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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}} | |||
:''This page is about the year 1854. For the board game, see '']''.'' | |||
{{Year dab|1854}} | |||
{{yearbox| | |||
{{Year nav|1854}} | |||
| in?= | |||
]: Lord Cardigan sends 600 British cavalry "into the Valley of Death" on disastrous ]; 110 are killed and 162 wounded.]] | |||
| cp=18th century | |||
{{C19 year in topic}}{{Year article header|1854}} | |||
| c=19th century | |||
{{TOC limit|2}} | |||
| cf=20th century | |||
== Events == | |||
| yp1=1851 | |||
| yp2=1852 | |||
| yp3=1853 | |||
| year=1854 | |||
| ya1=1855 | |||
| ya2=1856 | |||
| ya3=1857 | |||
=== January–March === | |||
| dp3=1820s | |||
* ] – The ] are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the ''Samarang''. | |||
| dp2=1830s | |||
* ] – The fictional detective ] is perhaps born.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/06/the-curious-case-of-a-birthday-for-sherlock/|title=The Curious Case of a Birthday for Sherlock|last=Lee|first=Jennifer|date=2009-01-06|work=]|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref> | |||
| dp1=1840s | |||
* ] – The ] in ] is founded to promote German culture.<ref>. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117054136/http://www.pghmannerchor.com/history/|date=January 17, 2012}} "The Teutonia Männerchor was founded in 1854."</ref> | |||
| d=1850s | |||
* ] – The ] in the United States charters the ], to run from ] through ], to the newly created ] of ], near ].<ref>, ''North Carolina Business History'', 2006, accessed 21 May 2015.</ref> | |||
| dn1=1860s | |||
* ] – The iron ] {{RMS|Tayleur}} runs aground off the east coast of Ireland, on her maiden voyage out of ], bound for Australia, with the loss of at least 300 out of 650 on board. | |||
| dn2=1870s | |||
* ] – Major streets are lit by ] for the first time by the ]; 86 such lamps are turned on this evening in ].{{where|date=October 2014}} | |||
| dn3=1880s | |||
* ] – Mexican troops force ] and his troops to retreat to ]. | |||
}} | |||
* ] – ] is linked by ] with the rest of the United States, when a connection between ] and ] is completed. | |||
{{C19YearInTopic}} | |||
* ] – The British recognize the independence of the ] in Southern Africa; its official independence is declared six days later in the ]. | |||
{{Year in other calendars | |||
* ] – Britain sends Russia an ultimatum to withdraw from two Romanian provinces it has conquered, ] and ]. | |||
|japanese=] 6 – 7* | |||
* ] | |||
|footnotes=* Era was changed to ] 1 in ] ].}} | |||
** The British ]'s {{SS|City of Glasgow}} sets out from ] on passage to the United States with 480 on board; she is lost without a trace. | |||
** German ] ] disappears; 2 years later his remains are found in the canal near ]. | |||
** The ] calls for liberal reforms and the ouster of President ] of Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revolución de Ayutla (Plan de Ayutla)|date=October 14, 2014|url=https://www.historiademexicobreve.com/2014/10/revolucion-de-ayutla-plan-de-ayutla.html|language=es|access-date=June 8, 2019|trans-title=The Revolution of Ayutla (Plan of Autla)}}</ref> | |||
* ] – Australia's first ] line, linking ] and ], opens. | |||
* ] – A ] fleet sails from Britain, under ] Sir ]. | |||
* ] – In the United States: | |||
** The ] opens to the public. | |||
** The ] is formed by anti-slavery opponents of the ] in ]. | |||
* ] – Slavery is abolished in ]. | |||
* ] – ]: The United Kingdom declares war on Russia. | |||
* ] – Crimean War: France declares war on Russia. | |||
* ] – United States Navy ] ] signs the ] with the Japanese government (the ]), opening the ports of ] and ] to American trade. | |||
* ] – The ] annexes ] in India under the ]. | |||
] arrives with 38-nurse team to provide care for Crimean War wounded.]] | |||
=== April–June === | |||
'''1854''' (''']''') was a ] (see link for calendar). | |||
* ] – '']'' begins serialisation in ]' magazine, '']''. | |||
* ] – The United States packet ship '']'' is wrecked off the New Jersey shore, with more than 200 victims. | |||
* ]–] – Hokkien–Teochew Riots in ]. | |||
* ] – The ] (forerunner of ]) is founded. | |||
* ] – ]: United States ] ] arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the {{USS|Susquehanna|1850|6}}. | |||
* ] – The ] becomes law (replacing the ] of 1820), creating the ] and the ], west of the ] and the ]. The Kansas–Nebraska Act also establishes that these two new Territories will decide either to allow or disallow ], depending on balloting by their residents (these areas would have been strictly "free territory" under the Missouri Compromise, which allowed slavery in the State of Missouri but disallowed it in any other new state north of latitude 36° 30', which forms most of the southern boundary of Missouri. This prohibition of slavery extended all the way from the western boundary of Missouri to the Pacific Ocean). | |||
* ] – The first class of the ] graduates at ]. | |||
* ] – ] in ] off the coast of Finland: British ] seaman's mate ] throws a live Russian ] overboard by hand before it explodes, for which he is awarded the first ] in ]. | |||
* ] – The ] takes prominent Eastern United States inhabitants from ] to ], by railroad, then up the ] to ], by ]. | |||
=== July–September === | |||
==Events== | |||
* ] – ] takes out the first of his three United States ]s for improvements to the ] ] (] photography). | |||
===January=== | |||
* ] – In ], the first convention of the ] is held. | |||
* ] - The ] are discovered by ] ] aboard the '']''. | |||
* ] – The ] is established as the first ] in India by Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar and associates. | |||
* ] - The ] is patented by ]. | |||
