Misplaced Pages

Benkei: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from[REDACTED] with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 10:50, 9 January 2019 editSpectrumDT (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users1,789 edits →Adaptations: Shizuko Is My Bride← Previous edit Latest revision as of 15:38, 15 October 2024 edit undoMafiaBoy123 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users5,349 edits →See alsoTags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit 
(163 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Japanese warrior monk (1155–1189)}}
⚫ {{nihongo|'''Saitō Musashibō Benkei'''|西塔武蔵坊弁慶||extra=]–]}}, popularly called '''Benkei''', was a Japanese warrior monk ('']'') who lived in the latter years of the ]</sup>]]. Benkei had a varied life, first becoming a monk, then a mountain ascetic, and then a rogue warrior. As he lived, he came to respect and serve the famous warrior ]. He is commonly depicted as a man of great strength and loyalty, and a popular subject of ], showcased in many ancient and modern literatures and productions.]]]
{{For|the Hungarian politician|András Benkei}}
]]]
⚫ {{nihongo|'''Saitō Musashibō Benkei'''|西塔武蔵坊弁慶||extra=1155–1189}}, popularly known by the ] '''Benkei''', was a ] warrior monk ('']'') who lived in the latter years of the ]. Benkei led a varied life, first becoming a monk, then a ], and then a rogue warrior. He later came to respect and serve the famous warrior ], also known as Ushiwakamaru. He is commonly depicted as a man of great strength and loyalty, and a popular subject of ] showcased in many ancient and modern literature and productions.

The earliest records of Benkei are in the '']'', '']'', and the '']''&mdash;all sources from around a century or more after Benkei's life. These sources generally only indicate Benkei was one of Yoshitsune's retainers and was a thin monk, although they do indicate Yoshitsune was aided and protected by a band of rogueish '']'' (warrior-monks) near ] after he fled the capital&mdash;perhaps the historical core of the Benkei legend. Many of the detailed anecdotes and stories of Benkei are from the '']'', an even later 14th-century work. As no contemporary records of Benkei are extant, it is difficult to know which elements of the stories are historical and which are embellished.


== Early life == == Early life ==
], ] and Benkei defending themselves in their boat during a storm created by the ghosts of conquered Taira warriors]] ], ] and Benkei defending themselves in their boat during a storm created by the ghosts of conquered Taira warriors]]

⚫ Stories about Benkei's birth vary considerably. One tells how his father was the head of a temple shrine who had raped his mother, the daughter of a blacksmith. Another, sees him as the offspring of a temple god. Many give him the attributes of a ], a monster child with wild hair and long teeth. In his youth, Benkei may have been called {{nihongo|'''Oniwaka'''|鬼若}}—"demon/ogre child", and there are many famous ] works themed on Oniwakamaru and his adventures. He is said to have defeated 200 men in each battle he was personally involved in.
] ]
⚫ Benkei chose to join the monastic establishment at an early age and traveled widely among the ] of Japan. During this period, monasteries were not only important centers of administration and culture, but also military powers in their own right, similar to the ]. Like many other monks, Benkei was likely trained in the use of the ], the Half-Moon spear.


⚫ Stories about Benkei's birth vary considerably. One tells how his father was the head of a temple shrine who had raped his mother, the daughter of a blacksmith.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Another sees him as the offspring of a temple god.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Many give him the attributes of a ], a monster child with wild hair and long teeth. In his youth, Benkei may have been{{vague|date=July 2021}} called {{nihongo|'''Oniwaka'''|鬼若}}—"demon/ogre child", and there are many famous ] works themed on Oniwakamaru and his adventures.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} He is said{{by whom|date=July 2021}} to have defeated 200 men in each battle he was personally involved in.
⚫ At the age of seventeen, Benkei was said to have been 2 meters tall. At this point, he left the monasteries, and became a ], a member of a sect of mountain ]. Benkei was commonly depicted wearing a black cap that was a signature theme of such mountain ascetics.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War|last=Yoshikawa|first=Eiji|publisher=New York: Alfred A. Knopf|year=1956|isbn=978-0-8048-1376-1|location=New York|pages=}}</ref>

⚫ Benkei chose to join the monastic establishment at an early age and traveled widely among the ] of Japan. During this period, monasteries were not only important centers of administration and culture, but also military powers in their own right, similar to the ]{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}. Like many other monks, Benkei was likely{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} trained in the use of the '']'', the half-moon spear.

