Steven "boogie2988" Williams also remarked that a comment on one of his videos included his address and a threat to his wife's life.<ref name=Diver /><ref name=Codd /> The BBC reported that "misogynist abuse - and vitriolic messages in general - is not limited to either 'side' of the argument".<ref name="bbc gg condemned"/> |
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===Industry response=== |
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The harassment campaigns launched against Quinn, Sarkeesian, Wu and others have led many industry professionals to speak out against Gamergate, condemning the attacks it has spawned as toxic for the video gaming community. Independent game developer Andreas Zecher wrote an open letter calling upon the community to take a public stand against the attacks, which attracted the signatures of more than two thousand professionals within the gaming industry.<ref name=LATimes /><ref name=BBC /> The large and varied response to the letter was considered by many in the industry to be a sign that the people involved in the harassment attacks were not representative and comprised a "vocal minority" of the overall industry population.<ref name=NPR /> The ] (ESA) issued a statement condemning the series of harassment, stating "There is no place in the video game community—or our society—for personal attacks and threats."<ref name="wapost esa" /> ] president and co-founder Mike Morhaime denounced GamerGate at ] 2014, saying that "a small group of people have been doing really awful things. They have been making some people's lives miserable, and they are tarnishing our reputation as gamers. It's not right." He called on attendees to oppose hate and harassment and to "be kind and respect one another."<ref name=CNet /><ref name=joystiqblizzcon /><ref name=MCVUK>. Parfitt, Ben. '']'', 10 November 2014</ref><ref name=PCGamerMM>. Wilde, Tyler. ], 6 November 2014</ref> Developer ] stated that the industry needs to "adopt a level of professionalism and diversity commensurate with other industries", and recognizing some of the issues surrounding Gamergate existed within the industry; Molyneux pointed to an example where the industry raced to support Valve's ] after receiving a death threat from a developer who was condemned widely and quickly by the community, but found the lack of similar prompt action in the case of the harassment of female figures in Gamergate disturbing.<Ref name="develop harassment"/> |
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] itself has come under complaints due to its inability to respond quickly and prevent harassment over the service. Brianna Wu, shortly after becoming an harassment target, stated that Twitter "makes it very easy to create an account—and then create another account—to harass people with", and challenged the service to improve the speed of responsiveness to abusive account requests.<ref name="businessweek wu twitter"/> Supporters of Gamergate that have been trying to police users that engage in harassment have also found Twitter's tools for reporting abuse to be insufficient.<ref name="bbc gg condemned"/> Robinson Meyer of '']'' said Gamergate is an "identity crisis" for Twitter, as by not dealing with harassing users as ] has, the platform is failing to protect victims and losing readers who do not want to be engaged in such controversies.<ref name="atlantic twitter"/> In November 2014, Twitter announced a collaboration with the non-profit group Women, Action & the Media (WAM), in which those who believed they have been harassed over Twitter can report this to a tool monitored by WAM members, who would forward affirmed issues to Twitter within 24 hours. The move, while in the wake of the Gamergate harassment, was due to long-standing issues of the harassment of women on the Internet, and the data will be studied for further discussion.<ref name="wsj twitter wam" /> |
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==Debate over legitimacy of ethics concerns== |
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Many Gamergate supporters contend that the movement is concerned with ethical issues in video games journalism. However, many of those outside the movement contend that its true motives are simply a ] against diversifying social norms in video games — and women in particular.<ref name=BBC /> Evidence which is said to justify this belief is the movement's origination in false accusations and trolling involving a female indie developer's sex life, its frequent harassment targeting female figures in the gaming industry, its disinterest in criticizing ethical issues with major game publishers, and its opposition to social criticism and analysis of video games.<ref name=VoxLose/> |
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<!-- This should be expanded with what are the alleged ethics concerns? --> |
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Video game journalists have acknowledged that there are conflicts of interest and other ethical problems within the video game industry, with some news sites adopting new policies in response to the controversy. '']'' now requires its writers to disclose contributions via ], while '']'' prohibits its staff from supporting any game developers through the website, except where it is required in order to access materials for review.<ref name=Forbes /><ref name="KotakuAboutGamerGate" /> '']'' adopted stricter ethical standards policies for all of their subsidiaries, including '']'' and '']''; and '']'' updated its ethics policies after ] developer ] pointed out his connections with ''Destructoid'' staff.<ref name=CinemaBlendEscapist /> Oliver Campbell, a supporter of GamerGate, told ''The Washington Post'' that he believes GamerGate could declare victory and move on if games journalism outlets adopted certain ethics policies, as outlets such as ''The Escapist'' have done, arguing that in such a situation, "Gamergate could be over in a week."<ref name=WaPoGGGoals /> |
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Commentators outside the movement, particularly those who focus on media criticisms, largely view the movement's journalism ethics claims as ill-founded and disingenuous. Examining the controversy, '']'' writer Chris Ip said "many criticisms of press coverage by people who identify with Gamergate—about alleged collusion in video games between journalists and developers or among reporters—have been debunked" and concluded that "at core, the movement is a classic culture war."<ref name="columbia journalism review" /> Alex Goldman of NPR's ] criticized GamerGate for targeting female indie developers rather than ], and said the movement's claims of unethical behavior by Quinn and Sarkeesian were unfounded. "The service of the press is to critique the world it interrogates. That is the service that the gaming press and Anita Sarkeesian provide when they look critically at the way women are treated in gaming," Goldman said.<ref name=goldman /> |
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Blogger Kelly Maxwell, a GamerGate supporter, penned a "Gamer Bill of Rights" to publicly present GamerGate's positions, which has been cited as one of the movement's few attempts at defining concrete goals. In it, Maxwell wrote that GamerGate is not about harassment, that "GamerGate is a scandal" and that the movement is opposed to "journalists pushing dogmatic fringe ethics." Maxwell says that the movement favors "freedom of expression, artistic vision and a free market," while criticizing negative reviews of video games and saying that a given video game should be reviewed only by its fans. ] writers Jared Keller and Tom McKay analyzed the manifesto, finding little connection between its stated goals and journalism ethics. Instead, they found the demands to amount to blanket opposition of cultural criticism of video games, concluding that "the grandiose missive ended up being emblematic of many of the movement's excesses and miscalculations."<ref name=Mic.com /> ''The Verge''{{'}}s Chris Plante wrote that under the guise of ethics concerns, GamerGate supporters repeatedly criticized him for writing reviews that discussed social criticisms of mainstream video games.<ref name=VergeDead/> |
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In ''Wired'', Laura Hudson wrote that "it’s telling that the hashtag remains laser-focused not on the ethically shady behavior of the multimillion-dollar gaming studios making the mainstream games they enjoy, but small, often impoverished independent creators and critics—and even within that subset, the targets are nearly exclusively women."<ref name=WiredHudson /> ''Vox'' writer Todd VanDerWerff highlighted an essay written by game developer David Hill, who said that "corruption", "]" and excessive "]" existed in the gaming industry, but that GamerGate was not addressing those issues by targeting "powerless" indie developers such as Quinn or Phil Fish. Hill instead wrote that AAA games publishers "coopted as a marketing arm" and said that many games journalists agree that those publishers hold too much power over the media. Hill said that Gamergate's perception of how the games industry works is "completely different" from reality.<ref name=VoxConfuse /> Writing separately in '']'', Ryan Cooper and ] both criticized the movement's ethics claims. Cooper said "not a single person in the movement has been able to elaborate a coherent, morally-grounded argument" about journalism ethics, which he said demonstrated that the movement's true objective was to harass opponents of misogyny and prejudice in gaming.<ref name=GGBackfiresWeek/> Ambinder said that "Gamergate really can't claim to have exposed anything but their own visceral meanness, which borders on fascism." He agreed that debate about video games journalism is needed, but said the hashtag was rooted in "a vocal minority (using) the tools of internet shaming" against outspoken women. He concluded that the widely-publicized harassment incidents "have given substance to the stereotypes hate."<ref name=Ambinder /> |
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Writing in ''Vox'', Todd VanDerWerff said "Every single question of journalistic ethics GamerGate has brought up has either been debunked or dealt with", yet "GamerGate seems to keep raging simply to do two things: harass women and endlessly perpetuate itself so it can keep harassing women."<ref name=VoxLose /> ''Newsweek''/Brandwatch performed an analysis of about 25% of two million Twitter messages with the Gamergate tag from September 1, 2014 onward, analyzing the data for mention of specific participants of the controversy, and the tone of the messages (positive, negative, or neutral) using automatic word detection routines. The study found in general female figures central to the debate, like Quinn, Sarkeesian, and Wu, were mentioned more frequently than their male counterparts like Grayson or Totilo, and while they received a smaller proportion of negative tweets compared to the males, they received many more net negative tweets overall.<ref name="Newsweek Brandwatch"/> ''Newsweek'' suggested from this data that "contrary to its stated goal, GamerGate spends more time tweeting negatively at game developers than at game journalists".<ref name="Newsweek Brandwatch"/> |
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Writing in '']'', Leigh Alexander, editor-at-large of '']'', described the campaign's ethics concerns as "deeply sincere" but based on "bizarre ]," saying that there is nothing unethical about journalists being acquainted with those they cover and that "meaningful reporting" requires journalists to develop professional relationships with sources.<ref name=Time /> Alyssa Rosenberg of ''The Washington Post''' said that some of the movement's ostensible "ethics" concerns about video game reviews are actually rooted in Gamergate supporters' belief that video games are "appliances" rather than "art" and should be reviewed based on feature checklists rather than "the same sort of analysis of aesthetics and ideas that have been applied to every other medium for decades, if not centuries."<ref name=WaPoRosenberg /> |