* ] – ] succeeds his nephew ] as the ] of ] and ], then a province of the ]. | |||
* ] - Loss of the '']'' - 380 drowned, later dubbed "the first ]". | |||
* ] – The '']'' revolutionary coup occurs in Spain. | |||
* ] – ] is sent by ] to ], Governor General of India, proposing radical improvements to the Indian educational system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to Wood Despatch of 1854|url=http://www.kkhsou.in/main/education/wood_despatch.html|publisher=Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University|year=2011|access-date=2014-10-09}}</ref> | |||
* ] – ] succeeds to the ], on the death of his brother. | |||
* ] – ]: Russian troops on the island of Bomarsund, in ], surrender to French–British troops. | |||
* ] – ] leads 29 United States troops and a civilian interpreter in attack on Lakota village over dispute involving emigrant cow. Grattan's command was annihilated. | |||
* ] – English lawyer ] and party set out for the first ascent of the ] in Switzerland, regarded as the start of the "]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Wetterhorn during the golden and the post golden age|url=http://www.summitpost.org/wetterhorn-during-the-golden-and-the-post-golden-age/593265|publisher=summitpost.org|year=2010|access-date=2011-01-26}}</ref> | |||
* ]–] – An epidemic of ] in London kills over 10,000. ] traces the source of one outbreak (that killed 500) to a single ], validating his theory that ] is water-borne, and forming the starting point for ].<ref>{{cite book|first=Steven|last=Johnson|author-link=Steven Johnson (author)|title=]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7139-9974-7}}</ref>] showing the ] of ] cases in the London epidemic of 1854]] | |||
* ] – British ]'s {{SS|City of Philadelphia|1854}} is wrecked off ] (Newfoundland) on her maiden voyage without loss of life. | |||
* ] – ]: ] – The French–British alliance wins the first major land engagement of the war.]]] | |||
* ] – ]: The American ] {{SS|Arctic}} sinks after a collision with the much smaller French ship {{SS|Vesta}}, 50 miles (80 km) off the coast of ], with approximately 320 deaths. | |||
=== |
=== October–December === | ||
* ] – The watch company founded in ] in ], by ], relocates to ], to become the ], pioneer in the ]. | |||
* ] - Major streets lit by ] for first time. | |||
* ] – The ] in England is ignited by a spectacular explosion. | |||
* ] - ] troops force ] and his troops to retreat to ]. | |||
* ]–] – United States diplomats in Europe meet and draft the ], setting out a rationale for the U.S. to acquire ] from Spain. | |||
* ] - ] is linked by ] with the rest of the ], when a connection between ] and ] is completed. | |||
* ] |
* ] – '']'' newspaper is founded in ], Australia. | ||
* ] – ]: ] – The allies gain an overall victory, except for the disastrous cavalry ], from which only 200 of 700 men survive.]]] | |||
* ] - The official independence of the ] is declared. | |||
* ] – ]: ] – The Russians are defeated. | |||
* ] – ] sends ] an ultimatum to withdraw from two ] provinces it had conquered, ] and ]. | |||
* ] – ] in the ]: 19 British transport and other ships (plus 2 French) supporting the ] are wrecked with the loss of at least 287 men. | |||
* ] - The ] is organized in ]. | |||
* ] – In ], the ] Company is formed. | |||
* ] | |||
** ] and her team of 38 trained volunteer ]s, having set out on ] from England, arrive at ] in ] in the ], to care for ] troops wounded in the ].<ref>{{cite ODNB|last1=Baly|first1=Monica E.|author-link1=Monica Baly|first2=H. C. G.|last2=Matthew|author-link2=Colin Matthew|title=Nightingale, Florence (1820–1910)|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35241|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35241?docPos=2|access-date=2011-06-20}} </ref> | |||
** The ] breaks out in Sweden. | |||
* ] – The ] Miners' Rebellion breaks out in ], ]. | |||
* ] – ] in the ] '']'' defines ''ex Cathedra'' the ] of ], which holds that the ] was conceived without ]. | |||
* ] – ] officially abolishes slavery in Egypt. | |||
=== |
=== Undated === | ||
* ] - ] ] ] disappears, two years later his remains are found in the canal near ]. | |||
* ]- ] fleet sails from ] under ] ] ]. | |||
* ] - The ] opens to the public. | |||
* ] – ] declares war on ] – ] begins. | |||
* ] – ] declares war on ]. | |||
* ] - ] ] of the ], signs the ]/] with the ]ese government, to be precise, ], opening the ports of ] and ] to ] trade. (See ]) | |||
* ] is founded as a business institute in the United States. | |||
===April=== | |||
* ] drills the world's first oil well in Poland, in Bóbrka near ]. | |||
*] - '']'' begins serialisation in ] magazine, '']''. | |||
* Professor ] of ] is the first person to ] ] into its individual components, by ]. | |||
* The ]ic trade is opened to merchants other than ]. | |||
* A Russian fort is established at the modern-day site of ]. | |||
* The French fashion label ] is founded. | |||
* The future Waterbury Clock Company (Incorporated on March 27, 1857) is founded as a department within the Benedict and Burnham Manufacturing Company in ], the predecessor of ] in timepiece manufacturing. | |||
== |
== Births == | ||
*] - ] becomes law, rescinding the ] of ] and creating ] and ]. Provision that settlers will vote on slavery in the new territories leads to ] violence beginning the next year. | |||
=== |
=== January–March === | ||
]]] | |||
* June - The ] takes prominent ] inhabitants from ] to ] by ], then up the ] to ] by ]. | |||
]]] | |||
* ] - The first class of the ] graduate at ]. | |||
]]] | |||
* ] - In the battle at ] in ], ] mate ] throws a live ] artillery shell overboard by hand before it explodes - the incident is the first that will be retroactively awarded the ] in ]. | |||
