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{{short description|Native American people in the mid northern U.S. and mid southern Canada}}
{{For|people with the name Dakota|Dakota (given name)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group {{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Dakota |group=Dakota
|image=] |image=Charles eastman smithsonian gn 03462a.jpg
|image_caption=Dr. ] (1858–1939), physician, author, and co-founder of the ] |image_caption=] (1858–1939), physician, author, and co-founder of the ]
|poptime= 20,460 (2010)<ref name=ethno/> |population= 20,460 (2010)<ref name=ethno/>
|popplace={{USA}} (], ], ], ], ]),<br/>{{flag|Canada}} (], ]) |popplace={{USA}} (], ], ], ], ]),<br />{{flag|Canada}} (], ])
|langs=],<ref name=ethno> ''Ethnologue.'' Retrieved 8 January 2013.</ref> ]
|rels=] (incl. ] forms), traditional tribal religion, ]
|rels=] (incl. ] forms), ], ], ]
|langs=],<ref name=ethno> ''Ethnologue.'' Retrieved 8 January 2013.</ref> ]
|related=], ], ] (]), and other ] |related=], ], ] (]), and other ]
}} }}
{{Infobox ethnonym|root=Dakota<br/><small>"ally / friend"</small>|person=|people=Dakȟóta Oyáte|language=]<br/>]|country= Dakȟóta Makóce, ]}}


The '''Dakota people''' are a ] ] and ] ] in North America. They compose two of the three main subcultures of the ] {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|uː}} people, and are usually divided into the '''Eastern Dakota''' and the '''Western Dakota'''. The '''Dakota''' (pronounced {{IPA|sio|daˈkˣota|}}, {{langx|dak|'''Dakȟóta'''}} or '''{{lang|dak|Dakhóta}}''') are a ] ] and ] ] in North America. They compose two of the three main subcultures of the ] people, and are typically divided into the '''Eastern Dakota''' and the '''Western Dakota'''.


The four bands of Eastern Dakota are the {{lang|dak|Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ}}, {{lang|dak|Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ}}, {{lang|dak|Waȟpékhute}}, and {{lang|dak|Sisíthuŋwaŋ}} and are sometimes referred to as the '''Santee''' ({{lang|dak|Isáŋyathi}} or {{lang|dak|Isáŋ-athi}}; 'knife' + 'encampment', 'dwells at the place of knife flint'), who reside in the eastern ], central ] and northern ]. They have federally recognized tribes established in several places.
The Eastern Dakota are the ''']''' (''Isáŋyathi'' or ''Isáŋathi''; "Knife"), who reside in the extreme east of the ], ] and northern ]. The Western Dakota are the '''Yankton''' and the '''Yanktonai''' (''Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ'' and ''Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna''; "Village-at-the-end" and "Little village-at-the-end"), who reside in the ] area. The Yankton-Yanktonai are collectively also referred to by the ] ''Wičhíyena'', and have in the past been erroneously classified as ].<ref>for a report on the long-established blunder of misnaming as “Nakota”, the Yankton and the Yanktonai, see the article ]</ref>

The Western Dakota are the '''Yankton''', and the '''Yanktonai''' ({{lang|dak|Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ}} and {{lang|dak|Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna}}; "Village-at-the-end" and "Little village-at-the-end"), who reside in the Upper ] area. The Yankton-Yanktonai are collectively also referred to by the ] {{lang|dak|Wičhíyena}} ('Those Who Speak Like Men'). They also have distinct federally recognized tribes. In the past the Western Dakota have been erroneously classified as ], who are located in Montana and across the border in Canada, where they are known as ].<ref>For a report on the long-established blunder of misnaming the Yankton and the Yanktonai as "Nakota", see the article ]</ref>


==Name== ==Name==
The word ''Dakota'' means "ally" in the ], and their ] include '''Ikčé Wičhášta''' ("Indian people") and '''Dakhóta Oyáte''' ("Dakota people").<ref name=p316>Barry M. Pritzker, ''A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; pg. 316</ref> The word ''Dakota'' means "ally or friend" in the ], and their ] include ''Ikčé Wičhášta'' ("Indian people") and ''Dakhóta Oyáte'' ("Dakota people").<ref name=p316>Barry M. Pritzker, ''A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; pg. 316</ref>


==Ethnic groups== ==Ethnic groups==
] ] (1876–1938), Yankton author, photographed by Joseph Keiley]]
The Dakota compose two of the three major ethnic groups of Sioux people; the third being the Lakota (Thítȟuŋwaŋ or Teton). The Dakota include the following bands: Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ (]), Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ (]), Waȟpékhute (Wahpekute), Sisíthuŋwaŋ (]), the Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ (Yankton), and Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yanktonai).


