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In computer science and operations research, the bees algorithm is a population-based search algorithm which was developed by Pham, Ghanbarzadeh et al. in 2005. It mimics the food foraging behaviour of honey bee colonies. In its basic version the algorithm performs a kind of neighbourhood search combined with global search, and can be used for both combinatorial optimization and continuous optimization. The only condition for the application of the bees algorithm is that some measure of distance between the solutions is defined. The effectiveness and specific abilities of the bees algorithm have been proven in a number of studies.

Metaphor

A colony of honey bees can extend itself over long distances (over 14 km) and in multiple directions simultaneously to harvest nectar or pollen from multiple food sources (flower patches). A small fraction of the colony constantly searches the environment looking for new flower patches. These scout bees move randomly in the area surrounding the hive, evaluating the profitability (net energy yield) of the food sources encountered. When they return to the hive, the scouts deposit the food harvested. Those individuals that found a highly profitable food source go to an area in the hive called the “dance floor”, and perform a ritual known as the waggle dance. Through the waggle dance a scout bee communicates the location of its discovery to idle onlookers, which join in the exploitation of the flower patch. Since the length of the dance is proportional to the scout’s rating of the food source, more foragers get recruited to harvest the best rated flower patches. After dancing, the scout returns to the food source it discovered to collect more food. As long as they are evaluated as profitable, rich food sources will be advertised by the scouts when they return to the hive. Recruited foragers may waggle dance as well, increasing the recruitment for highly rewarding flower patches. Thanks to this autocatalytic process, the bee colony is able to quickly switch the focus of the foraging effort on the most profitable flower patches.

Algorithm

The bees algorithm mimics the foraging strategy of honey bees to look for the best solution to an optimisation problem. Each candidate solution is thought of as a food source (flower), and a population (colony) of n agents (bees) is used to search the solution space. Each time an artificial bee visits a flower (lands on a solution), it evaluates its profitability (fitness).

The bees algorithm consists of an initialisation procedure and a main search cycle which is iterated for a given number T of times, or until a solution of acceptable fitness is found. Each search cycle is composed of five procedures: recruitment, local search, neighbourhood shrinking, site abandonment, and global search.

Pseudocode for the standard bees algorithm
   1 for i=1,…,ns				
       i  scout=Initialise_scout()
       ii flower_patch=Initialise_flower_patch(scout)
   2 do until stopping_condition=TRUE		
       i   Recruitment() 	
       ii  for i =1,...,na
             1 flower_patch=Local_search(flower_patch)
             2 flower_patch=Site_abandonment(flower_patch)
             3 flower_patch=Neighbourhood_shrinking(flower_patch)		
       iii for i = nb,...,ns
             1 flower_patch=Global_search(flower_patch)}

In the initialisation routine ns scout bees are randomly placed in the search space, and evaluate the fitness of the solutions where they land. For each solution, a neighbourhood (called flower patch) is delimited.

In the recruitment procedure, the scouts that visited the nb≤ns fittest solutions (best sites) perform the waggle dance. That is, they recruit foragers to search further the neighbourhoods of the most promising solutions. The scouts that located the very best ne≤nb solutions (elite sites) recruit nre foragers each, whilst the remaining nb-ne scouts recruit nrb≤nre foragers each. Thus, the number of foragers recruited depends on the profitability of the food source.

In the local search procedure, the recruited foragers are randomly scattered within the flower patches enclosing the solutions visited by the scouts (local exploitation). If any of the foragers in a flower patch lands on a solution of higher fitness than the solution visited by the scout, that forager becomes the new scout. If no forager finds a solution of higher fitness, the size of the flower patch is shrunk (neighbourhood shrinking procedure). Usually, flower patches are initially defined over a large area, and their size is gradually shrunk by the neighbourhood shrinking procedure. As a result, the scope of the local exploration is progressively focused on the area immediately close to the local fitness best. If no improvement in fitness is recorded in a given flower patch for a pre-set number of search cycles, the local maximum of fitness is considered found, the patch is abandoned (site abandonment), and a new scout is randomly generated.

As in biological bee colonies, a small number of scouts keeps exploring the solution space looking for new regions of high fitness (global search). The global search procedure re-initialises the last ns-nb flower patches with randomly generated solutions.

At the end of one search cycle, the scout population is again composed of ns scouts: nr scouts produced by the local search procedure (some of which may have been re-initialised by the site abandonment procedure), and ns-nb scouts generated by the global search procedure. The total artificial bee colony size is n=ne•nre+(nb-ne)•nrb+ns (elite sites foragers + remaining best sites foragers + scouts) bees.

