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| {{Short description|Sunni Islam marriage contract}} | |||
| {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Misyar'' marriage}} | |||
| {{Fiqh |marital}} | {{Fiqh |marital}} | ||
| A ''' |
A '''{{Transliteration|ar|misyar}} marriage''' ({{langx|ar|نکاح المسيار|translit=nikāḥ al-misyār}} or {{langx|ar|زواج المسيار|translit=zawāj al-misyār}}) is a type of ] allowed by some Sunni ]. The husband and wife thus joined are able to renounce some marital rights such as living together, the wife's rights to housing and maintenance money ('']''), and the husband's right to home-keeping and access. The practice is often used in some Islamic countries to give a legal recognition to behavior that might otherwise be considered adulterous via temporary, contractual marriages.<ref> | ||
| {{Cite web |url=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&cid=1119503544160 |title=Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Misyar marriage |access-date=2018-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104035953/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&cid=1119503544160 |archive-date=2011-01-04 |url-status=dead }} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ⚫ | == In practice == | ||
| ==Background and causes== | |||
| ⚫ | The Sheikh of ], ] and theologian ] note in their writings and in their lectures that a major proportion of the few men who take a spouse in the framework of the ''misyar'' marriage are men who are married or women who are either divorced, widowed or beyond the customary marriage age.<ref> | ||
| Some people{{who|date=February 2016}} consider that the ''misyar'' marriage can meet the needs of young people whose resources are too limited to settle down in a separate home; of divorcees, widows or widowers, who have their own residence and their own financial resources but cannot or do not want to marry again according to the usual formula, and of slightly older people who have not experienced marriage. | |||
| {{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/?page=9§ion=0&article=64891|title=Arab News|website=Arab News|access-date=2006-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526024058/http://www.arabnews.com/?page=9§ion=0&article=64891|archive-date=2006-05-26|url-status=live}} | |||
| </ref> '']'' reported in 2014 that the “misyar marriages became a widespread reality” in the Saudi kingdom.<ref> | |||
| {{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/featured/news/642991|title=Misyar now 'a widespread reality'|website=Arab News|date=12 October 2014 |access-date=2018-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430214233/http://www.arabnews.com/featured/news/642991|archive-date=2017-04-30|url-status=live}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ==Legality== | |||
| Some ] add that this type of marriage fits the needs of a conservative society which punishes ] (]) and other sexual relationships which are established outside a marriage contract. Thus, some Muslim foreigners working in the Persian Gulf countries prefer to engage in ''misyar'' marriage rather than live alone for years. Many of them are actually already married with wives and children in their home country, but they cannot bring them to the region.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} | |||
| ⚫ | Misyar marriage fits within the general rules of marriage in law, on condition merely that it fulfill all the requirements of the ] marriage contract, i.e.: | ||
| ⚫ | == |
||
| ⚫ | The Sheikh of ], ] and theologian ] note in their writings and in their lectures that a major proportion of the men who take a spouse in the framework of the ''misyar'' marriage are |
||
| ==Legality of ''misyar'' marriage== | |||
| ⚫ | Misyar marriage fits within the general rules of marriage in |
||
| * The agreement of both parties | * The agreement of both parties | ||
| * Two legal witnesses ( |
* Two legal witnesses ({{Transliteration|ar|shahidayn}}) | ||
| * The payment by the husband to his wife of '']'' (dower) in the amount that is agreed< |
* The payment by the husband to his wife of ''{{Transliteration|ar|]}}'' (dower) in the amount that is agreed<ref> | ||
| {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104035953/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&cid=1119503544160 |date=2011-01-04 }} et Zawaj al misyar, p 11 | |||
| </ref> | |||
| * The absence of a fixed time period for the contract | * The absence of a fixed time period for the contract | ||
| * Any particular stipulations ('' |
* Any particular stipulations (''{{Transliteration|ar|]}}'') which the two parties agree to include in the contract and which are in conformity with Muslim marriage law | ||