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], writing for MetalEater.com, criticized gaming journalists for making generalizations about GamerGate supporters, saying that it had been unfair to paint all of them as motivated by ill will rather than legitimate concern for the state of games journalism. She also urged the gaming community to challenge and reject the "small subgroups of gamers" whose actions had stigmatized the community, saying that the problems of bigotry in gaming were real.<ref name="MetalEater1" /> |
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===GameJournoPros=== |
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In mid-September 2014, ] of '']'' published leaked discussions from a mailing list for gaming journalists called Game Journalism Professionals or GameJournoPros, which included discussion of Gamergate events. Yiannopoulos and Gamergate supporters saw the mailing list as evidence of collusion between journalists.<ref name=EscapistDDos /><ref name=Tsukayama /><ref name=GGJargon /> Kyle Orland of '']'', the founder of the group, said that the accusations of collusion were misplaced, and that the list had featured wide-ranging discussions with frequent disagreements. He apologized for suggesting that group members write a letter of solidarity to Zoe Quinn, saying the group's largely-negative reaction helped him "realize that this would be overstepping our primary role as reporters and observers."<ref name=GJPresponse /> Erik Kain, a contributor to ''Forbes.com'' saw the conversations as largely professional, but did note two discussions he said "ought to raise eyebrows". One was a member inquiring on when it is appropriate to report on the private lives of subjects, only for him to be shut down quickly. Another was primarily between ''Polygon'' writer ] and ''The Escapist''{{'}}s editor-in-chief Greg Tito; Kuchera and others urged Tito to close a discussion on Zoe Quinn on ''The Escapist''{{'}}s forums, but Tito refused, saying a civil discussion should be allowed.<ref name=EscapistDDos /> James Fudge, editor of GamePolitics.com, had joined Kuchera in suggesting that the discussion be closed because, he explained later, "allowing a thread about Zoe Quinn's sex life and repeating an accusation that wasn't true wasn't fostering discussion — it was throwing gasoline on an already untamable inferno." Following the leaking of GameJournoPros' contents, the mailing list was closed.<ref name=FudgeResponse/> |
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==GamerGate hashtag== |
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] is credited as coining the GamerGate ].]] |
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Within social media, the ] GamerGate ] was first used by actor ] in a tweet with links to two videos critical of Quinn, shortly after he retweeted a statement from a feminist blogger who had readjusted her stance to be critical of Quinn.<ref name=CathyYoung /> The tag was then used to discuss the allegations against Quinn and Grayson and other concerns about corruption in gaming journalism,<ref name=Ars /> and began coordinated discussions on forums like ] and ].<ref name=Vox /><ref name=Forbes /> Because these discussions often featured verbal attacks, misogynistic harassment of Quinn and others, and releasing of private information (]), some websites blocked users and removed posts relating to the controversy, and at least one ] commentator had a video critical of Quinn removed following a ]. Such incidents led some gamers to complain about censorship, which columnist Erik Kain said led to a ] that brought more attention to Gjoni's accusations.<ref name=Forbes /> By September 24, 2014, over 1 million Twitter messages incorporating the GamerGate hashtag had been sent,<ref name="metro what is gg" /> while a '']'' and ] study found more than 2 million Twitter messages between September and October 2014 with many coming from newly created accounts.<ref name="Newsweek Brandwatch"/> It is estimated that as of October 2014, there are at least 10,000 users that support GamerGate based on readership numbers on a dedicated GamerGate subforum at ].<ref name="columbia journalism review" /> |
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===Nature and organization=== |
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Following the initial charges against Quinn, proponents of Gamergate began to use dedicated forums at the "KotakuInAction" Reddit sub-forum and on 8chan to discuss and organize the hashtag's activism.<ref name="NYMag"/> Because of the hashtag's lack of organization, anonymous membership, and leaderless nature, sources widely differ as to the goals or mission of GamerGate. With no single person or group able to speak for the hashtag, defining them has been difficult.<ref name=NYMag /> Upon additional threats towards Sarkeesian, Wu, and Day, the international media focused on GamerGate's predilection for violent, misogynistic threats and its inability to present any coherent message for positive change. Writing in '']'' in the wake of those incidents, Bob Stuart summed up the hashtag's troubles, saying "GamerGate has since swelled into an unwieldy movement with no apparent leaders, mission statement, or aims beyond calling out 'social justice warriors'. ... When members of the games industry are being driven from their houses and jobs, threatened, or abused, it makes GamerGate’s claim that it is engaged in an ethical campaign appear laughable."<ref name=TeleStuart /> Christopher Grant, editor-in-chief of ''Polygon'', said that Gamergate has remained an amorphous and leaderless movement consisting solely of the hashtag so that the harassment can be conducted without any culpability.<ref name="OTMGrant" /> |
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Grant said that meant that "ultimately Gamergate will be defined—I think has been defined—by some of its basest elements."<ref name="columbia journalism review" /> Jesse Singal, writing for '']'' based on a post he made to Reddit, stated that he had spoken to several people that supported the GamerGate cause to try to understand their concerns, including on the primary Reddit board, but could not determine what the ultimate goal of GamerGate was due to the lack of cohesion in their message and conflicting ideals. Singal observed the constant presence of threads attacking the women who had been targeted previously despite being told to look beyond the claims of misogyny.<ref name="NYMag" /> The '']'s'' Chris Ip said that much of any legitimate message from Gamergate supporters regarding ethics in journalism was being lost in the noise created by the issues surrounding harassment, sexism, and misogyny, and as long as earnest supporters did not separate themselves from these latter actions, the media would be challenged to report on GamerGate. With anyone able to tweet under the hashtag and no single person willing or able to represent the hashtag and take responsibility for its actions, Ip said it is not possible for journalists to neatly separate abusers from those seeking reasonable debate.<ref name="columbia journalism review" /> Ryan Cooper of '']'' highlighted an analysis written by writer Jon Stone, citing: "While various patterns of behavior coalesce around the hashtag, gamergate's protean nature resists attempts toward summary and narrative. It readjusts and reinvents itself in response to attempts to disarm and disperse its noxiousness, subsuming disaffected voices in an act of continual regeneration, cycling through targets, pretexts, manifestoes and moralisms..."<ref name="Ryan Cooper Week" /> |
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Quinn released a series of logs from chat rooms and discussion boards on 4chan, which she said showed that GamerGate was manufactured by 4chan and pushed by sockpuppets.<ref name=Ars /><ref name=DailyDot /> Members of 4chan have claimed that some information has been taken out of context or misrepresented.<ref name=LeMonde /><ref name=Escapist4chan /> |
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===Diversity and the debate over #NotYourShield=== |
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Many supporters of the GamerGate hashtag took issue with the widespread description of their movement as misogynistic, saying that the press’s focus on misogyny served mainly to "deflect criticism" of games reflecting a different political orientation.<ref name=WaPo /> A second Twitter hashtag, "#NotYourShield", began to be used with the intention of showing that women and other minorities in the gaming community were also seeking changes in the ethical guidelines of the video game industry and press, whilst denying that the core issues behind GamerGate were driven by sexism.<ref name=WaPo /><ref name=LeMonde /><ref name="telegraph" /> William Usher on Cinemablend stated that the accusations of misogyny use women as a "shield to be silently used in order for gaming media — and those that gaming media represents — to push an agenda".<ref name=Usher /> Allum Bokhari, writing on TechCrunch, said that media coverage has unfairly treated GamerGate as being about white men resisting diversity in gaming and that many women and minorities support the movement.<ref name=TC2 /> |
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Following Quinn's release of chat and discussion logs she got from 4chan, ''Ars Technica'' and ''The Daily Dot'' suggested the #NotYourShield hashtag was manufactured on 4chan and that many of those posting under #NotYourShield were ] accounts impersonating women and minorities.<ref name=Ars /><ref name=DailyDot /> Quinn said that in light of GamerGate's exclusive targeting of women or those who stood up for women, "#notyourshield was solely designed to, ironically, be a shield for this campaign once people started calling it misogynistic."<ref name=Escapist4chan /> According to Cathy Young, some women supporting GamerGate have been greeted with skepticism.<ref name=CathyYoung /> |
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===Political views=== |
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GamerGate supporters include some men and women who identify as feminist and support greater diversity in gaming, though it is acknowledged that there are also misogynistic voices within GamerGate.<ref name=Tsukayama /><ref name=Diver /> Cathy Young, writing for '']'', described GamerGate supporters as leaning left-libertarian, even as right-wing and right-leaning libertarians support the hashtag as resisting feminist criticism.<ref name=CathyYoung /> Young said that supporters of GamerGate who are critical of feminist critiques of gaming are not necessarily opposed to greater diversity in the medium, but are upset over the approach of prominent feminist critics and a lack of tolerance for dissenting views. She characterizes GamerGate as being "an anti-authoritarian rebellion, not an anti-woman backlash."<ref name=CathyYoung2 /> |
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In '']'', Jon Stone called GamerGate "a swelling of vicious right-wing sentiment", saying it included known neo-nazis, it almost exclusively attacked "others" and those it sees as "biased", it has hit lists of undesirable journalists, and used military-style hyperbole. He also said that any attempts to engage with GamerGate was seen as an act of provocation while silence on the matter was seen as hostility. He also said that when ''The Escapist'' tried to get a balanced piece from people on both sides of the argument, the male Gamergate interviewees were "eager to provide and flesh out a mythology that rationalises hatred towards the feminist/progressive element in games", leading Stone to compare them to ] and ], while any female participants sought anonymity. He also compared them to the ] in that they sidelined any discussion on sexism for which they may hold a form of responsibility, and instead make themselves out to be victims.<ref name="right wing" /> |