Variants

In addition to the basic bees algorithm, there are a number of improved or hybrid versions of the BA, each of which focuses on some shortcomings of the basic BA. These variants include (but are not limited to) fuzzy or enhanced BA (EBA), grouped BA (GBA), hybrid modified BA (MBA) and so on. The pseudo-code for the grouped BA (GBA) is as follows.

function GBA
 %% Set the problem parameters
maxIteration = ..;			% number of iterations (e.g. 1000-5000)
maxParameters = ..;			% number of input variables
min =  ;				% an array of the size maxParameters to indicate the minimum value of each input parameter 
max =  ;				% an array of the size maxParameters to indicate the maximum value of each input parameter 	
 %% Set the grouped bees algorithm (GBA) parameters
R_ngh = ..;	            % patch radius of the neighborhood search for bees in the first group (e.g. 0.001 - 1)
n = ..;					% number of scout bees (e.g. 4-30)
nGroups = ..;			% number of groups, excluding the random group
 %% GBA's automatic parameter settings
k = 3 * n / ((nGroups+1)^3 - 1); 	% GBA's parameter to set the number of scout bees in each group
groups = zeros(1,nGroups);    		% An array to keep the number of scout bees for each group
recruited_bees = zeros(1,nGroups);	% An array to keep the number of recruited bees for each group
a = (((max - min) ./ 2) - R_ngh) ./ (nGroups^2 - 1);	% GBA's parameter for setting neighborhood radiuses
b = R_ngh - a;											% GBA's parameter for setting neighborhood radiuses
for i=1:nGroups % For each group
    groups(i) = floor(k*i^2);			% determine the number of scout bees in each group
    if groups(i) == 0
        groups(i) = 1;					% there has to be at least one scout bee per each group
    end
	recruited_bees = (nGroups+1-i)^2;	% set the number of recruited bees for each group
	ngh(i) = a * i*i + b;				% set the radius patch for each group
end
group_random = n - sum(groups);			% assign the remainder bees (if any) to random search
group_random = max(group_random,0);		% make sure it is not a negative number
 %% initialize the population matrix
population = zeros(n,maxParameters+1); 	% A population of n bees including all input variables and their fitness
for i=1:n
    population(i,1:maxParameters)= generate_random_solution(maxParameters,min, max);	% random initialization of maxParameters variables between max and min
    population(i,maxParameters+1) = evalulate_fitness(population(i,:));					% fitness evaluation of each solution and saving it at the last index of the population matrix
end
sorted_population = sortrows(population); % sort the population based on their fitnesses
 %% Iterations of the grouped bees algorithm
for i=1:maxIteration         	% GBA's main loop
	beeIndex = 0;				% keep track of all bees (i.e, patches)
	for g=1:nGroups 			% for each group of scout bees	
		for j =  1 : groups(g) 	% exploit each patch within each group
			beeIndex = beeIndex + 1;		% increase the counter per each patch
			for i = 1 : recruited_bees(g)	% for each recruited bees of the group
				solution = bee_waggle_dance(sorted_population(beeIndex,1:maxParameters),ngh(g));			% search the neighborhood around selected patch/solution within the radius of ngh
				fit = evaluate_fitness(solution);															% evaluate the fitness of recently found solution
				if  fit < sorted_population(beeIndex,maxParameters+1) % A minimization problem: if a better location/patch/solution is found by the recuiter bee
					sorted_population(beeIndex,1 : maxParameters+1) = ;	% copy new solution and its fitness to the sorted population matrix
				end	
			end
		end
	end
	for i= 1 : group_random % For the remaining random bees
		beeIndex = beeIndex + 1;
		solution(beeIndex,1:maxParameters)= generate_random_solution(maxParameters,min, max); 	% generate a new random solution at the index beeIndex
		solution(beeIndex,maxParameters+1)= evaluate_fitness(solution);							% evaluate its fitness
		sorted_population(beeIndex,:) = ; 						% copy the new random solution and its fitness to the sorted population matrix
	end
	sorted_population=sortrows(sorted_population); 	% sort the population based on their fitnesses
	Best_solution_sofar=sorted_population(1,:);
	disp('Best:');disp(Best_solution_sofar); % Display the best solution of current iteration
end % end of GBA's main loop 
end % end of main function
%% Function Bee Waggle Dance
function new_solution=bee_waggle_dance(solution, ngh, maxParameters)
    new_solution(1:maxParameters) = (solution-ngh)+(2*ngh.*rand(1, maxParameters));
end

See also

• Ant colony optimization algorithms
• Artificial bee colony algorithm
• Evolutionary computation
• Lévy flight foraging hypothesis
• Manufacturing Engineering Centre
• Mathematical optimization
• Metaheuristic
• Particle swarm optimization
• Swarm intelligence