The Eastern and Western Dakota are two of the three groupings belonging to the ] nation (also called Dakota in a broad sense), the third being the ] (Thítȟuŋwaŋ or Teton). The three groupings speak dialects that are still relatively ]. This is referred to as a common language, Dakota-Lakota, or ].<ref>Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L., "The Siouan languages"; in DeMallie, R.J. (ed) (2001). ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains'' (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94–114) . Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution: pp. 97 ff; {{ISBN|0-16-050400-7}}.</ref>
*The Santee live on reservations, reserves, and communities in Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Canada{{specify|date=June 2015}}. However, after the Dakota war of 1862 many Santee were sent to ] and in 1864 some from the Crow Creek Reservation were sent to the ].


The Dakota include the following bands:
*Most of the Yanktons live on the ] in southeastern South Dakota. Some Yankton live on the ] and ]. The Yanktonai are divided into Lower Yanktonai, who occupy the Crow Creek Reservation; and Upper Yanktonai, who live in the northern part of ], on the ] in central North Dakota, and in the eastern half of the ] in northeastern Montana. In addition, they reside at several Canadian reserves, including ], ], and ].<ref name=NLD>{{cite book | last = Ullrich | first = Jan | title = New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton) | publisher = Lakota Language Consortium |year=2008 | pages = 1–2 |isbn = 0-9761082-9-1 }}</ref>
*'''Santee division (Eastern Dakota)''' (''Isáŋyathi'', meaning "knife camp"<ref name=p316/>)

** ] (''Bdewákhaŋthuŋwaŋ'' "Spirit Lake Village" or "people of the mystic lake"<ref name=p316/>)
] (1876—1938), Yankton author, photographed by Joseph Keiley]]
**:notable persons: ]
* '''Santee division (Eastern Dakota)''' (''Isáŋyathi'', meaning "knife"<ref name=p316/>)<ref name="NLD" />
** ]wan (''Bdewékhaŋthuŋwaŋ'' "Spirit Lake Village" or "people of the mystic lake"<ref name=p316/>)<ref name="NLD" /> **Sisseton (''Sisíthuŋwaŋ'', translating to "swamp/lake/fish scale village"<ref name=p316/>)
**Wahpekute (''Waȟpékhute'', "Leaf Archers")
**: notable persons: ]
** Sisseton (''Sisíthuŋwaŋ'', translating to "swamp/lake/fish scale village"<ref name=p316/>)
** Wahpekute (''Waȟpékhute'', "Leaf Archers")<ref name="NLD" />
**:notable persons: ] **:notable persons: ]
** Wahpetonwan (''Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ'', "Leaf Village")<ref name="NLD" /> **Wahpeton (''Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ'', "Leaf Village")
*'''Yankton-Yanktonai division (Western Dakota)''' (''Wičhíyena'')

**Yankton (''Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ'', "End Village")
* '''Yankton-Yanktonai division (Western Dakota)''' (''Wičhíyena'')
** Yankton ({{unicode|''Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ''}}, "End Village")<ref name="NLD" /> **Yanktonai (''Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna'', "Little End Village")
** Yanktonai ({{unicode|''Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna''}}, "Little End Village")<ref name="NLD" />
***Upper Yanktonai ***Upper Yanktonai
***Unkpatina<ref>not to be confused with the Oglala ''thiyóšpaye'' bearing the same name, "Unkpatila"</ref> or Lower Yanktonai ***Húŋkpathina or Lower Yanktonai<ref>not to be confused with the Oglala ''thiyóšpaye'' bearing the same name, "Húŋkpathila"</ref>

==Language==
{{Main|Dakota language}}
The Dakota language is a Mississippi Valley Siouan language, belonging to the greater ] family. It is closely related to and mutually intelligible with the ], and both are also more distantly related to the ] and ] languages. Dakota is written in the ] and has a dictionary and grammar.<ref name=ethno/>

# ''']''' (also known as Santee-Sisseton or Dakhóta)
#* Santee (Isáŋyáthi: Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute)
#* Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ)
# ''']''' (or Yankton-Yanktonai or Dakȟóta)
#* Yankton (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ)
#* Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna)
#** Upper Yanktonai (Wičhíyena)


==History== ==History==
{{See also|Sioux#History}}
Before the 17th century, the Santee Dakota ({{lang|dak|Isáŋyathi}}; "Knife" also known as the Eastern Dakota) lived around ] with territories in present-day northern Minnesota and Wisconsin. They gathered wild rice, hunted woodland animals and used canoes to fish. Wars with the ] throughout the 1700s pushed the Dakota into southern Minnesota, where the Western Dakota (Yankton, Yanktonai) and Teton (Lakota) were residing. In the 1800s, the Dakota signed treaties with the United States, ceding much of their land in Minnesota. Failure of the United States to make treaty payments on time, as well as low food supplies, led to the ], which resulted in the Dakota being exiled from Minnesota to numerous reservations in Nebraska, North and South Dakota and Canada. After 1870, the Dakota people began to return to Minnesota, creating the present-day reservations in the state.


The Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota ({{lang|dak|Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ}} and {{lang|dak|Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna}}; "Village-at-the-end" and "Little village-at-the-end"), collectively also referred to by the ] {{lang|dak|Wičhíyena}}, resided in the ] area before ceding their land and moving to South Dakota in 1858. Despite ceding their lands, their treaty with the U.S. government allowed them to maintain their traditional role in the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ as the caretakers of the ], which is the cultural center of the Sioux people. They are considered to be the Western Dakota (also called middle Sioux), and have in the past been erroneously classified as ].<ref>for a report on the long-established blunder of misnaming as "Nakota", the Yankton and the Yanktonai, see the article ]</ref> The actual Nakota are the ] and ] of ] and ].
===First contacts with Europeans===
The Dakota lived in ] and ] in the 17th century.<ref name=p316/><ref>{{cite book |first=George E. |last=Hyde |title=Red Cloud's Folk: A History of the Oglala Sioux Indians |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |year=1984 |page=3 |isbn=0-8061-1520-3 }}</ref> By 1700 some had migrated to present-day South Dakota.<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Johnson |first2=Jonathan |last2=Smith |title=Tribes of the Sioux Nation |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |year=2000 |page=3 |isbn=1-85532-878-X }}</ref> Late in the 17th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants.<ref>{{cite book |last=van Houten |first=Gerry |title=Corporate Canada An Historical Outline |pages=6–8 |publisher=Progress Books |location=Toronto |year=1991 |isbn=0-919396-54-2 }}</ref> The French were trying to gain advantage in the struggle for the ] against the English, who had recently established the ].


===Dakota War of 1862=== ===Santee (Isáŋyathi or Eastern Dakota)===
Migrations of ] people from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, who were armed with muskets supplied by the French and British, pushed the Dakota further into Minnesota and west and southward. The US gave the name "]" to the northern expanse west of the ] and up to its headwaters.<ref name=riggs>{{cite book | last=Riggs | first=Stephen R. | title=Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography | url=https://archive.org/details/dakotagrammartex00rigguoft | publisher=Washington Government Printing Office, Ross & Haines, Inc. | year=1893 | isbn=0-87018-052-5 }}</ref> {{failed verification|date=November 2023}}
{{Main|Dakota War of 1862}}
], August 19, 1862.]]
]]]
By 1862, shortly after a failed crop the year before and a winter starvation, the federal payment was late. The local traders would not issue any more credit to the Santee and one trader, ], went so far as to say, "If they're hungry, let them eat grass."<ref>{{cite book | last = Dillon | first = Richard | title = North American Indian Wars | publisher = Booksales | location = City | year = 1993 | isbn = 1-55521-951-9 |page= 126}}</ref> On August 17, 1862 the Dakota War began when a few Santee men murdered a white farmer and most of his family. They inspired further attacks on white settlements along the ]. The Santee attacked the trading post. Later settlers found Myrick among the dead with his mouth stuffed full of grass.<ref>{{cite news | first=Mark | last=Steil |author2=Tim Post | title=Let them eat grass | date=2002-09-26 | url =http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part2.shtml | work =Minnesota Public Radio | accessdate = 2011-09-21 }}</ref>


After the ], the federal government expelled the Santee (who included the ]) from Minnesota. Many were sent to ] east of the Missouri River in what is now South Dakota. In 1864 some from the Crow Creek Reservation were sent to St. Louis and then traveled by boat up the Missouri River, ultimately to the ].
On November 5, 1862 in Minnesota, in ], 303 Santee Dakota were found guilty of ] and ] of hundreds of American settlers. They were sentenced to be hanged. No attorneys or witness were allowed as a defense for the accused, and many were convicted in less than five minutes of court time with the judge.<ref name="time life">{{cite book | title = War for the Plains | publisher = Time-Life Books | year = 1994 | pages = | isbn = 0-8094-9445-0 }}</ref> President ] commuted the death sentence of 284 of the warriors, while signing off on the execution of 38 Santee men by hanging on December 26, 1862 in ]. Forty-three-year-old ] commanded the executions, which together amounted to the largest single mass execution in U.S. history.<ref>{{cite news | first=Mark | last=Steil |author2=Tim Post | title=Execution and expulsion| date=2002-09-26 | url =http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part5.shtml | work =Minnesota Public Radio | accessdate = 2011-10-02 }}</ref>


In the 21st century, the majority of the Santee live on reservations and reserves, and many in small and larger cities in Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Canada. They went to cities for more work opportunities and improved living conditions.
Afterwards, the US suspended treaty annuities to the Dakota for four years and awarded the money to the white victims and their families. The men remanded by order of President Lincoln were sent to a prison in ], where more than half died.<ref name="time life"/>
{{anchor|Western Dakota}}


===Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yankton-Yanktonai or Western Dakota)===
During and after the revolt, many Santee and their kin fled Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to Canada, or settled in the ] Valley in a short-lived reservation before being forced to move to Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri.<ref name="time life"/> A few joined the Yanktonai and moved further west to join with the Lakota bands to continue their struggle against the United States military.<ref name="time life"/>


The Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, also known by the ]d spelling ] (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ: "End village") and Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna: "Little end village") divisions consist of two bands or two of the seven council fires. According to ''Nasunatanka'' and ''Matononpa'' in 1880, the Yanktonai are divided into two sub-groups known as the Upper Yanktonai and the Lower Yanktonai (Húŋkpathina).<ref name="riggs"/>
Others were able to remain in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations existing into the 21st century, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (] or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some ended up in Nebraska, where the ] today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri.


