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| '''Offensive jihad''' ({{lang-ar|جهاد الطلب}}, {{transl|ar|DIN|'''Jihād al-ṭalab'''}}), in contrast with ], is armed ] meant to expand the ] (''Dar al Islam''){{citation needed|date=December 2013}} at the expense of the ] (Dar al-Harb). | |||
| Offensive jihad is the instrument to transform the Dar al-Harb into Dar al-Islam so as to achieve the ultimate aim of universalization of the Islamic faith and to establish its social order, ] law.<ref>Although these world divisions were derived by jurists, they are not mentioned in the ] and ]. See {{cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan Eduardo |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |pages=182 |url=http://books.google.dk/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> This is seen by its advocates first as a collective duty but also an individual one. Since the goal can be accomplished by peaceful as well as by violent means, the participation could be fulfilled by the heart, the tongue, the hands, as well as the sword. Offensive jihad accordingly is a form of religious propaganda carried out by spiritual or material means.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khadduri |first=Majid |title=The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani's Siyar |year=2002 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6975-4 |pages=15–17 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=89spaKByt_MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=majid+khadduri+siyar&hl=en&ei=9LP0TfmOGZKGvAO05LHeBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=jihad&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| Offensive jihad requires the authorization and supervision of a "legitimate Muslim leader".{{huh|date=August 2013}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Feldman |first=Noah |authorlink=Noah Feldman |title=Islam, Terror and the Second Nuclear Age |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/magazine/29islam.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |accessdate=17 May 2012 |newspaper=] |date=October 29, 2006}}</ref> | |||
| ==Jihad== | |||
| {{Main|List of battles of Muhammad}} | |||
| The beginnings of Jihad are traced back to the words and actions of Muhammad and the Quran.<ref name="autogenerated1">Rudolph Peters, Jihād (The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World); . Retrieved February 17, 2008.</ref> This encourages the use of Jihad against non-Muslims.<ref name="autogenerated4">Jonathon P. Berkey, The Formation of Islam; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2003</ref> The Quran, however, never uses the term Jihad for fighting and combat in the name of Allah; qital is used to mean “fighting.” Jihad in the Quran was originally intended for the nearby neighbors of the Muslims, but as time passed and more enemies arose, the Quranic statements supporting Jihad were updated for the new adversaries.<ref name="autogenerated4" /> The first documentation of the law of Jihad was written by ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Awza’i and ]. The document grew out of debates that had surfaced ever since Muhammad's death.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> | |||
| ==Islamic law== | |||
| Islamic scholars have differed on the issue of offensive jihad, to pursue non-Muslims in their own lands without any aggression on their part. Some scholars have even gone so far to say that it is illegitimate, while others say it is legitimate and even required. Most scholars agree that offensive jihad cannot be totally prohibited, since two schools of Islamic jurisprudence have ruled that offensive jihad is permissible in order to secure the borders of the Islamic lands, to spread the Islamic religion to people in cases where the governments do not allow it, and to remove every religion other than Islam from the Arabian peninsula.<ref>{{cite web|last=RUBIN|first=BARRY|title=The Region: Revolutions, walk-outs and fatwas|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=203876|publisher=The Jerusalem Post|accessdate=23 June 2011}}</ref>{{Verify credibility|failed=y|date=July 2011}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Mustafa|first='Imad|title=متى يجوز قتال غير المسلمين ومتى لا يجوز؟|url=http://www.islamonline.net/ar/IOLCounsel_C/1278407253854/1278406720653/-%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86..-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85|publisher=IslamOnline|accessdate=25 June 2011}} Archive of the page in available </ref>{{Verify source|date=July 2011}} | |||
| Classically and in the modern era however, a large number of jurists have upheld Islamic ideas,{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} concepts and texts to justify offensive jihad against non-Muslims. Most prominent of these among classical scholars is ], and among modern-day thinkers are ] and ], who support their view with evidence from the ] and the ], and from historical practice.<ref>{{citation|title=What is New about Al-Qaradawi’s Jihad?|url=http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=21082|first=Yusuf|last=Al Qaradawi|year=Sep 2009|publisher=Ikhwan Web (Muslim brotherhoods official English website)}} Archive of the page in available </ref> | |||
