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| {{Short description|Shot in which the camera follows backward, forward or moves alongside the subject being recorded}} | |||
| {{redirect|Dollying|the mining process|Dolly pot}} | |||
| {{Refimprove|date=February 2017}} | |||
| ]'', a tracking shot was used during a battle scene]] | ]'', a tracking shot was used during a battle scene]] | ||
| ] | |||
| In ], the term '''tracking shot''' may refer to a shot in which the camera is mounted on a ], a wheeled platform that is pushed on rails while the picture is being taken; in this case the shot is also known as a ''dolly shot'' or ''trucking shot''. One may dolly in on a stationary subject for emphasis, or dolly out, or dolly beside a moving subject (an action known as "dolly with"). | |||
| In ], a '''tracking shot''' is any ] where the ] follows backward, forward or moves alongside the subject being recorded. Mostly the camera’s position is parallel to the character, creating a sideway motion, tracking the character. Tracking shots (also called travel shots) differ in motion from dolly shots, where the camera follows behind or before the character resulting in either an inward or an outward movement. Often the camera is mounted on a ] which rides on rails similar to a railroad track; in this case, the shot is referred to as a '''dolly shot'''. A handheld steadycam or gimbal may also be used for smaller scale productions. The camera is then pushed along the track while the scene is being filmed, or moved manually when using a handheld rig. The effect can be used to create a sense of movement, to follow a character or object, or a sense of immersion to draw the viewer into the action.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dolly Shot: Creative Uses of Camera Movements, Shots, Angles - By Jason Hellerman |url=https://www.cinemagics.com/amp/the-dolly-shot-creative-uses-of-camera-movements-shots-angles-by-jason-hellerman |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.cinemagics.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trotter |first=David |date=2010-04-28 |title=Hitchcock's Modernism |url=https://euppublishing.com/doi/pdf/10.3366/mod.2010.0008?download=true |journal=Modernist Cultures |volume=5 |pages=122–123 |doi=10.3366/mod.2010.0008 |issn=2041-1022 }}</ref> | |||
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| ⚫ | The technique is often used to follow a subject that would otherwise leave the frame (thus also called a '''following shot'''), such as an actor or vehicle in motion.<ref>Blain Brown. ''Cinematography: Theory and Practice : I:) magemaking for Cinematographers, Directors & Videographers''. Focal Press, 2002; pg. 66; {{ISBN|0240805003}}.</ref> A handheld or ] mounted camera following a similar trajectory is called a tracking shot as well. In fact a tracking shot can use any manual or motorized conveyance, and may include ] for passing the camera between vehicles or modes. While the core idea is that the camera moves parallel to its subject, a tracking shot may move in a circular or semi-circular fashion, rotating around its subject while remaining equidistant.<ref>Mercado, Gustavo. ''The Filmmaker's Eye: Learning (and Breaking) the Rules of Cinematic Composition''. Focal Press, 2010; pg. 155; {{ISBN|0240812174}}.</ref> | ||
| The Italian feature film '']'' (1914), directed by ], was the first popular film to use dolly shots, which in fact were originally called "''Cabiria'' movements" by contemporary filmmakers influenced by the film; however, some smaller American and English films had used the technique prior to ''Cabiria'',<ref name="salt">Salt, Barry. ''Film Style and Technology: History and Analysis''. Starword Press, 2003.</ref> as well as ]'s '']'', released a month prior to ''Cabiria''. Earlier in 1912, ] used 4 tracking shots in his short film ]. A popular film using tracking shots was ]'s ''].'' Another example of a Steadicam tracking shot can be seen in Stanley Kubrick's '']'' when Danny is moving through the hotel hallways on his three-wheeled bike. | |||
| This kind of shot, in which the camera itself moves along with the subject or in relationship to it, should not be confused with ], in which the camera remains stationary but pivots right or left on its axis.<ref>Dirks, Tim. ''Film Terms Glossary.'' {{cite web|title=''Film Terms Glossary: pan (or panning shot, or panoramic shot)''|url=https://www.filmsite.org/filmterms15.html|website=filmsite.org}}</ref> | |||
| The tracking shot can include smooth movements forward, backward, along the side of the subject, or on a curve. Dollies with hydraulic arms can also smoothly "boom" or "]" the camera several feet on a vertical axis. Tracking shots, however, cannot include complex pivoting movements, ]s or ]s.<ref name="kawin">Kawin, Bruce. ''How Movies Work'' University of California Press, 1992.</ref> | |||
| ==Terminology== | |||
| Tracking shots are often confused with the ] – such as the 10-minute takes in ]'s '']'' (1948) – or '']s''. | |||
