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{{Short description|State-owned railways of Norway (1883–1996)}}
{{for|the current company|Norwegian State Railways}} {{For|the company operating as Norwegian State Railways from 1996 to 2019|Vy}}
{{Infobox company {{Infobox company
| name = Norwegian State Railways | name = Norwegian State Railways
| logo = | logo = Emblem_of_the_Norwegian_State_Railways.svg
| caption = | caption =
| type = ] | type = ]
| fate = ] | fate = ]
| predecessor = | predecessor =
| successor = ]<br>]<br>] | successors = ]<br>]<br>]
| foundation = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->1883 | foundation = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->1883
| founder = | founder =
| defunct = {{End date|1996|12|01}} | defunct = {{End date|1996|12|01|df=y}}
| location_city = ] | location_city = ]
| location_country = ] | location_country = ]
Line 30: Line 31:
| intl = }} | intl = }}


The '''Norwegian State Railways''' ({{lang-no|Norges Statsbaner}} or '''NSB''') was a state-owned ] that operated most of the ]. The ] was created in 1883 to oversee the construction and operation of all state-owned ]s in ]. On 1 December 1996, it was ] to create the infrastructure operator ], the train operator ] and the ]. The name was taken by the train operator, although the infrastructure operator remained a government agency and is the legal successor. The '''Norwegian State Railways''' ({{langx|no|Norges Statsbaner}} or '''NSB''') was a state-owned ] that operated most of the ]. The ]/directorate<ref name="nsd_nsb1884"></ref> was created in 1883<ref name="jernbaneverket_historikk">, Norwegian National Rail Administration {{in lang|no}}</ref> to oversee the construction and operation of all state-owned ]s in ]. On 1 December 1996, it was ] to create the infrastructure operator ], the train operator ] and the ]. The name was taken by the train operator, although the infrastructure operator remained a government agency and is the legal successor.


==History== ==History==
{{Further|History of rail transport in Norway}}
==History==
Norway's first railway, the ], was opened in 1854. It was built and run as a private company, although with some government ownership.<ref name="jernbaneverket_historikk"/> This was followed by two wholly ], the narrow-gauge ] in 1861 and the ] ] in 1862, with the latter branching from the Trunk Line at ]. Several more were built over the next two decades.<ref name="jernbaneverket_historikk"/> In 1871 the national railway was connected to the Swedish rail infrastructure.<ref name=SNLkongsvingerbanen></ref>
In 1862 Norway's first ] started operating—the ].<ref name=SNLkongsvingerbanen></ref>


By the 1880s, the pace of railway construction ground to a halt due to economic and political problems.<ref name="jernbaneverket_historikk"/> In 1883, the Norwegian State Railways was established and railway construction started up again. The Norwegian State Railways also bought up many private railways to integrate them into the national railway network. In 1920 the ] was acquired<ref></ref> by the government. The ] was first formally acquired in 1926, despite having formed a central part of the network for half a century.<ref></ref>
In 1871 the national railway was connected to the Swedish rail infrastructure.<ref name=SNLkongsvingerbanen/>


⚫ ===World War II===
In 1920 the ] was acquired<ref></ref> by the government.
⚫ In January 1942, NSB gave the "green light for putting ] (POWs) to work on the construction of the ]. The POWs were ] under conditions that were inhumane, and ], author of the 2015 book, ''Fangene som forsvant'' ("The Prisoners Who Disappeared"), shows that NSB was fully informed about the prisoners' situation", according to a 2015 ] article.<ref></ref>


⚫ Of the 100,000 Soviet POWs that came to Norway, 13,000 were put to work on the Nordland Line.<ref name=HegtunAmag26/> Over 1,000 died as a result of cold,<ref name=HegtunAmag26>{{cite book|author1=Halvor Hegtun|author-link=Halvor Hegtun|title=NSB sa ja til slavedrift - Disse russerfangene ble tvunget til å bygge Nordlandsbanen. Så skulle de glemmes.|date=2015-02-27|publisher=] ]|page=26|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/amagasinet/NSB-sa-ja-til-slavedrift-7916443.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301055449/http://www.aftenposten.no/amagasinet/NSB-sa-ja-til-slavedrift-7916443.html|archive-date=2015-03-01}}</ref>
In 1926 the ] was acquired.<ref></ref>
⚫ starvation and exhaustion (out of a total of 13,700 dead "foreign POWs, ] and ]s" in Norway between 1941 and 1945).<ref name=Infobox>{{cite news|title=Fleire bøker viser korleis offentlege etatar og private selskap tente på den tyske okkupasjonen av Noreg: Slavane som bygde Noreg|publisher=]|date=2015-02-27|page=20}}</ref>