They were involved in quarrying ]. The Yankton-Yanktonai moved into northern Minnesota. In the 18th century, they were recorded as living in the ] (''Maka To'' – Earth Blue/Blue Earth) region of southwestern Minnesota along the ].<ref name="Dakota ways">{{cite book | last=OneRoad | first =Amos E. |first2=Alanson |last2=Skinner | title=Being Dakota: Tales and Traditions of the Sisseton and Wahpeton | publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |year=2003 | isbn=0-87351-453-X }}</ref>
Those who fled to Canada now have descendants residing on nine small Dakota Reserves, five of which are located in ] (Sioux Valley, Long Plain, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake ) and the remaining four (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods , Round Plain , and Wood Mountain) in ].

Most of the Yankton live on the ] in southeastern South Dakota. Some Yankton live on the ] and ], which is also occupied by the Lower Yanktonai. The Upper Yanktonai live in the northern part of ], and on the ], in areas within central North Dakota. Others live in the eastern half of the ] in northeastern Montana. In addition, they reside at several Canadian reserves, including ], ], and Whitecap (formerly Moose Woods).
{{anchor|Eastern Dakota}}

==Modern geographic divisions==
The Dakota maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in North America: in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Montana in the United States; and in ], southern ] in Canada.


The earliest known European record of the Dakota identified them in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin. After the introduction of the horse in the early 18th century, the Sioux dominated larger areas of land—from present day Central Canada to the ], from Minnesota to the ], including the ] country.<ref name="dog soldiers">{{cite book | last=Mails | first=Thomas E. | title=Dog Soldiers, Bear Men, and Buffalo Women: A Study of the Societies and Cults of the Plains Indians | publisher=Prentice-Hall, Inc. | year=1973 | isbn=0-13-217216-X | url=https://archive.org/details/dogsoldiersbearm00mail }}</ref>
==Reserves and First Nations==
In Minnesota, the treaties of ] and ] in 1851 left the Dakota with a reservation 20 miles (32&nbsp;km) wide on each side of the Minnesota River.


===Modern reservations, reserves, and communities of the Sioux===
In Canada, the Canadian government recognizes the tribal community as ]. The land holdings of the these First Nations are called ].


==Modern reservations, reserves, and communities of the Sioux==
{| class="wikitable sortable" {| class="wikitable sortable"
|- |-
! Reserve/Reservation<ref name=johnson>{{cite book | last = Johnson | first = Michael | title = The Tribes of the Sioux Nation | publisher = Osprey Publishing Oxford | year = 2000 | isbn = 1-85532-878-X }}</ref> ! Reserve/Reservation<ref name=johnson>{{cite book | last=Johnson | first=Michael | title=The Tribes of the Sioux Nation | publisher=Osprey Publishing Oxford | year=2000 | isbn=1-85532-878-X }}</ref>
! Community ! Community
! Bands residing ! Bands residing
Line 76: Line 92:
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
| ], Upper Yanktonai (Pabaksa), Sisseton, Wahpeton, and the Hudesabina (Red Bottom), Wadopabina (Canoe Paddler), Wadopahnatonwan (Canoe Paddlerrs Who Live on the Prairie), Sahiyaiyeskabi (Plains Cree-Speakers), Inyantonwanbina (Stone People) and Fat Horse Band of the Assiniboine | ], Upper Yanktonai (Pabaksa), Sisseton, Wahpeton, and the Hudesabina (Red Bottom), Wadopabina (Canoe Paddler), Wadopahnatonwan (Canoe Paddlers Who Live on the Prairie), Sahiyaiyeskabi (Plains Cree-Speakers), Inyantonwanbina (Stone People) and Fat Horse Band of the Assiniboine
| ], ] | ], United States
|- |-
| ] | ]
Line 88: Line 104:
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
| Upper Yanktonai, Hunkpapa | Lower Yanktonai, Sihasapa, Upper Yanktonai, Hunkpapa
| North Dakota, ], USA | North Dakota, ], USA
|- |-
Line 103: Line 119:
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
| Lower Yanktonai | Lower Yanktonai, Mdewakanton
| South Dakota, USA | South Dakota, USA
|- |-
Line 138: Line 154:
| ], USA | ], USA
|- |-
| ], ]* | ], ]*
| ] | ]
| Sisseton, Mdewakanton, Wahpeton, Wahpekute | Sisseton, Mdewakanton, Wahpeton, Wahpekute
| ], ] | ], Canada
|- |-
| ] | Dakota Plains Indian Reserve 6A
| ] | ]
| Wahpeton, Sisseton | Wahpeton, Sisseton
| Manitoba, Canada | Manitoba, Canada
|- |-
| ] | Dakota Tipi 1 Reserve
| ] | Dakota Tipi First Nation
| Wahpeton | Wahpeton
| Manitoba, Canada | Manitoba, Canada
Line 163: Line 179:
| Manitoba, Canada | Manitoba, Canada
|- |-
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
| Sisseton, Wahpeton | Sisseton, Wahpeton
| ], Canada | ], Canada
|- |-
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
| Wahpeton, Sisseton | Wahpeton, Sisseton
| Saskatchewan, Canada | Saskatchewan, Canada
|- |-
| ], ]
| ]
| ] | ]
| Wahpeton | Wahpeton
| Manitoba, Canada | Saskatchewan, Canada
|- |-
| ], ]* | ], ]*
| ] | ]
| Hunkpapa | Hunkpapa
| Saskatchewan, Canada | Saskatchewan, Canada
|} |}
(* ''Reserves shared with other First Nations'') (* ''Reserves shared with other First Nations'')