]]] | |||
]]] | |||
]]] | |||
* ] – ], Scottish social anthropologist (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], British occultist (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], born Jennie Jerome, American-born British socialite and mother of Winston Churchill (d. ]) | |||
* ] | |||
**], Japanese admiral (d. ]) | |||
**], Canadian-born American civil engineer (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Russian general (d. ]) | |||
* ] | |||
** ], Irish Unionist MP and barrister (d. ]) | |||
** ], Dutch physician and women's suffrage activist (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], British theosophist (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], German industrialist (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], American social economist (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Portuguese general (d. ]) | |||
* ] | |||
** ], American journalist and editor (d. ]) | |||
** ], Polish painter (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], American historian (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], German physician and scientist, recipient of the 1908 ] (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], German physiologist, winner of the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Russian general (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d. ]) | |||
=== |
=== April–June === | ||
* ] - In ], the first convention of the ] is held. | |||
*] - In the ], ], ] ] stops the ] invasion led by ] ]. | |||
* ] - Assassination of ] ]. | |||
* ] - Discovery of the asteroid Urania by ]. | |||
* ] – ], German architect (d. ]) | |||
===August=== | |||
* ] – ], Belgian lawyer, author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. ]) | |||
* ] - ]n troops in the island of ] in ] surrender to ]-] troops. | |||
* ] – ], English engineer, mathematician and inventor (d. ]) | |||
* ] | |||
** ], French mathematician, physicist (d. ]) | |||
** ], Russian nobleman, statesman, and general (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], member of the ] from ] (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], American sociologist (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], American law officer, ] (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], American novelist (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Austro-Hungarian general (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Canadian politician. ] (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], American outlaw, gunfighter (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], British general (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], American politician (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th ], leader in ] (d. ]) | |||
=== |
=== July–September === | ||
]]] | |||
* ] - ]: At the ], the ]-] alliance wins the first battle of the war. | |||
]]] | |||
* ] – ], American business manager (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Czech composer (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], 25th Prime Minister of Romania (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], American photographic inventor (''Kodak'') (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], 11th ] (d. ]) | |||
* ] | |||
**], 15th president of Liberia (d. ])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunn|first1= Elwood D.|last2=Beyan|first2=Amos J.|last3=Burrowes|first3=Carl Patrick|author-link= |date=2000|title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9781461659310|page=33}}</ref> | |||
**], Prime Minister of Spain (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ] (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Polish/German composer (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], German composer (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Swedish social reformer (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], French general, Minister of War (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Austro-Hungarian general (d. ]) | |||
=== |
=== October–December === | ||
* ] - The watch company founded in ] in ], ] by ] relocates to ] to become the ], pioneer in the ]. | |||
* ] - Newspaper '']'' is founded in ], ]. | |||
* ] - ] leaves for ] with 38 other nurses. | |||
* ] - ]: The ] occurs, overall a victory for the allies, but it included the disastrous cavalry ], from which only 200 of 700 men survive. | |||
* ] – ], American physician, Surgeon General (d. ]) | |||
===November=== | |||
* ] – ], Boer general, rebel leader, and politician (d. ]) | |||
* ] - ]: ] lose again at the ]. | |||
* ] – ], American banker, diplomat, Republican politician and 42nd governor of Ohio (d. ]) | |||
* ] - In ], the ], linking the ] with the ], is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony. | |||
* ] | |||
** ], Irish writer (d. ])<ref>{{cite web |title=Oscar Wilde |url=https://www.bl.uk/people/oscar-wilde |website=www.bl.uk |access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref> | |||
** ], Czech Marxist theoretician (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], British Olympic archer (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], French poet (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], American cereal manufacturer (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], American ] and ] reformer (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], micropalaeontologist (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], French chemist, ] laureate (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], American composer, conductor (''Stars and Stripes Forever'') (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Swedish physicist (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], American composer (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Marshal of France (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Danish-born American poet, historian, and garden writer (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ] (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], 17th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], English bicycle inventor (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], American admiral (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], Japanese chemist (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ], English cyclist (d. ]) | |||
=== |