| However, |
However, some ] scholars and organizations have opposed the concept of ''Nikah Misyar'' altogether.<ref> | ||
| {{cite web|url=http://www.cifiaonline.com/prostitutionlegalized.htm|title=Prostitution Legalized|website=CIF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION|access-date=2013-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711090833/http://www.cifiaonline.com/prostitutionlegalized.htm|archive-date=2013-07-11|url-status=live}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| In the view of the Saudi ] and member of the Higher Council of Ulema of Saudi Arabia Abdullah bin Sulaiman bin Menie, the wife can, at any time as she sees fit, retract her renunciation of her financial rights and require of her husband that he give her all of her marital rights, including that he live with her and provide for her financial needs ( |
In the view of the Saudi ] and member of the Higher Council of Ulema of Saudi Arabia Abdullah bin Sulaiman bin Menie, the wife can, at any time as she sees fit, retract her renunciation of her financial rights and require of her husband that he give her all of her marital rights, including that he live with her and provide for her financial needs ({{Transliteration|ar|nafaqa}}). The husband can then either do so, or grant her a divorce.<ref> | ||
| {{cite web|url=http://www.gulfnews.com/Articles/RegionNF.asp?ArticleID=165873|title=quoted by Al-Hakeem, Mariam : Misyar marriage gaining prominence among Saudis|access-date=2005-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050524151231/http://www.gulfnews.com/Articles/RegionNF.asp?ArticleID=165873|archive-date=2005-05-24|url-status=dead}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| For these reasons, Professor ] observes that he does not promote this type of marriage, although he has to recognise that it is legal, since it fulfills all the requirements of the usual marriage contract.<ref>Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Zawaj al misyar p.8</ref> He states his preference that the clause of renunciation be not included within the marriage contract, but be the subject of a simple verbal agreement between the parties.<ref>Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Zawaj al misyar |
For these reasons, Professor ] observes that he does not promote this type of marriage, although he has to recognise that it is legal, since it fulfills all the requirements of the usual marriage contract.<ref>Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Zawaj al misyar p.8</ref> He states his preference that the clause of renunciation be not included within the marriage contract, but be the subject of a simple verbal agreement between the parties, since Muslims are held by their commitments whether they are written or verbal.<ref>Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Zawaj al misyar, pp.13-14</ref> | ||
| In recent years, Islamic clerics in Saudi Arabia have declared ''misyar'' contracts as "legally valid" contracts.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ep7cX3ma0sC&q=misyar+107&pg=PA165 | title=Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present | publisher=Amsterdam University Press | year=2010 | access-date=2013-04-10 | author=Otto, J.M. | pages=165| isbn=9789087280574 }}</ref> | |||
| ==Criticism of ''misyar''== | |||
| ''Misyar'' has been suggested by some authors to be a comparable marriage with '']'' (temporary marriage) and that they find it for the sole purpose of "sexual gratification in a licit manner".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEkmJAeJYBkC&pg=PA59&dq=misyar+muta&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7gpFUZatJtL02wXPrYDYCw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=misyar+muta&f=false|title=Islam and the West: The Clash Between Islamism and Secularism|first=Mushtaq K.|last=Lodi|date=1 July 2011|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2kZfdrEBlAC&pg=PA51&dq=misyar+mut'a&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jQ1FUYanDaP02gWCk4GADQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=campaigns+Encyclopedia+&f=false|title=The Islamic Shield: Arab Resistance to Democratic and Religious Reforms|first=Elie|last=Elhadj|date=30 July 2017|publisher=Universal-Publishers|via=Google Books}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | According to Karen Ruffle, assistant professor of religion at the University of Toronto, even though ''mutʿah'' is prohibited by Sunni schools of law, several types of impermanent marriage exist, including '' |
||
