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| {{Short description|17th century Mughal chief architect (1580-1649)}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} | |||
| {{Infobox architect | {{Infobox architect | ||
| | name |
| name = Ahmad Lahori <br/> | ||
| | image |
| image = Miniature painting of Ustad Ahmad Mimar Lahori.jpg | ||
| | image_size |
| image_size = | ||
| | caption |
| caption = Miniature painting of Ustad Ahmad Mimar Lahori | ||
| | birth_date |
| birth_date = c.1580 | ||
| | birth_place |
| birth_place = ], ], ] <br/>(modern-day ], ]) | ||
| | death_date |
| death_date = c.{{Death date and age|1649|1580|df=y}} | ||
| | death_place |
| death_place = ], ], ] | ||
| | nationality |
| nationality = | ||
| | alma_mater |
| alma_mater = | ||
| ⚫ | | significant_buildings = ] | ||
| | influences = | |||
| ⚫ | | significant_projects = | ||
| | influenced = | |||
| ⚫ | | significant_design = | ||
| | practice = | |||
| ⚫ | | awards = | ||
| ⚫ | | significant_buildings = ] | ||
| | honorific_prefix = ] | |||
| ⚫ | | significant_projects |
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| | native_name = <!-- please don't add this ]--> | |||
| ⚫ | | significant_design |
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| | signature = Ustad Ahmad Lahori seal.png | |||
| ⚫ | | awards |
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| }} | }} | ||
| '''Ustad Ahmad Lahori''' ({{circa}}1580–1649),<ref name=d>{{Cite book |last1=Curl |first1=James Stevens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lu6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture |last2=Wilson |first2=Susan |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967498-5 |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref> also known as '''Ahmad Ma'mar Lahori,''' was a ] architect and engineer during the reign of ]. He was responsible for the construction of several Mughal monuments, including the ] in ], a ]. | |||
| '''] Ahmad Lahauri''' ({{lang-fa|استاد احمد لاهوری}}) was an architect. He was chief architect of the Taj Mahal in Agra , India. built between 1632 and 1648. | |||
| He has been described as an architect in the court of ]. | |||
| His architecture is a combination of ] and ] architectural styles, and thus, a major instance of ] culture. | |||
| == Life == | == Life == | ||
| ].]] | ] | ||
| Ustad Ahmad Lahori hailed from ], ], as his '']'' indicates.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Balasubramaniam |first=R. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qjdEi89Q34kC&q=ahmad |title=New insights on architects of Tāj|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science, SpringerLink|volume= 44| issue=3 |date= 2009|issn=2454-9991|oclc=1398048453 |publisher= National Institute of Sciences of India|page=391|via=] }}</ref> He has been described as a ]<ref>{{cite journal | last=Srivastava |first=Prof. R. P. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=g2FRAAAAYAAJ|title=Patiala: Its Artistic and Cultural Significance|location=London|journal= The Sikh Courier|oclc=265579842|issn=0037-511X |orig-year= |volume= 10 |issue=4 |date= 1981|via=]|publisher= Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain |page= 16 |quote=Nadir-ul-Asar Ahmad Mimar Lahori Shahjehani was also a Punjabi who designed the Taj Mahal of Agra.}}</ref> and an ].<ref name="Janin">{{cite book|last1=Janin|first1=Hunt|title=The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610-2003|date=2006|isbn=978-0786429042|page=124|publisher=McFarland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTWDxDEY-Q0C&q=Ahmad+Lahori+Indian%7CPersian&pg=PA124|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|page=89|oclc=85485369 |last=Chopra |first=Ravindra Mohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyRuAAAAMAAJ |title=Indo-Iranian Cultural Relations Through the Ages |date=2005|via=] |publisher=Iran Society |language=en}}</ref> Even after his family's migration to Delhi, his family is still referred to by the epithet "Lahori".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kanwar, H. I. S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wn9CAAAAYAAJ&q= |title= Ustad Ahmed Lahori |journal= Islamic Culture| volume=48 |pages=11–32 |editor1= ] |editor2= ] |date=1974 |publisher=Islamic Culture Board| ISSN=0021-1834}}</ref> | |||
| ]'s court histories emphasise his personal involvement in the construction and it is true that, more than any other Mughal emperor, he showed the greatest interest in building, holding daily meetings with his architects and supervisors. The court chronicler Lahouri, writes that Shah Jahan would make "appropriate alterations to whatever the skilful architects designed after many thoughts, and asked competent questions."<ref name="K89">Koch, p.89</ref> | |||
| Ahmad Lahori hailed from a family of Timurid architects, originally from ]. He was a skilled engineer who later in life was given the title of ''Nadir-ul-Asar'' ("wonder of the age") by Shah Jahan.<ref name=s>{{Cite book |last=Necipoğlu |first=Gülru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHXEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 |title=The Topkapi Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture |date=1996-03-01 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-0-89236-335-3 |language=en|page=155}}</ref> Two of his three sons,<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=David |editor-last=Pingree |editor-link=David Pingree |title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A |volume=1 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1970 |page=39 |url=https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/ }}</ref> ] and ], also became architects, as did some of his grandsons,<ref name=s/> ] one among them.<ref>{{cite book |first=Chanchal |last=Dadlani |chapter=Innovation, Appropriation, and Representation: Mughal Architectural Ornament in the Eighteenth Century |editor1=Gülru Necipoglu |editor2=Alina Payne |title=Histories of Ornament: From Global to Local |year=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691167282 |page=183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nACCwAAQBAJ }}</ref> Ahmad Lahori was learned also in the arts of ], ] and ], and according to his son Lutfullah was familiar with the ]'s '']'' and ]'s '']''.<ref name=s/> | |||