⚫ At the age of seventeen, Benkei was said to have been {{convert|2|m|ft}} tall. At this point, he left the monasteries, and became a '']'', a member of a sect of mountain ]. Benkei was commonly depicted wearing a black cap that was a signature theme of such mountain ascetics.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War|last=Yoshikawa|first=Eiji|publisher=New York: Alfred A. Knopf|year=1956|isbn=978-0-8048-1376-1|location=New York}}</ref>


==Seven Famous Weapons== ==Seven weapons==
Benkei armed himself with seven weapons, and is often depicted carrying these on his back. In addition to his sword, he carried a broad axe (]), a rake (]), a sickle (]), a wooden mallet (]), a saw (]), an iron staff (]), and a half-moon spear (]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ashkenazi|first1=Michael|title=Handbook of Japanese Mythology|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1576074671|pages=124–125}}</ref> Benkei armed himself with seven weapons, and is often depicted carrying these on his back. In addition to his sword, he carried a broad axe ('']''), a rake ('']''), a sickle (''nagigama''), a wooden mallet (''hizuchi''), a saw ('']''), an iron staff ('']''), and a Japanese glaive (]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ashkenazi|first1=Michael|title=Handbook of Japanese Mythology|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1576074671|pages=|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk/page/124}}</ref>


==Career== ==Career==
], Kyoto]]
]Benkei is said to have been wandering around Kyoto every night on a personal quest to take 1000 swords from samurai warriors, whom he believed were arrogant and unworthy warriors. After collecting 999 swords through duels and looking for his final prize, he met a young man playing a flute at Gojotenjin Shrine in Kyoto. The much shorter man supposedly carried a gilded sword around his waist. Instead of dueling at the shrine itself, the two walked to Gojo Bridge in the city where the bigger Benkei ultimately lost to the smaller warrior, who happened to be ], a son of ]. Not long after the duel, Benkei, frustrated and looking for revenge, waited for Yoshitsune at the Buddhist temple of Kiyomizu, where he lost yet again.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thekyotoproject.org/english/yoshitsune-minamoto/|title=The Legend of Yoshitsune Minamoto|last=Matsumoto; Nasu|first=Kana; Satoko|date=June 29, 2012|website=The Kyoto Project|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Henceforth, he became Yoshitsune's ] and fought with him in the ] against the ].<ref>Kitagawa, Hiroshi '' et al.'' (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike,'' pp. 535, 540, 654, 656, 669.</ref> Yoshitsune is credited with most of the Minamoto clan's successes against the Taira, especially the final naval battle of ]. After their ultimate triumph, however, Yoshitsune's elder brother ] turned against him.<ref name=Sato>{{Cite book |last=Sato |first=Hiroaki |title=Legends of the Samurai |publisher=Overlook Duckworth |year=1995 |isbn=9781590207307 |page=144}}</ref> Benkei was said to have wandered around Kyoto every night on a personal quest to take 1000 swords from samurai warriors, who he believed were arrogant and unworthy. After collecting 999 swords through duels and looking for his final prize, he met a young man playing a flute at Gojotenjin Shrine in Kyoto. The much shorter man supposedly carried a gilded sword around his waist. Instead of dueling at the shrine itself, the two walked to ] in the city where the bigger Benkei ultimately lost to the smaller warrior, who happened to be ], a son of ]. Some sources claim that the fight took place not at the Gojo Bridge, but instead at Matsubara Bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thekyotoproject.org/english/yoshitsune-minamoto/|title=The Legend of Yoshitsune Minamoto|last=Matsumoto; Nasu|first=Kana; Satoku|date=June 29, 2012|website=The Kyoto Project|publisher=The Kyoto University of Foreign Studies}}</ref> Not long after the duel, Benkei, frustrated and looking for revenge, waited for Yoshitsune at the Buddhist temple of ], where he lost yet again.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thekyotoproject.org/english/yoshitsune-minamoto/|title=The Legend of Yoshitsune Minamoto|last=Matsumoto; Nasu|first=Kana; Satoko|date=June 29, 2012|website=The Kyoto Project}}</ref> Henceforth, he became Yoshitsune's ] and fought with him in the ] against the ].<ref>Kitagawa, Hiroshi '' et al.'' (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike,'' pp. 535, 540, 654, 656, 669.</ref>