==Language==
{{Main|Dakota language}}
The Dakota languages is a ], belonging to the greater ] family. It shared lexical similarities with the ] and ]s. Dakota is written in the ] and has a dictionary and grammar.<ref name=ethno/>

# ''']''' (also known as Santee-Sisseton or Dakhóta)
#* Santee (Isáŋyáthi: Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute)
#* Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ)
# ''']''' (or Yankton-Yanktonai or Dakȟóta)
#* Yankton (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ)
#* Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna)

==Modern geographic divisions==
The Dakota maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in North America: in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Montana in the United States; and in ], southern ] in Canada.

The earliest known European record of the Dakota identified them in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin. After the introduction of the horse in the early 18th century, the Sioux dominated larger areas of land—from present day Central Canada to the ], from Minnesota to the ], including the ] country.<ref name="dog soldiers">{{cite book | last = Mails | first =Thomas E. |title = Dog Soldiers, Bear Men, and Buffalo Women: A Study of the Societies and Cults of the Plains Indians | publisher = Prentice-Hall, Inc.|year=1973 | isbn = 0-13-217216-X }}</ref>

{{anchor|Eastern Dakota}}

===Santee (Isáŋyathi or Eastern Dakota)===
The Santee migrated north and westward from the ], first into ], then to ]. Some came up from the ] and ], area of ]. The Santee River was named after them, and some of their ancestors' ancient ] have survived along the portion of the dammed-up river that forms Lake Marion. In the past, they were a ] people who thrived on hunting, fishing and farming.

Migrations of ] people from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, with muskets supplied by the French and British, pushed the Dakota further into Minnesota and west and southward. The US gave the name "Dakota Territory" to the northern expanse west of the ] and up to its headwaters.<ref name=riggs>{{cite book | last = Riggs | first = Stephen R. | title = Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography | publisher = Washington Government Printing Office, Ross & Haines, Inc. | year = 1893 | isbn = 0-87018-052-5 }}</ref>

{{anchor|Western Dakota}}

===Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yankton-Yanktonai or Western Dakota)===
The Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, also known by the ]d spelling Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ: "End village") and Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna: "Little end village") divisions consist of two bands or two of the seven council fires. According to ''Nasunatanka'' and ''Matononpa'' in 1880, the Yanktonai are divided into two sub-groups known as the Upper Yanktonai and the Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina).<ref name="riggs"/>

They were involved in quarrying ]. The Yankton-Yanktonai moved into northern Minnesota. In the 18th century, they were recorded as living in the ] region of Minnesota.<ref name="Dakota ways">{{cite book | last = OneRoad | first =Amos E. |author2=Alanson Skinner | title = Being Dakota: Tales and Traditions of the Sisseton and Wahpeton | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society |year=2003 | isbn = 0-87351-453-X }}</ref>


==Notable Dakota people== ==Notable Dakota people==


===Historical=== ===Historical===
* Hazaiyankawin (]), Mdewakanton Dakota woman who ran canoe ferry service in ]
* Inkpaduta (]/Red End), Wahpekute Dakota war chief
*Inkpaduta (]/Red End), Wahpekute Dakota war chief
* Ištáȟba (]), Sisseton Dakota chief * Ištáȟba (]), Sisseton Dakota chief
* Maḣpiya Wic̣aṡṭa (]), ] chief
* Ohíyes’a (]), Dakota author, physician and reformer
* Ohíyes'a (]), Dakota author, physician and reformer who helped found the ]
* Tamaha (]), Mdewekanton Dakota chief
* Thaóyate Dúta (]/His Red Nation), Mdewakanton Dakota chief and warrior * Snana (]), Mdewakanton woman who saved Mary Schwandt during the ]
*Tamaha (]), Mdewekanton Dakota scout for the U.S. during the ]
* ], ], Unkpatina
* Thaóyate Dúta (]/His Red Nation), Mdewakanton Dakota chief of ] band and military leader during ]
* Waŋbdí Tháŋka (]), Mdewakanton Dakota chief
* Ti'wakan (]), Sisseton Wahpeton chief from 1866 to 1892
*Wapahaśa (]), head chief of Mdewakanton Dakota and Kiyuksa band in early 1800s
*Wapahaśa (]), head chief of the ]
*Wánataŋ (]), Yanktonai Dakota chief
* Wánataŋ (]), Sisseton Dakota chief, son of the former
* Waŋbdí Okíčhize (]), Yankton Dakota chief of Santee origin
* Waŋbdí Tháŋka (]), Mdewakanton Dakota sub-chief
* Zitkala-Ša (], 1876–1938), Yankton author, educator, musician and political activist * Zitkala-Ša (], 1876–1938), Yankton author, educator, musician and political activist