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] writing in Metaleater.com said that the various issues that were plaguing the Gamergate debates were pressured by external forces. She stated that after she had an argument with Milo Yiannopoulos where she was critical of his coverage of the controversy, she was harassed by Gamergate supporters on Twitter and anonymous message boards. Kerzner remarked that Yiannopoulos was one of many external voices to the debate who she felt was using Gamergate in a proxy war, keeping moderate voices silent, and rhetorically asked why gamers were so angry and concerned about writers expressing opinions.<ref name="MetalEater2" /> Ryan Cooper of ''The Week'' criticized Yiannopoulos' involvement in the hashtag, alleging Yiannopoulos "had little but sneering contempt for gamers" beforehand.<ref name="Ryan Cooper Week" /> |
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Gawker's Sam Biddle, ],<ref name="adobe recode"/> later raised the issue of right-wing external forces "exploiting" GamerGate, noting the presence of Sommers, Yiannopoulos, Baldwin, and others whom he claimed had nothing to do with video games prior to GamerGate. Biddle wrote that these people had previously made derisory statements regarding gamers, and were attracted to GamerGate by its anti-progressive nature, seeking to promote themselves to a new audience that had no "heroes and allies".<ref name=dlist /> |
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] and ] have made mentions of GamerGate on several occasions, including pointing GamerGate supporters at media corruption that goes "all the way to the top". WikiLeaks described GamerGate as "not interesting", but "that highly apolitical youth suddenly awaken to broader censorship, media ownership is". Assange also stated opposition of censorship in Internet communities in reply to a Reddit user's question on GamerGate; the user was later "shadowbanned" by Reddit administrators.<ref name=TC2 /><ref name=WikiLeaksVerge /><ref name=MediaMole /> |
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Some GamerGate supporters have also backed charitable causes, such as a charity of suicide prevention and anti-bullying causes.<ref name=Tsukayama /><ref name=Stoneback /> |
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===Support for The Fine Young Capitalists=== |
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{{main|The Fine Young Capitalists}} |
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A self-described ] group known as The Fine Young Capitalists began receiving financial backing for their ] from supporters of the gamergate hashtag, particularly those from ]'s board /v/, after it was discovered that the group had a prior dispute with Zoe Quinn concerning their planned competition's rules.<ref name="Forbes" /><ref name="APGN" /> The backers raised over {{USD|17000}} for the campaign, a point after which they were allowed to produce an original character to be featured in the winning video game proposal, resulting in the creation of the character "Vivian James" (meant to sound like "video games").<ref name="Forbes" /><ref name="Vice" /> In ''Forbes'', Erik Kain described the character as an "every-girl of sorts, and maybe not what you'd expect from 4chan".<ref name="Forbes" /><ref name="Vice" /> Tom Mendelsohn of '']'' wrote that 4chan had created Vivian as an emblem for their campaign to demonstrate their lack of sexism, and described the character as "a sardonic dream woman who games in slouchy hoodies, has long, lascivious tresses of red hair and doesn't ever want to hurt them".<ref name="TheIndependent" /> |
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Both Steven Melendez in '']'' and Rob Beschizza of '']'' linked the character's green and purple color scheme to a old 4chan meme depicting sodomy. Beschizza said that most GamerGaters who were not involved in the graphics' creation "were obviously not clued into the color scheme's history at 4chan," but Melendez wrote that this had undermined "the group's stated goal of creating a deliberately non-sexualized, gamer-girl-next-door mascot". Matthew Rappard of TFYC, along with other supporters on 4chan, said there was no link to the old meme and that green and purple were symbolic of 4chan, but Melendez and Beschizza noted acknowledgement of the meme in 4chan threads leading to the creation of Vivian James.<ref name=fastcocolors /><ref name=boingboingcolors /> |
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On August 24, 2014, The Fine Young Capitalists reported that their ] account had been compromised by an unknown party (later confirmed by Indiegogo staff), and had been replaced by a message claiming Indiegogo staff had shut down the campaign and specifically called out 4chan's video games board /v/ as being "abhorrent" for their participation in the harassment against Zoe Quinn.<ref name="TChack" /> |
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===End of Gamer Identity articles and "Operation Disrespectful Nod"=== |
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In August 2014, shortly following the initial accusations towards Quinn, a number of gaming sites published opinion columns which argued for the "end of the gamer identity", citing the growing diversity of gaming and the mainstreaming of the medium, while those associated with GamerGate were stated to be a reactionary force against these changes.<ref name="BF" /><ref name="Plunkett" /><ref name="Johnston" /> Some of these articles and essays were, as described by ''The New York Times'', "critical of gamer culture and rampant sexism in it".<ref name="NYTimesIntelBoycott" /> One such piece that has received attention was a column by Leigh Alexander for '']'' titled "'Gamers' don't have to be your audience. 'Gamers' are over" which criticized what she sees as the shallow consumerist nature of white- and male-dominated video game demographic.<ref name="NYTimesIntelBoycott" /><ref name="Gamasutra" /> Responding to articles such as Gamasutra's piece, David Auerbach of '']'' accused the games press of attacking their own readers, stating that it is in fact games journalists who risk obsolescence as their traditional audience increasingly turns to commentators and amateur journalists on ] and ].<ref name="slate" /> Other concerns about the divide between gaming journalists and gamers were raised by '']''{{'}}s Keith Stuart and '']'' contributor Erik Kain.<ref name="GuardianKS" /><ref name="ErikKain" /> |
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Some of the gamer community objected to Leigh Alexander's articles written on this topic, calling them "offensive" and "racist". An email campaign dubbed "Operation Disrespectful Nod" was organized which implored concerned gamers to contact advertisers on the sites that published these articles, asking them to pull their advertising.<ref name="NYTimesIntelBoycott" /><ref name="CNNIntel" /><ref name="Engadget" /> In early October 2014 ] pulled its advertising from ''Gamasutra'', citing feedback from its consumers on controversial pieces published on that site.<ref name="CNNIntel" /><ref name="VergeNod" /> Eric Johnson of ''Re/code'' and Nick Wingfield of ''The New York Times'' said that it was a "victory" of protesters against the website.<ref name="NYTimesIntelBoycott" /><ref name="recode" /> Rich McCormick of ''The Verge'' disagreed with Intel's decision to cave to what he called "co-ordinated strikes" to silence voices calling for diversity in gaming, writing, "By giving in to its demands and pulling its advertising from ''Gamasutra'', Intel has legitimized a movement that has shown itself to be anti-feminist, violently protectionist, and totally unwilling to share what it sees as its divine right to video games."<ref name="VergeNod" /> |
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Several game developers also expressed opposition and sent open letters to Intel, warning the company and the public of the ] that their withdrawal of advertising and apparent support for Gamergate could have for video games coverage.<ref name="GIBizIntel" /> Intel shortly offered an apology, stating that "we recognize that our action inadvertently created a perception that we are somehow taking sides", and that "Intel does not support any organization or movement that discriminates against women." Nonetheless, Intel did not reinstate its advertising.<ref name="IntelStatement" /><ref name="VergeIntelStatement" /> ''Forbes.com'' contributor Erik Kain, while stating Gamasutra should not be punished for opinions of its writers, described Intel's decision as a reaction to "a consumer movement, not an anti-women movement."<ref name="ForbesNod" /> Kwame Opam of ''The Verge'' wrote that "given how much of the movement is devoted to harassing female gamers," Intel's statement rang "a little hollow", although it could be assumed to be "snowed by the issue's complexity", as GamerGate's scope has "ballooned" into the "murky realm of corruption in the industry".<ref name="VergeIntelStatement" /> Ryan Cooper of '']'' criticized Intel for "trying to have it both ways, appeasing the misogynist mob out of one side of its mouth while asserting high-status anti-sexist and pro-diversity values out of the other."<ref name="Ryan Cooper Week" /> |
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===Gawker Media and "Operation Baby Seal"=== |
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In mid-October 2014, Sam Biddle, an editor for the ] affiliate '']'', made a series of tweets that concluded with a call for a return to bullying of nerds. This led to ] temporarily pulling advertising from Gawker and ] requesting that Gawker remove their logo from a portion of the Gawker website.<ref name=waposuccess /> Gawker reported losing "thousands of dollars" as a result<ref name=biadobe /> but editor-in-chief Max Read said his only regret was that the site had not adequately "called out" GamerGate's "breathtaking cynicism and dishonesty."<ref name=MaxRead /> Adobe later clarified that it had never been a Gawker advertiser and stated "we are not and have never been aligned with Gamergate."<ref name=biadobe /><ref name=AdobeClarify/><ref name=vergeadobe /><ref name=arsadobe /> Biddle later defended himself saying that the tweets were jokes, but ultimately apologized for their content.<ref name="adobe recode"/><ref name=waposuccess /> Commenting on the actions of Intel and Adobe and the public response, trade publication '']'' warned advertisers that responding to Gamergate was a "]", and that brands "not responding are in better shape than those who have".<ref name=Adage/> |
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] sites have been a center of the Gamergate controversy previously; their affiliate ''Kotaku'' was at the center of the initial allegations that started Gamergate. Gamergate supporters initiated "Operation Baby Seal" in late October, renewing focus upon Gawker. This campaign aimed at removing ]'s ] and ]'s Associates advertising platforms from Gawker by mass-reporting apparent violations of the ad agencies' ] in Gawker's published content. ''Vox''{{'}}s VanDerWerff identified that while past efforts of Gamergate to convince advertisers to pull ads has been something done through the history of journalism, this new tactic of targeting the ad providers is on "a whole other scale" and has the potential, if successful, to financially harm Gawker. He noted that the campaign showed that Gamergate "seems less to want to expose ethical lapses at this point and more to drive sites it doesn't agree with from the face of the Earth."<ref name="op baby seal vox"/> |
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Other actions by GamerGate supporters have been the practice of using ]s that remove advertisements to "attempt to divert advertising revenue" from specific websites while still using those sites for information. Jason Koebler writing on '']''{{'}}s ''Motherboard'' imprint was critical of this, arguing that the archival of thousands of such articles did not comply with the ] of ].<ref name=copyvio/> |
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===Anti-feminist opposition to Digital Games Research Association=== |