From 1185 until his death in 1189, Benkei accompanied Yoshitsune as an outlaw.<ref name=Sansom>{{Cite book |last=Sansom |first=George |title=A History of Japan to 1334 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1958 |isbn=978-0804705233 |page=317,326}}</ref> In the end, they were encircled in the castle of ]. As Yoshitsune retired to the inner keep of the castle to commit ritual suicide ('']'') on his own, Benkei stood guard on the bridge in front of the main gate to protect Yoshitsune. It is said that the soldiers were afraid to cross the bridge to confront him, and all that did met swift death at the hands of the gigantic man, who killed in excess of 300 fully trained soldiers. From 1185 until his death in 1189, Benkei accompanied Yoshitsune as an outlaw.<ref name=Sansom>{{Cite book |last=Sansom |first=George |title=A History of Japan to 1334 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1958 |isbn=978-0804705233 |pages=317, 326}}</ref>


==Death== ==Death==
In the end, Benkei and Yoshitsune were encircled in the castle of ]. As Yoshitsune retired to the inner keep of the castle to commit honorable ritual suicide ('']'') on his own, Benkei stood guard on the bridge in front of the main gate to protect Yoshitsune. It is said that the soldiers were afraid to cross the bridge to confront him, and that all who did met a swift death at the hands of the gigantic man, who killed in excess of 300 trained soldiers.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
⚫ Realizing that close combat would mean suicide, the warriors following Minamoto no Yoritomo decided to shoot and kill Benkei with arrows instead. Long after the battle should have been over, the soldiers noticed that the arrow-riddled, wound-covered Benkei was still standing. When the soldiers dared to cross the bridge and take a closer look, the giant man fell to the ground, having died standing upright.<ref name="Turnbull3">{{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=The Samurai, A Military History |publisher=MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. |year=1977 |isbn=978-0026205405 |page=83}}</ref> This is known as the "Standing Death of Benkei" ({{lang|ja|弁慶の立往生}}, ''Benkei no Tachi Ōjō''). Benkei died at the age of 34. Atago-do now called Benkei-do holds a statue of Benkei six feet two inches in height at the posture he stood when he died at Koromogawa. It was built in the era of Shotoku (1711-16 A.D.). Replacing an older monument. In olden time the Benkei-do was at the foot of Chusonji hill until it was demolished. The ruins and a single pine tree still remain.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Saito Musashi-bo Benkei : tales of the wars of the Gempei, being the story of the lives and adventures of Iyo-no-Kami Minamoto Kuro Yoshitsune and Saito Musashi-bo Benkei the warrior monk|last=De Benneville|first=James S|publisher=Yokohama: J.S. De Benneville|year=1910|isbn=|location=Yokohama|page=444}}</ref>