| ⚫ | According to Florian Pohl, assistant professor of religion at Oxford College, ''misyar'' marriage is controversial issue in the Muslim world, as many see it as practice that encourages marriages for purely sexual purposes, or that it is used as a cover for a form of prostitution.< |
||
| Islamic scholars like ] or ] claim, for their part, that ''misyar'' marriage may be legal but not moral. They agree that the wife can reclaim the rights which she gave up at the time of contract at any time.<ref name="BinMenie">{{cite web|url=http://www.bab-albahrain.net/forum/showthread.php?p=329473#post329473|title=Bin Menie, Abdullah bin Sulaïman : fatwa concerning the misyar marriage (and opinions by Ibn Uthaymeen, Al-albany) (in Arabic)] ] (legal opinions) in which they contend that ''misyar'' is '']'' (fornication).<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ep7cX3ma0sC&pg=PA165&dq=44+misyar+107&f=false#v=onepage&q=misyar%20107&f=false | title=Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present | publisher=Amsterdam University Press | year=2010 | accessdate=2013-04-10 | author=Otto, J.M. | pages=165}}</ref> For ], ''misyar'' marriage may even be considered as illicit, because it runs counter to the objectives and the spirit of marriage in Islam, as described in this verse from the Quran :<blockquote>"And among His Signs is this, that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that ye may dwell in tranquility with them, and He has put love and mercy between your (hearts)…"<ref>Quran, 30 : 21</ref></blockquote>Al-Albani also underlines the social problems which can result from the ''misyar'' marriage, particularly in the event that children are born from this union. The children raised by their mother in a home from which the father is always absent without reason may suffer difficulties.<ref>Wassel quoted in Hassouna addimashqi, Arfane : Nikah al misyar (2000), (in Arabic), p 16)</ref> | |||
| ==Western views== | |||
| ] was asked about ''misyar'' marriage with the intention of divorce. He replied that it is permissible, and he along with Permanent Council (of Muftis), decreed that it is permissible. <blockquote>"Someone asked him: In one of your tapes, you have a fatwa that it is permissible for someone in a Western country to get married with the intention of getting divorced after a specific period. What is the difference between this and between Mut'ah?</blockquote><blockquote>Response: Yes, this fatwa has come from Permanent Council (of Muftis), and I am its leader, and we have ruled that it is permissible to marry with the intention of getting divorced, if this intention is between the servant and his Lord. If someone marries in a Western country, and his intention is that when he finishes his studies or finds a job or something like this that he will get divorced, then there is absolutely no problem with this in the opinion of all 'ulama. This intention is something between the servant and Allah, and is not a condition. The difference between this and Mut'ah is that Mut'ah has the condition of a definite time period, such as a month or two months or a year or two years and so forth. If the time period fends, then the Nikah is abrogated. This is the invalid form Mut'ah. However, if somebody marries according to the Sunnah of Allah and the Prophet, but he nonetheless holds the intention in his heart that when he leaves the (Western) country he will divorce, then there is no harm it. This intention might change, and so it is not something definite. This intention is not a condition, and it is something between the servant and his Lord. There is no harm in it, and it is one of the ways that a person may remain chaste and avoid fornication and debauchery. This is the statement of all people of knowledge."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.binbaz.org.sa/last_resault.asp?hID=323 |title=Website of Bin Baz |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040120111040/http://www.binbaz.org.sa/last_resault.asp?hID=323 |archivedate=January 20, 2004 }}</ref></blockquote>Earlier ''ulama'' (scholars) also noted consensus upon ''misyar'' marriage with the intention of divorce. ] wrote:<blockquote>"Qazi said: ‘There is an unanimous agreement that whoever performs permanent marriage but his intent is to stay with her for a specific period, verily his marriage is valid, and it is not Mut’ah marriage, because Mut’ah marriage is based on a conditional period."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4124&idto=4157&bk_no=53&ID=616 |title=Commentary upon Sahih Muslim |last=Al-Nawawi |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515131517/http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4124&idto=4157&bk_no=53&ID=616 |archivedate=May 15, 2016 }}</ref></blockquote>] was also asked thusly about ''misyar'' marriage:<blockquote>"this kind of marriage is where the man marries a second, third or fourth wife, and the wife is in a situation that compels her to stay with her parents or one of them in her own house, and the husband goes to her at various times depending on the circumstances of both. What is the Islamic ruling on this type of marriage?"</blockquote>He replied: | |||