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Some GamerGate members have alleged that the ] (DiGRA), a non-profit group that coordinates research and studies of video games in academic programs, "has been taken over by feminists," according to '']'' writer Carl Straumsheim.<ref name="inside higher ed digra"/> Supporters, including pseudonymous video blogger Sargon of Akkad, who regularly advocates anti-feminism in his videos, argue that people they label "academics" in the group have become outnumbered by people they label "feminists." Dr. Mia Consalvo, president of DiGRA, said that the effort to discredit its members' research demonstrates "hostility to feminism" and a failure to understand academic research in humanities. She argued that "what they’re trying to do is say if you’re a feminist, your work is automatically discredited."<ref name="inside higher ed digra"/> |
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==Role of misogyny and antifeminism== |
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{{see also|Sexism in video gaming}} |
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A number of commentators have argued that the GamerGate hashtag had the potential to raise important issues in gaming journalism, but that the wave of misogynistic harassment and abuse associated with the hashtag had ], making it impossible to separate honest criticism from sexist trolling.<ref name=Vox /><ref name=WaPo /><ref name=goldman /> The hashtag has also been associated with criticism of feminism and so called "Social Justice Warriors." According to Sarah Kaplan of ''The Washington Post'', "sexism in gaming is a long-documented, much-debated but seemingly intractable problem," and became the crux of the GamerGate controversy.<ref name=WaPo /> Writing in '']'', Ryan Cooper called the harassment campaign "an online form of terrorism" intended to reverse a trend in gaming culture toward increasing acceptance of women, and stated that social media platforms need to tighten their policies and protections against threats and abuse.<ref name=TheWeek /> Speaking on ], academic Cindy Tekobbe said the harassment campaign was intended to "drive women out of public spaces" and intimidate them into silence.<ref name=IPR /> The feminist journalist and author ] characterized the reasons for the ferocity of the reaction against the shift in gaming culture thus: "The problem is that women are creating culture, changing culture, redefining culture, and those cunts, those poisonous cunts, those disgusting, uppity cunts must be stopped."<ref name=boingsjw /> |
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Issues like sexism and misogyny had been identified as problems in the video game industry and community prior to the events of Gamergate.<ref name="gdc misogyny 2012"/> Wu stated in a November 2014 interview with '']'' that the game industry "has been a boys’ club for 30 years", describing that the common portrayal of women as "sex symbols and damsels in distress" in video games has led to the players taking the same attitudes.<ref name="develop harassment"/> In March 2014, game designer ] wrote a blog post commenting on the "latent racism, homophobia and misogyny" that existed within the online gaming community.<ref name="NYTSuellentrop"/> It is believed this itself is tied to the anonymous, male-dominated nature of the Internet; Astra Taylor of '']'' documented a series of harassment against women from online communities in April 2014, in which the harassment was played off by the male posters as if it was just "harmless locker room talk".<ref name="mj april2014"/> Developer ] considered that the Internet's instant accessibility of social media allows for people to express of-the-moment opinions without thinking about their consequences, leading to a "whole Pandora’s Box" of both good and bad issues that society must consider in terms of freedom of speech.<ref name="develop harassment"/> |
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===Attacks on women=== |
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Quinn said the campaign had "roped well-meaning people who cared about ethics and transparency into a pre-existing hate mob",<ref name="ViceQuinn" /> and urged industry publishers and developers to condemn the hashtag.<ref name="bbc gg condemned"/> She further asked those Gamergate supporters that had any earnest discussion about ethics should move away from the "Gamergate" tag<ref name="bbc gg condemned"/> Writing for '']'', Jenn Frank described the tactics used in the harassment campaign, and of the climate of fear it generated through its attacks on women and their allies. Frank concluded that this alienating abusive environment would harm not only women, but the industry as a whole. Frank subsequently received harassment alleging that she had concealed her ] support of Quinn; Frank had included a disclosure, but it was removed by editors at ''The Guardian'' who did not deem their relationship a "significant connection". Following the harassment, Frank left games journalism.<ref name=Vox /><ref name="slate" /><ref name=GuardianJF /> In ''Paste'' magazine, Garrett Martin suggested that any concerns about ethics in journalism were merely a cover for attacking women, even if some sincerely believed otherwise.<ref name="Paste" /> ] in an article for '']'' described the controversy as arising from the comments of a "vindictive ex-boyfriend", stated it was "pure misogyny to use online harassment troops" against Quinn, and that the ethics violation discussion is merely a "desperate attempt to justify" their harassment. Marcotte noted that the allegation of Quinn having sex for a favorable review of her game was wrong, and accused the video game world of being, "thick with misogynists who are aching to swarm on any random woman held up for them to hate, no matter what the pretext." She also made comparisons to the initial outrage against Sarkeesian's video series, harassment sent to a woman who made a negative review of a '']'' cover and to a community manager for the '']'' video game because she drew a feminine ], and virtual "rapes" committed against women's player avatars in '']'' and '']''.<ref name="DBMarcotte" /> In an interview on ], Sarkeesian said she believes women are being targeted because they are "challenging the status quo of gaming as a male-dominated space."<ref name=Colbert /> |
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Writing in '']'', Simon Parkin said, "In Quinn's case, the fact that she was the subject of the attacks rather than the friend who wrote about her game reveals the true nature of much of the criticism: a pretense to make further harassment of women in the industry permissible."<ref name="new yorker" /> T.C. Sottek, a news editor of ''The Verge'', wrote an editorial urging people to stop supporting Gamergate, detailing various issues he perceived in the hashtag, including using the search for ethics as a justification for the harassment campaign, little credibility in their claims, convincing apolitical gamers that a problem existed, and its embrace of anti-feminist conservative journalists and commentators. He described the hashtag as a "boggling ] that continues to raise more questions than it answers because it didn't have any useful questions to ask in the first place", saying that its origin was attacks on Zoe Quinn concerning her personal life.<ref name=vergestop /> |
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Alex Goldman from '']'' wrote that the movement's involvement in harassment had caused it to lose mainstream credibility. "If you see yourself as a bloc of people who call themselves "gamers," to outsiders you are only as good as your worst representatives, and the past month have shown those representatives to be racist, homophobic, misogynist, and threatening," Goldman said. "If you want to be seen as a monolith, publicly shame the bad actors in your cohort. If you want to be seen as individuals, well, stop calling yourself gamers. Come up with some other means of self-identification. Because as of right now, the worst people standing behind the mantle of gamer have spoiled it for all of you."<ref name=goldman /> The Washington Post described a supporter of the hashtag as saying that they and others in the hashtag are making efforts to reject harassment and "quickly" report threatening or hateful comments to help keep the conversation "respectful".<ref name=Tsukayama /> |
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In an opinion piece for ''The New York Times'', Chris Suellentrop spoke of his issues with the hashtag such as its attacks on women, but also brought up the desire of GamerGate to shift focus away from innovative uses of the medium. He criticized the hashtags's apparent belief that increased coverage and praise of artistic games like ''Gone Home'' would negatively affect big mainstream games such as '']''. He also said that a colleague was the centre of a petition to have her fired for criticizing the portrayal of women in ''GTAV'', despite many male critics (including himself) raising similar concerns.<ref name=NYTSuellentrop /> |
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===Social criticism=== |
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According to Erik Kain, writing at ], the GamerGate hashtag is driven by a backlash against ] of video games "because many readers don’t want to be told what’s good or bad about a game’s social politics, they just want to hear about the game itself". Kain said gamers should be "distrustful of ... rightwing non-gamers suddenly swooping into the scene with inflammatory anti-feminist headlines".<ref name="Forbes" /> Writing in '']'', Brendan Keogh described the rise of social criticism in video gaming as part of the maturation of the art form and a natural consequence of video games becoming accepted as a force in mainstream culture.<ref name=Overland /> Kyle Moody, professor of communications media at ], said the increasing cultural criticism of video games has helped the industry to reach a "higher artistic discussion," and that those opposed to discussions of class, sexuality, and race instead want their games to remain "toys".<ref name=IPR /> Alyssa Rosenberg of ''The Washington Post'' considers GamerGate to be part of a larger ] that has been occurring for the last decade, spurred by the ease of interaction between creators and consumers, and which begs the question of "whether culture is changing ''fast'' enough, and whether change means chucking out old ideas, storytelling tropes and character types".<ref name="wapo culture" /> Political consultant Allum Bokhari said that Gamergate was the reaction of non-political gamers to an increasingly politicized pastime that had been overtaken by "moral crusaders." <ref name=TC2 /> Philip Tan, a research scientist and instructor at ] associated with Game Lab, has remarked of GamerGate that, "It's extremely demoralizing to see people who claim they are passionate about games and work so hard to prevent women from voicing their opinions about games", and that an educator's role was "to make it easier for a larger range of people to contribute to the growth of this medium".<ref name=MITGamelab /> |
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===Presence of misogyny and inclusiveness=== |
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] became a prominent GamerGate supporter after releasing a video critical of perceived gamer stereotypes.<ref name=LeMondeCHS />]] |