References

1. Pham DT, Ghanbarzadeh A, Koc E, Otri S, Rahim S and Zaidi M. The Bees Algorithm. Technical Note, Manufacturing Engineering Centre, Cardiff University, UK, 2005.
2. ^ Pham, D.T., Castellani, M. (2009), The Bees Algorithm – Modelling Foraging Behaviour to Solve Continuous Optimisation Problems. Proc. ImechE, Part C, 223(12), 2919-2938.
3. Pham, D.T. and Castellani, M. (2013), Benchmarking and Comparison of Nature-Inspired Population-Based Continuous Optimisation Algorithms, Soft Computing, 1-33.
4. Pham, D.T. and Castellani, M. (2015), A comparative study of the bees algorithm as a tool for function optimisation, Cogent Engineering 2(1), 1091540.
5. ^ Nasrinpour, H. R., Massah Bavani, A., Teshnehlab, M., (2017), Grouped Bees Algorithm: A Grouped Version of the Bees Algorithm, Computers 2017, 6(1), 5; (doi:10.3390/computers6010005)
6. Baronti, Luca & Castellani, Marco & Pham, D.. (2020),An Analysis of the Search Mechanisms of the Bees Algorithm., Swarm and Evolutionary Computation. 59. 100746. 10.1016/j.swevo.2020.100746
7. ^ Tereshko V., Loengarov A., (2005) Collective Decision-Making in Honey Bee Foraging Dynamics Archived 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Computing and Information Systems, 9(3), 1-7.
8. Von Frisch, K. (1967) The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
9. ^ Pham D.T., Ghanbarzadeh A., Koc E., Otri S., Rahim S., Zaidi M., The Bees Algorithm, A Novel Tool for Complex Optimisation Problems, Proc 2nd Int Virtual Conf on Intelligent Production Machines and Systems (IPROMS 2006), Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 454-459, 2006.
10. Pham D. T., Haj Darwish A., (2008), A. Fuzzy Selection of Local Search Sites in the Bees Algorithm. Proceedings of Innovative Production Machines and Systems (IPROMS 2008)
11. Pham Q. T., Pham D. T., Castellani M., A modified Bees Algorithm and a statistics-based method for tuning its parameters. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (ImechE), Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Eng., 2011 (doi:10.1177/0959651811422759)

External links

• The bees algorithm website
• Boffins put dancing bees to work – BBC News
• The bees algorithm workshop

v t e Swarming
Biological swarming	Agent-based model in biology Collective animal behavior Droving Flock flocking sort sol Herd herd behavior Locust Mixed-species foraging flock Mobbing behavior feeding frenzy Pack pack hunter Patterns of self-organization in ants ant mill symmetry breaking of escaping ants Shoaling and schooling bait ball Swarming behaviour Swarming (honey bee) Swarming motility
Animal migration	Animal migration altitudinal tracking history coded wire tag Bird migration flyways reverse migration Cell migration Fish migration diel vertical Lessepsian salmon run sardine run Homing natal philopatry Insect migration butterflies monarch Sea turtle migration
Swarm algorithms	Agent-based models Ant colony optimization Boids Crowd simulation Particle swarm optimization Swarm intelligence Swarm (simulation)
Collective motion	Active matter Collective motion Self-propelled particles clustering Vicsek model BIO-LGCA
Swarm robotics	Ant robotics Microbotics Nanorobotics Swarm robotics Symbrion
Related topics	Allee effect Animal navigation Collective intelligence Decentralised system Eusociality Group size measures Microbial intelligence Mutualism Predator satiation Quorum sensing Spatial organization Stigmergy Military swarming Task allocation and partitioning of social insects

v t e Optimization: Algorithms, methods, and heuristics
Unconstrained nonlinear Functions Golden-section search Powell's method Line search Nelder–Mead method Successive parabolic interpolation Gradients Convergence Trust region Wolfe conditions Quasi–Newton Berndt–Hall–Hall–Hausman Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno and L-BFGS Davidon–Fletcher–Powell Symmetric rank-one (SR1) Other methods Conjugate gradient Gauss–Newton Gradient Mirror Levenberg–Marquardt Powell's dog leg method Truncated Newton Hessians Newton's method
Constrained nonlinear General Barrier methods Penalty methods Differentiable Augmented Lagrangian methods Sequential quadratic programming Successive linear programming
Convex optimization Convex minimization Cutting-plane method Reduced gradient (Frank–Wolfe) Subgradient method Linear and quadratic Interior point Affine scaling Ellipsoid algorithm of Khachiyan Projective algorithm of Karmarkar Basis-exchange Simplex algorithm of Dantzig Revised simplex algorithm Criss-cross algorithm Principal pivoting algorithm of Lemke Active-set method
Combinatorial Paradigms Approximation algorithm Dynamic programming Greedy algorithm Integer programming Branch and bound/cut Graph algorithms Minimum spanning tree Borůvka Prim Kruskal Shortest path Bellman–Ford SPFA Dijkstra Floyd–Warshall Network flows Dinic Edmonds–Karp Ford–Fulkerson Push–relabel maximum flow
Metaheuristics Evolutionary algorithm Hill climbing Local search Parallel metaheuristics Simulated annealing Spiral optimization algorithm Tabu search
Software

• Nature-inspired metaheuristics