⚫ Realizing that close combat would mean suicide, the warriors following ] decided to shoot and kill Benkei with arrows instead. Long after the battle should have been over, the soldiers noticed that the arrow-riddled, wound-covered Benkei was still standing. When the soldiers dared to cross the bridge and take a closer look, the heroic warrior fell to the ground, having died standing upright.<ref name="Turnbull3">{{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMBdoimD2kIC&q=Benkei |title=The Samurai, A Military History |publisher=MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. |year=1977 |isbn=978-0026205405 |page=83}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2024|reason=p.83 does not mention either}} This is known as the "Standing Death of Benkei" ({{lang|ja|弁慶の立往生}}, ''Benkei no Tachi Ōjō''). Benkei died at the age of 34.
==Adaptations==
It is Benkei's loyalty and honour which makes him most attractive in Japanese folklore. There is a silent, Black and White movie adaptation of Benkei's story simply titled Benkei (1912).<ref>{{Citation|title=Benkei|date=1912|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4134994/|accessdate=2018-04-18}}</ref> One kabuki play places Benkei in a moral dilemma, caught between lying and protecting his lord in order to cross a bridge. The critical moment of the drama is its climax, where the monk realises his situation and vows to do what he must. In another play, Benkei even slays his own child to save the daughter of a lord. In the Noh play '']'', Benkei must beat his own master (disguised as a porter) in order to avoid breaking his disguise. Ataka is later adapted as the kabuki play '']'', and filmed by ] as<ref>{{Citation|last=Kurosawa|first=Akira|title=The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail|date=1960-02-28|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038182/|others=Denjirô Ôkôchi, Susumu Fujita, Ken'ichi Enomoto|accessdate=2018-04-18}}</ref> '']''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}


Atago-do, now called Benkei-do, features a statue of Benkei six feet two inches in height in the posture he stood in when he died at Koromogawa. It was built in the era of Shotoku (1711–1716), replacing an older monument. In olden times the Benkei-do was at the foot of Chusonji hill until it was demolished. The ruins and a single pine tree still remain.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Saito Musashi-bo Benkei : tales of the wars of the Gempei, being the story of the lives and adventures of Iyo-no-Kami Minamoto Kuro Yoshitsune and Saito Musashi-bo Benkei the warrior monk|last=De Benneville|first=James S|publisher=Yokohama: J.S. De Benneville|year=1910|location=Yokohama|page=444}}</ref>
In the 2014-2015 manga ''Shizuko Is My Bride'' by Sana Kirioka (桐丘さな), the male lead is an oni called Benkei (real name: Shuri) and shares some similarities with the historical Benkei.


==See also==
== Newly Found Story Changes ==
*'']''
At the time Benkei was on his own personal quest to collect 1000 swords he had already claimed 999 swords, before meeting his 1000th opponent, Minamoto no Yoshitsune. Many texts state that the scene of the duel took place and Gojo Bridge in Kyoto, but some findings claim it had taken place at Matsubara-Bridge instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thekyotoproject.org/english/yoshitsune-minamoto/|title=The Legend of Yoshitsune Minamoto|last=Matsumoto; Nasu|first=Kana; Satoku|date=June 29, 2012|website=The Kyoto Project|publisher=The Kyoto university of Foreign Studies|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''