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Author and scholar ] disagreed with the criticism leveled at gamers, in a video she released through the ]. She said that "ll the data we have suggests that millennial males—these are people born and raised in 'Video Game Nation'—are far less prone to these prejudices than previous generations ... My suggestion to their critics: stand down."<ref name=AEI /> William Audureau in '']'' said that "the question is not whether video games 'make' gamers sexist, but whether they express and maintain a negative portrayal of women, already present and unconsciously accepted."<ref name=LeMondeCHS /> Writing in the '']'', Noah Berlatsky said that the misogynistic harassment targeting Quinn and Sarkeesian should be viewed not solely as an issue specific to the gaming community, but as evidence that misogyny is pervasive in American culture, "and everyone needs to confront it in their own communities."<ref name=PacificStandard /> Zaid Jilani in ''Salon'' criticized Sommers' participation in the Gamergate debate, as she had no prior experience with video games or journalism but was rather simply making anti-feminist statements, as he also said of Milo Yiannopoulos.<ref name=fickle /> |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal bar|Internet|Video games|Journalism|Feminism}} |
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==References== |
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<div style="clear:both;"></div> |
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{{reflist|30em|refs= |
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<ref name="new yorker">{{cite web | url = http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/zoe-quinns-depression-quest | title = Zoe Quinn’s Depression Quest | first = Simon | last = Parkin | date = September 9, 2014 | accessdate = September 15, 2014 | work = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name=AEI>{{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MxqSwzFy5w| title=Are Video Games Sexist?| author=Christina Hoff Sommers| work=American Enterprise Institute|date=September 16, 2014| accessdate=September 23, 2014}}.</ref> |
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<ref name=Escapist4chan>{{cite web|url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/137293-Exclusive-Zoe-Quinn-Posts-Chat-Logs-Debunking-GamerGate-4Chan-and-Quinn-Respond|title=Exclusive: 4Chan and Quinn Respond to Gamergate Chat Logs|last=Tito|first=Greg|publisher=]|date=September 7, 2014|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=WaPo>{{cite news | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/09/12/with-gamergate-the-video-game-industrys-growing-pains-go-viral/ | title = With #GamerGate, the video-game industry’s growing pains go viral | first = Sarah | last = Kaplan | date = September 12, 2014 | accessdate = September 14, 2014 | work = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name=beast>{{cite web|last1=Marcotte|first1=Amanda|authorlink=Amanda Marcotte|title=Gaming Misogyny Gets Infinite Lives: Zoe Quinn, Virtual Rape, and Sexism|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/22/gaming-misogyny-gets-infinite-lives-zoe-quinn-virtual-rape-and-sexism.html|date=August 22, 2014|accessdate=September 29, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=dot>{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=The sexist crusade to destroy game developer Zoe Quinn|url=http://www.dailydot.com/geek/zoe-quinn-depression-quest-gaming-sex-scandal/|publisher=The Daily Dot|date=August 20, 2014|accessdate=September 2, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web| url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2014/09/04/gamergate-a-closer-look-at-the-controversy-sweeping-video-games/| title=GamerGate: A Closer Look At The Controversy Sweeping Video Games| author=Erik Kain| work=]| date=September 4, 2014| accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=BI>{{cite web| url=http://www.businessinsider.com/fed-up-game-developers-sign-open-letter-2014-9| title=Game Developers Are Finally Stepping Up To Change Their Hate-Filled Industry| first1=Karyne| last1=Levy| work=]| date=September 2, 2014| accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Kubas-Meyer>{{cite news|last1=Kubas-Meyer|first1=Alec|title=Death of ‘Gamer’ Identity: How Hardcore Trolls Pwned Themselves|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/09/17/death-of-gamer-identity-how-hardcore-trolls-pwned-themselves.html|accessdate=September 22, 2014|publisher=]|date=September 17, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Ars>{{Cite web | url = http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/09/new-chat-logs-show-how-4chan-users-pushed-gamergate-into-the-national-spotlight/ | title = Chat logs show how 4chan users created #GamerGate controversy | publisher = ] | date = September 9, 2014 | accessdate = September 14, 2014 | first = Casey | last = Johnson }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Vox>{{cite web|last1=VanDerWerff |first1=Todd|title=#GamerGate: Here's why everybody in the video game world is fighting|url=http://www.vox.com/2014/9/6/6111065/gamergate-explained-everybody-fighting|publisher=Vox|accessdate=September 7, 2014|date=September 6, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002202901/http://www.vox.com/2014/9/6/6111065/gamergate-explained-everybody-fighting|archivedate=October 2, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=BF>{{cite web| url=http://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/gaming-is-leaving-gamers-behind#39nd5fd| title=Gaming Is Leaving "Gamers" Behind| author=Joseph Bernstein| work=]| date=August 28, 2014| accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Time>{{cite web| url=http://time.com/3274247/video-game-culture-war/| title=Sexism, Lies, and Video Games: The Culture War Nobody Is Winning| author=Leigh Alexander| work=]| date=September 5, 2014| accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=LATimes>{{cite web| url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/games/gamergate-related-controversy-reveals-ugly-side-of-gaming-community/| title=Hero Complex: Gamergate-related controversy reveals ugly side of gaming community| author=Todd Martens| work=]| date=September 6, 2014| accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=BBC>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-29028236| title=Gamers take a stand against misogyny after death threats| author=Kevin Rawlinson| work=]| date=September 2, 2014| accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=DailyDot>{{cite web| url=http://www.dailydot.com/geek/zoe-quinn-outs-4chan-behind-gamergate/| title=Zoe Quinn claims 4chan was behind GamerGate the whole time| author=Aja Romano| work=]| date=September 6, 2014| accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="gs fish">{{cite web | url = http://www.gamespot.com/articles/phil-fish-selling-rights-to-fez-after-being-hacked/1100-6421882/ | title = Phil Fish Selling Rights to Fez After Being Hacked | publisher = ] | date= August 23, 2014 | accessdate = September 6, 2014 | first = Emanuel | last = Maiberg }}</ref> |
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<ref name=GuardianKS>{{cite web | url = http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/03/gamergate-corruption-games-anita-sarkeesian-zoe-quinn | title = Gamergate: the community is eating itself but there should be room for all | first = Keith | last = Stuart | date = September 3, 2014 | accessdate = September 14, 2014 | work = ]}}</ref> |
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<ref name=GuardianJF>{{cite web| url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/01/how-to-attack-a-woman-who-works-in-video-games| title=How to attack a woman who works in video gaming| first=Jenn| last=Frank| work=]| date=September 1, 2014| accessdate=September 18, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="telegraph">{{cite web | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11082629/Gamergate-Misogyny-death-threats-and-a-mob-of-angry-trolls-Inside-the-dark-world-of-video-games.html | title = Misogyny, death threats and a mob of trolls: Inside the dark world of video games with Zoe Quinn — target of #GamerGate | first = Radhika | last = Sanghani | date = September 10, 2014 | accessdate = September 14, 2014 | work = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name=KotakuRefuted>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/in-recent-days-ive-been-asked-several-times-about-a-pos-1624707346|title=In recent days I've been asked several times|first=Stephen|last=Totilo|publisher=]|date=August 20, 2014|accessdate=September 10, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=KotakuGJ>{{cite web|url=http://tmi.kotaku.com/the-indie-game-reality-tv-show-that-went-to-hell-1555599284|title=The Indie Game Reality TV Show That Went To Hell| first=Nathan| last=Grayson| work=]|date=March 31, 2014|accessdate=September 15, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=KotakuDQ>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/depression-quest-the-thoughtful-game-about-mental-heal-1476630988|title=Depression Quest, the thoughtful game about mental health...| first=Patricia| last=Hernandez| work=]|date=December 4, 2013|accessdate=September 15, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="slate">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/09/gamergate_explodes_gaming_journalists_declare_the_gamers_are_over_but_they.html|title=Gaming Journalism Is Over|last=Auerbach|first=David|publisher=]|date=September 9, 2014|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="TheStar">{{cite web | url = http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2012/07/10/gamer_campaign_against_anita_sarkeesian_catches_toronto_feminist_in_crossfire.html | publisher = TheStar.com | title = Gamer campaign against Anita Sarkeesian catches Toronto feminist in crossfire | first = Katherine | last = Fernandez-Blance | date = July 10, 2012 |accessdate=September 10, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="TorontoExclusive">{{cite web | url = http://www.torontostandard.com/technology/exclusive-anita-sarkeesian-responds-to-beat-up-game-online-harassment-and-stephanie-guthries-death-threats | publisher = Toronto Standard | title = EXCLUSIVE: Anita Sarkeesian Responds to Beat Up Game, Online Harassment, and Death Threats on Stephanie Guthrie | first = Sheena | last = Lyonnais | date = July 10, 2012 |accessdate=September 10, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=TChack>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2014/08/25/indiegogo-campaign-hacked-this-weekend-but-wasnt-part-of-a-widespread-attack/|title=Indiegogo Campaign Hacked This Weekend, But Wasn’t Part Of A Widespread Attack — TechCrunch| first=Sarah| last=Perez| work=]|date=August 25, 2014|accessdate=September 15, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=APGN>{{cite web|url=http://apgnation.com/archives/2014/09/09/6977/truth-gaming-interview-fine-young-capitalists|title=#GamerGate: An Interview with The Fine Young Capitalists| first=Nicole|last=Seraphita | work=APGNation|accessdate=September 16, 2014|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=PolygonFBI>{{Cite web | url =http://www.polygon.com/2014/9/4/6105185/fbi-game-developer-harassment | title = FBI working with game developer association to combat online harassment | first = Brian | last = Crecente | date = September 4, 2014 | accessdate = September 15, 2014 | publisher = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name=VoxConfuse>{{Cite web | url = http://www.vox.com/xpress/2014/9/15/6149965/gamergate-explained-short | title = The confusion around #GamerGate explained, in three short paragraphs | publisher = ] | date = September 15, 2014 | accessdate = September 15, 2014 | first = Todd | last = VanDerWerff }}</ref> |