⚫ According to Westlie, "NSB ] (...) the NSB employees did not know what fate awaited the Jews. Naturally they understood that the Jews would be shipped out of the country by force, because the train went to Oslo harbor".<ref name=WestlieFortie>{{cite news|author1=Bjørn Westlie|author-link=Bjørn Westlie|title=Å fortie historien|publisher=Klassekampen|date=2015-03-06|page=19}}</ref>
⚫ ===World War Two===
⚫ Furthermore, Westlie points to "dilemmas NSB's employees found themselves in when the NSB leadership cooperated with the Germans".<ref name=WestlieFortie/>
⚫ In January 1942 '''NSB''' gave "green light for putting ]s into construction work of the ]. The POWs had to perform ] under conditions that were inhuman, and ] shows that '''NSB''' was fully informed about the prisoners situation", according to a 2015 ] article.<ref></ref>


Of the 100 000 Soviet POWs that came to Norway, 13 000 were put to work on the Nordland Line.<ref name=HegtunAmag26/> Over 1000 died as a result of cold,<ref name=HegtunAmag26>{{cite book|author1=]|title=NSB sa ja til slavedrift - Disse russerfangene ble tvunget til å bygge Nordlandsbanen. Så skulle de glemmes.|date=2015-02-27|publisher=] A-magasinet|page=26|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/amagasinet/NSB-sa-ja-til-slavedrift-7916443.html}}</ref> " ] was to be made the ] for cooperation with the Germans," writes Westlie, even though "many of the darkest chapters are from the period before Vik" became chief, according to Halvor Hegtun.<ref name=HegtunAmag31>{{cite book|author1=Halvor Hegtun|author-link=Halvor Hegtun|title=NSB sa ja til slavedrift - Disse russerfangene ble tvunget til å bygge Nordlandsbanen. Så skulle de glemmes.|date=2015-02-27|publisher=] ]|page=31|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/amagasinet/NSB-sa-ja-til-slavedrift-7916443.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301055449/http://www.aftenposten.no/amagasinet/NSB-sa-ja-til-slavedrift-7916443.html|archive-date=2015-03-01}}</ref>
⚫ starvation and exhaustion (out of a total of 13 700 dead "foreign POWs, ] and ]s" in Norway between 1941 and 1945).<ref name=Infobox>{{cite news||title=Fleire bøker viser korleis offentlege etatar og private selskap tente på den tyske okkupasjonen av Noreg: Slavane som bygde Noreg|publisher=]|date=2015-02-27|page=20}}</ref>


⚫ There was no investigation of the agencies after the war.<ref name=Kulaas21>{{cite news|author1=Guri Kulås|title=Fleire bøker viser korleis offentlege etatar og private selskap tente på den tyske okkupasjonen av Noreg: Slavane som bygde Noreg|publisher=]|date=2015-02-27|page=21}}</ref> However, the former chief Vik was not to be prosecuted if he "did not work for NSB again".<ref name=HegtunAmag31/>
⚫ "NSB ] (...) the NSB employees did not know what fate awaited the Jews. Naturally they understood that the Jews would be shipped out of the country by force, because the train went to Oslo harbor".<ref name=WestlieFortie>{{cite news|author1=]|title=Å fortie historien|publisher=Klassekampen|date=2015-0306|page=19}}</ref>
⚫ Furthermore Westlie points to "dilemmas NSB's employees found themselves in when the NSB leadership cooperated with the Germans".<ref name=WestlieFortie/>


⚫ ===After World War II===
" ] was to be made the ] for the cooperation with the Germans, writes Westlie, even though many of the darkest chapters are from the period before Vik" became the chief, according to Halvor Hegtun.<ref name=HegtunAmag31>{{cite book|author1=]|title=NSB sa ja til slavedrift - Disse russerfangene ble tvunget til å bygge Nordlandsbanen. Så skulle de glemmes.|date=2015-02-27|publisher=] A-magasinet|page=31|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/amagasinet/NSB-sa-ja-til-slavedrift-7916443.html}}</ref>
⚫ In 1952 a plan of electrifying operations was adopted.<ref name=SNLjernbane></ref>
⚫ In 1970 the ] was electrified.<ref name=SNLjernbane/> In 2002 the freight operations were split to the subsidiary ], and the maintenance department became{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}} ].


