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Occupation and annexation

Why the name of this article starts with "Occupation of ..." but for Crimea the name of the article is "Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation"? In both cases there were occupation and annexation and in both cases it is internationally not recognized. In both cases many countries condemned the occupation and the annexation and consider them to be a violation of international law. We should develop single approach either "Annexation of ..." either "Occupation of ..." and then rename one of this articles. I open the same discussion on another talk page too: Talk:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation#Occupation and annexation. --Somerby (talk) 11:48, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

WP:OTHERSTUFF won't work, and the naming is dependent upon a) article topic and b) WP:COMMONNAME. The annexation of Crimea article is, foremost, about 2014 takeover, which was and is commonly known in English as annexation of Crimea. This article (Occupation of the Baltic states), on the other hand, is intended to encompass entire 1940-1991 period (and well, Russian interwiki for that article wasn't correct either, ru:присоединение Прибалтики к СССР's topic is limited to 1940, hence it is more workable with Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940); that particular article's renaming to annexation could be discussed, but only with strong evidence that "Soviet annexation of the Baltic states" is commonname for the 1940 events, otherwise the page title will stay), and that period's commonname is, apparently, "Occupation of the Baltic states". Hence, again, move won't be forthcoming. Bests, --Seryo93 (talk) 11:57, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

As I already explained several years ago, the problem is that most people believe that "occupation" is something obviously bad and illegal, whereas "annexation" is something more neutral and legal. That is not true: they just describe two different things. "Occupation" is an intrinsically temporary phenomenon, and occupied territories have a different legal status according to domestic laws of the occupying state. Thus, an occupied territory always has a different legal status, and the population of the occupied territory do not fall completely under the occupying state's jurisdiction (some special IDs are usually issued to them). These as well as many other aspects are stipulated by Geneva conventions. Thus, after the fall of the Third Reich, the Allies had to invent the occupatio sui generis and debellatio concepts to make Nuremberg Trials possible. Indeed the actions of Nazi leaders were in full accordance with Nazi Germany's laws, and, since, per Geneva conventions, the citizens of the occupied state do not fall under the occupying state's jurisdiction, the Nuremberg trials would be impossible if Germany had a status of an occupied state.

In contrast, "annexation" is a complete and permanent incorporation of some territory into another state. Clearly, that is what happened in Baltic states (and Crimea) falls under the definition of "annexation", and, therefore, that should be described as such.

However, there is one big problem here. According to Geneva conventions, occupied territories cannot be annexed. Therefore, both Crimean and Baltic cases should be described as "illegal annexation as a result of military occupation". The problem is that most writers do not understand those nuances, and apply the term "occupation" to the Baltic case (as if some military administration existed in the Baltic states during the whole period of 1940-91, and the Baltic citizens has some specific IDs, different from Soviet passports, and they had different political and civil rights etc). However, if that is the case, that automatically means that, e.g. Vilnius must be returned to Poland (for obvious reasons), and so on. To avoid that problem, an Estonian scholar Malksoo applied the term occupatio sui generis to the Baltic states, but as he concluded, only 1940 naval blockade was the reason to conclude so. Paul Siebert (talk) 15:45, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Creation of a civilian administration in an occupied territory does not necessarily end the occupation. Contrary to some claims, there existed a mighty Soviet military administration in Estonia (resp. Latvia, Lithuania) not just during active armed guerilla resistance, but during the whole period of 1944-91; the Soviet military administration was not reporting to any Estonian civilian authorities, although the Soviet military had exclusive control over large areas of Estonian land and sea; and over hundreds of thousands of military personnel and family members (who all had specific ID documents, different from Estonian civilians'). Moreover, even though Soviet military forcibly conscripted men from occupied Estonia (in violation of another Geneva convention) the Estonian conscripts specifically did not have a right to do the military service in Estonia. If it looks like a duck, and quacks like a duck... It certainly looked like a foreign military occupation, and the Soviets military acted like occupiers with no Estonian participation nor any civilian oversight, so not surprisingly most Estonians (resp. Latvians and Lithuanians) as well as many political leaders in the free world also considered it an occupation from 1944 until 1991.3 Löwi (talk) 17:34, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Do you mean a Baltic military district? If that is what you mean, then I will disappoint you: the whole USSR territory was divided among military districts (Central military district, Volga-Ural military district, Trans-Caucasus military district etc) . That does not put those territories under military occupation. Paul Siebert (talk) 17:50, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Similarly, the administration of other military districts was not reporting to local civilian administration in Central Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, etc. Soviet military conscripted men in e.g. Moscow in the same way as in, e.g. Tallinn: it was compulsory conscription, and the status of Estonian conscripts was identical to the status of Russian ones. Of course, by saying "identical" I meant "identical from the point of view of domestic Soviet laws". That creates a problem: from one hand, the Baltic states were fully incorporated into the Soviet Union and their status was identical to that of other Soviet territories, which does not allow us to claim the Baltic states were the territories under military occupation. From another hand, the annexation was preceded by military occupation in 1940, which makes the former illegal. As I already explained that is a very complicated and controversial issue, which had no precedents in history, and which should be treated as some unique event. Therefore, your "duck" arguments are superficial and hardly productive. Paul Siebert (talk) 17:59, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

German rule "less harsh" than Soviet rule.

Under the topic of "German occupation (1941–1944)" and "Ostland province and the Holocaust". The article states that "However, for the majority of Baltic people, German rule was less harsh than Soviet rule had been, and it was less brutal than German occupations elsewhere in eastern Europe"

This is only the opinion of John Hiden and Patrick Salmon which is said in their book "The Baltic Nations And Europe", and it does not belong in the article as it is subjective and without backing. It contrasts particularly with the earlier reporting of the deaths caused by the Holocaust in the Baltic countries under German occupation. BlueRobot116 (talk) 14:06, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

The authors are credible and it's a valid WP:RS. Given that the repressive Soviet occupation lasted more than four decades, it is not unusual that the Baltic people would feel it had greater consequences. Feel free to find other WP:RS, but your mere disagreement is not a legitimate reason to remove this WP:RS. -- Mindaur (talk) 14:56, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

There doesn't appear to be a reason for its inclusion. An author being accredited doesn't mean that all their opinions should be referred to in this article.

This isn't specifically a representation of what Baltic people think as the author is from another country, and again, it's their opinion. It is not hard data. BlueRobot116 (talk) 15:28, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

There doesn't appear to be a reason for its exclusion either. It's an WP:RS and it's an academic source. Both regimes are condemned in the Baltic States, but the negative consequences of the Soviet regime were vast and that does reflect. -- Mindaur (talk) 18:01, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

Again, that is subjective opinion. It doesn't make sense to favourably compare the German occupation in the Baltics to that of the Soviets and to say that the latter was ''harsher'' after admitting that the majority of the large Jewish population in Latvia and Lithuania did not survive the 3 year German occupation. BlueRobot116 (talk) 18:43, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

All opinions are subjective, that's by definition. Misplaced Pages represents points of view based on WP:RS, it's just how it works. If you think this subject lacks WP:BALANCE, then you are free to find WP:RS and provide a more balanced view. However, your personal view doesn't disqualify the current WP:RS (also, I don't think the authors are trying to diminish the horrors of the Nazi regime). -- Mindaur (talk) 11:36, 30 January 2023 (UTC)

It is shocking to outsiders given the Holocaust and of course only true if you weren't Jewish. However it was quite a prevalent opinion in Lithuania at least. Elinruby (talk) 06:02, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

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