==Notes== ==Notes==
Line 35: Line 44:
* Ribner, Susan, Richard Chin and Melanie Gaines Arwin. (1978). ''The Martial Arts.'' New York: ]. {{ISBN|0-06-024999-4}}. * Ribner, Susan, Richard Chin and Melanie Gaines Arwin. (1978). ''The Martial Arts.'' New York: ]. {{ISBN|0-06-024999-4}}.
* Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike.'' Tokyo: ]. {{ISBN|0-86008-189-3}}. * Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike.'' Tokyo: ]. {{ISBN|0-86008-189-3}}.
* ]. (1956). ''The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War''. New York: ]. ASIN B0007BR0W8 (cloth). * ]. (1956). ''The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War''. New York: ]. {{ASIN|B0007BR0W8}} (cloth).
** _____. (1981). ''The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War''. Tokyo: ]. {{ISBN|0-8048-1376-0}} (paper). ** _____. (1981). ''The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War''. Tokyo: ]. {{ISBN|0-8048-1376-0}} (paper).
** _____. (2002). ''The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War''. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8048-3318-4}} (paper). ** _____. (2002). ''The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War''. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8048-3318-4}} (paper).
* {{ja icon}} _____. (1989) ''Yoshikawa Eiji Rekishi Jidai Bunko'' (''Eiji Yoshikawa's Historical Fiction''), Vols. 47–62 ''Shin Heike monogatari'' (新平家物語). Tokyo: ]. {{ISBN|4-06-196577-8}}. * {{in lang|ja}} _____. (1989) ''Yoshikawa Eiji Rekishi Jidai Bunko'' (''Eiji Yoshikawa's Historical Fiction''), Vols. 47–62 ''Shin Heike monogatari'' (新平家物語). Tokyo: ]. {{ISBN|4-06-196577-8}}.
<!-- <ref>{{Cite book |title=A Companion to Japanese History |chapter=The Heian Period |last=Hurst III |first=G. Cameron |editor-last=Tsutsui |editor-first=William M. |date=2007 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |pages=30–46 |doi=10.1002/9780470751398.ch3 |isbn=978-0-470-75139-8 |access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref> Never mentions Benkei! -->


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Benkei}} {{Commons category|Benkei}}
* Grunwald Center for the Graphic Arts, UCLA Hammer Museum: * Grunwald Center for the Graphic Arts, UCLA Hammer Museum:


{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}
Line 49: Line 59:
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 15:38, 15 October 2024

Japanese warrior monk (1155–1189) For the Hungarian politician, see András Benkei.
Benkei by Kikuchi Yōsai

Saitō Musashibō Benkei (西塔武蔵坊弁慶, 1155–1189), popularly known by the mononym Benkei, was a Japanese warrior monk (sōhei) who lived in the latter years of the Heian Period (794–1185). Benkei led a varied life, first becoming a monk, then a mountain ascetic, and then a rogue warrior. He later came to respect and serve the famous warrior Minamoto no Yoshitsune, also known as Ushiwakamaru. He is commonly depicted as a man of great strength and loyalty, and a popular subject of Japanese folklore showcased in many ancient and modern literature and productions.

The earliest records of Benkei are in the Azuma Kagami, The Tale of the Heike, and the Genpei Jōsuiki—all sources from around a century or more after Benkei's life. These sources generally only indicate Benkei was one of Yoshitsune's retainers and was a thin monk, although they do indicate Yoshitsune was aided and protected by a band of rogueish sōhei (warrior-monks) near Mount Hiei after he fled the capital—perhaps the historical core of the Benkei legend. Many of the detailed anecdotes and stories of Benkei are from the Gikeiki, an even later 14th-century work. As no contemporary records of Benkei are extant, it is difficult to know which elements of the stories are historical and which are embellished.

Early life

Utagawa Kuniyoshi, Yoshitsune and Benkei defending themselves in their boat during a storm created by the ghosts of conquered Taira warriors
Benkei and Yoshitsune

Stories about Benkei's birth vary considerably. One tells how his father was the head of a temple shrine who had raped his mother, the daughter of a blacksmith. Another sees him as the offspring of a temple god. Many give him the attributes of a demon, a monster child with wild hair and long teeth. In his youth, Benkei may have been called Oniwaka (鬼若)—"demon/ogre child", and there are many famous ukiyo-e works themed on Oniwakamaru and his adventures. He is said to have defeated 200 men in each battle he was personally involved in.

Benkei chose to join the monastic establishment at an early age and traveled widely among the Buddhist monasteries of Japan. During this period, monasteries were not only important centers of administration and culture, but also military powers in their own right, similar to the Roman Legions. Like many other monks, Benkei was likely trained in the use of the naginata, the half-moon spear.

At the age of seventeen, Benkei was said to have been 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall. At this point, he left the monasteries, and became a yamabushi, a member of a sect of mountain ascetics. Benkei was commonly depicted wearing a black cap that was a signature theme of such mountain ascetics.