⚫ ====Reactions to World War II activities====
⚫ There was no investigation of the ] after the war.<ref name=Kulaas21>{{cite news|author1=Guri Kulås|title=Fleire bøker viser korleis offentlege etatar og private selskap tente på den tyske okkupasjonen av Noreg: Slavane som bygde Noreg|publisher=]|date=2015-02-27|page=21}}</ref> However, the former chief Vik was not to be prosecuted if he "did not again work for NSB".<ref name=HegtunAmag31/>
⚫ "The ] and the use of POWs on the ] is a dark chapter of NSB's history", according to
⚫ ''kommunikasjonssjef'' Åge-Christoffer Lundeby in NSB in 2015.<ref name=HegtunAmag32>{{cite book|author1=Halvor Hegtun|author-link=Halvor Hegtun|title=NSB sa ja til slavedrift - Disse russerfangene ble tvunget til å bygge Nordlandsbanen. Så skulle de glemmes.|date=2015-02-27|publisher=] ]|page=32|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/amagasinet/NSB-sa-ja-til-slavedrift-7916443.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301055449/http://www.aftenposten.no/amagasinet/NSB-sa-ja-til-slavedrift-7916443.html|archive-date=2015-03-01}}</ref>
⚫ Later, ] said this about the extermination of Norwegian Jews: "Who else would be more responsible than the NSB? For me, the NSB's use of POWs and the deportation of Jews must be viewed as one: namely, that the NSB thereby became an agency that participated in Hitler's violence against these two groups, who were the Nazis' main enemies. The fact that the pertinent NSB leaders received awards after the war confirms the NSB's and others' desire to conceal this".<ref name="WestlieFortie"/>


⚫ ] hauling ] on the ]]]
⚫ ===After World War Two===
⚫ In 1952 a plan of electrifying operations was adopted.<ref name=SNLjernbane></ref>
⚫ In 1970 the ] was electried.<ref name=SNLjernbane/> In 2002 the freight operations were split to the subsidiary ], and the maintenance department became ].


==Directors-general==
⚫ ====Reactions to World War Two activities====
{{expand list|date=February 2011}}
⚫ "The ] and the use of POWs on the ] is a dark chapter of NSB's history ", according to
The title was changed from director-general to chief executive officer in the late 1980s.
⚫ ''kommunikasjonssjef'' Åge-Christoffer Lundeby in NSB in 2015.<ref name=HegtunAmag32>{{cite book|author1=]|title=NSB sa ja til slavedrift - Disse russerfangene ble tvunget til å bygge Nordlandsbanen. Så skulle de glemmes.|date=2015-02-27|publisher=] A-magasinet|page=32|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/amagasinet/NSB-sa-ja-til-slavedrift-7916443.html}}</ref>
*1883–1899: ]
⚫ Later ] said about the extermination of Norwegian Jews: "what else than co-responsible was NSB ? For me, NSB's use of POWs and this deportation of Jews be viewed as one: namely, that NSB thereby became an agency that participated in Hitler's violence against these two groups, who were the nazism's main enemies. The fact that the pertinent NSB leaders received awards after the war, confirms NSB's and others' desire to conceal this".<ref name=WestlieFortie>{{cite news|author1=]|title=Å fortie historien|publisher=Klassekampen|date=2015-0306|page=19}}</ref>
*1910–1912: ] (acting)
*1912–1919: ] (acting)
*1919–1922: ]
*1924–1938: ]
*1939–????: ]
*1944–????: ] (Nazi Collaborator)
*1945–1946: Løken (acting)
*1946–1950: ] (acting)
*1950–1951: ] (acting)
*1951–1966: ]
*1967–1978: ]
*1978–1988: ]
*1987–1988: ] (acting)
*1988–1990: ]
*1990–1990: ] (acting)
*1990–1995: ]
*1995–1996: ]


== Preserved locomotives ==
⚫ ]-hauled ore train on the ]]]
Norwegian State railways class 21 2-6-0 No. 377 'King Haakon VII' is preserved at ].


==See also== ==See also==
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==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}

{{Railway companies of Norway}} {{Railway companies of Norway}}
{{Rail transport in Norway}} {{Rail transport in Norway}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Norwegian State Railways (1883-1996)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Norwegian State Railways (1883-1996)}}
⚫ ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
⚫ ]
] ]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 10:51, 6 November 2024

State-owned railways of Norway (1883–1996) For the company operating as Norwegian State Railways from 1996 to 2019, see Vy.
Norwegian State Railways
Company typeGovernment agency
IndustryRail transport
Founded1883
Defunct1 December 1996 (1996-12-01)
FateDemerger
SuccessorsNorwegian National Rail Administration
Norwegian State Railways
Norwegian Railway Inspectorate
HeadquartersOslo, Norway
Area servedNorway
Number of employees12,000 (1996)
ParentMinistry of Transport and Communications

The Norwegian State Railways (Norwegian: Norges Statsbaner or NSB) was a state-owned railway company that operated most of the railway network in Norway. The government agency/directorate was created in 1883 to oversee the construction and operation of all state-owned railways in Norway. On 1 December 1996, it was demerged to create the infrastructure operator Norwegian National Rail Administration, the train operator Norwegian State Railways and the Norwegian Railway Inspectorate. The name was taken by the train operator, although the infrastructure operator remained a government agency and is the legal successor.