| ⚫ | In writings by |
||
| ==Career== | |||
| In 1631, Shah Jahan appointed him for the construction of ]. The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by Ahmad Lahori. The project took twelve years to manifest into reality.<ref name=i>{{Cite book |last=Khan (Arshi) |first=I. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teHRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT38 |title=BLACK TAJ MAHAL: The Emperor's Missing Tomb |date=2015-08-28 |publisher=Black Taj Project |isbn=978-81-927479-0-3 |language=en|page=38}}</ref> Afterwards, he was relocated to Delhi where the emperor commissioned him for the construction of the new imperial city, ''],'' in 1639.<ref name=i/> The building of the city, including the ], was complete by 1648. | |||
| ⚫ | In writings by Lahori's son, Lutfullah Muhandis, two architects are mentioned by name: Ustad Ahmad Lahori<ref name="unesco"> UNESCO.org website, Retrieved 17 November 2021</ref><ref name="B65">Begley and Desai (1989), p.65</ref> and Mir Abd-ul Karim.<ref name="A212">Asher, p.212</ref> Ustad Ahmad Lahori laid the foundations of the ] at Delhi, which was built between 1638 and 1648. Mir Abd-ul Karim counted as the favourite architect of the previous emperor, ], and is mentioned as a supervisor, together with Makramat Khan,<ref name="A212" /> for the construction of the Taj Mahal.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} | ||
| <gallery heights="180" mode="packed" perrow="5" caption="Ahmad Lahori's major works"> | |||
| File:Delhi fort.jpg|]'s ] in Delhi | |||
| File:Covered market past the Lahore gate entrance in Red Fort.jpg|Covered bazaar in ] | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| ⚫ | ==Notes== | ||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ⚫ | ==Notes== | ||
| {{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
| {{col-2}} | {{col-2}} | ||
| *{{cite book| last = Asher | first = Catherine Ella Blanshard | title = ], Vol I:4 - Architecture of Mughal India | type = Hardback | edition = First published 1992, reprinted 2001,2003 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-26728-5 | pages =368| year = 1992 | |
*{{cite book| last = Asher | first = Catherine Ella Blanshard | title = ], Vol I:4 - Architecture of Mughal India | type = Hardback | edition = First published 1992, reprinted 2001, 2003 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-26728-5 | pages =368| year = 1992 | orig-year = 2003 }} | ||
| *{{cite journal |
*{{cite journal | last = Begley | first = Wayne |date= March 1979 | title = The myth of the Taj-Mahal and a new theory of its symbolic meaning | journal = Art Bulletin | volume = 61| issue = 1 | ||
| | pages = 7–37 |
| pages = 7–37| doi = 10.2307/3049862| publisher = The Art Bulletin, Vol. 61, No. 1| jstor = 3049862 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/6191161 }} | ||
| *{{cite book| last = Begley | first = Wayne E. |author2=Desai, Z.A. | title = Taj Mahal - The Illumined Tomb| type = Hardback |
*{{cite book| last = Begley | first = Wayne E. |author2=Desai, Z.A. | title = Taj Mahal - The Illumined Tomb| type = Hardback | publisher = University of Washington Press | isbn = 978-0-295-96944-2 | pages =392| year = 1989 | orig-year = 1989 }} | ||
| *{{cite web| url = http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.tcl?document_id=3688| title = Four Mughal Caravanserais Built during the Reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan |
*{{cite web| url = http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.tcl?document_id=3688| title = Four Mughal Caravanserais Built during the Reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan| access-date = 2007-07-24| last = Begley| first = Wayne E.| editor = Grabar, Oleg| year = 1983| format = pdf| work = Muqarnas Volume I: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture| publisher = Yale University Press (Newhaven)| pages = 167–180| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060612235144/http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.tcl?document_id=3688| archive-date = 2006-06-12| url-status = dead}} | ||
| *{{cite book| last = Koch | first = Ebba | |
*{{cite book | last = Koch | first = Ebba | author-link = Ebba Koch | title = The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra | url = https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch/page/288 | url-access = registration | type = Hardback | edition = First | publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd | isbn = 0-500-34209-1 | pages = | year = 2006 | orig-year = Aug 2006 }} | ||
| {{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT: |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahori, Ahmad, Ustad}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 13:18, 13 January 2025
17th century Mughal chief architect (1580-1649)
| UstadAhmad Lahori | |
|---|---|
 Miniature painting of Ustad Ahmad Mimar Lahori | |
| Born | c.1580 Lahore, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan) |
| Died | c.1649(1649-00-00) (aged 68–69) Delhi, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Buildings | Red Fort |
| Signature | |
 | |
Ustad Ahmad Lahori (c.1580–1649), also known as Ahmad Ma'mar Lahori, was a Mughal architect and engineer during the reign of Shah Jahan. He was responsible for the construction of several Mughal monuments, including the Red fort in Delhi, a World Heritage site.