=== Undated === | ||
]]] | |||
* ] - ] proclaims the ] of ], which holds that ] was born free of ]. | |||
* ], teenage British murder victim (d. ]) | |||
* ], American educator, author, and journalist (d. ]) | |||
* ], Welsh-born journalist, writer, geographer, historian, cartographer and inventor (d. ]) | |||
== Deaths == | |||
] showing the clusters of ] cases in the ] epidemic of 1854]]. | |||
=== |
=== January–June === | ||
]]] | |||
* The '']'', an early classification of ] based on field work under freed slaves in ], ], is published by ]. | |||
]]] | |||
* ] succeeds to the throne of ]. | |||
* ] – ], British general and politician (b. ]) | |||
* ] is founded by immigrants from ], ] (cf ]). | |||
* ] – ], President of Mexico (b. ]) | |||
* ] ] ], of ] is the first to fractionate ] by ]. | |||
* ] – ], English painter (b. ]) | |||
* ] invents a process for extracting ] from ]. | |||
* ] – ], English landowner and philanthropist (b. ]) | |||
* ] succeeds his nephew ] as pasha of ]. | |||
* ] – ] (b. ]) | |||
* A ]n fort is established at the present site of ]. | |||
* ] – ], American religious leader (b. ]) | |||
* ] is first settled. | |||
* ] | |||
* ] excavates the tomb of ]. | |||
** ], English jurist (b. ]) | |||
* The ] is introduced for ]. | |||
** ], Prime Minister of France (b. ]) | |||
* Election of ] ] ] begins the ascendancy of ]. | |||
* ] – ], Scottish businessman, founder of ] (b. ]) | |||
* An epidemic of ] in ] kills 10,000. ] traces the source of one outbreak (that killed 500) to a single ], validating his theory that ] is water-borne, and forming the starting point for ]. | |||
* ] – ], first civilian governor of Florida Territory (b. ]) | |||
* The ] trade is opened to foreigners. | |||
* ] – ], 2-time ] (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/pedro-maria-anaya/|title=PEDRO MARÍA ANAYA|language=es|publisher=Presidencia de la Republica|access-date=May 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530224425/http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/pedro-maria-anaya/|archive-date=May 30, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
* The future site of ] in ] is purchased by ] ]. | |||
* ] – ], Swedish-born American musician (b. ]) | |||
* ] | |||
** ], English politician (b. ]) | |||
** ] (b. ]) | |||
* ] – ], German physician (b. ]) | |||
* ] – ], English chemist, mineralogist (b. ]) | |||
* ] | |||
** ], 3-time ] (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lifeder.com/nicolas-bravo/#Ultimos_anos|title=Nicolás Bravo: Biografía y Aportes|language=es|trans-title=Nicolás Bravo: Biography and Accomplishments|publisher=lifeder.com|access-date=May 30, 2019|last=Ibarra|first=Marco|date=August 6, 2018}}</ref> | |||
** ], Chilean philanthropist (b. ]) | |||
* ] – ], British general (b. ]) | |||
* ] – ], French admiral (b. ]) | |||
* ] – ], German actor (b. ]) | |||
=== July–December === | |||
==Births== | |||
]]] | |||
* ] - ], American telephone pioneer (d. ]) | |||
* ] |
* ] – ], German physicist (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], Pasha of Egypt (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], American thought to be the real-life basis for ] (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], Lakota chief (b. c. ]) | ||
* ] – ] (b. ]) | |||
* ] - ], German physician, recipient of the ] (d. ]) | |||
* ] – ] (b. ]) | |||
* ] - ], Belgian lawyer and activist, recipient of the ] (d. ]) | |||
* ] |
* ] – ] (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], Polish-born actor and theatre director (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], German philosopher (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], American lawyer, politician (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], Italian cardinal, philologist (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], former mayor of ] (b. ]) | ||
* ] - ], ] ( |
* ] – ], French general, ], ] (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], General of the ] (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], queen consort of Bavaria (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], British writer, poet (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], Maltese lithographer (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], philanthropist, wife of ] (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], Scottish writer (b. ]) | ||
* ] – ], Portuguese writer (b. ]) | |||
* ] - ], French chemist, ] laureate (d. ]) | |||
* ] |
* ] – ], Prime Minister of Serbia (b. ]) | ||
* ] |
* ] – ], ] (b. c. ]) | ||
* ] - ] (d. ]) | |||
* ] - ], ] (d. ]) | |||
* ] - ], English cyclist (d. ]) | |||
* ], American philanthropist (d. ]) | |||
* ], American cereal manufacturer (d. ]) | |||
== |
===Undated=== | ||
* ], Venezuelan heroine (b. ]) | |||
*] - ], British general and politician (b. ]) | |||
* |
* ], Bolivian heroine (b. ]) | ||
*] |
* ], Chinese rebel (b. ]) | ||
*] - ], American religious leader (b. ]) | |||
*] - ], English jurist (b. ]) | |||