| ''Misyar'' has been suggested by some authors to be comparable to ''mut'ah'' (temporary marriage) and that they find it for the sole purpose of "sexual gratification in a licit manner".<ref> | |||
| {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEkmJAeJYBkC&q=misyar+muta&pg=PA59|title=Islam and the West: The Clash Between Islamism and Secularism|first=Mushtaq K.|last=Lodi|date=1 July 2011|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|isbn=9781612046235|via=Google Books|access-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529001328/https://books.google.com/books?id=zEkmJAeJYBkC&pg=PA59&dq=misyar+muta&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7gpFUZatJtL02wXPrYDYCw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=misyar+muta&f=false|archive-date=2016-05-29|url-status=live}} | |||
| <blockquote>"There is nothing wrong with that if the marriage contract fulfills all the conditions set out by sharee’ah, which is the presence of the wali and the consent of both partners, and the presence of two witnesses of good character to the drawing up of the contract, and both partners being free of any impediments, because of the general meaning of the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): 'The conditions that are most deserving of being fulfilled are those by means of which intimacy becomes permissible for you' and 'The Muslims are bound by their conditions.' If the partners agree that the woman will stay with her family or that her share of the husband's time will be during the day and not during the night, or on certain days or certain nights, there is nothing wrong with that, so long as the marriage is announced and not hidden."<ref>Fataawa ‘Ulama’ al-Balad al-Haraam (p. 450, 451) and Jareedah al-Jazeerah issue no. 8768,</ref></blockquote> | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2kZfdrEBlAC&q=campaigns+Encyclopedia+&pg=PA51|title=The Islamic Shield: Arab Resistance to Democratic and Religious Reforms|first=Elie|last=Elhadj|date=30 July 2017|publisher=Universal-Publishers|isbn=9781599424118|via=Google Books|access-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520112654/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2kZfdrEBlAC&pg=PA51&dq=misyar+mut'a&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jQ1FUYanDaP02gWCk4GADQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=campaigns+Encyclopedia+&f=false|archive-date=2016-05-20|url-status=live}} | |||
| ] was asked about misyar marriage and he forbade it for two reasons: | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ⚫ | According to Karen Ruffle, assistant professor of religion at the University of Toronto, even though ''mutʿah'' is prohibited by Sunni schools of law, several types of impermanent marriage exist, including ''misyar'' (ambulant) marriage and ] (customary) marriage, which gained popularity in parts of the Sunni world.<ref> | ||
| # That the purpose of marriage is repose as Allah says (interpretation of the meaning): “And among His Signs is this, that He created for you wives from among yourselves, that you may find repose in them, and He has put between you affection and mercy. Verily, in that are indeed signs for a people who reflect” . But this is not achieved in this kind of marriage. | |||
| {{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0055.xml?rskey=0mBLTN&result=77&q=|title=Mutʿa - Islamic Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo|access-date=2013-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213912/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0055.xml?rskey=0mBLTN&result=77&q=|archive-date=2015-01-11|url-status=live}} | |||
| # It may be decreed that the husband has children with this woman, but because he is far away from her and rarely comes to her, that will be negatively reflected in his children's upbringing and attitude.<ref>Ahkaam al-Ta’addud fi Daw’ al-Kitaab wa’l-Sunnah</ref> | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ⚫ | According to Florian Pohl, assistant professor of religion at ]'s Oxford College, ''misyar'' marriage is a controversial issue in the Muslim world, as many see it as a practice that encourages marriages for purely sexual purposes, or that it is used as a cover for a form of prostitution.<ref> | ||