History

Further information: History of rail transport in Norway

Norway's first railway, the Trunk Line, was opened in 1854. It was built and run as a private company, although with some government ownership. This was followed by two wholly state-owned railways, the narrow-gauge Hamar–Grundset Line in 1861 and the standard-gauge Kongsvinger Line in 1862, with the latter branching from the Trunk Line at Lillestrøm. Several more were built over the next two decades. In 1871 the national railway was connected to the Swedish rail infrastructure.

By the 1880s, the pace of railway construction ground to a halt due to economic and political problems. In 1883, the Norwegian State Railways was established and railway construction started up again. The Norwegian State Railways also bought up many private railways to integrate them into the national railway network. In 1920 the Bratsberg Line was acquired by the government. The Trunk Line was first formally acquired in 1926, despite having formed a central part of the network for half a century.

World War II

In January 1942, NSB gave the "green light for putting prisoners of war (POWs) to work on the construction of the Nordland Line. The POWs were forced to perform labour under conditions that were inhumane, and Westlie, author of the 2015 book, Fangene som forsvant ("The Prisoners Who Disappeared"), shows that NSB was fully informed about the prisoners' situation", according to a 2015 Klassekampen article.

Of the 100,000 Soviet POWs that came to Norway, 13,000 were put to work on the Nordland Line. Over 1,000 died as a result of cold, starvation and exhaustion (out of a total of 13,700 dead "foreign POWs, political prisoners and forced laborers" in Norway between 1941 and 1945).

According to Westlie, "NSB transported Jews to the outward shipping from the Oslo harbor (...) the NSB employees did not know what fate awaited the Jews. Naturally they understood that the Jews would be shipped out of the country by force, because the train went to Oslo harbor". Furthermore, Westlie points to "dilemmas NSB's employees found themselves in when the NSB leadership cooperated with the Germans".

" Vik was to be made the scapegoat for cooperation with the Germans," writes Westlie, even though "many of the darkest chapters are from the period before Vik" became chief, according to Halvor Hegtun.

There was no investigation of the agencies after the war. However, the former chief Vik was not to be prosecuted if he "did not work for NSB again".

After World War II

In 1952 a plan of electrifying operations was adopted. In 1970 the Dovre Line was electrified. In 2002 the freight operations were split to the subsidiary CargoNet, and the maintenance department became Mantena.

Reactions to World War II activities

"The transportation of Jews that were to be deported and the use of POWs on the Nordland Line is a dark chapter of NSB's history", according to kommunikasjonssjef Åge-Christoffer Lundeby in NSB in 2015. Later, Bjørn Westlie said this about the extermination of Norwegian Jews: "Who else would be more responsible than the NSB? For me, the NSB's use of POWs and the deportation of Jews must be viewed as one: namely, that the NSB thereby became an agency that participated in Hitler's violence against these two groups, who were the Nazis' main enemies. The fact that the pertinent NSB leaders received awards after the war confirms the NSB's and others' desire to conceal this".

An "El 15" locomotive hauling ore on the Ofoten Line

Directors-general

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2011)

The title was changed from director-general to chief executive officer in the late 1980s.

Preserved locomotives

Norwegian State railways class 21 2-6-0 No. 377 'King Haakon VII' is preserved at Bressingham Steam and Gardens.

See also

References

  1. PolSys, Norwegian State Railways
  2. ^ Historisk oversikt, Norwegian National Rail Administration (in Norwegian)
  3. Kongsvingerbanen
  4. Store norske leksikon: Bratsbergbanen.
  5. Hovedbanen
  6. NSBs skammelige historie
  7. ^ Halvor Hegtun (2015-02-27). NSB sa ja til slavedrift - Disse russerfangene ble tvunget til å bygge Nordlandsbanen. Så skulle de glemmes. Aftenposten A-magasinet. p. 26. Archived from the original on 2015-03-01.
  8. "Fleire bøker viser korleis offentlege etatar og private selskap tente på den tyske okkupasjonen av Noreg: Slavane som bygde Noreg". Klassekampen. 2015-02-27. p. 20.
  9. ^ Bjørn Westlie (2015-03-06). "Å fortie historien". Klassekampen. p. 19.
  10. ^ Halvor Hegtun (2015-02-27). NSB sa ja til slavedrift - Disse russerfangene ble tvunget til å bygge Nordlandsbanen. Så skulle de glemmes. Aftenposten A-magasinet. p. 31. Archived from the original on 2015-03-01.
  11. Guri Kulås (2015-02-27). "Fleire bøker viser korleis offentlege etatar og private selskap tente på den tyske okkupasjonen av Noreg: Slavane som bygde Noreg". Klassekampen. p. 21.
  12. ^ jernbane
  13. Halvor Hegtun (2015-02-27). NSB sa ja til slavedrift - Disse russerfangene ble tvunget til å bygge Nordlandsbanen. Så skulle de glemmes. Aftenposten A-magasinet. p. 32. Archived from the original on 2015-03-01.
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