*] - ], English chemist and mineralogist (b. ]) | |||
*] - ], British general (b. ]) | |||
*] - ], German physicist | |||
*] ], thought to be the real-life basis for ] (b. ]) | |||
*] - ], Italian cardinal and philologist (b. ]) | |||
*] - ], Portuguese writer (b. ]) | |||
*] - ], ] (b. ]?) | |||
*], Pasha of Egypt (b. ]) | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
{{commonscat}} | |||
* ''The Annual register of world events: Volume 96'' (1855), highly detailed coverage of events in British Empire and worldwide | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:1854}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 17:04, 13 January 2025
Calendar year
Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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Centuries: | |
Decades: | |
Years: |
1854 by topic |
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Other topics |
Lists of leaders |
Birth and death categories |
Establishments and disestablishments categories |
Works category |
Gregorian calendar | 1854 MDCCCLIV |
Ab urbe condita | 2607 |
Armenian calendar | 1303 ԹՎ ՌՅԳ |
Assyrian calendar | 6604 |
Baháʼí calendar | 10–11 |
Balinese saka calendar | 1775–1776 |
Bengali calendar | 1260–1261 |
Berber calendar | 2804 |
British Regnal year | 17 Vict. 1 – 18 Vict. 1 |
Buddhist calendar | 2398 |
Burmese calendar | 1216 |
Byzantine calendar | 7362–7363 |
Chinese calendar | 癸丑年 (Water Ox) 4551 or 4344 — to — 甲寅年 (Wood Tiger) 4552 or 4345 |
Coptic calendar | 1570–1571 |
Discordian calendar | 3020 |
Ethiopian calendar | 1846–1847 |
Hebrew calendar | 5614–5615 |
Hindu calendars | |
- Vikram Samvat | 1910–1911 |
- Shaka Samvat | 1775–1776 |
- Kali Yuga | 4954–4955 |
Holocene calendar | 11854 |
Igbo calendar | 854–855 |
Iranian calendar | 1232–1233 |
Islamic calendar | 1270–1271 |
Japanese calendar | Kaei 7 / Ansei 1 (安政元年) |
Javanese calendar | 1782–1783 |
Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 12 days |
Korean calendar | 4187 |
Minguo calendar | 58 before ROC 民前58年 |
Nanakshahi calendar | 386 |
Thai solar calendar | 2396–2397 |
Tibetan calendar | 阴水牛年 (female Water-Ox) 1980 or 1599 or 827 — to — 阳木虎年 (male Wood-Tiger) 1981 or 1600 or 828 |
1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1854th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 854th year of the 2nd millennium, the 54th year of the 19th century, and the 5th year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1854, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar yearEvents
January–March
- January 4 – The McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the Samarang.
- January 6 – The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is perhaps born.
- January 9 – The Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh is founded to promote German culture.
- January 20 – The North Carolina General Assembly in the United States charters the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad, to run from Goldsboro through New Bern, to the newly created seaport of Morehead City, near Beaufort.
- January 21 – The iron clipper RMS Tayleur runs aground off the east coast of Ireland, on her maiden voyage out of Liverpool, bound for Australia, with the loss of at least 300 out of 650 on board.
- February 11 – Major streets are lit by coal gas for the first time by the San Francisco Gas Company; 86 such lamps are turned on this evening in San Francisco, California.
- February 13 – Mexican troops force William Walker and his troops to retreat to Sonora.
- February 14 – Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed.
- February 17 – The British recognize the independence of the Orange Free State in Southern Africa; its official independence is declared six days later in the Orange River Convention.
- February 27 – Britain sends Russia an ultimatum to withdraw from two Romanian provinces it has conquered, Moldavia and Wallachia.
- March 1
- The British Inman Line's SS City of Glasgow sets out from Liverpool on passage to the United States with 480 on board; she is lost without a trace.
- German psychologist Friedrich Eduard Beneke disappears; 2 years later his remains are found in the canal near Charlottenburg.
- The Plan de Ayutla calls for liberal reforms and the ouster of President Antonio López de Santa Anna of Mexico.
- March 3 – Australia's first telegraph line, linking Melbourne and Williamstown, Victoria, opens.
- March 11 – A Royal Navy fleet sails from Britain, under Vice Admiral Sir Charles Napier.
- March 20 – In the United States:
- The Boston Public Library opens to the public.
- The Republican Party is formed by anti-slavery opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in Ripon, Wisconsin.
- March 24 – Slavery is abolished in Venezuela.
- March 27 – Crimean War: The United Kingdom declares war on Russia.
- March 28 – Crimean War: France declares war on Russia.
- March 31 – United States Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry signs the Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government (the Tokugawa shogunate), opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.
- March – The British East India Company annexes Jhansi State in India under the doctrine of lapse.
April–June
- April 1 – Hard Times begins serialisation in Charles Dickens' magazine, Household Words.
- April 16 – The United States packet ship Powhattan is wrecked off the New Jersey shore, with more than 200 victims.
- May 5–15 – Hokkien–Teochew Riots in Singapore.
- May 18 – The Catholic University of Ireland (forerunner of University College Dublin) is founded.
- May 27 – Taiping Rebellion: United States diplomatic minister Robert McLane arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the USS Susquehanna.