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===Contemporary=== ===Contemporary===
] (1933–2005), ] author, activist, historian, and theologian]] * ] (1889 – 1971), author, ethnographer, linguist
* ] (1933–2005), ] author, activist, historian and theologian
* ]/''Kanghi Duta'' (1936–2007), ] actor
Contemporary Sioux people are listed under the tribes to which they belong.
* ] (1946–2015), Santee activist, ] leader
* ]

Contemporary Sioux people are also listed under the tribes to which they belong:


====By individual tribe==== ====By individual tribe====
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]


==Footnotes== ==See also==
* ]
{{reflist|2}}
** ]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
* Catherine J. Denial, ''Making Marriage: Husbands, Wives, and the American State in Dakota and Ojibwe Country''. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2013.

* Cynthia Leanne Landrum, ''The Dakota Sioux Experience at Flandreau and Pipestone Indian Schools''. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2019.
* Catherine J. Denial, ''Making Marriage: Husbands, Wives, and the American State in Dakota and Ojibwe Country.'' St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2013.
* Waziyatawin, ''What Does Justice Look Like? The Struggle for Liberation in Dakota Homeland''. St. Paul, Minn.: Living Justice Press, 2008.


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Dakota (Sioux)}} {{Commons category|Dakota (Sioux)}}
* *
* {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Dakotas|short=x}}

{{authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 17:09, 15 January 2025

Native American people in the mid northern U.S. and mid southern Canada For people with the name Dakota, see Dakota (given name). Ethnic group
Dakota
Charles Alex Eastman (1858–1939), physician, author, and co-founder of the Boy Scouts of America
Total population
20,460 (2010)
Regions with significant populations
 United States (South Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska, Montana, North Dakota),
 Canada (Manitoba, Saskatchewan)
Languages
Dakota, English
Religion
Christianity (incl. syncretistic forms), Native American religions, Native American Church, Wocekiye
Related ethnic groups
Lakota, Assiniboine, Stoney (Nakota), and other Sioux
Dakota
"ally / friend"
PeopleDakȟóta Oyáte
LanguageDakȟótiyapi
Wíyutȟapi
CountryDakȟóta Makóce, Očhéthi Šakówiŋ

The Dakota (pronounced [daˈkˣota], Dakota: Dakȟóta or Dakhóta) are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government in North America. They compose two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux people, and are typically divided into the Eastern Dakota and the Western Dakota.

The four bands of Eastern Dakota are the Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute, and Sisíthuŋwaŋ and are sometimes referred to as the Santee (Isáŋyathi or Isáŋ-athi; 'knife' + 'encampment', 'dwells at the place of knife flint'), who reside in the eastern Dakotas, central Minnesota and northern Iowa. They have federally recognized tribes established in several places.

The Western Dakota are the Yankton, and the Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna; "Village-at-the-end" and "Little village-at-the-end"), who reside in the Upper Missouri River area. The Yankton-Yanktonai are collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena ('Those Who Speak Like Men'). They also have distinct federally recognized tribes. In the past the Western Dakota have been erroneously classified as Nakota, who are located in Montana and across the border in Canada, where they are known as Stoney.

Name

The word Dakota means "ally or friend" in the Dakota language, and their autonyms include Ikčé Wičhášta ("Indian people") and Dakhóta Oyáte ("Dakota people").

Ethnic groups

Zitkala-Sa (1876–1938), Yankton author, photographed by Joseph Keiley

The Eastern and Western Dakota are two of the three groupings belonging to the Sioux nation (also called Dakota in a broad sense), the third being the Lakota (Thítȟuŋwaŋ or Teton). The three groupings speak dialects that are still relatively mutually intelligible. This is referred to as a common language, Dakota-Lakota, or Sioux.

