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Sino-Dutch conflicts
A Dutch illustration of the surrender of Zeelandia on Formosa to China in 1662
Date 1620s–1670s Location Fujian, Amoy, Penghu, Liaoluo Bay, Kinmen, Tainan, Taiwan Result Ming Chinese victory
Belligerents
Ming dynasty Ming Loyalists	Dutch East India Company Chinese pirates
Commanders and leaders
Shang Zhouzuo (Shang Chou-tso) Nan Juyi (Nan Chü-i) General Wang Mengxiong Zheng Zhilong Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) Zheng Jing	Cornelis Reijersen Christian Francs (POW) Marten Sonck Hans Putmans Frederick Coyett Liu Xiang Li Guozhu

The Sino-Dutch conflicts were a series of conflicts between the Ming dynasty of China and the Dutch East India Company over trade and land throughout the 1620s, 1630s, and 1662. The Dutch were attempting to compel China to accede to their trade demands, but the Chinese defeated the Dutch forces.

Sino-Dutch conflicts

1620s

The Dutch East India Company used their military power in the attempt to force China to open up a port in Fujian to their trade. They demanded that China expel the Portuguese from Macau. (The Dutch were fighting in the Dutch–Portuguese War at the time.) The Dutch raided Chinese shipping after 1618 and took junks hostage to coerce China into meeting their demands. All these actions were unsuccessful.

The Dutch were defeated by the Portuguese at the Battle of Macau in 1622. That same year, the Dutch seized Penghu (the Pescadores Islands), built a fort there, and continued to demand that China open up ports in Fujian to Dutch trade. China refused, with the Chinese Governor of Fujian (Fukien) Shang Zhouzuo (Shang Chou-tso) demanding that the Dutch withdraw from the Pescadores to Formosa (Taiwan), where the Chinese would permit them to engage in trade. This led to a war between the Dutch and China between 1622-1624 which ended with the Chinese being successful in making the Dutch withdraw to Taiwan and abandoning the Pescadores.

The Dutch threatened that China would face Dutch raids on Chinese ports and shipping unless the Chinese allowed trading on Penghu and that China not trade with Manila but only with the Dutch in Batavia and Siam and Cambodia. However, the Dutch found out that unlike smaller Southeast Asian Kingdoms, China could not be bullied or intimidated by them. After Shang ordered them to withdraw to Taiwan on September 19 of 1622, the Dutch raided Amoy on October and November. The Dutch intended to "induce the Chinese to trade by force or from fear" by raiding Fujian and Chinese shipping from the Pescadores. Long artillery batteries were erected at Amoy in March 1622 by Colonel Li Gonghua as a defence against the Dutch.

On the Dutch attempt in 1623 to force China to open up a port, five Dutch ships were sent to Liu-ao and the mission ended in failure for the Dutch, with a number of Dutch sailors taken prisoner and one of their ships lost. In response to the Dutch using captured Chinese for forced labor and strengthening their garrison in Penghu with five more ships in addition to the six already there, the new Governor of Fujian Nan Juyi (Nan Chü-yi) was permitted by China to begin preparations to attack the Dutch forces in July 1623. A Dutch raid was defeated by the Chinese at Amoy on October 1623, with the Chinese taking the Dutch commander Christian Francs prisoner and burning one of the four Dutch ships. Yu Zigao began an offensive on February 1624 with warships and troops against the Dutch in Penghu with the intent of expelling them.

The Chinese offensive reached the Dutch fort on July 30, 1624, with 5,000 Chinese troops (or 10,000) and 40-50 warships under Yu and General Wang Mengxiong surrounding the fort commanded by Marten Sonck, and the Dutch were forced to sue for peace on August 3 and folded before the Chinese demands, withdrawing from Penghu to Taiwan. The Dutch admitted that their attempt at military force to coerce China into trading with them had failed with their defeat in Penghu. At the Chinese victory celebrations over the "red-haired barbarians" as the Dutch were called by the Chinese, Nan Juyi paraded twelve Dutch soldiers who were captured before the Emperor in Beijing. The Dutch were astonished that their violence did not intimidate the Chinese and at the subsequent Chinese attack on their fort in Penghu since they had thought them timid and from their experience in Southeast Asia had regarded them as a "faint-hearted troupe".

1630s

After the Dutch defeat and expulsion from the Pescadores in the 1622–1624, they were totally driven off China's coast. The pirates Liu Xiang and Li Guozhu also joined the Dutch, and for a time it seemed the Dutch were would triumph being the head of a new pirate coalition that operated off the coast of China, with at least 41 pirate junks and 450 Chinese soldiers. However they were decisively defeated by Chinese forces under Admiral Zheng Zhilong at the Battle of Liaoluo Bay in 1633. The Chinese used fireships disguised as warships to fool the Dutch into thinking they were going into pitched battle.