- May 30 – The Kansas–Nebraska Act becomes law (replacing the Missouri Compromise of 1820), creating the Kansas Territory and the Nebraska Territory, west of the State of Missouri and the State of Iowa. The Kansas–Nebraska Act also establishes that these two new Territories will decide either to allow or disallow slavery, depending on balloting by their residents (these areas would have been strictly "free territory" under the Missouri Compromise, which allowed slavery in the State of Missouri but disallowed it in any other new state north of latitude 36° 30', which forms most of the southern boundary of Missouri. This prohibition of slavery extended all the way from the western boundary of Missouri to the Pacific Ocean).
- June 10 – The first class of the United States Naval Academy graduates at Annapolis, Maryland.
- June 21 – Battle of Bomarsund in Åland off the coast of Finland: British Royal Navy seaman's mate Charles Davis Lucas throws a live Russian artillery shell overboard by hand before it explodes, for which he is awarded the first Victoria Cross in 1857.
- June – The Grand Excursion takes prominent Eastern United States inhabitants from Chicago to Rock Island, Illinois, by railroad, then up the Mississippi River to Saint Paul, Minnesota, by steamboat.
July–September
- July 4 – James Ambrose Cutting takes out the first of his three United States patents for improvements to the wet plate collodion process (Ambrotype photography).
- July 6 – In Jackson, Michigan, the first convention of the U.S. Republican Party is held.
- July 7 – The Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company is established as the first cotton mill in India by Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar and associates.
- July 13 – Mohamed Sa'id Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan, then a province of the Ottoman Empire.
- July 17 – The Bienio progresista revolutionary coup occurs in Spain.
- July 19 – Wood's despatch is sent by Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax to Lord Dalhousie, Governor General of India, proposing radical improvements to the Indian educational system.
- August 9 – Johann succeeds to the throne of Saxony, on the death of his brother.
- August 16 – Battle of Bomarsund: Russian troops on the island of Bomarsund, in Åland, surrender to French–British troops.
- August 19 – John Lawrence Grattan leads 29 United States troops and a civilian interpreter in attack on Lakota village over dispute involving emigrant cow. Grattan's command was annihilated.
- August 27 – English lawyer Alfred Wills and party set out for the first ascent of the Wetterhorn in Switzerland, regarded as the start of the "golden age of alpinism".
- August 31–September 8 – An epidemic of cholera in London kills over 10,000. Dr John Snow traces the source of one outbreak (that killed 500) to a single water pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology.
- September 9 – British Inman Line's SS City of Philadelphia (1854) is wrecked off Cape Race (Newfoundland) on her maiden voyage without loss of life.
- September 20 – Crimean War: Battle of Alma – The French–British alliance wins the first major land engagement of the war.
- September 27 – SS Arctic disaster: The American paddle steamer SS Arctic sinks after a collision with the much smaller French ship SS Vesta, 50 miles (80 km) off the coast of Newfoundland, with approximately 320 deaths.
October–December
- October 1 – The watch company founded in 1850 in Roxbury, Massachusetts, by Aaron Lufkin Dennison, relocates to Waltham, to become the Waltham Watch Company, pioneer in the American system of watch manufacturing.
- October 6 – The great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead in England is ignited by a spectacular explosion.
- October 9–11 – United States diplomats in Europe meet and draft the Ostend Manifesto, setting out a rationale for the U.S. to acquire Cuba from Spain.
- October 17 – The Age newspaper is founded in Melbourne, Australia.
- October 25 – Crimean War: Battle of Balaclava – The allies gain an overall victory, except for the disastrous cavalry Charge of the Light Brigade, from which only 200 of 700 men survive.
- November 5 – Crimean War: Battle of Inkerman – The Russians are defeated.
- November 14 – Great Storm of 1854 in the Black Sea: 19 British transport and other ships (plus 2 French) supporting the Crimean War are wrecked with the loss of at least 287 men.
- November 17 – In Egypt, the Suez Canal Company is formed.
- November
- Florence Nightingale and her team of 38 trained volunteer nurses, having set out on October 21 from England, arrive at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari in the Ottoman Empire, to care for British Army troops wounded in the Crimean War.
- The Mute Rebellion breaks out in Sweden.
- December 3 – The Eureka Stockade Miners' Rebellion breaks out in Ballarat, Victoria (Australia).
- December 8 – Pope Pius IX in the apostolic constitution Ineffabilis Deus defines ex Cathedra the dogma of Immaculate Conception, which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin.
- December 10 – Sa'id Pasha officially abolishes slavery in Egypt.
Undated
- Bryant & Stratton College is founded as a business institute in the United States.
- Ignacy Łukasiewicz drills the world's first oil well in Poland, in Bóbrka near Krosno County.
- Professor Benjamin Silliman of Yale University is the first person to fractionate petroleum into its individual components, by distillation.
- The Icelandic trade is opened to merchants other than Danes.
- A Russian fort is established at the modern-day site of Almaty.
- The French fashion label Louis Vuitton is founded.
- The future Waterbury Clock Company (Incorporated on March 27, 1857) is founded as a department within the Benedict and Burnham Manufacturing Company in Waterbury, Connecticut, the predecessor of Timex Group USA in timepiece manufacturing.