The Dakota include the following bands:

  • Santee division (Eastern Dakota) (Isáŋyathi, meaning "knife camp")
    • Mdewakanton (Bdewákhaŋthuŋwaŋ "Spirit Lake Village" or "people of the mystic lake")
      notable persons: Taoyateduta
    • Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, translating to "swamp/lake/fish scale village")
    • Wahpekute (Waȟpékhute, "Leaf Archers")
      notable persons: Inkpaduta
    • Wahpeton (Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ, "Leaf Village")
  • Yankton-Yanktonai division (Western Dakota) (Wičhíyena)
    • Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ, "End Village")
    • Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, "Little End Village")
      • Upper Yanktonai
      • Húŋkpathina or Lower Yanktonai

Language

Main article: Dakota language

The Dakota language is a Mississippi Valley Siouan language, belonging to the greater Siouan-Catawban language family. It is closely related to and mutually intelligible with the Lakota language, and both are also more distantly related to the Stoney and Assiniboine languages. Dakota is written in the Latin script and has a dictionary and grammar.

  1. Eastern Dakota (also known as Santee-Sisseton or Dakhóta)
    • Santee (Isáŋyáthi: Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute)
    • Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ)
  2. Western Dakota (or Yankton-Yanktonai or Dakȟóta)
    • Yankton (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ)
    • Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna)
      • Upper Yanktonai (Wičhíyena)

History

See also: Sioux § History

Before the 17th century, the Santee Dakota (Isáŋyathi; "Knife" also known as the Eastern Dakota) lived around Lake Superior with territories in present-day northern Minnesota and Wisconsin. They gathered wild rice, hunted woodland animals and used canoes to fish. Wars with the Ojibwe throughout the 1700s pushed the Dakota into southern Minnesota, where the Western Dakota (Yankton, Yanktonai) and Teton (Lakota) were residing. In the 1800s, the Dakota signed treaties with the United States, ceding much of their land in Minnesota. Failure of the United States to make treaty payments on time, as well as low food supplies, led to the Dakota War of 1862, which resulted in the Dakota being exiled from Minnesota to numerous reservations in Nebraska, North and South Dakota and Canada. After 1870, the Dakota people began to return to Minnesota, creating the present-day reservations in the state.

The Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna; "Village-at-the-end" and "Little village-at-the-end"), collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena, resided in the Minnesota River area before ceding their land and moving to South Dakota in 1858. Despite ceding their lands, their treaty with the U.S. government allowed them to maintain their traditional role in the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ as the caretakers of the Pipestone Quarry, which is the cultural center of the Sioux people. They are considered to be the Western Dakota (also called middle Sioux), and have in the past been erroneously classified as Nakota. The actual Nakota are the Assiniboine and Stoney of Western Canada and Montana.

Santee (Isáŋyathi or Eastern Dakota)

Migrations of Ojibwe people from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, who were armed with muskets supplied by the French and British, pushed the Dakota further into Minnesota and west and southward. The US gave the name "Dakota Territory" to the northern expanse west of the Mississippi River and up to its headwaters.

After the Dakota War of 1862, the federal government expelled the Santee (who included the Mdewakanton) from Minnesota. Many were sent to Crow Creek Indian Reservation east of the Missouri River in what is now South Dakota. In 1864 some from the Crow Creek Reservation were sent to St. Louis and then traveled by boat up the Missouri River, ultimately to the Santee Sioux Reservation.

In the 21st century, the majority of the Santee live on reservations and reserves, and many in small and larger cities in Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Canada. They went to cities for more work opportunities and improved living conditions.

Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yankton-Yanktonai or Western Dakota)

The Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, also known by the anglicized spelling Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ: "End village") and Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna: "Little end village") divisions consist of two bands or two of the seven council fires. According to Nasunatanka and Matononpa in 1880, the Yanktonai are divided into two sub-groups known as the Upper Yanktonai and the Lower Yanktonai (Húŋkpathina).

They were involved in quarrying pipestone. The Yankton-Yanktonai moved into northern Minnesota. In the 18th century, they were recorded as living in the Mankato (Maka To – Earth Blue/Blue Earth) region of southwestern Minnesota along the Blue Earth River.

Most of the Yankton live on the Yankton Indian Reservation in southeastern South Dakota. Some Yankton live on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation and Crow Creek Reservation, which is also occupied by the Lower Yanktonai. The Upper Yanktonai live in the northern part of Standing Rock Reservation, and on the Spirit Lake Reservation, in areas within central North Dakota. Others live in the eastern half of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in northeastern Montana. In addition, they reside at several Canadian reserves, including Birdtail, Oak Lake, and Whitecap (formerly Moose Woods).

Modern geographic divisions

The Dakota maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in North America: in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Montana in the United States; and in Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan in Canada.

The earliest known European record of the Dakota identified them in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin. After the introduction of the horse in the early 18th century, the Sioux dominated larger areas of land—from present day Central Canada to the Platte River, from Minnesota to the Yellowstone River, including the Powder River country.