| {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&q=Mutah&pg=PA50 | title=Muslim World: Modern Muslim Societies | publisher=Marshall Cavendish | date=September 1, 2010 | access-date=April 5, 2013 | author=Pohl, Florian | pages=52–53 | isbn=9780761479277 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624115230/https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&pg=PA50&dq=Mutah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l0VdUeCnM4ajiAfXnoCgCQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=Mutah&f=false | archive-date=2016-06-24 | url-status=live }} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| ==References== | |||
| ==Notes and references== | |||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| Line 54: | Line 64: | ||
| ===English=== | ===English=== | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| * , |
* , Fatwa committee of Al-Azhar against Misyar | ||
| * | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228050620/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/misyar.htm |date=2021-02-28 }} | ||
| * | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906061721/http://marriage.about.com/od/islammarriage/g/misyar.htm |date=2015-09-06 }} | ||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| * | |||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| * | |||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| ⚫ | * of 09/07/06 in which he discusses the legal value of the IFA fatwa | ||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| ⚫ | * of 09/07/06 in which he discusses the legal value of the IFA fatwa | ||
| * | |||
| ===Arabic=== | ===Arabic=== | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | |||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| {{Types of marriages|state=autocollapse}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 03:07, 22 October 2024
Sunni Islam marriage contract
A misyar marriage (Arabic: نکاح المسيار, romanized: nikāḥ al-misyār or Arabic: زواج المسيار, romanized: zawāj al-misyār) is a type of marriage contract allowed by some Sunni Muslims. The husband and wife thus joined are able to renounce some marital rights such as living together, the wife's rights to housing and maintenance money (nafaqa), and the husband's right to home-keeping and access. The practice is often used in some Islamic countries to give a legal recognition to behavior that might otherwise be considered adulterous via temporary, contractual marriages.
In practice
The Sheikh of al-Azhar mosque, Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi and theologian Yusuf Al-Qaradawi note in their writings and in their lectures that a major proportion of the few men who take a spouse in the framework of the misyar marriage are men who are married or women who are either divorced, widowed or beyond the customary marriage age. Arab News reported in 2014 that the “misyar marriages became a widespread reality” in the Saudi kingdom.
Legality
Misyar marriage fits within the general rules of marriage in law, on condition merely that it fulfill all the requirements of the sharia marriage contract, i.e.:
- The agreement of both parties
- Two legal witnesses (shahidayn)
- The payment by the husband to his wife of mahr (dower) in the amount that is agreed
- The absence of a fixed time period for the contract
- Any particular stipulations (shurut) which the two parties agree to include in the contract and which are in conformity with Muslim marriage law
However, some Sunni scholars and organizations have opposed the concept of Nikah Misyar altogether.
In the view of the Saudi Islamic lawyer and member of the Higher Council of Ulema of Saudi Arabia Abdullah bin Sulaiman bin Menie, the wife can, at any time as she sees fit, retract her renunciation of her financial rights and require of her husband that he give her all of her marital rights, including that he live with her and provide for her financial needs (nafaqa). The husband can then either do so, or grant her a divorce.
For these reasons, Professor Yusuf al-Qaradawi observes that he does not promote this type of marriage, although he has to recognise that it is legal, since it fulfills all the requirements of the usual marriage contract. He states his preference that the clause of renunciation be not included within the marriage contract, but be the subject of a simple verbal agreement between the parties, since Muslims are held by their commitments whether they are written or verbal.
In recent years, Islamic clerics in Saudi Arabia have declared misyar contracts as "legally valid" contracts.