1660s and 1670s

In 1662 the Dutch were defeated and driven off Taiwan at the Siege of Fort Zeelandia by Chinese forces under Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga). The Dutch looted relics and killed monks after attacking a Buddhist complex at Putuoshan on the Zhoushan islands in 1665 during their war against Zheng Chenggong's son Zheng Jing.

Zheng Jing's navy executed thirty four Dutch sailors and drowned eight Dutch sailors after looting, ambushing and sinking the Dutch fluyt ship Cuylenburg in 1672 on northeastern Taiwan. Only twenty one Dutch sailors escaped to Japan. The ship was going from Nagasaki to Batavia on a trade mission.

See also

• Cambodian–Dutch War
• Trịnh–Nguyễn War
• Battle of Tunmen (1521) - a Ming Chinese fleet defeats a Portuguese fleet near Tamão or Tuen Mun causing the Portuguese to lose two of their ships
• Battle of Xicaowan (1522) - a Ming Chinese fleet defeats a Portuguese fleet near Lantau island causing the Portuguese to lose two of their ships
• Shuangyu (1548) - several Portuguese were captured after Ming Chinese defeat pirates on the island
• Dongshan Peninsula (March 1549) - two Portuguese junks and Galeote Pereira were captured after Ming Chinese defeated the Portuguese
• Battle of Liaoluo Bay (1633) - a Ming Chinese fleet defeats a Dutch East India Company fleet causing the Dutch to lose three of their ships
• Cambodian–Spanish War (1593-1597) - Cambodians, Malays and Chams defeat a Spanish-Portuguese invasion force that included Filipino soldiers and Japanese mercenaries
• Cambodian–Dutch War (1643-1644) - Cambodians and Malays defeat the Dutch East India Company
• Battle of Fukuda Bay (1565) – A Japanese flotilla attacks a Portuguese carrack and fails to capture it in the first naval clash between Japan and the West with the Japanese suffering massive casualties
• Siege of Moji (1561) – the Portuguese carrack joins a Japanese battle in what became the first European naval bombardment on Japanese soil
• Battle of Cagayan (1582) – A fleet of Asian pirates led by Japanese attack and are defeated by a Spanish flotilla
• Nossa Senhora da Graça incident (1610) – A Japanese flotilla attacks a Portuguese carrack that ends in the latter's sinking but the Japanese suffer massive casualties
• Second Attack on Kamaishi (9 August 1945) – last ever direct naval bombardment of the Japanese home islands in World War II
• Battle of Baekgang (663) - a Tang Chinese fleet inflicts devastating casualties upon a numerically superior Japanese fleet
• Battle of Noryang Point - Ming Chinese fleet inflicts devastating casualties upon a numerically superior Japanese fleet
• 1st Shimonoseki
• Kagoshima
• 2nd Shimonoseki

References

Citations

1. Cooper (1979), p. 658.
2. Freeman (2003), p. 132.
3. Thomson (1996), p. 39.
4. Covell 1998, p. 70.
5. Wright 1908, p. 817.
6. ed. Twitchett & Mote 1998, p. 368.
7. Shepherd 1993, p. 49.
8. Hughes 1872. p. 25.
9. ed. Goodrich 1976, p. 1086.
10. ed. Goodrich 1976, p. 1087.
11. ed. Twitchett & Mote 1998, p. 369.
12. Deng 1999, p. 191.
13. Parker 1917, p. 92.
14. ed. Idema 1981, p. 93.
15. Andrade 2004, p. 438. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAndrade2004 (help)
16. Blussé, Leonard (1 January 1989). "Pioneers or cattle for the slaughterhouse? A rejoinder to A.R.T. Kemasang". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 145 (2): 357. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003260.
17. Wills (2010), p. 71.
18. Cook 2007, p. 362.
19. Li (李) 2006, p. 122.
20. Andrade, Tonio (2011). Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China's First Great Victory Over the West (illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-0691144559.
21. Hang, Xing (2016). Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-1316453841.
22. Hang, Xing (2016). Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-1316453841.

Bibliography

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• 17th-century conflicts
• 17th century in China
• Dutch East India Company
• Geopolitical rivalry
• Naval history of China
• Military history of the Ming dynasty
• Wars involving the Dutch Republic
• Wars involving the Ming dynasty
• Wars involving Portugal