Modern reservations, reserves, and communities of the Sioux

Reserve/Reservation Community Bands residing Location
Fort Peck Indian Reservation Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes Hunkpapa, Upper Yanktonai (Pabaksa), Sisseton, Wahpeton, and the Hudesabina (Red Bottom), Wadopabina (Canoe Paddler), Wadopahnatonwan (Canoe Paddlers Who Live on the Prairie), Sahiyaiyeskabi (Plains Cree-Speakers), Inyantonwanbina (Stone People) and Fat Horse Band of the Assiniboine Montana, United States
Spirit Lake Reservation

(Formerly Devil's Lake Reservation)

Spirit Lake Tribe

(Mni Wakan Oyate)

Wahpeton, Sisseton, Upper Yanktonai North Dakota, USA
Standing Rock Indian Reservation Standing Rock Sioux Tribe Lower Yanktonai, Sihasapa, Upper Yanktonai, Hunkpapa North Dakota, South Dakota, USA
Lake Traverse Indian Reservation Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate Sisseton, Wahpeton South Dakota, USA
Flandreau Indian Reservation Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton South Dakota, USA
Crow Creek Indian Reservation Crow Creek Sioux Tribe Lower Yanktonai, Mdewakanton South Dakota, USA
Yankton Sioux Indian Reservation Yankton Sioux Tribe Yankton South Dakota, USA
Upper Sioux Indian Reservation Upper Sioux Community

(Pejuhutazizi Oyate)

Mdewakanton, Sisseton, Wahpeton Minnesota, USA
Lower Sioux Indian Reservation Lower Sioux Indian Community Mdewakanton, Wahpekute Minnesota, USA
Shakopee-Mdewakanton Indian Reservation

(Formerly Prior Lake Indian Reservation)

Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community Mdewakanton, Wahpekute Minnesota, USA
Prairie Island Indian Community Prairie Island Indian Community Mdewakanton, Wahpekute Minnesota, USA
Santee Indian Reservation Santee Sioux Nation Mdewakanton, Wahpekute Nebraska, USA
Sioux Valley Dakota Nation Reserve, Fishing Station 62A Reserve* Sioux Valley First Nation Sisseton, Mdewakanton, Wahpeton, Wahpekute Manitoba, Canada
Dakota Plains Indian Reserve 6A Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation Wahpeton, Sisseton Manitoba, Canada
Dakota Tipi 1 Reserve Dakota Tipi First Nation Wahpeton Manitoba, Canada
Birdtail Creek 57 Reserve, Birdtail Hay Lands 57A Reserve, Fishing Station 62A Reserve* Birdtail Sioux First Nation Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Yanktonai Manitoba, Canada
Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation, Oak Lake 59A Reserve, Fishing Station 62A Reserve* Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation Wahpekute, Wahpeton, Yanktonai Manitoba, Canada
Standing Buffalo 78 Standing Buffalo Dakota Nation Sisseton, Wahpeton Saskatchewan, Canada
Whitecap 94 Reserve Whitecap Dakota First Nation Wahpeton, Sisseton Saskatchewan, Canada
Wahpaton 94A, Wahpaton 94B Wahpeton Dakota Nation Wahpeton Saskatchewan, Canada
Wood Mountain 160 Reserve, Treaty Four Reserve Grounds Indian Reserve No. 77* Wood Mountain Hunkpapa Saskatchewan, Canada

(* Reserves shared with other First Nations)

Notable Dakota people

Historical

Contemporary

Contemporary Sioux people are also listed under the tribes to which they belong:

By individual tribe

See also

Citations

  1. ^ "Dakota." Ethnologue. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  2. For a report on the long-established blunder of misnaming the Yankton and the Yanktonai as "Nakota", see the article Nakota
  3. ^ Barry M. Pritzker, A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; pg. 316
  4. Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L., "The Siouan languages"; in DeMallie, R.J. (ed) (2001). Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94–114) . Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution: pp. 97 ff; ISBN 0-16-050400-7.
  5. not to be confused with the Oglala thiyóšpaye bearing the same name, "Húŋkpathila"
  6. for a report on the long-established blunder of misnaming as "Nakota", the Yankton and the Yanktonai, see the article Nakota
  7. ^ Riggs, Stephen R. (1893). Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography. Washington Government Printing Office, Ross & Haines, Inc. ISBN 0-87018-052-5.
  8. OneRoad, Amos E.; Skinner, Alanson (2003). Being Dakota: Tales and Traditions of the Sisseton and Wahpeton. Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 0-87351-453-X.
  9. Mails, Thomas E. (1973). Dog Soldiers, Bear Men, and Buffalo Women: A Study of the Societies and Cults of the Plains Indians. Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN 0-13-217216-X.
  10. Johnson, Michael (2000). The Tribes of the Sioux Nation. Osprey Publishing Oxford. ISBN 1-85532-878-X.

Further reading

  • Catherine J. Denial, Making Marriage: Husbands, Wives, and the American State in Dakota and Ojibwe Country. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2013.
  • Cynthia Leanne Landrum, The Dakota Sioux Experience at Flandreau and Pipestone Indian Schools. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2019.
  • Waziyatawin, What Does Justice Look Like? The Struggle for Liberation in Dakota Homeland. St. Paul, Minn.: Living Justice Press, 2008.

External links

Categories:
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