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<ref name=VergeXOXO>{{cite web|url=http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/13/6145169/anita-sarkeesian-shares-the-most-radical-thing-you-can-do-to-support|title=Anita Sarkeesian shares the most radical thing you can do to support women online — The Verge|date=September 13, 2014|work=The Verge|accessdate=September 15, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=MetalEater1>{{cite web|url=http://metaleater.com/video-games/feature/gamers-live-an-in-depth-analysis-of-gamergate|title=Gamers Live: An In-Depth Analysis of GamerGate |first=Liana |last=Kerzner |work=MetalEater.com |date=September 12, 2014|accessdate=September 15, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=goldman>{{cite news|url=http://www.onthemedia.org/story/my-attempt-write-about-gamergate/|title=My Attempt To Write About "Gamergate"|first=Alex | last = Goldman|work=On The Media|accessdate=September 15, 2014|date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Vice>{{cite news|last1=Ringo|first1=Allegra|title=Meet the Female Gamer Mascot Born of Anti-Feminist Internet Drama|url=http://www.vice.com/read/meet-the-female-gamer-mascot-created-by-anti-feminists-828|accessdate=September 16, 2014|publisher='']''|date=August 28, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=ViceQuinn>{{cite web| url=http://www.vice.com/read/we-talked-to-zoe-quinn-about-whats-next-for-the-gaming-world-999| title=Zoe Quinn Told Us What Being Targeted By Every Troll In The World Feels Like| first=Mike| last=Pearl| work=]| date=September 12, 2014| accessdate=September 21, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Plunkett>{{cite news|last1=Plunkett|first1=Luke|title=We Might Be Witnessing The 'Death of An Identity'|url=http://kotaku.com/we-might-be-witnessing-the-death-of-an-identity-1628203079|accessdate=September 22, 2014|publisher=]|date=August 28, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Gamasutra>{{cite news|last1=Alexander|first1=Leigh|title='Gamers' don't have to be your audience. 'Gamers' are over.|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/224400/Gamers_dont_have_to_be_your_audience_Gamers_are_over.php|accessdate=September 22, 2014|publisher=]|date=August 28, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Johnston>{{cite news|last1=Johnston|first1=Casey|title=The death of the "gamers" and the women who "killed" them|url=http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/08/the-death-of-the-gamers-and-the-women-who-killed-them/|accessdate=September 22, 2014|publisher=]|date=August 28, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=ErikKain>{{cite news|last1=Kain|first1=Erik|title=The Gamer Is Dead: Long Live The Gamer|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2014/09/01/the-gamer-is-dead-long-live-the-gamer/|accessdate=September 22, 2014|publisher=]|date=September 1, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=LeMonde>{{cite news| url=http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2014/09/15/derriere-le-gamersgate-un-groupe-antifeministe_4485191_4408996.html| author=William Audureau| title=Derrière le #GamerGate, une nébuleuse antiféministe| accessdate=September 26, 2014| publisher=]| date=September 15, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=LeMondeCHS>{{cite news| url=http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2014/09/17/christina-hoff-sommers-figure-de-proue-feminine-du-gamergate_4488856_4408996.html | author=William Audureau| title=Christina Hoff Sommers, figure de proue féminine du GamerGate| accessdate=September 26, 2014| publisher=]| date=September 17, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Paste>{{cite news|last1=Martin|first1=Garrett|title=Why We Didn't Want to Talk About "GamerGate"|url=http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2014/09/why-we-didnt-want-to-talk-about-gamergate.html|accessdate=September 22, 2014|publisher=]|date=September 4, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Marketplace">{{cite web|url=http://www.marketplace.org/topics/tech/questions-raised-over-bullying-gaming-community|title=Questions raised over bullying in the gaming community|last=King|first=Noel|date=September 10, 2014|work=]|accessdate=September 22, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=TheIndependent>{{cite web | title= Zoe Quinn and the orchestrated campaign of harassment from some 'gamers' | author= Tom Mendelsohn | publisher=] | date= September 5, 2014 | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/zoe-quinn-and-the-orchestrated-campaign-of-harassment-from-some-gamers-9715427.html|accessdate=September 10, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=TC2>{{cite web | url=http://techcrunch.com/2014/09/25/gamergate-an-issue-with-2-sides/ | title=#GamerGate – An Issue With Two Sides | author= Allum Bokhari | publisher=] | accessdate= September 27, 2014|date=September 25, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Usher>{{cite web|last1=Usher|first1=William|title=#NotYourShield Hashtag Shows Multi-Cultural Support For GamerGate|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/games/-NotYourShield-Hashtag-Shows-Multi-Cultural-Support-GamerGate-67119.html|website=http://www.cinemablend.com|publisher=Cinema Blend|accessdate=September 30, 2014|date=September 10, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=MetalEater2>{{cite web|url=http://metaleater.com/video-games/feature/the-darker-side-of-gamergate|title=The Darker Side of GamerGate|last=Kerzner|first=Liana|work=MetalEater.com|date=September 29, 2014|accessdate=September 30, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=TheWeek>{{cite web|url=http://theweek.com/article/index/267333/how-to-stop-misogynists-from-terrorizing-the-world-of-gamers|title=How to stop misogynists from terrorizing the world of gamers|work=]|date=September 2, 2014|accessdate=October 1, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=IPR>{{cite web|url=http://iowapublicradio.org/post/engaging-gamergate-there-fear-going-it-woman|title=Engaging in #GamerGate: "There is that fear going into it, as a woman"|publisher=]|date=September 30, 2014|accessdate=October 1, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=VergeFish>{{Cite web | url = http://www.theverge.com/2013/7/27/4563738/fez-ii-abruptly-canceled-after-developer-phil-fish-explodes-in-rage | title = 'Fez II' abruptly canceled after developer Phil Fish explodes in rage on Twitter | first = Sean | last = Hollister | publisher = ] | date = August 27, 2014 | accessdate = September 19, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=FishPaste>{{cite news|last1=Vorel|first1=Jim|title=Fez Creator Phil Fish and Polytron Corporation Hacked, Doxxed|url=http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2014/08/fez-creator-phil-fish-and-polytron-corporation-hac-1.html|accessdate=October 2, 2014|publisher=]|date=August 22, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=DailyFish>{{cite news|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|title=4chan hacks and doxes Zoe Quinn's biggest supporter|url=http://www.dailydot.com/geek/4chan-hacks-phil-fish-over-his-defense-of-zoe-quinn/|accessdate=October 2, 2014|publisher=]|date=August 22, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=NPR>{{Cite web | url = http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2014/09/24/349835297/-gamergate-controversy-fuels-debate-on-women-and-video-games | title = #Gamergate Controversy Fuels Debate On Women And Video Games | first = Nate | last = Rott | date = September 24, 2014 | accessdate = September 25, 2014 | publisher = ] | work = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name=VergeNod>{{cite web | url = http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/2/6886747/intel-buckles-to-anti-feminist-campaign-by-pulling-ads-from-gaming | title= Intel buckles to anti-feminist campaign by pulling ads from gaming site | first = Rich | last = McCormick | date = October 2, 2014 | accessdate = October 2, 2014 | publisher = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name=DBMarcotte>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/22/gaming-misogyny-gets-infinite-lives-zoe-quinn-virtual-rape-and-sexism.html|title=Gaming Misogyny Gets Infinite Lives: Zoe Quinn, Virtual Rape, and Sexism|work=The Daily Beast|last=Marcotte|first=Amanda|date=August 22, 2014|accessdate=October 2, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="NYTimesIntelBoycott">{{cite web | url = http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/02/intel-pulls-ads-from-site-after-gamergate-boycott/ | title = Intel Pulls Ads from Site After ‘Gamergate’ Boycott | first = Nick |last = Wingfield | date = October 2, 2014 | accessdate= October 2, 2014 | work = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name="recode">{{cite web | title = Under Pressure From Gamers, Intel Pulls Advertising From Gamasutra | first = Eric | last = Johnson | publisher = Re/code | date = October 1, 2014 | accessdate = October 3, 2014|url = http://recode.net/2014/10/01/under-pressure-from-gamers-intel-pulls-advertising-from-gamasutra/ }}</ref> |
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<ref name="CNNIntel">{{Cite web | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/03/tech/gaming-gadgets/intel-ad-gamasutra/index.html | title = Intel pulls ads over sexism in video game drama | first = Heather | last = Kelly | date = October 3, 2014 | accessdate = October 3, 2014 | publisher = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name="GIBizIntel">{{cite web | url = http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-10-03-game-devs-urge-you-to-write-intel-in-response-to-gamergate | title = Game devs urge you to write Intel in response to #GamerGate | first = James | last= Brightman | date = October 3, 2014 | accessdate =October 3, 2014 | publisher = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name="VergeIntelStatement">{{cite web | url = http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/3/6906025/intel-issues-apology-after-backlash-from-gamergate-opponents | title = Intel issues apology after backlash from #GamerGate opponents | publisher = ] | date =October 3, 2014 | accessdate = October 3, 2014 | first = Kwame | last = Opam }}</ref> |
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<ref name="IntelStatement">{{cite web | url = http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2014/10/03/chip-shot-intel-issues-statement-on-gamasutra-advertising | title = Chip Shot: Intel Issues Statement on Gamasutra Advertising | publisher = ] | date = October 3, 2014 | accessdate = October 3, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Engadget">{{cite web|url=http://www.engadget.com/2014/10/03/intel-gamergate-gamasutra/|title=Intel is 'not taking sides,' but keeps ads off of Gamasutra|last=Seppala|first=Timothy J.|work=]|date=October 3, 2014|accessdate=October 4, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Overland>{{cite journal|url=https://overland.org.au/previous-issues/issue-214/feature-brendan-keogh/|title=On video game criticism|last=Keogh|first=Brendan|work=]|volume=214|issue=Autumn 2014|accessdate=October 4, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=ForbesNod>{{cite web| url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2014/10/04/why-it-makes-sense-for-intel-to-pull-ads-from-gamasutra-over-gamergate-and-why-its-still-the-wrong-move/| title=GamerGate: Why It Makes Sense For Intel To Pull Ads From Gamasutra Over #GamerGate And Why It's Still The Wrong Move| author=Erik Kain| work=]| date=October 4, 2014| accessdate=October 4, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="wapo culture">{{cite news | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2014/10/08/the-culture-wars-are-back-and-this-time-everyone-can-win/ | title = The culture wars are back, and this time, everyone can win | work = ] | date = October 8, 2014 | accessdate = October 9, 2014 | first = Alyssa | last = Rosenberg }}</ref> |
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<ref name=boingsjw>{{cite web|url=http://laurie-penny.com/why-were-winning-social-justice-warriors-and-the-new-culture-war/|title=Why We’re Winning: Social Justice Warriors and the New Culture War|publisher=Penny Red|last=Penny|first=Laurie|date=October 4, 2014|accessdate=October 9, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=vergestop>{{cite web|url=http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/8/6919179/stop-supporting-gamergate|title=Stop supporting Gamergate|date=October 8, 2014|work=The Verge|accessdate=October 9, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Ryan Cooper Week">{{cite web | url = http://theweek.com/article/index/269377/intels-awful-capitulation-to-gamergates-sexist-thugs | title = Intel's awful capitulation to #gamergate's sexist thugs | first = Ryan | last = Cooper | date = October 7, 2014 | accessdate = October 9, 2014 | work = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name="nytimes usu threat">{{cite news | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/16/technology/gamergate-women-video-game-threats-anita-sarkeesian.html | title = Feminist Critics of Video Games Facing Threats in ‘GamerGate’ Campaign | first = Nick | last = Wingfield | date = October 15, 2014 | accessdate = October 24, 2014 | work =] }}</ref> |
