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Revision as of 22:52, 11 February 2008
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Russian Academy of Sciences (Template:Lang-ru, Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk, shortened to PAH, RAN) is consisting of the national academy of Russia, and a network of scientific institutes from all across the Russian Federation engaged in research, as well as auxiliary units - scientific like libraries and publishers, and social, e.g. hospitals.
The Academy is headquartered in Moscow. It is incorporated as a civil, self-governed, non-commercial organization chartered by Russian Government. It combines members of RAS (see below) and scientists employed by institutions.
Membership
There are three types of membership in the RAS: full members (academicians), corresponding members, and foreign members. Academicians and corresponding members must be citizen of the Russian Federation. Members of RAS are elected based upon scientific contributions. It is a big honour to be elected to membership of the Academy. As of 2005-2007 there are slightly less than 500 full members of the academy and about the same number of corresponding members.
Structure
The RAS consist of 9 branches by scientific domain, of 3 territorial branches and of 14 regional scientific centres. The Academy has numerous councils, committees and commissions, organized for a different purposes.
Territorial Branches
The Siberian Branch was established in 1957, with Mikhail Lavrentyev as its founding chairman. Research centres are in Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, Ulan-Ude, Kemerovo, Tyumen, and Omsk. As of 2005, the Branch employed 33,051 employees, 58 of whom were members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS)
- Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (URAN)
Regional Centres
- Kazan Science Centre
- Puschino Science Centre
- Samara Science Centre
- Saratov Science Centre
- Vladikavkaz Science Centre of RAN and Government of Northern Ossetia
- Dagestan Science Centre
- Kabardino-Balkarian Science Centre
- Karelian Science Centre
- Kola Science Centre
- Science Centre of RAN in Chernogovka
- St.Petersburg Science Centre
- Ufa Science Centre
- Southern Science Centre
- Troitsk Science Centre
Institutions
The Russian Academy of Sciences consists of a large number of research institutions, including:
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics
- Central Economic Mathematical Institute CEMI
- Dorodnicyn Computing Centre
- Institute of Archaeology
- Institute of Biological Instrumentation
- Institute of High Current Electronics
- Institute of Linguistics
- Institute of Philosophy
- Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics
- Institute of the U.S.A. and Canada
- Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO)
- Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute
- Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics
- Komarov Botanical Institute
- Laser and Information Technology Institute
- Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering
- Lebedev Physical Institute
- Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics
- N.N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Chemistry
- Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics
- Paleontological Institute
- Program Systems Institute
- Schmidt Institute of the Physics of the Earth
- Space Research Institute
- Special Astrophysical Observatory
- Steklov Institute of Mathematics
- Sukachev Institute of Forest
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
Member institutions are linked by a dedicated Russian Space Science Internet (RSSI). The RSSI, starting with just 3 members, now has 3100 members, including 57 of the largest research institutions.
Moscow University, St.Petersburg University, or Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, etc. do not belong to RAS (they belongs to Ministry of Education of Russian Federation), but the leading universities use many institutes of RAS (as well as many others institutions) as educational centers ("Phystech System").
Awards
The Academy gives a number of different prizes, medals, and awards:
History
The Academy was founded in St. Petersburg by Peter the Great, and implemented in the Senate decree of January 28, 1724. It was called St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences between 1724 and 1917. Those invited to work there included mathematicians Leonhard Euler, Christian Goldbach, Georg Bernhard Bilfinger, Nicholas and Daniel Bernoulli, botanist Johann Georg Gmelin, embryologists Caspar Friedrich Wolff, astronomer and geographer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, physicist Georg Wolfgang Kraft, and historian Gerhard Friedrich Müller.
Under the leadership of Princess Ekaterina Dashkova (1783-96), the Academy was engaged on compiling the huge Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Expeditions to explore remote parts of the country had Academy scientists as their leaders or most active participants. These included Vitus Bering's Second Kamchatka Expedition of 1733–43, and Peter Simon Pallas's expeditions to Siberia.
In December 1917, Sergei Fedorovich Oldenburg, a leading ethnographer and political activist in the Kadet party met with Lenin to discuss the future of the Academy. They agreed that the expertise of the Academy would be applied to addressing questions of state construction, in return the Soviet regime would give the Academy financial and political support. By early 1918 it was agreed that the Academy would report to the Department of the Mobilisation of Scientific Forces of the People's Commissariat of Enlightening which replaced the Provisional Government's Ministry of Education.
In 1925 the Soviet government recognized the Russian Academy of Sciences as the "highest all-Union scientific institution" and renamed it the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
In 1934 the Academy headquarters moved from Leningrad (formerly St. Petersburg) to the Russian capital, Moscow, together with a number of academic institutes.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, by decree of the President of Russia of December 2, 1991, the institute once again became the Russian Academy of Sciences, inheriting all facilities of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the territory of Russia.
The USSR Academy of Sciences helped to establish national Academies of Sciences in all Soviet republics (with the exception of the Russian SFSR), in many cases delegating prominent scientists to live and work in other republics. These academies were
- Ukrainian SSR: Академія наук Української РСР (est. 1918; current National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine)
- Byelorussian SSR: Акадэмія Навукаў Беларускай ССР (est. 1929; current National Academy of Sciences of Belarus)
- Uzbek SSR: Ўзбекистон ССР Фанлар академияси (est. 1943; current Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan)
- Kazakh SSR: Қазақ ССР Ғылым Академиясы (est. 1946; current National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan)
- Georgian SSR: საქართველოს სსრ მეცნიერებათა აკადემია (est. 1941 ; current Georgian Academy of Sciences)
- Azerbaijan SSR: -- (est. 1935; current Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences)
- Lithuanian SSR: Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademija (est. 1941; current Lithuanian Academy of Sciences)
- Moldavian SSR: Академией Штиинце а РСС Молдовенешть (est. 1946; current Academy of Sciences of Moldova)
- Latvian SSR: Latvijas PSR Zinātņu akadēmija (est. 1946; current Latvian Academy of Sciences)
- Kirghiz SSR: -- (est. 1954; current National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic)
- Tajik SSR: -- (est. 1953; current Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan)
- Armenian SSR: -- (est.1943; current National Academy of Sciences of Armenia)
- Turkmen SSR: -- (est. 1951; current Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan)
- Estonian SSR: Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia (est. 1946; current Estonian Academy of Sciences)
See also
- Akademgorodok
- Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Category:Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
External links
- RAS web site
- Web site of RAS management
- Russian Space Science Internet Network
- Open letter to the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir V. Putin from the Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Satellite photo of the RAS Main Building
- Satellite photo of the RAS Old Building
References
- ^ Об Академии
- ^ Члены РАН
- Структура РАН
- ^ Региональные отделения РАН
- ^ About the Siberian Branch
- Именные премии и медали