| The basic principle of fighting in the Qur'an is that other communities should be treated as one's own. Fighting is justified for legitimate self-defense, to aid other Muslims and after a violation in the terms of a treaty, but should be stopped if these circumstances cease to exist.<ref name="Crone">Patricia Crone, '']'', War article, p.456. ]</ref><ref>Micheline R. Ishay, ''The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era'', ], p.45</ref><ref name="Boundries_Princeton">Sohail H. Hashmi, David Miller, ''Boundaries and Justice: diverse ethical perspectives'', ], p.197</ref><ref>Douglas M. Johnston, ''Faith-Based Diplomacy: Trumping Realpolitik'', ], p.48</ref> | |||
| ==Notable Proponents== | |||
| ===Abdullah Yusuf Azzam=== | |||
| {{Section OR|date=May 2012}} | |||
| ] was a ] scholar, preacher and contemporary proponent of Jihad, and the founder of ] and ]. Azzam issued a fatwa ''Defense of the Muslim lands, The First Obligation After Iman'',<ref name="religioscope.com"></ref> and other work on behalf of jihad against Afghan Marxists and ]. Azzam's fatwa is primarily a call for defensive jihad in Afghanistan, but it also briefly describes offensive jihad, arguing that "jihad against the ] is of two types" - defensive and offensive. | |||
| Azzam argued that although offensive jihad does not have the very high priority that jihad to defend Muslim lands has, it is a religious obligation. Offensive jihad differs from defensive in being ''] al-kifaya'' - a religious obligation on Muslim society as a whole, rather than on every individual Muslim (''] al-ayn''). According to Azzam, if the Islamic leader does not send out "an army at least once a year to terrorize" infidels, he "is in sin." Azzam believes that the goal of the jihad is to compel non-Muslims to pay ], a tribute tax. Non-Muslims would not, however, pay the ], which is for Muslims only. | |||
| <blockquote>Where the Kuffar ("infidels") are not gathering to fight the Muslims, the fighting becomes ] Kifaya with the minimum requirement of appointing believers to guard borders, and the sending of an army at least once a year to terrorise the enemies of Allah. It is a duty of the Imam to assemble and send out an army unit into the land of war once or twice every year. Moreover, it is the responsibility of the Muslim population to assist him, and if he does not send an army he is in sin. - And the Ulama have mentioned that this type of jihad is for maintaining the payment of ]. The scholars of the principles of religion have also said: "Jihad is Daw'ah with a force, and is obligatory to perform with all available capabilities, until there remains only Muslims or people who submit to Islam." <ref name="religioscope.com"/></blockquote> | |||
| ===Sayyid Qutb=== | |||
| In his famous book '']'', Islamist theoretician ] angrily and repeatedly denounces the idea that Jihad war "is merely for defense," blaming this foolish misconception on those Muslims "defeated by the attacks of the treacherous Orientalists!" | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| There is no room to say that the basic aim of the Islamic movement was `defensive` in the narrow sense which some people ascribe to it today, defeated by the attacks of the treacherous Orientalists! <ref>Qutb, ''Milestones'', p.69</ref> | |||
| ... Those who say that Islamic Jihad was merely for the defense of the `homeland of Islam` diminish the greatness of the Islamic way of life ...<ref>Qutb, ''Milestones'', p.71</ref> | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| A.E. Stahl purports that "an understanding of Qutb’s endorsement of jihad begins with an explanation of his immutable tenets", which are understood to be ''Hakimiyya'' (sovereignty), ''Ubudiyya'' (worship), and Jahiliyya.<ref>Stahl, A.E. "‘Offensive Jihad' in Sayyid Qutb's Ideology." International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Commentary. 24/03/2011.</ref> Stahl writes, "to Qutb, man’s sovereignty had supplanted Allah’s sovereignty, causing man to worship leaders and their ideologies, rather than the Divine. This was the illness, and offensive jihad would serve as the cure for societal reformation."<ref>Stahl, A.E. "‘Offensive Jihad' in Sayyid Qutb's Ideology." op. cit.</ref> | |||
| Qutb believes Muslims were restrained from fighting for a brief time "in ] and in the early period of their migration to ]," but that following this "Muslims were permitted to fight, then they were commanded to fight against the aggressors; and finally they were commanded to fight against all the ]," (which Qutb believes to include ]s and ]s). According to Qutb, this command is the final one for Muslims and is the one operative today.<ref>Qutb, ''Milestones'', p.64</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| '''History:''' | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ===Bibliography=== | |||
| * {{cite book | author=Qutb, Sayyid | title=Milestones | publisher=Kazi Publications | year=2003 | isbn=1-56744-494-6}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}} | |||
| ] | |||
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