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<ref name="metro what is gg">{{cite news | url = http://metro.co.uk/2014/10/15/gamergate-what-is-it-and-why-are-gamers-so-angry-4907102/ | title = GamerGate – what is it, and why are gamers so angry? | first = Rob | last = Waugh | date = October 15, 2014 | accessdate = October 24, 2014 | work = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name="columbia journalism review">{{Cite web | url = http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/gamergate.php | title = How do we know what we know about #Gamergate? | work = ] | date = October 23, 2014 | accessdate = October 24, 2014 | first = Chris | last = Ip }}</ref> |
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<ref name="AnitaUSUCNN">{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/15/tech/utah-anita-sarkeesian-threat/index.html|title=Anita Sarkeesian cancels Utah State speech after threat — CNN.com|last1=Ahmed|first1=Saeed|first2=Tony|last2=Marco|date=October 15, 2014|work=]|accessdate=October 25, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=AnitaUSUBBC>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29626809|title=BBC News — Feminist video-games talk cancelled after massacre threat|work=]|last=Kelion|first=Leo|date=October 15, 2014|accessdate=October 25, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=AnitaUSUGuardian>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/15/anita-sarkeesian-feminist-games-critic-cancels-talk|title=Feminist games critic cancels talk after terror threat|first=Alex|last=Hern|work=]|date=October 15, 2014|accessdate=October 25, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=DayGuardian>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/23/felicia-days-public-details-online-gamergate|title=Felicia Day's public details put online after she described Gamergate fears|first=Alex|last=Hern|work=the Guardian|accessdate=October 25, 2014|date=October 23, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=DayTime>{{cite web|url=http://time.com/3535619/felicia-day-writes-about-gamergate-gets-information-hacked/|title=Felicia Day Writes About #GamerGate, Gets Information Hacked|first=Eliana|last=Dockterman|work=]|date=October 23, 2014|accessdate=October 25, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=WikiLeaksVerge>{{cite web|url=http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/20/7015849/wikileaks-finds-common-cause-with-gamergate|title=WikiLeaks is winning over Gamergate with a confusing Twitter campaign|date=October 20, 2014|work=]|accessdate=October 25, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=arsadobe>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/business/2014/10/after-gamergate-tweet-adobe-distances-itself-from-gawker-bullying/|title=After #GamerGate tweet, Adobe distances itself from Gawker "bullying" [Updated]|work=Ars Technica|last=Machkovech|first=Sam|accessdate=October 25, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=biadobe>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/adobe-pulls-gawker-sponsorship-2014-10|title=Adobe Pulls Gawker Sponsorship — Business Insider|date=October 22, 2014|work=Business Insider|last=Levy|first=Karyne|accessdate=October 25, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=BostonGlobe>{{cite web|last=Singal|first=Jesse|url=http://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2014/09/20/gaming-summer-rage/VNMeHYTc5ZKoBixYHzi1JL/story.html|title=Gaming's summer of rage|work=]|date=September 20, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Ambinder>{{cite web|url=http://theweek.com/article/index/270543/gamergate-might-be-gaming-sexisms-waterloo|title=Gamergate might be gaming sexism's Waterloo|last=Ambinder|first=Marc|work=]|date=October 24, 2014|accessdate=October 25, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=PacificStandard>{{cite web|last=Berlatsky|first=Noah|url=http://www.psmag.com/navigation/books-and-culture/online-harassment-women-isnt-just-gamer-problem-90518/|title=Online Harassment of Women Isn’t Just a Gamer Problem|work=]|date=September 15, 2014|date=September 20, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Ronan>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.com/ronan-farrow-daily/watch/exclusive--woman-who-sparked-gamergate-345327171549|title=Exclusive: Woman who sparked Gamergate|work=]|publisher=]|date=October 20, 2014|accessdate=October 26, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=DQReleasePoly>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2014/8/13/5998567/depression-quest-launches-high-profile-suicide-robin-williams-threats|title=Depression Quest launches in spite of high-profile suicide and online threats|work=Polygon|last=Hall|first=Charlie|date=August 13, 2014|accessdate=October 26, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=DQReleaseIGN>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/08/14/depression-quest-now-available-for-free-on-steam|title=Depression Quest Now Available for Free on Steam|work=IGN|last=Williams|first=Katie|date=August 14, 2014|accessdate=October 26, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=DQReleaseVB>{{cite web|url=http://venturebeat.com/2014/08/12/depression-quest-release-on-steam/|title=Depression Quest gets a quiet, but timely, release on Steam|work=VentureBeat|date=August 12, 2014|last=Crawley|first=Dan|accessdate=October 26, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=KotakuAboutGamerGate>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/about-gamergate-1630707501|title=About GamerGate|last=Totilo|first=Stephen|date=September 5, 2014|work=Kotaku|accessdate=October 27, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="OTMGrant">{{cite news|url=http://www.onthemedia.org/story/codemning-gamergate/|title=Condemning #GamerGate|last=Bob Garfield|date=October 20, 2014|work=]|date=October 24, 2014|accessdate=October 27, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=GJPresponse>{{cite news|last1=Orland|first1=Kyle|title=Addressing allegations of "collusion" among gaming journalists|url=http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/09/addressing-allegations-of-collusion-among-gaming-journalists/|publisher=]|date=September 18, 2014|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=EscapistDDos>{{cite news|last1=Kain|first1=Erik|title=The Escapist #GamerGate Forums Brought Down In DDoS Attack|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2014/09/20/the-escapist-forums-brought-down-in-ddos-attack/|accessdate=October 28, 2014|publisher=]|date=September 20, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=CathyYoung>{{cite news|last1=Cathy|first1=Young|title=GamerGate: Part I: Sex, Lies, and Gender Games|url=http://reason.com/archives/2014/10/12/gamergate-part-i-sex-lies-and-gender-gam|accessdate=October 28, 2014|publisher=]|date=October 12, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Tsukayama>{{cite news|last1=Tsukayama|first1=Hayley|title=How some Gamergate supporters say the controversy could stop "in one week"|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/10/24/how-some-gamergate-supporters-say-the-controversy-could-stop-in-one-week/|accessdate=October 28, 2014|work=]|date=October 24, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Codd>{{cite news|last1=Codd|first1=Matthew|title=Gamergate supporter receives death threats|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/games/62442166/gamergate-supporter-receives-death-threats.html|accessdate=October 28, 2014|publisher=]|date=October 15, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Diver>{{cite news|last1=Diver|first1=Mike|title=GamerGate Hate Affects Both Sides, So How About We End It?|url=http://www.vice.com/read/gamergate-hate-affects-both-sides-so-how-about-we-end-it|accessdate=October 28, 2014|publisher=]|date=October 20, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=CathyYoung2>{{cite news|last1=Young|first1=Cathy|title=GamerGate, Part 2: Videogames Meet Feminism|url=http://reason.com/archives/2014/10/22/gamergate-part-2-videogames-meet-feminis|accessdate=October 28, 2014|publisher=]|date=October 22, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Stoneback>{{cite news|last1=Stoneback|first1=Robert|title=Suicide Prevention Charity Spawns from GamerGate|url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/137409-GamerGate-Leads-to-Suicide-Prevention-Charity|accessdate=October 28, 2014|publisher=]|date=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=MediaMole>{{cite news|title=Wikileaks wades into #GamerGate, says Nato as corrupt as video games journalism|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/media-mole/2014/09/wikileaks-wades-gamergate-says-nato-corrupt-video-games-journalism|accessdate=October 28, 2014|publisher=]|date=September 16, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Newsweek Brandwatch">{{cite web | url = http://www.newsweek.com/gamergate-about-media-ethics-or-harassing-women-harassment-data-show-279736 | title =Is GamerGate About Media Ethics or Harassing Women? Harassment, the Data Shows | first = Taylor | last= Wofford | date = October 25, 2014 | accessdate = October 28, 2014 | work =] }}</ref> |
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<ref name=AdobeClarify>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.adobe.com/conversations/2014/10/when-anti-bullying-efforts-backfire.html|title=When anti-bullying efforts backfire|publisher=]|date=October 28, 2014|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=fickle>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/10/28/gamergates_fickle_hero_the_dark_opportunism_of_breitbarts_milo_yiannopoulos/|title=Gamergate’s fickle hero: The dark opportunism of Breitbart’s Milo Yiannopoulos|work=]|date=October 28, 2014|accessdate=October 29, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=mordor>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2014/10/08/middle-earth-shadow-of-mordor-paid-branding-deals-should-have-gamergate-up-in-arms/|title='Middle-Earth: Shadow Of Mordor' Paid Branding Deals Should Have #GamerGate Up In Arms|author=Erik Kain|date=October 8, 2014|work=Forbes|accessdate=October 29, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=GGJargon>{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Eric|title=Understanding the Jargon of Gamergate|url=http://recode.net/2014/10/10/understanding-the-jargon-of-gamergate/|accessdate=October 28, 2014|publisher=Re/code|date=October 10, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=FudgeResponse>{{cite news|last1=Fudge|first1=James|title=Editorial: The Truth About GamerGate and GameJournoPros|url=http://www.gamepolitics.com/2014/10/15/editorial-truth-about-gamergate-and-gamejournpros#.VE7UMRaJnct|accessdate=October 28, 2014|publisher=Game Politics|date=October 15, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=copyvio>{{cite web|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/dear-gamergate-please-stop-stealing-our-shit|title=Dear GamerGate: Please Stop Stealing Our Shit |last=Koebler|first=Jason|date=October 29, 2014|work=]|accessdate=October 30, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="bbc gg condemned">{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29821050 | title = Zoe Quinn: GamerGate must be condemned | first = Dave | last = Lee | date = October 30, 2014 | accessdate = October 30, 2014 | publisher = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name=VergeDay>{{cite web|url=http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/23/7047647/felicia-day-response-shows-why-good-gamergate-is-still-hurting-people|title=Gamergate can't stop being about