Births
January–March
- January 1 – James George Frazer, Scottish social anthropologist (d. 1941)
- January 8 – Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, British occultist (d. 1918)
- January 9 – Lady Randolph Churchill, born Jennie Jerome, American-born British socialite and mother of Winston Churchill (d. 1921)
- January 12
- Kataoka Shichirō, Japanese admiral (d. 1920)
- David Macpherson, Canadian-born American civil engineer (d. 1927)
- January 14 – Nikolai Pavlovich Bobyr, Russian general (d. 1920)
- February 9
- Edward Carson, Irish Unionist MP and barrister (d. 1935)
- Aletta Jacobs, Dutch physician and women's suffrage activist (d. 1929)
- February 16 – Charles Webster Leadbeater, British theosophist (d. 1934)
- February 17 – Friedrich Alfred Krupp, German industrialist (d. 1902)
- February 26 – Mary M. Cohen, American social economist (d. 1911)
- March 4 – Tomás António Garcia Rosado, Portuguese general (d. 1937)
- March 10
- Florence Carpenter Ives, American journalist and editor (d. 1900)
- Stanisław Tondos, Polish painter (d. 1917)
- March 11 – Jane Meade Welch, American historian (d. 1931)
- March 14 – Paul Ehrlich, German physician and scientist, recipient of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1915)
- March 15 – Emil von Behring, German physiologist, winner of the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1917)
- March 18 – Nikolai Ruzsky, Russian general (d. 1918)
- March 30 – Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1924)
April–June
- April 18 – Ludwig Levy, German architect (d. 1907)
- April 22 – Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer, author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)
- April 28 – Hertha Ayrton, English engineer, mathematician and inventor (d. 1923)
- April 29
- Henri Poincaré, French mathematician, physicist (d. 1912)
- Paul von Rennenkampf, Russian nobleman, statesman, and general (d. 1918)
- May 5 – Orrin Dubbs Bleakley, member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania (d. 1927)
- May 11 – Albion Woodbury Small, American sociologist (d. 1926)
- May 24 – John Riley Banister, American law officer, Texas Ranger (d. 1918)
- May 25 – Clara Louise Burnham, American novelist (d. 1927)
- June 2 – Adolf von Brudermann, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1945)
- June 8 – Douglas Cameron, Canadian politician. Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba (d. 1921)
- June 14 – Dave Rudabaugh, American outlaw, gunfighter (d. 1886)
- June 17 – Robert Kekewich, British general (d. 1914)
- June 21 – Andrew Jackson Houston, American politician (d. 1941)
- June 26 – Robert Borden, Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Canada, leader in World War I (d. 1937)
July–September
- July 2 – Sophia Braeunlich, American business manager (d. 1898)
- July 3 – Leoš Janáček, Czech composer (d. 1928)
- July 4 – Alexandru Marghiloman, 25th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1925)
- July 12 – George Eastman, American photographic inventor (Kodak) (d. 1932)
- July 27 – Takahashi Korekiyo, 11th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936)
- July 31
- Arthur Barclay, 15th president of Liberia (d. 1938)
- José Canalejas y Méndez, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1912)
- August 2 – Milan I of Serbia (d. 1901)
- August 23 – Moritz Moszkowski, Polish/German composer (d. 1925)
- September 1 – Engelbert Humperdinck, German composer (d. 1921)
- September 3 – Anna Sandström, Swedish social reformer (d. 1931)
- September 6 – Georges Picquart, French general, Minister of War (d. 1914)
- September 18 – Viktor Dankl von Krasnik, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1941)
October–December
- October 3 – William C. Gorgas, American physician, Surgeon General (d. 1920)
- October 7 – Christiaan de Wet, Boer general, rebel leader, and politician (d. 1922)
- October 9 – Myron T. Herrick, American banker, diplomat, Republican politician and 42nd governor of Ohio (d. 1929)
- October 16
- Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (d. 1900)
- Karl Kautsky, Czech Marxist theoretician (d. 1938)
- October 17 – Queenie Newall, British Olympic archer (d. 1929)
- October 20 – Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (d. 1891)
- October 26 – C. W. Post, American cereal manufacturer (d. 1914)
- October 28 – Mary G. Charlton Edholm, American social purity and temperance reformer (d. 1935)
- October 30 – Franz Rohr von Denta, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1927)
- November 3 – Carlo Fornasini, micropalaeontologist (d. 1931)
- November 5 – Paul Sabatier, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941)
- November 6 – John Philip Sousa, American composer, conductor (Stars and Stripes Forever) (d. 1932)
- November 8 – Johannes Rydberg, Swedish physicist (d. 1919)
- November 13 – George Whitefield Chadwick, American composer (d. 1931)
- November 17 – Hubert Lyautey, Marshal of France (d. 1934)
- November 19 – Danske Dandridge, Danish-born American poet, historian, and garden writer (d. 1914)
- November 21 – Pope Benedict XV (d. 1922)
- November 27 – Gerhard Louis De Geer, 17th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1935)
- December 14 – John Kemp Starley, English bicycle inventor (d. 1901)
- December 16 – Austin M. Knight, American admiral (d. 1927)
- December 22 – Takamine Jōkichi, Japanese chemist (d. 1922)
- December 24 – Thomas Stevens, English cyclist (d. 1935)
Undated