Seven weapons

Benkei armed himself with seven weapons, and is often depicted carrying these on his back. In addition to his sword, he carried a broad axe (masakari), a rake (kumade), a sickle (nagigama), a wooden mallet (hizuchi), a saw (nokogiri), an iron staff (tetsubō), and a Japanese glaive (naginata).

Career

The moonlight fight between Yoshitsune and Benkei. Gojo Bridge, Kyoto

Benkei was said to have wandered around Kyoto every night on a personal quest to take 1000 swords from samurai warriors, who he believed were arrogant and unworthy. After collecting 999 swords through duels and looking for his final prize, he met a young man playing a flute at Gojotenjin Shrine in Kyoto. The much shorter man supposedly carried a gilded sword around his waist. Instead of dueling at the shrine itself, the two walked to Gojo Bridge in the city where the bigger Benkei ultimately lost to the smaller warrior, who happened to be Minamoto no Yoshitsune, a son of Minamoto no Yoshitomo. Some sources claim that the fight took place not at the Gojo Bridge, but instead at Matsubara Bridge. Not long after the duel, Benkei, frustrated and looking for revenge, waited for Yoshitsune at the Buddhist temple of Kiyomizu, where he lost yet again. Henceforth, he became Yoshitsune's retainer and fought with him in the Genpei War against the Taira clan.

From 1185 until his death in 1189, Benkei accompanied Yoshitsune as an outlaw.

Death

In the end, Benkei and Yoshitsune were encircled in the castle of Koromogawa no tate. As Yoshitsune retired to the inner keep of the castle to commit honorable ritual suicide (seppuku) on his own, Benkei stood guard on the bridge in front of the main gate to protect Yoshitsune. It is said that the soldiers were afraid to cross the bridge to confront him, and that all who did met a swift death at the hands of the gigantic man, who killed in excess of 300 trained soldiers.

Realizing that close combat would mean suicide, the warriors following Minamoto no Yoritomo decided to shoot and kill Benkei with arrows instead. Long after the battle should have been over, the soldiers noticed that the arrow-riddled, wound-covered Benkei was still standing. When the soldiers dared to cross the bridge and take a closer look, the heroic warrior fell to the ground, having died standing upright. This is known as the "Standing Death of Benkei" (弁慶の立往生, Benkei no Tachi Ōjō). Benkei died at the age of 34.

Atago-do, now called Benkei-do, features a statue of Benkei six feet two inches in height in the posture he stood in when he died at Koromogawa. It was built in the era of Shotoku (1711–1716), replacing an older monument. In olden times the Benkei-do was at the foot of Chusonji hill until it was demolished. The ruins and a single pine tree still remain.

See also

Notes

  1. Yoshikawa, Eiji (1956). The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War. New York: New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-8048-1376-1.
  2. Ashkenazi, Michael (2003). Handbook of Japanese Mythology. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-1576074671.
  3. Matsumoto; Nasu, Kana; Satoku (June 29, 2012). "The Legend of Yoshitsune Minamoto". The Kyoto Project. The Kyoto University of Foreign Studies.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Matsumoto; Nasu, Kana; Satoko (June 29, 2012). "The Legend of Yoshitsune Minamoto". The Kyoto Project.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. Kitagawa, Hiroshi et al. (1975). The Tale of the Heike, pp. 535, 540, 654, 656, 669.
  6. Sansom, George (1958). A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford University Press. pp. 317, 326. ISBN 978-0804705233.
  7. Turnbull, Stephen (1977). The Samurai, A Military History. MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. p. 83. ISBN 978-0026205405.
  8. De Benneville, James S (1910). Saito Musashi-bo Benkei : tales of the wars of the Gempei, being the story of the lives and adventures of Iyo-no-Kami Minamoto Kuro Yoshitsune and Saito Musashi-bo Benkei the warrior monk. Yokohama: Yokohama: J.S. De Benneville. p. 444.

References

External links

Categories:
Benkei: Difference between revisions Add topic