His architecture is a combination of Indo-Islamic and Persian architectural styles, and thus, a major instance of Indo-Persian culture.
Life
Ustad Ahmad Lahori hailed from Lahore, Lahore Subah, as his nisba indicates. He has been described as a Punjabi and an Indian of Iranian heritage. Even after his family's migration to Delhi, his family is still referred to by the epithet "Lahori".
Ahmad Lahori hailed from a family of Timurid architects, originally from Herat. He was a skilled engineer who later in life was given the title of Nadir-ul-Asar ("wonder of the age") by Shah Jahan. Two of his three sons, Ataullah Rashidi and Lutfullah Muhandis, also became architects, as did some of his grandsons, Shah Kalim Allah Jahanabadi one among them. Ahmad Lahori was learned also in the arts of geometry, arithmetic and astronomy, and according to his son Lutfullah was familiar with the Euclid's Elements and Ptolemy's Almagest.
Career
In 1631, Shah Jahan appointed him for the construction of Taj Mahal. The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by Ahmad Lahori. The project took twelve years to manifest into reality. Afterwards, he was relocated to Delhi where the emperor commissioned him for the construction of the new imperial city, Shahjahanabad, in 1639. The building of the city, including the Red Fort, was complete by 1648.
In writings by Lahori's son, Lutfullah Muhandis, two architects are mentioned by name: Ustad Ahmad Lahori and Mir Abd-ul Karim. Ustad Ahmad Lahori laid the foundations of the Red Fort at Delhi, which was built between 1638 and 1648. Mir Abd-ul Karim counted as the favourite architect of the previous emperor, Jahangir, and is mentioned as a supervisor, together with Makramat Khan, for the construction of the Taj Mahal.
- Ahmad Lahori's major works
-
Red Fort's Lahori Gate in Delhi
-
Covered bazaar in Old Delhi
See also
References
- Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan (2015). The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5.
- Balasubramaniam, R. (2009). "New insights on architects of Tāj". Indian Journal of History of Science, SpringerLink. 44 (3). National Institute of Sciences of India: 391. ISSN 2454-9991. OCLC 1398048453 – via University of California.
- Srivastava, Prof. R. P. (1981). "Patiala: Its Artistic and Cultural Significance". The Sikh Courier. 10 (4). London: Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain: 16. ISSN 0037-511X. OCLC 265579842 – via University of Virginia.
Nadir-ul-Asar Ahmad Mimar Lahori Shahjehani was also a Punjabi who designed the Taj Mahal of Agra.
- Janin, Hunt (2006). The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610-2003. McFarland. p. 124. ISBN 978-0786429042. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- Chopra, Ravindra Mohan (2005). Indo-Iranian Cultural Relations Through the Ages. Iran Society. p. 89. OCLC 85485369 – via University of Michigan.
- Kanwar, H. I. S (1974). Pickthall, Marmaduke William; Asad, Muhammad (eds.). "Ustad Ahmed Lahori". Islamic Culture. 48. Islamic Culture Board: 11–32. ISSN 0021-1834.
- ^ Necipoğlu, Gülru (1 March 1996). The Topkapi Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture. Getty Publications. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-89236-335-3.
- Pingree, David, ed. (1970). Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A. Vol. 1. American Philosophical Society. p. 39.
- Dadlani, Chanchal (2016). "Innovation, Appropriation, and Representation: Mughal Architectural Ornament in the Eighteenth Century". In Gülru Necipoglu; Alina Payne (eds.). Histories of Ornament: From Global to Local. Princeton University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780691167282.
- ^ Khan (Arshi), I. N. (28 August 2015). BLACK TAJ MAHAL: The Emperor's Missing Tomb. Black Taj Project. p. 38. ISBN 978-81-927479-0-3.
- Taj Mahal Description and Profile (Ahmad Lahori, architect of the emperor) UNESCO.org website, Retrieved 17 November 2021
- Begley and Desai (1989), p.65
- ^ Asher, p.212
Notes
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