| A tracking shot is a blanket term used to refer to any camera shot with movement, with "trucking shot" and "dolly shot" being tracking shot variations. Generally, a "dolly shot" refers to a specific variation of tracking shot in which the camera moves forwards or backwards with respect to the subject. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolly Shot|url=https://www.mediacollege.com/video/shots/dolly.html | access-date= 20 Sep 2023 |website=www.mediacollege.com}}</ref> | |||
| The term "trucking shot" is less common but usually specifically refers to a shot in which the camera moves left or right in respect to the subject. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trucking Shot|url=https://www.mediacollege.com/video/shots/trucking.html | access-date= 20 Sep 2023 |website=www.mediacollege.com}}</ref> | |||
| ==Variant== | ==Variant== | ||
| A variant of the tracking shot is the onride video, also known as a ], where the camera films during a ride on a train, an amusement ride (especially a roller coaster) or another vehicle. Such videos may be used to document the route. | A variant of the tracking shot is the onride video, also known as a ], where the camera films during a ride on a train, an amusement ride (especially a roller coaster) or another vehicle. Such videos may be used to document the route, and the camera may be fixed to the vehicle or held by a person in the vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BFI Screenonline: Phantom Rides |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1193042/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=www.screenonline.org.uk}}</ref> | ||
| The camera can be fixed to the vehicle or held by a person in the vehicle. A tracking shot is also a video taken by ]-rocket. | |||
| ==Use in sporting events== | |||
| The "rail cam" made a public debut in the ] on November 20, 2006 in the ]/] hockey game. The ] ] network used the camera during the game to test it out for a live use on a nationally broadcast program. The camera was fastened to a ] that ran on the top of the glass on one side of the ]. As the play shifted from end to end, the motorized mount allowed the camera to follow the action, sliding rapidly down the side of the ice. The system was developed by Fletcher Chicago.<ref>{{cite web|title=VERSUS To Debut Rail Cam For Avalanche-Stars Game Monday|url=http://avalanche.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=426645|website=NHL.com|publisher=NHL.com|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> The experiment was short-lived, and the "rail-cam" is no longer used in NHL hockey games.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fischer|first1=John|title=Enhancing the Viewer's Hockey Experience with Isolated Cameras on Players|url=http://www.inlouwetrust.com/2010/11/5/1792294/enhancing-the-viewers-hockey-experience-with-isolated-cameras-on|website=inlouwetrust.com|date=5 November 2010 |publisher=]|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> | |||
| For live TV broadcast of sporting events, a remote stabilized camera head is often mounted on a ] or a vehicle to track the athletes. | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| *], the combination of this and zoom for disorientating effect | |||
| *], a film technique which makes use of the tracking shot | *], a film technique which makes use of the tracking shot | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *], a trailer designed to be used as a camera platform and/or to carry a car during a tracking shot | |||
| *] | |||
| *], moving the camera while zooming to adjust the angle of view | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons|Camera dolly}} | |||
| * | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 03:11, 27 August 2024
Shot in which the camera follows backward, forward or moves alongside the subject being recorded "Dollying" redirects here. For the mining process, see Dolly pot. | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Tracking shot" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
In cinematography, a tracking shot is any shot where the camera follows backward, forward or moves alongside the subject being recorded. Mostly the camera’s position is parallel to the character, creating a sideway motion, tracking the character. Tracking shots (also called travel shots) differ in motion from dolly shots, where the camera follows behind or before the character resulting in either an inward or an outward movement. Often the camera is mounted on a camera dolly which rides on rails similar to a railroad track; in this case, the shot is referred to as a dolly shot. A handheld steadycam or gimbal may also be used for smaller scale productions. The camera is then pushed along the track while the scene is being filmed, or moved manually when using a handheld rig. The effect can be used to create a sense of movement, to follow a character or object, or a sense of immersion to draw the viewer into the action.