- Jane Clouson, teenage British murder victim (d. 1871)
- Eliza D. Keith, American educator, author, and journalist (d. 1939)
- John Francon Williams, Welsh-born journalist, writer, geographer, historian, cartographer and inventor (d. 1911)
Deaths
January–June
- January 8 – William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, British general and politician (b. 1768)
- February 10 – José Joaquín de Herrera, President of Mexico (b. 1792)
- February 17 – John Martin, English painter (b. 1789)
- February 25 – Ann Walker, English landowner and philanthropist (b. 1803)
- March 6 – Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry (b. 1778)
- March 11 – Willard Richards, American religious leader (b. 1804)
- March 13
- Sir Thomas Talfourd, English jurist (b. 1795)
- Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, Prime Minister of France (b. 1773)
- March 18 – Alexander Allan, Scottish businessman, founder of Allan Line (b. 1780)
- March 19 – William Pope Duval, first civilian governor of Florida Territory (b. 1784)
- March 21 – Pedro María de Anaya, 2-time President of Mexico (b. 1795)
- March 26 – Emilie Hammarskjöld, Swedish-born American musician (b. 1821)
- March 27
- William Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland, English politician (b. 1768)
- Charles III, Duke of Parma (b. 1823)
- April 11 – Karl Adolph von Basedow, German physician (b. 1799)
- April 15 – Arthur Aikin, English chemist, mineralogist (b. 1773)
- April 22
- Nicolás Bravo, 3-time President of Mexico (b. 1786)
- Domingo Eyzaguirre, Chilean philanthropist (b. 1775)
- April 29 – Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, British general (b. 1768)
- June 7 – Charles Baudin, French admiral (b. 1784)
- June 13 – Rosina Regina Ahles, German actor (b. 1799)
July–December
- July 6 – Georg Ohm, German physicist (b. 1789)
- July 16 – Abbas I, Pasha of Egypt (b. 1813)
- July 31 – Samuel Wilson, American thought to be the real-life basis for Uncle Sam (b. 1766)
- August – Conquering Bear, Lakota chief (b. c. 1800)
- August 2 – Heinrich Clauren (b. 1771)
- August 3 – Qi Shan (b. 1786)
- August 9 – Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (b. 1797)
- August 14 – Carl Carl, Polish-born actor and theatre director (b. 1787)
- August 20 – Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, German philosopher (b. 1775)
- August 21 – Thomas Clayton, American lawyer, politician (b. 1777)
- September 8 – Angelo Mai, Italian cardinal, philologist (b. 1782)
- September 12 – Jarvis W. Pike, former mayor of Columbus, Ohio (b. 1795)
- September 29 – Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud, French general, Marshal of France, Minister of War (b. 1798)
- October 1 – Martín Perfecto de Cos, General of the Mexican Army (b. 1800)
- October 26 – Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, queen consort of Bavaria (b. 1792)
- November 2 – George Mogridge (Old Humphrey), British writer, poet (b. 1787)
- November 3 – Maxim Gauci, Maltese lithographer (b. 1774)
- November 9 – Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, philanthropist, wife of Alexander Hamilton (b. 1757)
- November 25 – John Gibson Lockhart, Scottish writer (b. 1794)
- December 9 – Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer (b. 1799)
- December 11 – Matija Nenadović, Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1777)
- December 15 – Kamehameha III, King of Hawaii (b. c. 1814)
Undated
- Concepción Mariño, Venezuelan heroine (b. 1790)
- Úrsula Goyzueta, Bolivian heroine (b. 1787)
- Su Sanniang, Chinese rebel (b. 1830)
References
- Lee, Jennifer (January 6, 2009). "The Curious Case of a Birthday for Sherlock". The New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
- . Archived January 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine "The Teutonia Männerchor was founded in 1854."
- CommunicationSolutions/ISI, "Railroad — Atlantic & North Carolina", North Carolina Business History, 2006, accessed 21 May 2015.
- "Revolución de Ayutla (Plan de Ayutla)" [The Revolution of Ayutla (Plan of Autla)] (in Spanish). October 14, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
- "Introduction to Wood Despatch of 1854". Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University. 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
- "Wetterhorn during the golden and the post golden age". summitpost.org. 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- Johnson, Steven (2006). The Ghost Map: a street, an epidemic and the two men who battled to save Victorian London. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9974-7.
- Baly, Monica E.; Matthew, H. C. G. (2004). "Nightingale, Florence (1820–1910)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35241. Retrieved June 20, 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000). Historical Dictionary of Liberia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 33. ISBN 9781461659310.
- "Oscar Wilde". www.bl.uk. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
- "PEDRO MARÍA ANAYA" (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Republica. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
- Ibarra, Marco (August 6, 2018). "Nicolás Bravo: Biografía y Aportes" [Nicolás Bravo: Biography and Accomplishments] (in Spanish). lifeder.com. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
Further reading
- The Annual register of world events: Volume 96 (1855), highly detailed coverage of events in British Empire and worldwide full text online