Western views
Misyar has been suggested by some authors to be comparable to mut'ah (temporary marriage) and that they find it for the sole purpose of "sexual gratification in a licit manner". According to Karen Ruffle, assistant professor of religion at the University of Toronto, even though mutʿah is prohibited by Sunni schools of law, several types of impermanent marriage exist, including misyar (ambulant) marriage and ʿurfi (customary) marriage, which gained popularity in parts of the Sunni world. According to Florian Pohl, assistant professor of religion at Emory University's Oxford College, misyar marriage is a controversial issue in the Muslim world, as many see it as a practice that encourages marriages for purely sexual purposes, or that it is used as a cover for a form of prostitution.
See also
- Islamic marital jurisprudence
- Living apart together
- Nikah halala
- Nikah 'urfi
- Nikah Mut'ah
- Pilegesh
- Walking marriage
References
- "Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Misyar marriage". Archived from the original on 2011-01-04. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
- "Arab News". Arab News. Archived from the original on 2006-05-26. Retrieved 2006-08-08.
- "Misyar now 'a widespread reality'". Arab News. 12 October 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
- Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Misyar marriage Archived 2011-01-04 at the Wayback Machine et Zawaj al misyar, p 11
- "Prostitution Legalized". CIF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION. Archived from the original on 2013-07-11. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
- "quoted by Al-Hakeem, Mariam : Misyar marriage gaining prominence among Saudis". Archived from the original on 2005-05-24. Retrieved 2005-08-20.
- Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Zawaj al misyar p.8
- Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Zawaj al misyar, pp.13-14
- Otto, J.M. (2010). Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present. Amsterdam University Press. p. 165. ISBN 9789087280574. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
- Lodi, Mushtaq K. (1 July 2011). Islam and the West: The Clash Between Islamism and Secularism. Strategic Book Publishing. ISBN 9781612046235. Archived from the original on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2016-09-24 – via Google Books.
- Elhadj, Elie (30 July 2017). The Islamic Shield: Arab Resistance to Democratic and Religious Reforms. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 9781599424118. Archived from the original on 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2016-09-24 – via Google Books.
- "Mutʿa - Islamic Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo". Archived from the original on 2015-01-11. Retrieved 2013-04-09.
- Pohl, Florian (September 1, 2010). Muslim World: Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780761479277. Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
External links
English
- Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf: Misyar marriage
- Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf: Mut’ah marriage
- Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf: The philosophy of marriage in Islam
- Kutty : Conditions of valid marriage
- Siddiqi : Witnesses and mahr (dower) for marriage
- Al-Qasim : Temporary marriage (mut'ah)
- Urfi marriage
- Yet another marriage without strings, Fatwa committee of Al-Azhar against Misyar
- Misyar marriage at lexicorient.com Archived 2021-02-28 at the Wayback Machine
- Misyar marriage at marriage.about.com Archived 2015-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
- Misyar marriages
- Misyar marriage – a marvel or misery?
- Misyar offers marriage-lite in strict Saudi society
- Al-Hakeem, Mariam: Misyar marriage gaining prominence among Saudis
- No strings attached marriage enrages Gulf women
- Marriage or mockery?
- Al-Obeikan, Sheikh Abdul Mohsen, vice-minister of Justice of Saudi Arabia: interview with the Arabic daily "Asharq al-Awsat" of 09/07/06 in which he discusses the legal value of the IFA fatwa
Arabic
- Al-Marzuqi Saleh Secretary General of IFA, interviewed by TV Alarabiya.net on the subject of the IFA decisions on 12/04/2006
- An-Najimi, Muhammad: member of IFA, interviewed by TV AlArabiya.net on the subject of the IFA decisions on (28/04/06)
- Sharia ruling
- BinBaz: Mesyar marriage and its conditions
| Types of marriages | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legal scenarios | |||||||||
| Religious | |||||||||
| Age | |||||||||
| Arranged | |||||||||
| Ceremonial | |||||||||
| Circumstantial basis |
| ||||||||
| De facto | |||||||||
| Endogamy | |||||||||
| Exogamy | |||||||||
| Non-monogamous | |||||||||
| Sexless | |||||||||
| Other | |||||||||