The technique is often used to follow a subject that would otherwise leave the frame (thus also called a following shot), such as an actor or vehicle in motion. A handheld or Steadicam mounted camera following a similar trajectory is called a tracking shot as well. In fact a tracking shot can use any manual or motorized conveyance, and may include careful planning for passing the camera between vehicles or modes. While the core idea is that the camera moves parallel to its subject, a tracking shot may move in a circular or semi-circular fashion, rotating around its subject while remaining equidistant.
This kind of shot, in which the camera itself moves along with the subject or in relationship to it, should not be confused with panning, in which the camera remains stationary but pivots right or left on its axis.
Terminology
A tracking shot is a blanket term used to refer to any camera shot with movement, with "trucking shot" and "dolly shot" being tracking shot variations. Generally, a "dolly shot" refers to a specific variation of tracking shot in which the camera moves forwards or backwards with respect to the subject. The term "trucking shot" is less common but usually specifically refers to a shot in which the camera moves left or right in respect to the subject.
Variant
A variant of the tracking shot is the onride video, also known as a phantom ride, where the camera films during a ride on a train, an amusement ride (especially a roller coaster) or another vehicle. Such videos may be used to document the route, and the camera may be fixed to the vehicle or held by a person in the vehicle.
Use in sporting events
The "rail cam" made a public debut in the NHL on November 20, 2006 in the Colorado Avalanche/Dallas Stars hockey game. The Versus cable television network used the camera during the game to test it out for a live use on a nationally broadcast program. The camera was fastened to a rail system that ran on the top of the glass on one side of the ice rink. As the play shifted from end to end, the motorized mount allowed the camera to follow the action, sliding rapidly down the side of the ice. The system was developed by Fletcher Chicago. The experiment was short-lived, and the "rail-cam" is no longer used in NHL hockey games.
For live TV broadcast of sporting events, a remote stabilized camera head is often mounted on a cable suspended system or a vehicle to track the athletes.
See also
- Walk and talk, a film technique which makes use of the tracking shot
- Steadicam
- Process trailer, a trailer designed to be used as a camera platform and/or to carry a car during a tracking shot
- Dolly zoom, moving the camera while zooming to adjust the angle of view
References
- "The Dolly Shot: Creative Uses of Camera Movements, Shots, Angles - By Jason Hellerman". www.cinemagics.com. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
- Trotter, David (2010-04-28). "Hitchcock's Modernism". Modernist Cultures. 5: 122–123. doi:10.3366/mod.2010.0008. ISSN 2041-1022.
- Blain Brown. Cinematography: Theory and Practice : I:) magemaking for Cinematographers, Directors & Videographers. Focal Press, 2002; pg. 66; ISBN 0240805003.
- Mercado, Gustavo. The Filmmaker's Eye: Learning (and Breaking) the Rules of Cinematic Composition. Focal Press, 2010; pg. 155; ISBN 0240812174.
- Dirks, Tim. Film Terms Glossary. "Film Terms Glossary: pan (or panning shot, or panoramic shot)". filmsite.org.
- "Dolly Shot". www.mediacollege.com. Retrieved 20 Sep 2023.
- "Trucking Shot". www.mediacollege.com. Retrieved 20 Sep 2023.
- "BFI Screenonline: Phantom Rides". www.screenonline.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
- "VERSUS To Debut Rail Cam For Avalanche-Stars Game Monday". NHL.com. NHL.com. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- Fischer, John (5 November 2010). "Enhancing the Viewer's Hockey Experience with Isolated Cameras on Players". inlouwetrust.com. Vox Media, Inc. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
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