harassment|last=Robertson|first=Adi|date=October 23, 2014|work=The Verge|accessdate=October 31, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=BBC>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29642313|title=BBC News — Twitter and the poisoning of online debate|work=BBC News|date=October 16, 2014|last=Cellan-Jones|first=Rory|accessdate=October 31, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=VoxLose>{{cite web|url=http://www.vox.com/2014/10/23/7044593/gamergate|title=#GamerGate has won a few battles. It will lose the war. - Vox|date=October 23, 2014|work=Vox|last=VanDerWerff|first=Todd|accessdate=October 31, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=WiredHudson>{{cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/2014/10/the-secret-about-gamergate-is-that-it-cant-stop-progress/|title=Gamergate Goons Can Scream All They Want, But They Can't Stop Progress — WIRED|work=WIRED|date=October 21, 2014|last=Hudson|first=Laura|accessdate=October 31, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=WaPoRosenberg>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2014/10/29/gamergate-reopens-the-debate-over-video-games-as-art/|title=Gamergate reopens the debate over video games as art|work=Washington Post|date=October 29, 2014|last=Rosenberg|first=Alyssa|accessdate=October 31, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Colbert>{{cite web|url=http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/video-playlists/j0zpbx/the-colbert-report-11015-highlights/wr7hqq|title=The Colbert Report 11015 Highlights — Video Clips — The Colbert Report — Comedy Central|publisher=]|work=]|date=October 29, 2014|accessdate=October 31, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=SalonMyth>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/11/01/gamergates_infuriating_myth_why_searching_for_common_ground_is_a_big_mistake/|title=Gamergate’s infuriating myth: Why searching for common ground is a big mistake|work=]|date=November 1, 2014|last=Isquith|first=Elias|accessdate=November 1, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=CinemaBlendEscapist>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/games/Escapist-Destructoid-Update-Their-Policies-Ethics-Light-GamerGate-67219.html|title=The Escapist, Destructoid Update Their Policies, Ethic In Light of #GamerGate|first=William|last=Usher|publisher=CinemaBlend|date=September 15, 2014|accessdate=September 16, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="atlantic twitter">{{cite web | url = http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/the-existential-crisis-of-public-life-online/382017/ | title = The Existential Crisis of Public Life Online | first = Robinson | last = Meyer | date = 30 October 2014 | accessdate = 5 November 2014 | work = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name="wu reward">{{Cite web | url= http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-11-03-wu-offers-usd11k-for-harassment-conviction | title = Wu offers $11K for harassment conviction | first = Rachel | last= Weber | date = 3 November 2014 | accessdate = 5 November 2014 | publisher = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Mic.com>{{cite web|url=http://mic.com/articles/103654/everything-wrong-and-right-with-the-gamergate-bill-of-rights|title=Everything Wrong (And Right) With the #GamerGate 'Bill of Rights'|last1=Keller|first1=Jared|first2=Tom|last2=McKay|publisher=]|accessdate=November 7, 2014|date=November 6, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=MITGamelab>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/life/2014/10/31/how-gamergate-influencing-mit-video-game-teachers/eccMSdMvmE8cpE4hHp8t4I/story.html|title=How GamerGate Is Influencing MIT Video Game Teachers|work=Boston.com|first=Rachel|last=Raczka|date=October 31, 2014|accessdate=November 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=fastcocolors>{{cite web|url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/3037941/the-secret-meaning-behind-gamergates-branding|title=The Secret Meaning Behind GamerGate's Branding|work=FastCo.Design|publisher=]''|date=November 3, 2014|accessdate=November 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=boingboingcolors>{{cite web|url=http://boingboing.net/2014/11/03/gamergates-color-scheme-is-a.html|title=Gamergate's color scheme is a rape joke--but they might not know it|work=]|date=November 3, 2014|accessdate=November 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="wsj twitter wam">{{Cite web | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/11/07/new-online-tool-lets-twitter-users-report-harassment/ | title = New Online Tool Lets Twitter Users Report Harassment | first = Brian | last = Fitzgerald | date = November 7, 2014 | accessdate = November 7, 2014 | work = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name=VergeDead>{{cite web | url = http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/30/7131931/gamergate-is-dead Gamergate is dead | title = Gamergate is Dead | first = Chris | last = Plante | publisher = ] | date = October 30, 2014 | accessdate = November 7, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=CNet>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/blizzard-on-online-harassment-its-tarnishing-our-reputation-as-gamers/|title=Blizzard on online harassment: It's tarnishing our reputation as gamers|last=Sherr|first=Ian|publisher=]|date=November 7, 2014|accessdate=November 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name=joystiqblizzcon>{{cite web|url=http://i.wow.joystiq.com/2014/11/07/blizzcon-opening-ceremony-liveblog/|title=BlizzCon Opening Ceremony liveblog|last=Ziebart|first=Alex|publisher=]|date=November 7, 2014|accessdate=November 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=dashgate>{{cite web|url=http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/229778/gamergate-supporters-aghast-that-writer-wont-take-bribe-to-support-them/|title=#GamerGate supporters aghast that writer won’t take bribe to support them|work=Death and Taxes|publisher=]|date=October 20, 2014|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=futuretroll>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2014/10/20/gamergate-is-the-future-of-troll-politics/|title=#GamerGate Is The Future Of Troll Politics|date=October 20, 2014|work=TechCrunch|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=dlist>{{cite web|url=http://gawker.com/the-d-list-right-wingers-whove-turned-gamergate-into-th-1648410811|title=The D-List Right-Wingers Who've Turned Gamergate Into Their Loser Army|first=Sam|last=Biddle|work=Gawker|date=October 20, 2014|accessdate=November 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=VergeDead>{{cite web| url=http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/30/7131931/gamergate-is-dead| title=Gamergate is dead| last=Plante| first=Chris| work='']| date=October 30, 2014| accessdate=November 9, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="develop harassment">{{cite web | url = http://www.develop-online.net/analysis/games-developers-must-fight-internet-abuse-together/0199849 | title = Games developers must fight internet abuse together | first = James | last= Batchelor | date = 10 November 2014 | accessdate = 10 November 2014 | work = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name="inside higher ed digra">{{cite web | url = https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/11/11/gamergate-supporters-attack-digital-games-research-association | title = #Gamergate and Games Research | first = Carl | last = Straumsheim | date= 11 November 2014 | accessdate = 11 November 2014 | work = ] }}</ref> |
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<ref name=MaxRead>{{cite web|url=http://gawker.com/how-we-got-rolled-by-the-dishonest-fascists-of-gamergat-1649496579|title=How We Got Rolled by the Dishonest Fascists of Gamergate|last=Read|first=Max|work=]|date=October 22, 2014|accessdate=November 12, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=GGBackfiresWeek>. Cooper, Ryan. '']'', 17 October 2014.</ref> |
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<!-- <ref name=Bernstein>{{cite news|last1=Bernstein|first1=Joseph|title=Why The Gamer Rebellion Won’t Last Very Long|url=http://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/why-the-gamer-rebellion-wont-last-very-long#2jmo31j|accessdate=September 22, 2014|publisher=]|date=September 2, 2014}}</ref> --> |
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<!-- <ref name="salon readergate">{{cite web | url = http://www.salon.com/2014/11/07/jane_austen_slept_with_all_the_book_bloggers_how_readergate_smashes_shady_gamergate_arguments/ | title = "Jane Austen slept with all the book bloggers": How #ReaderGate smashes shady #GamerGate arguments | date = November 7, 2014 | accessdate = November 7, 2014 | first = Erin | last = Keane | work = ] }}</ref> --> |
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<!-- <ref name=Jazeera>{{cite web | title = #GamerGate: Misogyny or corruption in the gaming community? | url = http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201409032102-0024126 | date = September 3, 2014 | accessdate = September 3, 2014 | publisher = ] }}</ref> --> |
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<!-- <ref name="pri robertsom">{{cite web | url = http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-11-07/what-gamergate-all-about | title = What is #GamerGate all about? | first = Adam | last = Werwick | date = November 7, 2014 | accessdate = November 7, 2014 | publisher = ] | work = ] }}</ref> --> |
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<!-- <ref name=BuzzFeedKIA>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/the-disturbing-misogynist-history-of-gamergates-g|title=The Disturbing Misogynist History Of GamerGate’s Goodwill Ambassadors|last=Bernstein|first=Joseph|work=]|date=October 30, 2014|acessdate=October 30, 2014}}</ref> --> |
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<!-- <ref name=PolygonEditorial>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2014/10/17/6996601/on-gamergate-a-letter-from-the-editor|title=On GamerGate: A letter from the editor|last=Grant|first=Christopher|work=]|date=October 17, 2014|accessdate=October 29, 2014}}</ref> --> |
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<!-- <ref name=Valenti>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/21/gamergate-angry-men-harassing-women|title=Gamergate is loud, dangerous and a last grasp at cultural dominance by angry white men|last=Valenti|first=Jessica|work=]|date=October 21, 2014|accessdate=October 29, 2014}}</ref> --> |
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<!-- <ref name=PBSNewsHour>{{cite web | url = http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/gamergate-leads-death-threats-women-gaming-industry/ | title = #Gamergate leads to death threats against women in the gaming industry | publisher = ] | date = October 16, 2014 | accessdate = October 28, 2014 }}</ref> --> |
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<!-- <ref name=GuardianWu>{{cite news | url =http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/17/brianna-wu-gamergate-human-cost | title = Brianna Wu and the human cost of Gamergate: 'every woman I know in the industry is scared' | first = Keith | last = Stuart | work = ]|date = October 17, 2014 | accessdate = October 29, 2014 }}</ref> --> |
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<!-- <ref name="RockPaperShotgun">{{cite web|url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2013/02/14/mostly-indescribable-depression-quest/|title=Mostly Indescribable: Depression Quest|last=Smith|first=Adam|publisher=]|date=February 14, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref> --> |
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<!-- <ref name="HarvardPoliticalReview">{{cite web|url=http://harvardpolitics.com/books-arts/object-game-authority-art-video-games//|title=The Object of the Game: Authority, Art, and Video Games]]|date=February 14, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref> --> |
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